1-

When sulphuric acid dissolves in water, the following reaction occurs.

H2SO4 + H2O HSO 4 + H3O+
(a) Explain why water is behaving as a base in this reaction.
it accepts a proton / hydrogen ion

..
(b) Sulphuric acid is a strong acid, ethanoic acid is a weak acid.
Explain the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid.
sulphuric acid is completely ionised [1] or few molecules and many ions

..
ethanoic acid is partially ionised [1] or many molecules and few ions
End of question / Jun / 08/p3
2- The following equation represents its reaction with ammonia.
CH 3 CH 2 COOH

NH 3

CH 3 CH 2 COO

NH +4

Explain why propanoic acid behaves as an acid and ammonia as a base.

....
....
Explain the expression weak acid.
....
End of question
3- For each of the following select an element from Period 4, potassium to krypton, that
matches the description.
(a) bromine [1]
(a) It is a brown liquid at room temperature. .......
(b) germanium [1]
(b) It forms a compound with hydrogen having the formula XH4. ...
(c) potassium or calcium [1]
(c) A metal that reacts violently with cold water. ....
(d) krypton [1]
(d) It has a complete outer energy level. .....

(e) It has oxidation states of 2 and 3 only. ....

(e) iron or cobalt [1]
(f) It can form an ion of the type X.....
(f) bromine [1]
(g) One of its oxides is the catalyst in the Contact Process. ....
(g) vanadium [1]
End of question
1

4- (a) (i) Describe metallic bonding.

..
The strong force of attraction between the Lattice of positive ions and the sea
of delocalize electrons around them.

..

[3]

(ii)Use the above ideas to explain why

metals are good conductors of electricity,
Its free / delocalized / electrons can move and carry the electricity
..

[1]

(ii) metals are malleable.

The metal ions can slide over each other without breaking the lattice and
..

[2]

remain attached to the sea of electrons

(b) Silicon(IV) oxide has a macromolecular structure.

(i) Describe the structure of silicon(IV) oxide (a diagram is not acceptable).
..
. Tetrahedral all atoms are covalently bonded in a closed 3 dimensional structure
. 1 Si atom bonded to 4 O atoms

..
. 1 O atom bonded to four Si atoms
[3]
(ii)Diamond has a similar structure and consequently similar properties.
Give two physical properties common to both diamond and silicon(IV) oxide.
..
Hard - high mp or bp - shiny or translucent - non/poor conductor (of electricity)
End of question
Oct /Nov/ 08/p3

5- (a) Complete the table which gives the names, symbols, relative masses
and relative charges of the three subatomic particles.
name

electron

symbol

relative charge

proton
neutron

relative mass

1
0

(b) Use the information in the table to explain the following.

(i) Atoms contain charged particles but they are electrically neutral because they
have no overall charge.
equal numbers of protons and electrons of positive and negative charges
..
[2]

(ii) Atoms can form positive ions.

Lose electrons and so contain more protons than electrons

.. [2]
(iii) Atoms of the same element can have different masses.
different numbers of neutrons [1] same number of protons
..
[2]

End of question
Jun / 08/p3

6- A list of techniques used to separate mixtures is given below.

From the list choose the most suitable technique to separate the following.
fractional
distillation

simple
distillation

crystallization

filtration

diffusion

(a) water from aqueous copper(II) sulphate ....

(b) helium from a mixture of helium and argon.
(c) copper(II) sulphate from aqueous copper(II) sulphate...
(d) ethanol from aqueous ethanol ......
(e) barium sulphate from a mixture of water and barium sulphate ...

7- The table below gives the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms or
ions.
Particle

Number of

Number of

Number of

Symbol or

protons

electrons

neutrons

formula

10

10

11

12

18

22

18

16

10

14

19
9

(a) Complete the table. The first line is given as an example.

(b) Which atom in the table is an isotope of the atom which has the composition
11p, 11e and 14n? Give a reason for your choice.
... [2]
3

8- Magnesium reacts with bromine to form magnesium bromide.

(a) Magnesium bromide is an ionic compound. Draw a diagram that shows the formula
of the compound, the charges on the ions and the arrangement of outer electrons
around the negative ion.
The electron distribution of a bromine atom is 2, 8, 18, 7.

Use x to represent an electron from a magnesium atom.

