Vegetable oil yields

Biodiesel yield = oil yield x 0.8 approx.

Note: These are conservative estimates -- crop yields can vary widely.
Ascending order
Crop
corn (maize)
cashew nut
oats
lupine
kenaf
calendula
cotton
hemp
soybean
coffee
linseed (flax)
hazelnuts
euphorbia
pumpkin seed
coriander
mustard seed
camelina
sesame
safflower
rice
tung oil tree
sunflowers
cocoa (cacao)
peanuts
opium poppy
rapeseed
olives
castor beans
pecan nuts

kg
oil/ha
145
148
183
195
230
256
273
305
375
386
402
405
440
449
450
481
490
585
655
696
790
800
863
890
978
1000
1019
1188
1505

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litres
oil/ha
172
176
217
232
273
305
325
363
446
459
478
482
524
534
536
572
583
696
779
828
940
952
1026
1059
1163
1190
1212
1413
1791

lbs
US
oil/acre gal/acre
129
18
132
19
163
23
175
25
205
29
229
33
244
35
272
39
335
48
345
49
359
51
362
51
393
56
401
57
402
57
430
61
438
62
522
74
585
83
622
88
705
100
714
102
771
110
795
113
873
124
893
127
910
129
1061
151
1344
191

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jojoba
jatropha
macadamia
nuts
brazil nuts
avocado
coconut
oil palm

1528
1590

1818
1892

1365
1420

194
202

1887

2246

1685

240

2010
2217
2260
5000

2392
2638
2689
5950

1795
1980
2018
4465

255
282
287
635

Fuel properties of fats and oils

Fuel-related properties and iodine values of various
fats and oils
CP PP FP
Iodine
HG Viscosity
(deg (deg (deg
Oil or Fat
CN
(kJ/kg) (mm 2/s)
Value
C) C) C)
Babassu
10-18 38
297 (38
Castor
82-88 ? 39500
260
C)
31.7
Coconut
6-12
10334.9 (38
Corn
37.6 39500
-1.1
277
140
C)
40.0
33.5 (38
Cottonseed 90-119 41.8 39468
1.7
234
C)
15.0
53.6 (38
Crambe
93 44.6 40482
10.0
274
C)
12.2
16827.2 (38
Linseed
34.6 39307
1.7
241
204
C)
15.0
Olive
75-94 Palm
35-61 42
39.6 (38
Peanut
80-106 41.8 39782
12.8 -6.7 271
C)
37.0 (38
Rapeseed 94-120 37.6 39709
-3.9
246
C)
31.7
12631.3 (38
Safflower
41.3 39519
18.3 -6.7 260
152
C)
High-oleic
41.2 (38 90-100 49.1 39516
293
safflower
C)
12.2 20.6
10435.5 (38
Sesame
40.2 39349
-3.9 -9.4 260
120
C)

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11732.6 (38
37.9 39623
-3.9
143
C)
12.2
11037.1 (38
Sunflower
37.1 39575
7.2
143
C)
15.0
51.15 (40
Tallow
35-48 - 40054
C)
2.7 (38
No. 2 DF
47 45343
C)
15.0 33.0
Soybean

254
274
201
52

CN = cetane number; CP = cloud point, PP = pour point, FP = flash point.

Comparison of properties of diesel, canola oil and
commercial US biodiesel
Canola
.
Diesel
Biodiesel
Oil
Density kgL-1 @ 15.5 deg C
0.84 0.92
0.88
1
Calorific value MJL38.3 36.9
33-40
2 1
Viscosity mm s- @ 20 deg C
4-5
70
4-6
2 1
Viscosity mm s- @ 40 deg C
4-5
37
4-6
2 1
Viscosity mm s- @ 70 deg C
10
Cetane number
45 40-50 45-65

Bransby's site holds the one-year record at 15 tons per acre. Those are dry tons weighed
after all the moisture's been baked out. Convert that into ethanol, an alcohol that can fuel
vehicles, and it equals about 1,500 gallons per acre. Bransby's 6-year average, 11.5 tons a
year, translates into about 11,500 gallons of ethanol per acre. An added bonus is the
electricity that can be produced from the leftover portions of the crop that won't convert
to ethanol.

