Introduction In 2008, India accounted for 17.

7% of the world population but was the fifth-largest consumer of energy, accounting for 3.8% of global consumption. Indias total commercial energy supply is dominated by coal and largely-imported oil with renewable energy resources contributing less than 1% (this does not include hydro > 25 MW). Coal also dominates the power generation mix, though renewable resources now account for approximately 10% of installed capacity. The current power-generating capacity is insufficient to meet current demand, and in 20092010, India experienced a generation deficit of approximately 10% (84 TWh) and a corresponding peak load deficit of 12.7% (over 15 GW). Indias frequent electricity shortages are estimated to have cost the Indian economy 6% of gross domestic product (GDP) in financial year 20072008. To power the economic growth currently being targeted, it is estimated that India will need to more than double its installed generating capacity to over 300 GW by 2017. In recent years, control over generating facilities has shifted from being dominantly controlled by the states to the federal government and private entities, including those who have set up captive power plants to power their industrial facilities. The private sector is dominant in renewable energy generation. Indias energy future will not just be shaped by the central grid and large-scale generating facilities fuelling industrial growth but also by the goal of increasing the well-being of Indias poor populations by providing electricity access to the approximately 400 million citizens without. The Government of India recognizes that development of local, renewable resources is critical to ensure that India is able to meet social, economic, and environmental objectives and has supported the development of renewable energy through several policy actions. Power Sector in India Power Sector is at a crucial juncture of its evolution from a controlled environment to a competitive, market driven regime which endeavours to provide affordable, reliable and quality power at reasonable prices to all sectors of the economy. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of our country has been growing at the rate of about 8% for the last several years. The liberalization and globalization of the economy is leading to an increased tempo in industrial and commercial activities and this, coupled with penetration of technology and I.T. in the day-to-day life of the common man, is expected to result in a high growth in power demand. It is accordingly essential that development of the Power Sector shall be commensurate with the overall economic growth of the nation. The Indian power sector is one of the most diversified in the world. Sources for power generation range from commercial sources like coal, lignite, natural gas, oil, hydro and nuclear power to other viable non-conventional sources like wind, solar and agriculture and domestic waste. The demand for electricity in the country has been growing at a rapid rate and is expected to grow further in the years to come. In order to meet the increasing requirement of electricity, massive addition to the installed generating capacity in the country is required.

Since its structured growth post Independence, Indian power sector has made substantial progress both in terms of enhancing power generation and in making available power to widely distributed geographical boundaries. The Installed generation capacity in the Utility sector has increased to about 181500 MW at the end of August 2011. The Indian power sector is largely coal based with the total Installed Capacity comprising of 99,503 MW ( 55 %) coal based, 17,706 MW (10%) gas based, 1200 MW (1%) diesel generation, 38,206 MW (21%) hydro, 4,780 MW (2 %) nuclear and 20,162 MW (11%) from renewable energy sources. Development of Renewable Energy Sources is being accorded special emphasis in view of their inherent advantages. The Installed Capacity from Renewable Sources has grown to 20,162 MW in June 2011 comprising 3,226 MW in State Sector & 16,936 MW in Private Sector. The total annual power generation has grown to about 811 BU, whereas the thermal generation has grown to 665 BU in 2011. The performance of thermal power plants in the country has steadfastly improved and the Plant Load Factor of coal based stations has increased from 52.4% during 1985-86 to 77.68 % in 2009-2010 & 75.06% during 2010-11. The Installed Capacity of captive power plants having more than or equal to 1MW capacity has grown to more than 30,000 MW at present. Over decades, a robust inter-state and inter- regional transmission system has evolved in the country which facilitates widespread reach of power over the vast area of the country. In 1947 the maximum voltage level of transmission line was 132 kV which was subsequently increased to 220 kV in 1960 and 400 kV in 1977. To reduce Right of Way requirement for transmission lines and overcome constraints in availability of land for substations, 765 kV transmission voltages is being increasingly adopted and Gas Insulated Stations are being provided wherever availability of land is a problem. HVDC 500 kV back to back was introduced in the year 2000. Recognizing the need for development of National Grid, thrust was given to enhancement of the interregional capacity in a phased manner. The total Inter-regional transmission capacity by the end of 10th Plan was 14,050 MW which is now planned to grow to about 25,650 MW by 11th Plan end. Energy Sources in India Indias energy-mix comprises both non-renewable (coal, lignite, petroleum and natural gas) and renewable energy sources (wind, solar, small hydro, biomass, cogeneration bagasse etc.). Information on reserves of non-renewable sources of energy like coal, lignite, petroleum, natural gas and the potential for generation of renewable energy sources is a pre- requisite for assessing the countrys potential for meeting its future energy needs. The changes in the reserves over time indicate the research and development going into the discovery of new reserves and the pace of their exploitation. They also facilitate in devising effective conservation and management strategies for optimal utilization of these resources.