Use o to represent an electron from a bromine atom.
[3]
(b) In the lattice of magnesium bromide, the ratio of magnesium ions to bromide ions is
1:2.
(i) Explain the term lattice.
pattern or order or regular or repeat or alternate [1]
COND positive and negative ions or atoms or molecules or particles [1]
...
... [2]
(ii) Explain why the ratio of ions is 1:2.
charges must balance

9- Use your copy of the periodic table to help you answer these questions.
(a) Predict the formula of each of the following compounds.
(a) barium oxide
(ii) boron oxide
(b) Give the formula of the following ions.
(i) sulphide
(ii) gallium
(c) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule
of the covalent compound nitrogen trichloride.
Use x to represent an electron from a nitrogen atom.
Use o to represent an electron from a chlorine atom.

[3]
(d) Potassium and vanadium are elements in Period IV.
(i) State two differences in their physical properties.
[2]
(ii)Give two differences in their chemical properties.
[2]
(e) Fluorine and astatine are halogens. Use your knowledge of the other halogens to
predict the following:
(i) The physical state of fluorine at r.t.p..
The physical state of astatine at r.t.p. .. [2]
(ii) Two similarities in their chemical properties
both have valency of one

...
both can react with other elements to form halides
both are oxidizing agents

...
[2]
both have diatomic molecules
both accept one electron or form ion Xboth have seven valency electrons
both react with non-metals to form covalent compounds
both react with metals to form ionic compounds
both form acidic oxides

10- Iron is a transition element.

(a) Which of the following statements about transition elements are correct?
Tick three boxes.
The metals are highly coloured e.g. yellow, green, blue.
The metals have low melting points.
Their compounds are highly coloured.
Their compounds are colourless.
The elements and their compounds are often used as catalysts.
They have more than one oxidation state.
(b) In which Period in the Periodic Table is iron to be found?

11- (a) Four bottles were known to contain aqueous ammonia, dilute hydrochloric acid,
sodium hydroxide solution and vinegar, which is dilute ethanoic acid. The bottles had
lost their labels. The pH values of the four solutions were 1, 4, 10 and 13.
Complete the table.
solution

pH

aqueous ammonia
dilute hydrochloric acid
sodium hydroxide solution
vinegar

(c) When nitric acid is added to water the following reaction occurs.
HNO 3

H2 O
NO 3-

H3 O +

Give the name and the formula of the particle which is transferred from nitric acid to water.

formula ..
name .[2]

12- The first three elements in Group IV are

carbon,
silicon,
germanium.

(a) The element germanium has a diamond-type structure. Describe the structure of
germanium. A diagram is acceptable.
. 4 Ge atoms around 1 Ge [1]
. tetrahedral all atoms are covalently bonded to each other in closed 3 dimensional structure

[2]

(b) Unlike diamond, graphite is soft and is a good conductor of electricity.

(i) Explain why graphite has these properties.
Graphite has 2 dimensional layers; bonded by weak forces [1] that can move/slide

over each[1]

[2]

(ii) Give a use of graphite that depends on one of these properties.

.

property.[1]
soft
good conductor

use..[1]
lubricant or pencils
Electrodes in small batteries

(c) Carbon dioxide and silicon (IV) oxide have similar formulae but different types of
structure.
(i) Give the formulae of these oxides.
CO

SiO

2
2
[1]
(ii) How are their structures different?

CO2 : simple molecular / covalent

SiO2 :macromolecular / giant covalent
[2]

13-

The diagram shows the structure of a substance.

What is represented?
A. diamond
B. ethane
C. graphite
D. poly(ethene)

14- The diagrams show the structures of two forms, X and Y, of a solid element.

What are suitable uses of X and Y, based on their structures?

use of solid X

use of solid Y

A.

drilling

drilling

B.

drilling

lubricating

C.

lubricating

drilling

D.

lubricating

lubricating

15- The lead in a pencil is made of a mixture of graphite and clay.

If the percentage of graphite is increased, the pencil slides across the paper more easily.
Why is this?
A. Graphite conducts electricity.
B. Graphite is a form of carbon.
C. Graphite is a lubricant.

