ENGINEERING Prepared by Jackelyn F.

Bautista

Engineering Discipline, skill, and profession of acquiring and applying scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge, in order to design and build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes. The creative application of scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their behavior under specific operating conditions; all as respects an intended function, economics of operation or safety to life and property. History Engineering has existed since ancient times as humans devised fundamental inventions such as the pulley, lever, and wheel. Each of these inventions is consistent with the modern definition of engineering, exploiting basic mechanical principles to develop useful tools and objects. The term engineering itself has a much more recent etymology, deriving from the word engineer, which itself dates back to 1325, when an engineer (literally, one who operates an engine) originally referred to a constructor of military engines. In this context, now obsolete, an engine referred to a military machine, i.e., a mechanical contraption used in war (for example, a catapult). Notable exceptions of the obsolete usage which have survived to the present day are military engineering corps, e.g., the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The word engine itself is of even older origin, ultimately deriving from the Latin ingenium (c. 1250), meaning innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention. Later, as the design of civilian structures such as bridges and buildings matured as a technical discipline, the term civil engineering entered the lexicon as a way to distinguish between those specializing in the construction of such non-military projects and those involved in the older discipline of military engineering.

Ancient Era The Pharos of Alexandria, the pyramids in Egypt, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Acropolis and the Parthenon in Greece, the Roman aqueducts, Via Appia and the Colosseum, Teotihuacn and the cities and pyramids of the Mayan, Inca and Aztec Empires, the Great Wall of China, the Brihadeshwara temple of Tanjavur and tombs of India, among many others, stand as a testament to the ingenuity and skill of the ancient civil and military engineers. The earliest civil engineer known by name is Imhotep. As one of the officials of the Pharaoh, Djosr, he probably designed and supervised the construction of the Pyramid of Djoser (the Step Pyramid) at Saqqara in Egypt around 26302611 BC. He may also have been responsible for the first known use of columns in architecture. Ancient Greece developed machines in both the civilian and military domains. The Antikythera mechanism, the first known mechanical computer and the mechanical inventions of Archimedes are examples of early mechanical engineering. Some of Archimedes' inventions as well as the Antikythera mechanism required sophisticated knowledge of differential gearing or epicyclic gearing, two key principles in machine theory that helped design the gear trains of the Industrial revolution, and are still widely used today in diverse fields such as robotics and automotive engineering. Chinese, Greek and Roman armies employed complex military machines and inventions such as artillery which was developed by the Greeks around the 4th century B.C., the trireme, the ballista and the catapult. In the Middle Ages, the Trebuchet was developed. Renaissance Era The first electrical engineer is considered to be William Gilbert, with his 1600 publication of De Magnete, who coined the term "electricity". The first steam engine was built in 1698 by mechanical engineer Thomas Savery. The development of this device gave rise to the industrial revolution in the coming decades, allowing for the beginnings of mass production. With the rise of engineering as a profession in the eighteenth century, the term became more narrowly applied to fields in which mathematics and science were applied to these ends. Similarly, in addition to military and civil engineering the fields then known as the mechanic arts became incorporated into engineering. Modern Era Electrical engineering can trace its origins in the experiments of Alessandro Volta in the 1800s, the experiments of Michael Faraday, Georg Ohm and others and the invention of the electric motor in 1872. The work of James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th century gave rise to the field of Electronics. The later inventions of the vacuum tube and the transistor further