Coal and Lignite India has a good reserve of coal and lignite. The estimated reserves of coal stand at around 286 billion tones. Coal deposits are mainly confined to eastern and south central parts of the country. The states of Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh account for more than 99% of the total coal reserves in the country. There has been an increase of 3.1% in the estimated coal reserves during the year 2010-11 with Madhya Pradesh accounting for the maximum increase of 5 %. The estimated reserve of lignite is around 41 billion tonnes, of which 80% was in the southern State of Tamil Nadu. The increase in the estimated reserve of lignite during the year 2010-11 was 2.4%, Tamil Nadu accounting for the maximum increase of 2.7%. Petroleum and Natural gas The estimated reserves of crude oil and natural gas in India stand at 757 million tonnes (MT) and 1241 billion cubic meters (BCM), respectively. Geographical distribution of Crude oil indicates that the maximum reserves are in the Western Offshore (43%) followed by Assam (22%), whereas the maximum reserves of Natural Gas are in the Eastern Offshore (35%) followed by Western offshore (33%). There was an increase of estimated Crude Oil reserves by 33% in Andhra Pradesh followed by Tamil Nadu (8%). However there was a decrease of 2% in the estimated reserve of crude oil for the country as a whole during 2010-11. In case of Natural Gas, the increase in the estimated reserves over the last year was 8%. The maximum contribution to this increase has been from CBM (145%), followed by Tamil Nadu (7%). Renewable energy sources There is high potential for generation of renewable energy from various sources- wind, solar, biomass, small hydro and cogeneration bagasse. The total potential for renewable power generation in the country as on 31.03.11 is estimated at 89760 MW. This includes an estimated wind power potential of 49132 MW (55%), SHP (small-hydro power) potential of 15,385 MW (17%), Biomass power potential of 17,538 MW (20%) and 5000 MW (6%) from bagasse-based cogeneration in sugar mills. The geographic distribution of the estimated potential across States reveals that Gujarat has the highest share of about 14% (12,489 MW), followed by Karnataka with 12% share (11,071 MW) and Maharashtra with 11% share (9596 MW), mainly on account of wind power potential. Renewable Energy in India
India has over 17 GW of installed renewable power generating capacity. Installed wind capacity is the largest share at over 12 GW, followed by small hydro at 2.8 GW. The remainder is dominated by bioenergy, with solar contributing only 15 MW. The Eleventh Plan calls for gridconnected renewable energy to exceed 25 GW by 2012. JNNSM targets total capacity of 20 GW grid-connected solar power by 2022. Renewable energy technologies are being deployed at industrial facilities to provide supplemental power from the grid, and over 70% of wind installations are used for this purpose. Biofuels have not yet reached a significant scale in India.