Pencil

D. Graphite is a non-metal.

16- What type of solid materials are typically hard, have high melting points and poor electrical
conductivities?
I. Ionic
II. Metallic
III. Covalent-network
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

17- The following table gives information about a number of unknown pure substances labelled A
to F.
Use this information to answer (i) to (vi).
Substance Melting point / oC Boiling point / oC

Solubility in water

-259

-271

Insoluble

680

Decomposes before
boiling

Decomposes when added to water to

give a solution of pH > 7

-115

-85

very soluble; solution has pH < 7

-78

-33

very soluble; solution has pH > 7

649

1107

Insoluble (but reacts with steam

1410

2355

Insoluble

(a) Identify three substances that are gases at room temperature and pressure.
. .D
................................................................
A, C,
(b) State which one of the substances identified in (i) is most likely to be a simple molecular
substance .
A ..................................................................
(c) Based on melting/boiling point data, which one of the substances is most likely to exist
as a giant covalent network? Explain your reasoning.
F because
. . . . . .it. .has
. . .the
. . .highest
. . . . . .melting/boiling
. . . . . . . . . . . . .point.
...............................
10

(d) Of the substances listed, only E conducts electricity in both the solid and liquid states,
although F also conducts slightly in these states. What type of substance is
E? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E: a metal;
F? . .F:. .a. metalloid
. . . . . . . . (accept
. . . . . . .semi-conductor).
..............................................

18- The table below shows the elements in the second period of the periodic table and a
selection of their common possible oxidation states.

Element

Li

Be

Ne

Number of ectrons
in the outer shell

Oxidation state

+1

+2

+3

+4

-3

-2

-1

(a) (i) What does it mean when the only oxidation state of an element is zero?
It doesnt react. It is inert.
(ii) Explain why these elements have different oxidation states.
Because they have different number of electrons in their outermost shells

(b)

Complete the ionic equation

Be 2+ + .. Be(OH)2

(c) Beryllium and chromium are both metals.

(i) Explain why they are both malleable?
When hammered the metal ions can slide over each other without breaking the
[1] remain attached to the sea of electrons
lattice;

(ii) Suggest a difference in the physical properties of these metals.

Be has lower melting point than Cr

11

(iii) Suggest a difference in the chemical properties of these metals.

Be
can have only one oxidation state, while Cr can have many oxidation state
(d) Two different atomic forms of the element carbon are

12
6

C and

14
6

C . One of the

atoms is radioactive. When such an atom emits an electron, the nucleus then
contains one more proton and an atom of another element Y is formed.
(i) What is the difference between the nuclei of these two atoms
12
6

C has 6 neutrons while

14
6

C has 8 neutrons /

14
6

[1]

C has 2 more neutrons

14

than
(ii) What are atoms of the same element called?

[1]

Isotopes
(iii) What is the symbol of the element Y formed from the radioactive carbon? [1]
N
(iv) State two uses of radioactive elements.

[2]

To cure cancer
To give energy for power stations

Qp3/ May / 1993

19- Suggest how pure hydrogen could be obtained from a mixture of hydrogen and
hydrogen arsenide.
[2]
By cooling
and compressing, hydrogen arsenide, a heavier gas, will be liquefied first,
[
leaving H2 as a pure gas

20-

Describe the structure of graphite.

[2]

Two dimensional layers of carbon atoms, each atom is connected by three covalent
bonds to three other atoms; with the fourth electron of each atom is moving freely
between the layers.

(i) Why is diamond hard and graphite soft?

[2]

Diamond
is hard because of the three dimension all covalently bonded structure.

Graphite is soft because it consists of weakly bonded two dimensional layers that can
slide.
..

(ii) Why is graphite good conductor of electricity?

Because it has free electrons that can move freely between the layers and conduct
[1]
electricity

Qp3/ May / 1993

12

21- A large crystal of copper (II) sulphate was placed carefully at the bottom of a beaker
of water. After several hours, what would be observed in the beaker?
[3]
Diffusion of the blue colour throughout the water, because of the dissolving
(solution) of the crystals

Qp6/ May / 1993

22- A student was asked to extract and investigate the orange dye from a piece of cloth.
The student planned his method as follows;
1. Collect a piece of the orange cloth, a glass rod, a beaker, a watch glass, a 50cm3
of aqueous ammonia and eye protection.
2. Place the cloth in the beaker containing the 50 cm3 aqueous ammonia and cove
with a watch glass.
3. Biol the solution for thirty minutes
4. Decant off the liquid and concentrate it by evaaporation in a fume-cupboard
untill the colour is dark orange.
5. Investigate which colours are present in the orange dye.
(a) Why should the experiment be done in a well ventilated laboratory?
Because ammonia is harmful / toxic.
[2]
(b) What other safety precautions the student should have taken?
1. He should have carried out the experiment in a fume-cupboard.

2.
Gentle heating
[2]
(c) What necessary apparatus was missing in instruction 1?
A Bunsen burner

[2]
(d) Suggest the purpose of the glass rod.
To stir

(e) Explain the term decant.

Poring off the liquid away from the solid

13

(f) Outline how the student could carry out instruction 5.

