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Cementation Skanska Lecture Possible Questions

1. What are the most common types of foundation techniques used in London Bored piling, predominantly CFA and Rotary Piles 2. List the main types of foundation techniques available to geotechnical engineers Bored piling, driven piling, rotary displacement piles, energy piles, guide walls, plunge columns, diaphragm walls, retaining walls (secant and contiguous) 3. Name a form of construction where plunge columns are typically used, and give a brief description of how the construction process would work. Top down construction, excavation proceeds as superstructure is formed. Considered to provide the stiffest form of wall system, with early propping put in place 4. What is the minimum clear bar spacing (CBS) between longitudinal bars in a typical pile? Why is this of importance? Minimum clear bar spacing is 100mm. This is to allow for the proper flow of concrete during construction. 5. You have received a design to construct 800mm diameter piles with 15B25 main bars with B10 links. Does this design allow for sufficient clear bar spacing?

6. What factors govern the bending capacity of piles. The pile diameter, number and diameter of the longitudinal bars and the outside diameter of the reinforcing cage (as this is what provides the main flexural resistance). 7. You have been instructed to construct 600mm diameter piles using C28/35 concrete (take fcu as 35N/mm2). The working load is 2750kN. Does the pile have sufficient capacity?

8. How can we estimate the maximum working load for a pile? What other factors affect the actual working load? Pile capacity can be estimated as 0.25fcu where fcu is the concrete strength in N/mm2. Other factors include the piling rig capacity, the ground type.

9. Typically, what length are CFA piles limited to? What is the reason for this limit? What are the other limitation(s) of CFA piles? Maximum length of 25-32m. Diameter ranges from 350-1200mm. Limited by the need to plunge the reinforcement cage into the pile. Due to the need to plunge this cage there must be sufficient overhead clearance. 10. Name the main types of embedded retaining walls. Briefly discuss their relevant properties and their relative cost. Contiguous bored piles non-watertight, cheapest type Secant pile o Hard soft no reinforcement in soft pile o Hard firm o Hard hard Diaphragm wall (most expensive)

11. Compare and contrast rotary piles to CFA piles Use either conventional casing or segmental with diameter ranges of 600mm to 1200mm. Lengths up to 60m. In cases of deep interlock a diaphragm wall may be more economical. Slower to install than CFA. More expensive than CFA 12. What effect does the choice of piling rig have on construction Tolerances that can be met. The level of interlock that can be achieved 13. For a 16m deep excavation you are planning to use 1500mm diameter piles with a 250mm cut between male and female piles. The chosen piling method is to use segmental casing (verticality of 1:200). Is there sufficient interlock for this wall?

14. List the four main factors in pile design Ground, steel, concrete, piling rig type.

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