Indias Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) supports the further deployment of renewable technologies through policy actions, capacity building, and oversight of their wind and solar research institutes. The Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) provides financial assistance for renewable projects with funding from the Indian government and international organizations; they are also responsible for implementing many of the Indian governments renewable energy incentive policies. As of June 2010, India was one of the world leaders in installed renewable energy capacity, with a total capacity of 17,594 MW (utility and non-utility), which represents approximately 10% of Indias total installed electric generating capacity. Of that total, 17,174 MW were grid-connected projects, and the remaining 2.4% of installed renewable capacity consisted of off-grid systems. The wind industry has achieved the greatest success in India with an installed capacity of 12,009 MW at the end of June 2010. India has also installed 2,767 MW of small hydro plants (with sizes of less than 25 MW each), 1,412 MW of grid-connected cogeneration from bagasse, and 901 MW of biomass-based power from agro residues. Waste-to-energy projects have an installed capacity of 72 MW. India has off-grid renewable power capacities of 238 MW from biomass cogeneration, 125 MW from biogas, 53 MW from waste-to-energy, 3 MW from solar PV plants, and 1 MW from hybrid systems. Different Sources of Renewable Energy

1. Wind Energy:
India has been a pioneer in the commercial use of wind energy in Asia since the 1990s. In 2009, India had the fifth largest installed wind capacity globally, only behind the United States, China, Germany, and Spain. During that year, India added 1,338 MW of wind capacity for a total installed capacity of 10,925 MW. This represented a 14% annual growth rate and contributed 3.5% to the global wind market. The most recent data available at the time of this writing show that India's wind capacity totalled 12,009 MW at the end of June 2010, which represented 70% of India's total renewable energy capacity. India's robust domestic market has transformed the Indian wind industry into a significant global player. The success of the Indian wind market can be attributed to the quality of the wind resource and to government incentives, which became available early on as the global wind industry began to grow. Indian company Suzlon is the market-leader in wind power in Asia and the third largest manufacturer of wind turbines in the world. In combination with its German subsidiary REpower, Suzlon has a world market share of 12.3% in installed new capacity.

4083 6540 6747 6800 16084 5265

Total Capacity (MW) - Worldwide

USA 32446 62733

China

Germany Spain India

21674 29060

46919

France Italy UK Canada Portugal Rest of World

Worldwide distribution of wind power capacity

Windpower electricity production (TWh) Worldwide

USA 9.1 10.2 8.4 9.7 20.6 36.5 43.7 8 China 48.5 95.2 Spain Germany India 55.5 UK France Portugal Italy Canada

The figures above show that India has a total wind power generating capacity of 16,084 MW, which is the fifth largest in the world and it had a total of 20.6 TWh of electricity produced from wind energy in the year 2010, behind USA, China, Spain and Germany. This shows that in terms of potential, India is very rich on the wind energy front and with sufficient development in the sector it could one day become a world leader in wind energy based electricity production. Wind power accounts for 6% of Indias total installed power capacity and it generates 1.6% of the countrys entire power.

Installed Capacity of Wind Power (MW) Statewise

7000 6007 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 2884 2310.7 1730.1 1524.7 275.5 200.2 32.8 2 1.1 3.2

Figures as of 31 March, 2011

st

Source: www.indianwindpower.com

The figure shows state wise distribution of wind power capacity. This correlates with the wind atlas of India shown below. Major concentration of wind generation can be seen in the southern part of the country as well as western portions. The north and east see comparatively less amount of wind and hence have a lower generating capacity. It is interesting to note, that the state of Gujarat is giving a lot of importance to electricity generation through non conventional sources, wind being one of them. According to official data, wind power generation capacity in the state has increased a staggering ten times in just the past six years alone. A number of barriers exist while installing wind generation sites. The initial cost of wind turbines is much higher than their conventional fossil fuel source counterparts per MW of installed capacity. The rotor blades produce a lot of noise. Hence optimum locations have to be selected for setting up of such farms. Keeping them far away from load centres implies that longer transmission lines will be necessary. This in turn increases the expenditure. Wind farms tend to take up a lot of space, usually of agricultural land. This is a tradeoffs that has to be taken into account. The technology used in a windmill is fairly complicated, and requires some expertise to erect, adding to the initial costs. Wind farms may disrupt the natural ecosystem of the area, and could kill birds that get hit by its rotating blades.