Put a spot of the solution on the base line of the chromatogram. Run the chromatogram.
.
Several spots will appear, indicating the components of the orange dye.

.
Qp6/ May / 1993
23- (a) The structure of a typical ionic compound is a regular arrangement of positive and
negative ions.

+
+

+
+

+
+

(i) What is the name of this regular arrangement of particles?

..

(ii) Give two physical properties of ionic compounds.

..
..

(b) Ions are formed by electron loss or gain. The electron distribution of a
magnesium atom is 2 + 8 + 2 and of a nitrogen atom is 2 + 5.

(i) Give the formula of the magnesium ion.

.[1]

(ii) Give the formula of the nitride ion.

.[1]

(iii) What is the formula of the ionic compound, magnesium nitride?

.[1]

(iv) In this compound there is an ionic bond. Why are the two ions attracted
to each other?
.[1]
14

24- Strontium and zinc are both metals with a valency of 2. Strontium is more reactive
than zinc. Its chemistry is similar to that of calcium.
(a) Complete the following table that shows the number of protons, electrons and
neutrons in each particle.
particle
88

Sr

90

Sr

65

proton

electron

neutron

Zn 2+

(b) Explain why 88 Sr and 90 Sr are isotopes.

. [1]

(c) Complete the electron distribution of an atom of strontium.

2

(d)

+
[1]

18

... + .

Traces of chlorine (Cl2)can be separated from bromine vapour (Br2)by diffusion.

Which gas would diffuse the faster and why?

..
..

15

25- Simple distillation apparatus

Separates water from a soluble salt

Condenser
Distilling flask
Antidumping granules
Smooth boiling

Gauze
water out

Heat

Tripod
Receiver of
distillate

distillate

26- Fractional distillation apparatus:

Separates mixtures of miscible liquids
Thermometer

Hot water out

Fractionating
column

Condenser

water in

Round bottomed
flask

wine

Antidumping granules
"Smooth boiling"

Gauze

Heat

Receiver of
distillate

Distillate
"Ethanol at 78 oC"

Tripod

16

27- Describe the bonding between Barium (Ba ) and Bromine (Br ) atoms.
....
........
........

(a) Draw diagram showing valency e in bonding between Ba and Br.

Use: x : e of Ba electrons

: e of Br electrons
....
........
........

(b) State two physical properties of the ionic compound BaBr2

....
........

28- Describe the bonding between selenium (Se) and Chlorine (Cl) atoms.
....
........
........

(a) Draw diagram showing valency e in bonding between Se and Cl.

Use: for Se electrons
o for Cl electrons
....
........
........

(b) State three physical properties of the compound selenium chloride

........
........

17

29- (a) Describe the structure of

(i) Diamond.
....
........
........

(ii) Silicon (IV) oxide

....
........
........

(b) State three physical properties of macromolecules

....
........

(c) Why does graphite have different properties?

....
........

(d) Why is diamond hard and graphite soft?

....
........

(e) State a use of diamond and a use of graphite.

....
........

(f) Why does SiO 2 have high m.p?

....

(g) Describe metallic bonding.

....

(h) Why is krypton (Kr) monatomic and nitrogen ( N 2 ) diatomic?

........
........

18

30- (a) The Kinetic Theory explains the properties of solids, liquids and gases in terms of
the movement of particles.
Liquids and gases both take up the shape of the container but a gas always fills the
[4]
container. Explain this, using the ideas of the Kinetic Theory.
liquid

gas
fills container

Does not fill container

but has shape of
bottom of container
..........................................................................................................................................
- Gases move freely and randomly in all space available to them. while
..........................................................................................................................................
- Liquids can only slide over each, so the gas fills the whole container

(b)The following apparatus can be used to measure the rate of diffusion of a gas.

constant
pressure
applied

gas syringe

gas

Metal foil, gas

escapes through
small hole in the
foil

(i)What measurements would need to be taken to calculate the rate of diffusion of a gas?
- Change (decrease) in gas volume
............................................................................................................................[2]
- time

(ii)Which gas, carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide, would diffuse faster?

Explain your choice.
- Carbon dioxide because it is lighter( Mr=44) than SO2 (Mr=128)/ and
................................................................................................................................

lighter particles move faster at a given temperature.

................................................................................................................................
End of question / 0620-qp3-M.J-2002
19

31- (e)A student set up the apparatus shown in the diagram below.
glass tube
rubber
bung

X
cotton wool soaked
in ammonia

cotton wool soaked in

concentrated hydrochloric

The white solid is formed because the molecules of hydrogen chloride gas and
ammonia gas move at random throughout the tube and eventually react with each other.