accelerated the development of electronics to such an extent that electrical and electronics engineers currently outnumber their colleagues of any other Engineering specialty. The inventions of Thomas Savery and the Scottish engineer James Watt gave rise to modern Mechanical Engineering. The development of specialized machines and their maintenance tools during the industrial revolution led to the rapid growth of Mechanical Engineering both in its birthplace Britain and abroad. Chemical Engineering, like its counterpart Mechanical Engineering, developed in the nineteenth century during the Industrial Revolution. Industrial scale manufacturing demanded new materials and new processes and by 1880 the need for large scale production of chemicals was such that a new industry was created, dedicated to the development and large scale manufacturing of chemicals in new industrial plants. The role of the chemical engineer was the design of these chemical plants and processes. Aeronautical Engineering deals with aircraft design while Aerospace Engineering is a more modern term that expands the reach envelope of the discipline by including spacecraft design. Its origins can be traced back to the aviation pioneers around the turn of the century from the 19th century to the 20th although the work of Sir George Cayley has recently been dated as being from the last decade of the 18th century. Early knowledge of aeronautical engineering was largely empirical with some concepts and skills imported from other branches of engineering. Main Branches of Engineering Chemical Engineering - The application of physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering principles in order to carry out chemical processes on a commercial scale. Civil Engineering - The design and construction of public and private works, such as infrastructure (airports, roads, railways, water supply and treatment etc.), bridges, dams, and buildings. Electrical Engineering The design and study of various electrical and electronic systems, such as electrical circuits, generators, motors, electromagnetic/electromechanical devices, electronic devices, electronic circuits, optical fibers, optoelectronic devices, computer systems, telecommunications, instrumentation, controls, and electronics. Mechanical Engineering The design of physical or mechanical systems, such as power and energy systems, aerospace/aircraft products, weapon systems, transportation products engines, compressors, powertrains, kinematic chains, vacuum technology, and vibration isolation equipment.

What is an Engineer? It is derived from the Latin roots ingeniare ("to and ingenium ("cleverness"). contrive, devise")

A professional practitioner of engineering, concerned with applying scientific knowledge, mathematics and ingenuity to develop solutions for technical problems. Engineers design materials, structures and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, safety and cost. An Engineers Personality Engineers are curious and enjoy discovering how things work and solving problems. Engineers use logic to examine ideas and develop theories and explanations. Engineers are perfectionists who are always looking for better ways of doing things. Engineers want order and structure at work and in their personal life. Engineers enjoy discussion, debate (and arguing), about their topic. Engineers appreciate and respect intelligence in others. They often have a good sense of humour. Engineers can be dogmatic. Engineers are uncomfortable with vagueness and ambiguity. Engineers dislike change. Engineers may focus on theories and be reluctant to consider conflicting data. Engineers can be impersonal and reserved and may take little interest in other people. Engineers may have poor social skills and be insensitive to the feelings of others. Engineers commonly want to help solve the worlds problems.

Famous People Related to Engineering Leonardo Da Vinci

Florentine artist, one of the great masters of the High Renaissance, celebrated as a painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and scientist. His profound love of knowledge and research was the keynote of both his artistic and scientific endeavors. His innovations in the field of painting influenced the course of Italian art for more than a century after his death, and his scientific studies - particularly in the fields of anatomy, optics, and hydraulics - anticipated many of the developments of modern science. Thomas Alva Edison

Edison patented 1,093 inventions in his lifetime, earning him the nickname "The Wizard of Menlo Park." The most famous of his inventions was an incandescent light bulb. Besides the light bulb, Edison developed the phonograph and the kinetoscope, a small box for viewing moving films.

He also improved upon the original design of the stock ticker, the telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell's telephone. Neil Alden Armstrong

He became the first man to walk on the moon on July 20, 1969, at 10:56 p.m. EDT. He and "Buzz" Aldren spent about two and one-half hours walking on the moon, while pilot Michael Collins waited above in the Apollo 11 command module. Armstrong received his B.S. in aeronautical engineering from Purdue University and an M.S. in aerospace engineering from the University of Southern California. Rowan Atkinson

A British comedian, best known for his starring roles in the television series "Blackadder and "Mr. Bean". Atkinson attended Manchester first then Oxford University on an electrical engineering degree.

MANAGEMENT Prepared by: Angelito A. Antillon What is Management? The Word Manage is from italian maneggiare meaning to handle. It traces back to the latin word manus or hand. Manage - The Operations of war and used in the general sense of taking control, taking charge, or Directing Management Indicate the process for managing, training and directing. It was first applied to sports, housekeeping and government and business The process by which managers create, direct, maintain and operate purposive organizations through coordinated, cooperative human effort. (McFarland) The process of acquiring and combining human, financial, informational and physical resources is to attain the organizations primary goal of producing product or services desire by some segment of society. (Pringle, Jennings and Longnecker) 4 Important uses of the word Management An organizational or administrative process A science, discipline or art The group of people running an organization An occupational career Management Levels

Management Levels The term Levels of Management refers to a line of demarcation between various managerial positions in an organization. The number of levels in management increases when the size of the business and work force increases and vice versa. The level of management determines a chain of command, the amount of authority & status enjoyed by any managerial position.