India has a total of 20 wind farms that are capable of generating excess of 10 MW in addition to numerous smaller, local farms which dot the country. Details of major wind production facilities Power Plant Producer Location State Total Capacity (MWe) 259 33 30 25 22 21 20 15 15

Vankusawade Wind Park Cape Comorin Kayathar Subhash Ramakkalmedu Muppandal Wind Gudimangalam Puthlur RCI Lamba Danida Chennai Mohan

Suzlon Energy Ltd. Aban Loyd Chiles Offshore Ltd. Subhash Ltd. Subhash Ltd. Muppandal Wind Farm Gudimangalam Wind Farm Wescare India Ltd. Danida India Ltd. Mohan Breweries and

Satara District Kanyakumari Kayathar Ramakkalmedu Muppandal Gumangalam Puthlur Lamba Chennai

Maharashtra Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu Kerala Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Tamil Nadu

Jamgudrani MP Jogmatti BSES Perungudi Newan Kethanur Wind Farm Hyderabad APSRTC Muppandal Madras Shah Gajendragarh Shah Gajendragarh Acciona Tuppadahalli Poolvadi Chettinad Shalivahana Wind

Distilleries Ltd. MP Windfarms Ltd. BSES Ltd. Newan Power Company Ltd. Kethanur Wind Farm APSRTC Madras Cements Ltd. MMTCL Sanjay D. Ghodawat Tuppadahalli Energy India Pvt. Ltd. Chettinad Cement Corp. Ltd. Shalivahana Green Energy Ltd.

Dewas Chitradurga Perungudi Kethanur Hyderabad Muppandal Gadag Gadag Chitradurga Poolvadi Tirupur

Madhya Pradesh Karnataka Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu Karnataka Karnataka Karnataka Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu

14 14 12 11 10 10 15 10.8 56.1 10 20.4

Source: www.eai.in

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has fixed a target of 10,500 MW between 2007 12, but an additional generation capacity of only about 6,000 MW might be available for commercial use by 2012 The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has announced a revised estimation of the potential wind resource in India from 49,130 MW assessed at 50m Hub heights to 102,788 MW assessed at 80m Hub height. The wind resource at higher Hub heights that are now prevailing is possibly even more.

2. Solar Energy:
Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s. The 354 MW SEGS CSP installation is the largest solar power plant in the world, located in the Mojave Desert of California. Other large CSP plants include the Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW) and the Andasol solar power station (150 MW), both in Spain. The over 200 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project in the United States, and the 214 MW Charanka Solar Park in India, are the worlds largest photovoltaic plants. In India, some large projects have been proposed, and a 35,000 km2 area of the Thar Desert has been set aside for solar power projects, sufficient to generate 700 GW to 2,100 GW. The figure below shows the proposed scheme for the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission.

Solar is an important, although currently underutilized, energy resource in India with the potential to offer an improved power supply (especially in remote areas) and increase the security of Indias energy supply. On average, the country has 300 sunny days per year and receives an average hourly radiation of 200 MW/km2. The India Energy Portal estimates that

around 12.5% of Indias land mass, or 413,000 km2, could be used for harnessing solar energy. This area could be further increased by the use of building-integrated PV. Though large-scale CSP has not yet been deployed in India, one study has estimated that this technology alone could generate 11,000 TWh per year for India. In addition to Indias potential for widespread deployment of solar technologies to supply electricity across the country, India also has the potential to significantly reduce electricity demand through increased deployment of solar water heaters (SWH), which can be deployed on rooftops in the built environment. Although India already has a strong solar cell production industry, until now, there has not been a high demand for them in the domestic market. JNNSMs target of achieving at least 20,000 MW of grid-connected solar power by 2022 could make India one of the leading solar countries in the world, not only in total installed solar capacity but also in manufacturing components and technology research and development.

Source: Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission

With about 300 clear, sunny days in a year, India's theoretical solar power reception, on only its land area, is about 5000 Petawatt-hours per year (PWh/yr) (i.e. 5000 trillion kWh/yr or about 600 TW). The daily average solar energy incident over India varies from 4 to 7 kWh/m2 with about 15002000 sunshine hours per year (depending upon location), which is far more than current total energy consumption. For example, assuming the efficiency of PV modules were as low as 10%, this would still be a thousand times greater than the domestic electricity demand projected for 2015.