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National standards for biodiesel

Comparison of different national standards for biodiesel
Standard /
Specification
Date
Application
Density
15C g/cm
Viscos. 40C
mm2/s
Distillat.
95% C

Europe Austria
EN
14214

Czech
France Germany Italy Sweden
Republic

ON CSN 65 Journal DIN V

C1191 6507 Officiel 51606

July
Sep 1998
1997
FAME FAME RME
0.86 - 0.85 - 0.87 0.90
0.89
0.89
2003

USA

UNI
SS
ASTM
10635 155436 D-6751

Sep
Sep 1997
1997
VOME FAME
0.87 - 0.875 0.90
0.90

April
1997
VOME
0.86 0.90

Nov
Jan
1996
2002
VOME FAMAE
0.87 0.90

3.5-5.0 3.5-5.0 3.5-5.0 3.5-5.0 3.5-5.0 3.5-5.0 3.5-5.0

1.9-6.0
90% @
360C
>130
(150 av.)

Australia
Fuel Standard
(Biodiesel)
Determination
Sept 2003
860 to 890
kg/m3
3.5-5.0

<360

<360

>120

>100

>110

>100

>110

>100

>100

CFPP C
*country
(cold filter
0/-15
specific
plugging point)

-5

0/-10/-20

-5

Pour point C

<-10

<0/
<-15

<0.05

50 mg/kg (max)
10 mg/kg (max)
(from 1 Feb
2006)

Flashpoint C

Sulfur
% mass
CCR 100%
% mass
10% dist. resid.
% mass
Sulfated ash %
mass
(Oxid) Ash
% mass
Water mg/kg

<360
>120

<10
mg/kg

<0.02

<0.02

<0.01

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.3

<0.3

<0.5

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

<0.03

<0.02

<0.02

<0.01

<0.01

<700

<0.05%
vol.
<300
(water &
sediment)

<500

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<200

<300

<0.01 <0.001

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<0.05% vol
(water &
sediment)

Total contam.
mg/kg

Cu-Corros.
3h/50C

Oxidation
stability
hrs;110C
Cetane No.
Neutral. No.
(Acid value)
mgKOH/g
Methanol
% mass
Ester content
% mass
Monoglyceride.
% mass
Diglyceride
% mass
Triglyceride
% mass
Free glycerol
% mass
Total glycerol
% mass
Iodine No.
Linolenic acid
ME %mass
C18:3 and
high.
unsat.acids
% mass
C(x:4) &
greater
unsaturated
esters % mass
Phosphor
mg/kg

<24

<24

<20

<20

<24

<No.3

<10 mg/kg
sulfur Class 1
(max)
>10 mg/kg
sulfur No. 3
(max)

6 hours
min

6 hours min

>51

>49

>48

>49

>49

>48

>47

>51

<0.5

<0.8

<0.5

<0.5

<0.5

<0.5

<0.6

<0.8

<0.8

<0.20

<0.20

<0.1

<0.3

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

>96.5

>96.5

>98

>98

>96.5

<0.8

<0.8

<0.8

<0.8

<0.8

<0.2

<0.2

<0.4

<0.2

<0.1

<0.2

<0.2

<0.4

<0.1

<0.1

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

<0.05

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

<0.25

<0.24

<0.24

<0.25

<0.25

<0.24

<0.25

<120

<120

<115

<115

<125

<12

<15

<1

<10

<20

<20

<10

<10

<10

<10

<0.001%
mass

<10

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Ramsbottom
carbon residue,
% mass

Carbon residue

Gp I metals
(Na,K) mg/kg
Gp II metals
(Ca,Mg) mg/kg
Alkalinity
mg/kg

0.10

<0.30% mass
(10%
distillation
<0.050%
residue)
by mass <0.050% mass
(100%
distillation
sample)

<5

<5

<5

<5

<10

<5

<5

<10

RME: Rapeseed oil methyl ester

FAME: Fatty acid methyl ester
VOME: Vegetable oil methyl ester
FAMAE: Fatty acid mono alkyl ester

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