First Line Managers Lower level is also known as supervisory / operative level of management. It consists of supervisors, foreman, section officers, superintendent etc. According to R.C. Davis, Supervisory management refers to those executives whose work has to be largely with personal oversight and direction of operative employees. In other words, they are concerned with direction and controlling function of management. Their activities include Assigning of jobs and tasks to various workers. They guide and instruct workers for day to day activities. They are responsible for the quality as well as quantity of production. They are also entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining good relation in the organization. They communicate workers problems, suggestions, and recommendatory appeals etc to the higher level and higher level goals and objectives to the workers. They help to solve the grievances of the workers. They supervise & guide the sub-ordinates. They are responsible for providing training to the workers. They arrange necessary materials, machines, tools etc for getting the things done. They prepare periodical reports about the performance of the workers. They ensure discipline in the enterprise. They motivate workers. They are the image builders of the enterprise because they are in direct contact with the workers.

Middle Managers The branch managers and departmental managers constitute middle level. They are responsible to the top management for the functioning of their department. They devote more time to organizational and directional functions. In small organization, there is only one layer of middle level of management but in big enterprises, there may be senior and junior middle level management. They execute the plans of the organization in accordance with the policies and directives of the top management. They make plans for the sub-units of the organization. They participate in employment & training of lower level management. They interpret and explain policies from top level management to lower level. They are responsible for coordinating the activities within the division or department. It also sends important reports and other important data to top level management. They evaluate performance of junior managers. Top Managers It consists of board of directors, chief executive or managing director. The top management is the ultimate source of authority and it manages goals and policies for an enterprise. It devotes more time on planning and coordinating functions. The role of the top management can be summarized as follows Top management lays down the objectives and broad policies of the enterprise. It issues necessary instructions for preparation of department budgets, procedures, schedules etc. It prepares strategic plans & policies for the enterprise. It appoints the executive for middle level i.e. departmental managers.

 It controls & coordinates the activities of all the departments. It is also responsible for maintaining a contact with the outside world. It provides guidance and direction. The top management is also responsible towards the shareholders for the performance of the enterprise.

3 Types of Managerial Skills Conceptual Skills - Skills practiced by the group supervised. The lowest level of manager has the greatest need for technical skills since they are directly supervising the people that are doing the technical work Technical Skills - important at every management level since every manager achieves results through the efforts of other people.

Interpersonal Skills Represent the ability to see the forest in spite of the trees. To discern the critical factors that will determine an organizations success or failure.

Relationship of the 3 types of Managerial Skills

MANAGERIAL ROLES Prepared by Patrick A. Aman 1. Interpersonal Roles a. Figurehead Role Every manager must perform some duties of a ceremonial nature (e.g., the president greets the touring dignitaries, the sales manager takes an important customer to lunch). These activities are important to the smooth functioning of an organization. b. Leader Role This role involves leadership directly (e.g., the manager is responsible for hiring and training his own staff). The leader role encompasses relationships with subordinates, including motivation, communication, and influence. c. Liaison Role Consists primarily of the horizontal relationships with peers and people inside and outside the organization with a wide range of people: subordinates, clients, business associates, government, trade organization officials for mutual assistance

2. Informational Roles a. Monitor Role Involves collecting Information about internal operations and external events. b. Disseminator Role Involves the transmission of information internally to subordinates, supervisors and peers so that everyone has the information they need to know to do their job. c. Spokesman Role In their spokesman role, managers send some of their information to people outside the organization about company policies, needs, actions, or plans. Internal versions are assigned to obtain the resources they need or the rewards they have earned.

3. Decisional Roles a. Entrepreneur Role Initiates change, assuming the risk and transforming ideas into useful products. The managers search for improvement his unit to adopt it to changing conditions in the environment. b. Disturbance Handler Role Dealing with unforeseen problems or crisis and resolving them. . For example, manager must resolve conflicts among subordinates or between manager's department and other departments. c. Resource Allocator Role Making decisions on how to allocate people, budget, equipment, time and other resources to attain desired outcomes. d. Negotiator Role Bargaining with suppliers or customers, subordinates and peers or supervisor to obtain agreements favorable to the enterprise.