(i)State the name given to this random movement of molecules.

(e) (i) diffusion [1]
...................................................................................................................................

(ii) State the name of the white solid formed at X.

(ii) ammonium chloride [1]
...................................................................................................................................

(iii) Suggest why the white solid is formed towards one end of the tube and not in the
middle.
(e)(iii)
Molecules of HCl and ammonia move at different speeds [1] ammonia diffuses
...................................................................................................................................
or moves faster [1] because it is lighter(Mr=17) than HCl (Mr=36.5) [1]
...............................................................................................................................[3]

End of question -0620-qp02 M/J/03

20

32- A solution of ammonia has a strong smell.

A beaker of ammonia solution is put in the corner of a room which is free of draughts.

beaker of
ammonia
solution
At first, the girl by the closed window cannot smell the ammonia.
After 30 seconds she smells the ammonia.
Use the kinetic particle theory to explain these facts

girl
(standing
by
window)

.............................................................................................................................................
Ammonia molecules evaporate from (ammonia) solution; then move, rapidly, freely and
randomly
until they fill the whole room evenly.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
End of question -0620-qp02 M/J/05

21

33- (a)A student placed a crystal of copper(II) sulphate in a beaker of water.

After one hour the crystal had completely disappeared and a dense blue colour was
observed in the water at the bottom of the beaker. After 48 hours the blue colour had spread
throughout the water.

(a)
Use the kinetic particle theory to explain these observations.
.............................................................................................................................................

crystals dissolve
.............................................................................................................................................
water molecules collide with the crystal, ions separate and the ions move
randomly throughout water molecules in
.............................................................................................................................................
(b)Describe the arrangement and motion of the particles in the copper(II) sulphate crystal.
Arrangement ..
Arrangement: closely packed in regular manner [1]
motion....
motion: only vibrating in position[1]

End of question -0620-qp02 M/J/08

3(a)A student set up the apparatus shown in the diagram. She then carefully removed the
glass disc allowing the contents of the gas jars to mix.

air

Glass disc

Bromine vapour

Bromine liquid

(i)What change did she see after a few minutes?

bromine, brown gas, colour spreads to fill all the jar [1]
..............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii)Name the process illustrated in this experiment.
Diffusion
..............................................................................................................................[1]
End of question - May/June 2007 5070- paper 4
22

34- Bromine is an element in Group VII of the Periodic Table.

(a) Write the formula for a molecule of bromine.
(b) Complete the diagram below to show the arrangement of the molecules in liquid
bromine.
represents a bromine molecule

(c)A teacher placed a small amount of liquid bromine in the bottom of a sealed gas jar of
air. After two minutes brown fumes were seen just above the liquid surface. After one
hour the brown colour had spread completely throughout the gas jar.

Use the kinetic particle theory to explain these observations.

.............................................................................................................................................
Because bromine is a volatile liquid, its more energetic molecules evaporate and move
randomly throughout air in the whole gas jar until it becomes even.
.............................................................................................................................................

End of question -0620-qp02 M/J/09

23

35- Ethene gas spreads throughout the fruit by a random movement of molecules.
What is the name given to the random movement of molecules?
Put a ring around the correct answer.
aeration

diffusion

evaporation

ionisation

End of question - May/June 2007-paper 3

36- Which statement about diffusion is correct?
A. Changing temperature has no effect on the diffusion of molecules.
B. Diffusion involves the random movement of molecules.
C. Small molecules enter but do not leave cells by diffusion.
D. Small molecules diffuse through cell membranes but not through cell walls.
End of question - Oct/Nov 2006-paper 1
37- The diagrams illustrate the arrangement of particles in the three states of matter.

(a) Name the state of matter represented by each diagram.

A: : [1]
B: : [1]
C: : [1]

(b) Outline briefly the differences between the three states in terms of the movement of
their particles.
A: : [2]
B: : [2]
C:.. [2]

24

38- Ammonia, NH3 (Mr = 17), and hydrogen chloride, HCl (Mr = 36.5) are both gases which are
soluble in water.
The gases react together to form a white solid, ammonium chloride.
In an experiment to demonstrate rates of diffusion the following apparatus is set up.
Where will the white solid form?

cotton wool soaked

in concentrated
hydrochloric acid

cotton wool soaked

in ammonia

End of question - May/June 2003 5070- paper 1

39- Which gas has the slowest rate of diffusion?
A. ammonia, NH3
B. methane, CH4
C. oxygen, O2
D. nitrogen, N2

End of question - May/June 2006 5070- paper 1

40- A beaker containing the gas was placed over the porous pot.
For which of the following gases did bubbles emerge at Y?
A. carbon dioxide [Mr: 44]
B. hydrogen [Mr: 2]
C. oxygen [Mr: 32]
D. sulfur dioxide [Mr: 64]
End of question - May/June 2004 5070- paper 1

25

41- chromatography question and answer

(a) What is chromatography used for?
To investigate (separate and identify) coloured and colourless mixtures
...................................................................................................................................
[1]

(b) On what property does chromatography depend?