Source: www.solargis.info

The following table indicates the number of Solar Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal Power Projects installed in India, as on 24th November, 2011. As evident from the data, India has a total of 42 independent power projects with a cumulative capacity of 183.5MW. States Solar Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal Power Projects No. MW 2 3 2 4 5 91 2 2 0 0 2 6 0 0 8 18 2 2

Andhra Pradesh Chhattisgarh Gujarat Haryana Jharkhand Karnataka Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Delhi

Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal India

3 2 10 3 0 0 1 42

3 3 43.5 7 0 0 1 183.5
Source: www.indiastat.com

Thus as can be seen, Rajasthan contributes close to 24% of the countrys entire solar electricity generating capacity. The following table indicates the level of implementation of solar energy lighting and pump schemes in each state. Through these figures, inferences on the level of implementation of solar energy can be drawn.
States/UTs Solar Photo Voltaic System Number of implementations in each state Lanterns Home Light 405 1998 10349 5870 6471 275 7233 0 362 9231 49668 16848 23083 7312 37348 32326 0 2917 3434 3865 7840 5395 868 5156 25 Street Light 358 4186 1071 98 955 898 1923 301 707 2004 20074 4072 5806 620 2694 1735 1725 6138 8420 928 1273 431 271 5834 417 Pump

Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chandigarh Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Lakshadweep Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry

6296 38544 14433 1211 50117 1675 3192 4807 1065 31603 73116 22970 43822 16374 7334 54367 5289 9444 68683 4787 24875 8331 6317 9882 1637

5 613 18 45 139 12 226 89 15 85 469 6 39 0 551 810 0 87 239 40 19 37 3 56 21

Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Other India

17495 4716 5200 16818 42360 60188 64023 17662 125797 864430

8620 91754 4640 7536 26066 147546 91307 130901 24047 770696

5354 6852 242 6350 1199 91727 8568 8076 9150 210457

1857 283 0 829 151 575 26 48 0 7393

Source: www.indiastat.com

Haryana has the most number of lanterns, UP has the most number of home lights powered through solar energy and street lights powered by solar energy while Punjab with its largely agriculture based population has the most number of solar powered pumps. Goa, Delhi, Assam and Sikkim, Jharkhand and Lakshadweep are the laggards respectively in those methods of solar power implementation. The next table indicates location of major solar electricity plants in the country as of 31st July, 2011. States/UTs Andhra Pradesh Delhi Gujarat Project Developer Sri Power Generation (India) Pvt. Ltd. Reliance Industries Ltd. North Delhi Power Ltd. LancoInfratech Limited Sun Edison Azure Power Private Limited C & S Electric Limited Karnataka Power Corporation Limited Karnataka Power Corporation Limited Maharashtra State Power Generation Co. Ltd. Tata Power Company Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar SahkariSakharKarkhana Ltd. Raajratna Energy Holdings Private Limited Azure Power Private Limited Reliance Industries Limited, Solar Group Capacity (MWp) 2 1 1 5 1 5 1 3 3 1 3 1 PV/ST PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV Location Varadayapalem Mandel, Dist, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh Thyagaraj Stadium, Delhi Keshavpuram, Delhi Charanka Solar Power, Dist: Patan, Gujarat Gandhinagar, Near PDP University Khadoda Village. Dist, Sabarkhanta, Gujarat Village Nandha, BadhraMandal, Dist, Bhiwani, Haryana Yelasandra village, BangarupetTaluka, Dist, Kolar, Karnataka Itnal Village, ChikodiTaluka, Dist, Belgaum, Karnataka Chandrapur STPS, Chandrapur, Maharashtra Mulshi, Dist: Pune, Maharashtra Arvindnagar, Keshegaon, Tq. and Dist, Osmanabad Maharashtra Sadeipali, Dist, Bolangir, Orissa Village Ahwan, Tehsil Ajanal, District Amritsar, Punjab Khasra No.1133, VillageKhimsar, Tehsil: Khimsar, Dist, Nagaur, Rajasthan