Basic Managerial Functions

Planning Planning is considered to be the central function of management because it sets the pattern for the other activities to follow. Planning encompasses four elements: Evaluating environmental forces and organizational resources Establishing a set of organizational goals Developing strategies and plans to achieve the stated goals Formulating a decision-making process

These elements are concerned with organizational success in the near future as well as success in the more distant future.

Organizing Organizing involves the assignment of tasks, the grouping of tasks into departments, and the allocation of resources to departments. Managers must bring together individuals and tasks to make effective use of people and resources. Three elements are essential to organizing: Developing the structure of the organization Acquiring and training human resources Establishing communication patterns and networks

Leading Leading is the use of influence to motivate employees to achieve organizational goals. Managers must be able to make employees want to participate in achieving an organization's goals. Three components make up the leading function: Motivating employees Influencing employees Forming effective groups.

The leading process helps the organization move toward goal attainment.

Controlling The final phase of the management process is controlling. Controlling means monitoring employees' activities, determining whether the organization is on target toward its goals, and making correction as necessary..

Basic Managerial Functions 1. Division of work. Output can be increased by specialization, making employees more efficient. 2. Authority. The right or power to give orders to subordinates is authority. Wherever authority exists, responsibility arises. 3. Discipline.. Good discipline must result from an agreement between firm and employees with fairness and clear understanding of both sides. Penalties can be applied to violations of rule.

4. Unity of Direction. Organizational activities that have the same objective should be guided by one manager, using one plan. 5. Unity of Command. Each subordinate should receive orders from one superior. 6. Subordination of individual Interests to the General Interest. The interests of one employee (or group of employees) should not precede over the interests of the organization as a whole. 7. Remuneration. Employees must be paid a fair wage. Rewards should be used as a tool of encouragement. 8. Centralization. The degree to which subordinates are involved in decision-making. Whether the decision is centralized or decentralized is a question of proportion. 9. Scalar Chain. The line of authority from top to the lowest ranks of management. 10. Order. Materials and people should be in right place at right time. 11. Equity. Managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates 12. Stability of Tenure of Personnel. High employee turnover causes inefficiency. Managers should ensure replacements at hand when vacancies arise. 13. Initiative. The power of thinking out, proposing and executing. Management should encourage employees to originate and carry out plans. This urging tends boost levels of effort. 14. Esprit de Corps. Fostering team spirit is the way to construct harmony and unity among employees.

Engineering Management Engineering management is a specialized form of management that is concerned with the application of engineering principles to business practice. Engineering management is a career that brings together the technological problem-solving savvy of engineering and the organizational, administrative, and planning abilities of management in order to oversee complex enterprises from conception to completion . Example areas of engineering are product development, manufacturing, construction, design engineering, industrial engineering, technology production, or any other field that employs personnel who perform an engineering function.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT Prepared by Joy Ann R. Arvesu

Management has been of concern to organized society throughout civilized history. Many ancient civilizations left behind great stones that leave us wondering how they could have been created with the few tools then available.

Ancient Civilizations Mesopotamians 4500 - 2000 B.C. Used canals for irrigation Had management system and job descriptions Hammurabi Law (2023-2081 B.C.) 282 laws with scaled punishments, adjusting An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.

Mayan Temples in South America

Stonehenge in England

Monoliths of Easter Island

Egyptians 3000 4000 B.C. Built pyramids (2.3M stone blocks, at 5000 lbs.) 100,000 men x 20-30 years It covered 13 acres of land and measured 481 meters in ht. Used managerial principles

In ancient Egypt, the construction of canals was a major endeavor of the pharaohs and their servants, beginning in Scorpio's time. One of the first

duties of provincial governors was the digging and repair of canals, which were used to flood large tracts of land while the Nile was flowing high. The land was checkerboarded with small basins, defined by a system of dikes. Problems regarding the uncertainty of the flow of the Nile were recognized. During very high flows, the dikes were washed away and villages flooded, drowning thousands. During low flows, the land did not receive water, and no crops could grow. In many places where fields were too high to receive water from the canals, water was drawn from the canals or the Nile directly by a swape or a shaduf. These consisted of a bucket on the end of a cord that hung from the long end of a pivoted boom, counterweighted. The Nile River has played an important role in the lives of Egyptians throughout history. This frieze depicts Egyptians using water from the Nile River for irrigation. Chinese Principles of organizing, planning, directing, controlling (~1100 B.C.) Built Great Wall: 4000 miles (~500 B.C.) The purpose of china wall was: To mark territories To defend the area To protect silk road