Solubility
...................................................................................................................................
[1]

(c)The base line should be drawn in pencil not in ink. Why?

...................................................................................................................................
Graphite in pencil is insoluble in all solvents, while ink dissolves in water and foreign
solutes interfere with the results

....................................................................................................................................[1]

(d) The used drop of solution should be concentrated not diluted. Why?
To get a clear chromatogram
...................................................................................................................................
[1]

(e)The Level of solvent should be below base- line. Why?

To avoid diluting of the spot
...................................................................................................................................
[1]

(f) What should be done if the solvent is volatile?

Cover the flask

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(g) What should be done if no spots appear on the chromatogram?

Spray the chromatogram by a colouring agent to make them visible

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(h) Define Rf.

distance travelled by solute
R f ..........[1]
=
distance travelled by solvent

(i) A mixture is which is composed of three different colours is investigated using chromatography.
Show the result on the chromatogram.

answer

26

42- Chromatography can be used to identify amino acids from a sample of protein. The

diagram shows the chromatogram obtained when four samples of amino acids were
analysed. The paper was sprayed with ninhydrin.
Solvent front

Chromatography
paper

origin
1

Level of solvent

Original positions of
samples of amino aids
(a) Why is the origin line drawn in pencil?
[1]

(b) Why is the origin line not drawn in ink?

..[1]

(c) What would have happened if the origin line is immersed below the level of the solvent?
[1]

(d) Which amino acids could possibly be the same?

[1]

(e) Which amino acid sample contains more than one amino acid? Explain your answer.
-

Sample ..........[1]

explanation.....[1]

(f) Suggest why it is necessary to spray the chromatogram with ninhydrin.

....[1]

27

43- Enzymes are biological catalysts. They are used both in research laboratories and in
industry.
(a) Enzymes called proteases can hydrolyse proteins to amino acids. The amino acids
can be separated and identified by chromatography. The diagram below shows a typical
chromatogram.

Solvent

Samples are placed on this

sample

sample

Initial level
of solvent

(i)

distance traveled by sample

The R value of a sample =
f
distance traveled bysolvent front

Some Rf values for amino acids are:

glutamic acid = 0.4

glycine = 0.5

alanine = 0.7

leucine = 0.9

Identify the two amino acids on the chromatogram.

A is

B is [2]

(ii) Explain why the chromatogram must be exposed to a locating agent before Rf values
can be measured.
... [1]
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(iii) Measuring Rf values is one way of identifying amino acids on a chromatogram.

Suggest another.
... [1]
(iv) The synthetic polymer, nylon, has the same linkage as proteins. Draw the structural
formula of nylon.

44- A student used chromatography to investigate the dyes in a food colouring. A series of
dyes and an extract of the food colouring were spotted on the paper at the points
marked X. Ethanol was used as the solvent to carry the dyes up the paper. The
chromatogram below shows the results

solvent front

o
o

orange
blue
red
yellow
(a) State which dye is the most soluble in ethanol.

food
colouring

................................................................................................................................

(1)

(b) State which dye is not present in the food colouring.

...............................................................................................................................

(1)

(c) The R f value of a dye is calculated by using the formula:

Rf =

distance travelled by dye

distance travelled by solvent front

Calculate the R f value for Yellow.

.................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... (2)
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45- A student wants to separate the coloured pigments in a plant leaf by chromatography.
He grinds the plant leaf and separates the solids from the green solution.

(a) What method can he use to separate the solids from the solution?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The student takes a drop of the green solution and puts a spot of it onto a piece of chromatography
paper.

From the diagrams below choose the letter for the most suitable piece of apparatus for
this task.
letter .................................

(c) The student sets up the chromatography apparatus as shown.

(i) Label the diagram to show:

the solvent,
the original position of the spot of green solution,
the chromatography paper.

(ii) How many different pigments were present in the plant leaf?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

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