University of British Columbia Electrical and Computer Engineering Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratory I EECE 280

Module 4 Counters and Amplifiers

Copyright 2004-2012, Jesus Calvino-Fraga

In this module, you will be testing counters and operational amplifiers (op-amps). The comparator, an especial variation of the op-amp will be also tested in this module. In order to test these devices, oscilloscopes and function generators are needed. These instruments are available in the lab. IMPORTANT: all the digital integrated circuits in this laboratory must be powered with a 5V DC power supply and bypassed with a 0.1 F capacitor between power and common ground. For all the experiments involving op-amps in this and future modules, you need to power the ICs with +15V and -15V power supplies, and bypass each power supply with a 0.1 F capacitor to common ground. Check the corresponding datasheets to find the power and ground pins for each ICs.

Requirements
1. 2. 3. 4. Tool and component kit. Laboratory notebook. Cable kit, made in module 1. Laboratory dual Channel Digital Storage Oscilloscope, Laboratory Power Supply, and Laboratory Function Generator.

References
Tektronix TDS2012/TDS2012C Two Channel Digital Storage Oscilloscope user manual. Available online. Oscilloscope quick start guide, available online. Your EECE251 and EECE259 textbooks/notes.

Pre-laboratory
1) Design a four bit R-2R ladder network similar to the last point of module 2. 2) Find the formula for the gain of the following circuits using operational amplifiers: inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, summing amplifier, difference amplifier, differentiator, and integrator.

3) The comparator you will be using in this lab (LM393) has an open collector output. Find what the meaning of the term open collector is, and what do you have to do to properly use the output of the comparator.

Laboratory
1) Assemble an inverting amplifier of gain -10. Test it using a sine wave of 1V pkpk, 1 kHz, and no offset obtained from the function generator. Check the input (Vi) and output (Vo) waveforms using the oscilloscope, and draw the results into your lab notebook. Test the amplifier using also a sine wave of 5V pk-pk. Draw the results in your notebook, and explain what happens to the output. (TIP: For better results choose resistors above 1k.)
+ TL072 + VCC-

15

VCC+

Vo

Vi

R1 Amplitude=1V pk-pk Frequency=1kHz

15

Function Generator

R2

2) Assemble and test a non-inverting amplifier of gain 6. Draw the input and output waveforms as seen on the oscilloscope into your notebook. 3) Assemble and test the integrator circuit shown below. The input V(t) is a square wave at 100 Hz, 2V peak, no offset (the signal has a maximum of +2V and a minimum of -2V). Set R1 to 10 M , R2 to 100 k , and C1 to 0.01 F. Draw the input and out waveforms V(t) and Vo in your notebook as displayed on the oscilloscope. Keep this circuit assembled in your breadboard, as you will need it for the next experiment.
R1 C1 R2 + V(t) Vo

4) IC comparators are especially designed op-amps optimized to have a very fast response and produce binary outputs (high/low). Using the LM393 comparator, assemble and test the circuit below. The input Vi is the output Vo of the circuit in the previous point. Notice that if the triangular input Vi has an offset, the circuit may not work as expected: the triangular wave may never cross the reference

voltage created using R4 and the output of the comparator may remain either high or low1. Start by adjusting the reference voltage to zero volts. By adjusting the variable resistor R4, the pulse width of the generated positive pulse waveform can be changed. The circuit composed by R2, R3, Q1, and D1 is used to convert the 15V to +15V output of the comparator to a digital signal between 0V and 5V.
VCC V1

5V 15V
R1 R2

1k
8 Vi 3 R3 1 2 4 U1A

10k
Vo Q1

2N3904 1k
D1

LM393NG

10k 30% Key=A

R4 V2

1N4148

-15V

5) Assemble and test the counter circuit shown below2. Vi is the output Vo from the previous circuit. The 4-bit R-2R ladder network is used to convert the digital values coming out of the counter into an analog waveform. Draw in your notebook the clock input Vi, as well as the voltage outputs at Q0, Q1, Q2, Q3, and the analog output Vo. For this purpose you will need to use the laboratory oscilloscope. When you are done, show the results to your lab TA.
5V (16) (5) CPU VDD TCU (12) (4) CPD Vi 5V 10k (14) MR (9) D3 (10) D2 (1) D1 (15) D0 GND (8) Q3 (7) Q2 (6) Q1 (2) Q0 (3) 20k 10k 20k (11) PL TCD (13) 20k Vo

10k 20k

74HC193

20k

If your triangular waveform has an offset, you may need to manually adjust the output offset of the square wave connected to the integrator in point 6 to zero. 2 The pin numbers in the IC are indicated by the numbers in parenthesis in the circuit schematic.