Romans 284 B.C. Estate and farm management Emphasis on personnel selection and placement Known for building roads, bridges, and water management

Ancient Military

Cyrus the Great (Persia) 576-530 B.C. Use of staff Recognized use of order and division of work. He founded Persia by uniting the two original Iranian Tribes- the Medes and the Persians. Although he was known to be a great conqueror, who at one point controlled one of the greatest Empires ever seen.

Prior to his death, he founded a new capital city at Pasargade in Fars. and had established a government for his Empire. He appointed a governor (satrap) to represent him in each province, however the administration, legistlation, and cultural activities of each province was the responsibility of the Satraps. Accoding to Xenophon Cyrus is also reputed to have devised the first postal system. His doctrines were adopted by the future emperors of the Achaemenian dynasty. Alexander the Great (Greek) 336-323 B.C. First documented use of the staff system Used discipline and delegation By requiring the soldier to carry his own equipment and food, Alexander created the lightest, most mobile, and fastest army the world had ever seen. In eleven years Alexander's army covered 11000 miles.

Arsenal of Venice (Early 1400s) Manufacturing, storage, assembly and refitting Numbering of inventory parts Personnel policies Standardization of parts Accounting in twonjournals and one ledger, with annual auditing

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Prepared by Erwin S. Biglang-awa

Cottage Industry Before the 18th century, farm families would spin cotton, wool, or flax to yarn or thread on spinning wheel, weave it on a hand loom, wet goods with milk alkali, and spread them on the ground for months to bleach in the sun for selling these gray goods on a local fair for whatever price they could get. Even when under the putting out system, where merchants and fair would provide the family with materials and buy their output at a negotiated rate, the work could be done in the farm cottages as well as anywhere else. End of Cottage Industry 8 Greatest inventions in the industrial revolution period 1774 James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny spins 8 threads of yarn at once instead of one. 1771 Richard Arkwright Water Frame spinning machine driven by water power. 1779 Samuel Crompton Mule increased productivity and eliminate hand spinning. 1785 Edmund Cartwright Power Loom weaving machine that destroyed the ancient system of making clothes in the home. 1785 Claude Louis Bertholet Chlorine Bleaching provided quick bleaching without the need for large open areas or inconstant sun. 1769 James Watt Steam Engine Used in place of water poer in factories. 1797 Henry Maudslay Screw-Cutting Lathe machine capable of cutting very accurate screw threads via single-point screw-cutting. 1798 Eli Whitney Interchangeable Manufacture manufacturing of materials and parts of same practical purpose and identical.

Problems of the factory system The innovation of the 18th century caused major upheavals in Englands society as well as its economy. Cottage industry could not compete with factories first powered by water and then the steam. A mass movement of workers from the farms and villages to the new industrial centers was required. The new factory manages had problems on recruiting workers, training the largely illiterate

work force and providing discipline and motivation to workers who had never developed the habits of industry. Explosive growth of the English mill towns led to filthy, overcrowded living conditions, widespread child labor, crime and brutality. Falling wages, rampant unemployment and rising food prices led to rsh of smashing textile machinery peaking in 1811-1812 by Luddites. This movement soon died lack of leadership by dint of hanging Luddites in at least for cities. Supervisors tended to be illiterate workers. Upper management tended to consists of sons and relatives of the founders. Industrial Development in America England prohibited the sale of manufacturing equipment or emigration of skilled labor to its American colonies to limit competition. Samuel Slater, an experienced textile machinery builder and mechanic, emigrated from England as a farmer. He joined three other merchants to build the first technically advanced American textile mill, though growth of the American industry was accelerated by the War 1812 with England. Railroads and steel were the high technology growth industries of the 19th century. Colonel John Stevens, Father of American Engineering, built the frist rail line. Morses first experimental telegraph line was built. Sir Henry Bessemers new process, he moved into steelmaking-integrating operations, increasing volume and selling aggressively.