Haryana Karnataka

Maharashtra

Orissa Punjab Rajasthan

1 2 5

PV PV PV

ACME Tele Power Ltd. Tamil Nadu Sapphire Industrial Infrastructures Private Limited B&G Solar Private Limited R L Clean Power Pvt. Ltd. West Bengal West Bengal Green Energy Development Corporation Limited

2.5 5

CSP Tower PV

Bherukhada, Bikaner, Rajasthan Village RettaiPillai, Lynarkulam, Taluk New KalltthurSivaganga, Dist, Sivanganga, Tamil Nadu Komal West Village, Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu Marakathoorvillage, KalayarkoilTaluk, Sivaganga District, Tamil Nadu Seebpore Power Station of DPSC Ltd., Block Jamuria, Asansol, West Bengal

1 1 1

PV PV PV

Total
PV Photovoltaic | ST Solar Thermal

45.5
Source: www.indiastat.com

3. Small Hydro: The estimated potential for small hydro in India of 15,000 MW suggests that it can make a significant contribution to Indias power supply, especially in remote areas where alternative supply solutions face many challenges. For these reasons, the further development of small hydro is one of the focal areas of MNRE, who wants to concentrate on reducing the capital costs and enhancing the reliability, plant load factors, and average plant lifetimes. The Indian government aims to develop half of the identified potential in the next 10 years and is supporting small-hydro deployment through capital subsidies and preferential tariffs. As of March 2010, a total of 2,735 MW of grid-connected small hydropower has been installed, contributing about 16.2% to Indias total grid interactive renewable power. 4. Bioenergy: Historically, traditional biomass has been a major source of household energy in India. Today, the total energy supply in India is composed of approximately 40% non-commercial energy sources such as wood and cow dung. Rural households in India predominantly use wood and cow dung as fuel for cooking and water heating due to lack of electricity. Modern biomass energy is derived from organic material and can be used in a variety of conversion processes to yield power, heat/steam, and fuel. In India, the use is focused on waste materials such as municipal, agricultural, or forest residues. Biomass is generally divided into three categories: biogas, solid biomass, and liquid biofuels. Biogas has been mostly used for small, rural, and off-grid applications, and the majority of gasifiers in India are providing for individual households. About 4 million family-size biogas plants were installed in India and MNRE estimates that the annual biogas generation potential is about 17,340 million m3, which could support the installation of up to about 12 million familysize biogas plants. Another 70 projects with aggregated capacity of 91 MW electricity equivalents were installed in India through larger scale biogas facilities use wastewater generated from beverage, meat processing, pulp and paper, food packaging, and other industrial sectors. Another 73 medium biogas plants with aggregated capacity of 461 kW have been installed under Distributed/Grid Power Generation Program of the Ministry. Existing incentives for encouraging biogas production include financial incentives for turnkey operations

in rural areas, loans for developing biogas plants in agricultural priority areas, and automatic refinancing offered by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD). Biomass resources in India are used for power generation through three general applications: grid-connected biomass power plants, off-grid distributed biomass power applications, and cogeneration via sugar mill and other industries. The amount of biomass resources in India is estimated about 565 million tonnes per year, including agricultural residues and forest residues. The surplus biomass resources (not used for animal feed, cooking, or other purposes) available for power generation annually is about 189 million tonnes, which could support roughly 25 GW of installed capacity. Indias biofuel strategy is currently focused on using non-food feedstock for the production of biofuels, mainly sugar molasses and non-edible oils, and development and application of advanced conversion technologies are being explored for the near future. The commercial production of biodiesel is very limited, and what is produced is mostly sold for experimental projects and to the unorganized rural sector. The existing biodiesel producers in India are using non-edible oilseeds, non-edible oil waste, animal fat, and used cooking oil as feedstock.