Scientific Management 1. Develop a science for each element of a mans which replaces the old rule of thumb method. 2. Scientifically select, then train teach and develop the worksmen, whereas in the past, he chose his work and trained himself as best as he could. 3. Heartily cooperate with the men so as to insure all of the work being done in accordance with the principles of the science which has been developed. 4. There is an almost equal division of the work and the responsibility between the management and the workers. Scientific management spread rapidly because media and institutions for the sharing of knowledge in an unprecedented way. The effectiveness of American

Support of the allies in World War II spread interest in scientific management throughout Europe, even newly communist Russia. Scientific management has some negative impact, which still affects us today. Taylor divided work into planning and training and role execution. Only in the last decade have executive in mass production industries.

Administrative Management Henry Fayol Believed that the activities of industrial undertakings could be divided into 6 groups: Technical, Commercial, Financial, Security, Accounting and Administrative activities. Divided administration into: Planning/Forecasting, Organization, Command, Coordination and Control. Stated that engineers today are incapable of turning technical knowledge into accounts because they are not able to give their ideas in clear, well written reports, so compiled as to permit a clear grasp of the result of their researches and conclusions of their observations.

Max Weber and Bureaucracy Today, bureaucracy implies an organization that is mired in red tapes, delay and inefficiency, with no concerns for the human dimensions. The challenge of large organization is to incorporate into its necessary structure some flexibility to handle exceptions and an ability to recognize and reward individual contributions.

Russell Robb His original contributions on organization theory have not received recognition and attention they deserve. His views were expressed in 3 lectures. Lecture contains: more practical observations on organization and concepts of organization theory, practicing engineer manager, observe organization only as a means to ends it provides a method, analysis of principles and concepts make him more pioneer of organization theory.

Lyndall Urwick The first attempt to develop the unified body of knowledge. His book, The Element of Administration, can be viewed as the first general textbook as to opposed to persona observations about management

Other contributions Successful Executives Henry Fayol, discussed was such a man, as were Chester Barnard, who summarizes his findings about people in organization in The Function of the Executives, and Alfred Sloan, who documented his development of the decentralized organization with central in My Tears with General Motors. Quantitative Methods and System Theory In the past 50 years, the operation research school attempts to express management problems and occasions for decisions in terms of mathematical symbols and relationships. Project Management Many of the most difficult management challenges of the recent decades have been design, develop and produce very complex system of a type that has never been created before.

The Pattern of Upward Mobility in the Managerial Hierarchy Prepared by Juan Mykel A. Banan Mobility The movement of people, as from one social group, class, or level to another. In Economics, of individuals or families to improve their economic status. Hierarchy It may be defined as the classification of collection persons done as per their capabilities or rank.

The Patterns of Upward Mobility Aside from the opportunities by family relations or reasons of kinship. There appear to be three other explanations for the upward mobility of the Filipino managers. 1st reason: Geographical Mobility

The exposure to manila and other urban areas. 56% of the manager in the Benetts sample were born areas outside the Greater Manila area also, A significant number had moved to either the Greater Manila or the urban areas in the Philippines.

2nd reason: Educational Attainment

The acquisition of at least a minimal level of higher education. Education has also proven to be another important route up. 3rd reason: Competence and Experience Work experience has proved another route up the managerial hierarchy. Thus, initial work experience plus the added push from at least some minimal higher education proved to be an adequate combination to get one started up the ladder of hierarchy. Emerging Patterns Philippine Corporations

Influential corporations in the Philippines will set to pattern and pace for industrialization.

Foreign-based Corporations

Its influence will continue indefinitely into the future. In the Philippines, some Call Center Company are epidemic. Manpower Shortage

There will continue to be a shortage at managerial manpower and those who will be in the managerial positions will continue to be largely those trained by the industry itself. Only a small minority will be exposed to formal training in management Origin Education While opportunities are open for all, most managers will still be coming from families in the higher strata in the society. Geographical Mobility. Paternalistic and Professional Style The paternalistic and professional style of management developments abroad and traditional values and behavior in the Philippines will continue to exist side by side in the Philippine scene for long time to come.

PHILIPPINE MANAGEMENT Prepared by Erika Mae N. Capua History of Philippine Management Colonization of islands king of Spain: power over territories King of Spain gave field officers tasks: distribute land among the people. Forced Labor: POLO Male citizens from 16-60 y.o. were required by the Spanish govt to render free services 40 days/yr; in 1884 it was decreased to 15 days/yr POLISTAS- laborers o Not paid daily allowances o Daily: real and a food ratio o FALLA- fee paid to be exempted from Polo Harbison's Growth Rate of Concept 1.) The proportion of high-level manpower to the labor force of a country is a reasonable good measure of that, countrys stage of economic development. And the rate of increase in the stock of high level manpower is closely associated with a countrys rate of economic growth. 2.) In all developing economies the rate of accumulation of high level manpower exceeds the rate of increase of the total labor force. Developing countries in their early stages of growth may have to increase in the labor force, if they increase high level manpower at least three times as rapid as the increase in the labor force, if they are to achieve a rise in per capita income of two percent of more than a year The Origin of Manegerial Power John J. Carroll(1964) and Alfred Bennett Jr. (1971) made distinction between managers and entrepreneurs. We have defined managerial manpower as including both managers and entrepreneurs.

Studies of Bennett and Carroll tend to conclude the pool of the Philippine manpower 1. Predominantly of indigenous Philippine racial stack although a significant number (about 20%)is foreign origin and this national origin are Chinese, Spanish or American 2. Primarily composed of individuals whose fathers already positions of great responsibility although a significant number did have fathers with relatively unimportant occupations 3. Primarily composed of individuals from the higher socio-economic strata in the PH society although significant number of them did come from the lower socio-economic strata in the PH. 4. Strongly oriented to their families of origin 5. Largely composed of individuals from non-urban origins, a significant number of whom (about 40%) come the rural areas 6. Composed of individuals from the families with above average landholding 7. Predominantly Roman Catholic by religious affiliation. The Training of Managerial Man Power 1.) Training through Actual experience- many managers still take pride in claiming that they gained their managerial expertise through actual experience, or as they put it through the University of Hard Knocks 2.) Training through the management education system- many Filipino managers have undergraduate degrees in business administration. There are many universities and college offering undergraduate programs and about 15 offering graduate programs. Only one school, Asian Institute of Management (founded in 1968), offers a graduate program intended for full-time students. 3.) Exposure to training program industry- the third type mentioned in this section was exposure to training programs conducted by industry itself for its managerial personnel. This type is used as a supplementary effort quite extensive by foreign owned (especially American) companies. The more fortunate and promising personnel, of course, are given an outright scholarship by their respective companies to enable them study full time.

Values and Behavior describing Filipino Managers 1.) AMOR PROPIO- is Spanish word which means self love; a sense of self-esteem or self-respect that prevents a person from swallowing his pride. It includes sensitivity to personal insult or affront. It is short means ego defensiveness, dignity or ones personal pride akin to the traditional oriental attitude of having face. 2.) HIYA-is the value that regulates the Filipinos social behavior. Just as one is very careful not to be subjected to embarrassment or mapahiya one must also make it a point not to cause another persons embarassment. 3.) UTANG NA LOOB-Gratitude is highly valued in the Philippine society. A Filipino should at all times be aware of his obligation to those from whom he receives favors and should repay them in an acceptable manner. Utang na loob invariably stems from a service rendered which is impossible of quantification even though a material gift may be involved. Here, one of the parties does not expect to be paid back. The degree of debt of gratitude depends to a large extent on the favor received. 4.) PAKIKISAMA-is the ability of a person to get along with others to maintain good and harmonious relationships. It implies camaraderie and togetherness in a group and the cause of ones being socially accepted. Pakikisama requires someone yielding to group opinion, pressuring him to do what he can for the advancement of his group, sacrificing individual welfare for the general welfare. 5.) LAKAD-Means to walk but as used here it means to arrange or to fix things for someone.

6.) GALANG-Respect is the result of the definition of rights and obligations which are inherit on the structural positions of individual in the Filipino kinship system.

Polytechnic University of the Philippines College of Engineering Electronics and Communications Engineering Department

INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT DECISION MAKING

ENSC 2073 ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT

BSECE V -5 Group 1

Aman, Patrick A. Antillon, Angelito A. Arvesu, Joy Ann. R Banan, Juan Mykel A. Bautista, Jackelyn F. Biglang-awa, Erwin S. Capua, Erika Mae N.

Engr. E. B. del Rosario Professor