FAULT LOCATION ON SERIES COMPENSATED LINE WITH DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT RELAY

INTRODUCTION: Series capacitor compensation technique has been widely used in long distance EHV transmission systems to improve transient stability, increase power transfer capability, and reduce voltages drop along the lines. However, the employment of series compensation creates certain problems for protective relays of transmission lines using conventional techniques. The most important singularity lays in the fact that the positive sequence impedance measured by traditional distance relays is no longer an indicator of the distance to a fault. Additionally, the nonlinearity of MOV (Metal Oxide Varistor) which provides over-voltage protection for SC complicates the problems greatly. The main problem when applying the traditional distance protection on series compensated lines is overreach for external faults. Currently the solutions can be divided into three types: (a). Setting the protection range according to Zzdj|ZC|, where Zzd is 0.8~0.9 times the impedance of the line and Zc is the impedance of SC. This solution avoids protection disoperation for external faults at the cost of sensitivity. But when Zc is very large the protection sensitivity is very low, even equals zero. (b). Voltage-detected program, assuming the voltage across the SC always equals its protective level, however, when faults occur before the SC or faults occur after SC meanwhile the SC is bypassed, the protection sensitivity is still low. (c). Fault location indentifying program, firstly identify the fault is located before SC or after it according to the different characteristics between the two circumstances, only when the fault is located after SC the voltage-detected program in (b) is adopted. Employs this program and presents a fault location

identifying method based on different fault models, but it only apply to the single phase to earth faults. Now a days, transient-based protection is one of hot topics in protection research area Based on transient fault information a new method for identifying the fault location relative to SC is presented in this paper. This method only uses the transient data at several sample points after faults occur, so it is unaffected by MOVs nonlinear characteristic for it must take a while to operate for MOV after faults occur. Both single phase to earth faults and phase to phase faults are considered in the method. Moreover, communication channels can be saved for only locally derived information is used. The simulation results in PSCAD/EMTDC verify its correctness and effectiveness.

MODEL OF SERIES COMPENSATED SYSTEM AND ANALYSIS OF MOV CHARACTERISTIC: Fig.1 shows the model of a typical series compensated system which concludes the protection scheme.

Fig1. Model of a series compensated system

MOV is a nonlinear element which provides over-voltage protection for SC. When the transmission lines operate normally, the voltage across SC is low, and the

resistance of MOV appears very large. When the fault occurs, the large shortcircuit current leads high voltage across SC. Once the voltage rises to a certain setting value, MOV switches into conduction and limits the voltage. After MOV operates, it is very difficult to obtain the voltage across SC due to MOVs nonlinearity. The short-circuit faults on transmission lines are often through transition resistance, thus the fault current is to some extent limited. Meanwhile, the voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneously according to circuit theorem. For the reasons outlined above, there must be a process for voltage across SC rising to the value that can conduct MOV. Research results of show that even under the most serious fault condition the process lasts for several milliseconds. During this shot time, the affection of MOVs nonlinearity neednt be considered. Ideally, only using the data at several sample points after fault occurs, the method proposed in this paper can identify the fault location. However, considering various actual factors, the data in several milliseconds is still sufficient to ensure the correctness of identification.

PRINCIPLE OF IDENTIFYING FAULT LOCATION BASE ON TRANSIENT INFORMATION:

Fig2: Schematic diagram for fault locator FLA associated with current differential relays of series-compensated line The presented fault location algorithm is designated for application to a line compensated with one three-phase bank of fixed series capacitors equipped with MOVs (Metal Oxide Varistors) for overvoltage protection (Figure 1). The MOVs are protected from overheating by a thermal protection (TP).The fault locator (FLA) is supplied from CTsA, VTsA measuring three-phase current and voltage at the bus A. Additionally, the three-phase phasors of currents {IB} measured at the remote bus B are provided via the communication channel of the differential relays.

Fig3. Simplified circuit model of series compensated lines

Now we get from Fig 2 When the fault occurs at K1,

U=Ri + L

(3)

Calculating the derivative,

=R K=

+L

=L(

(4)

( r , l respectively represent resistance and inductance of transmission lines per unit length), K is a constant which can be determined beforehand. Similarly, when the fault occurs at K2,

=R

(5)

(5) can be regarded as the special case of (2) in which 1 =0C . Therefore, (4) is always valid under the both circumstances. The following part only handles (4. In (4), i is sample data, can be calculated using sampled data as following:

Only are unknown. L is the inductance of line in the fault loop. is an indicator of the fault location relative to SC, if it equals zero the fault point is before SC, else it is after SC. Thus, the objective is to work out the value of . Each sample point after the fault occurs can form an equation by substituting the sample data into (2). Since there are only two unknowns, can be work out by solving equations at two sample points.The following analysis discusses whether the solutions exist by considering the linear independence between equations at different sample points. When the system runs in the steady state, the current is simple harmonic. Assuming i=ImSin(wt+) the determinant of equations set is: = kw Substituting them to (4): g1 Sin[w(t2-t1)] g2 y (6) (7)

( g1(n) , g2(n) , y(n) ) ( n 1,2,..,m ) is sample data at m sample points. The objective of optimization is to find a1 , a2 which minimize , that is:

(8)

The necessary condition of (8) is: k=1,2 (9) can be changed into: [ Where, ][ ] [ ] (10) (9)

(11)

(i.e.

) can be obtained by solving (10). On the basis of above analysis, if the

fault occurs at K1 should be the inverse of SCs capacity and its value is very large, and if the fault occurs at K2 should equal zero. Therefore the fault

location can be identified according to the solved value of by the following criterion: | | | |
set

fault located before SC fault located after SC

set

To improve the reliability of identification, where is the value of SCs capacity. 3i mo) +

set

can be set by

set = 0.5

Uma = R1 (ima + kr

+ ifaRf

(12)

Fig 4. Three phase system with single-phase-to-earth fault Kr , Kl are the 0-mode compensating factor of resistance and inductance respectively. Assuming r0 , r1, l0 , l1 are 0-mode resistance,1-mode resistance, 0mode inductance,1-mode inductance respectively,kr=(r0-r1)/3r1,kl=(l0-l1)/3l1 . They are constants and can be computed forehand from line parameters; uma, ima, im0 are instantaneous value of a-phase voltage at M side, a-phase current and 0-mode current respectively and can all be obtained by sample data; ifa is fault current of aphase and it has relationship with if0 , the 0-mode current at fault point , as following:

ifa= 3if0

(13)

if0 can be detected directly at M side, but it has relationship with im0, the 0-mode current at M side, as following:

kf0=

(14)

kf0 is the current distribution ratio in 0-mode network shown in Fig.4. gives the conclusion that because of the existence of system impedance even in the series compensated lines the impedance angle difference between two sides of the fault point is less than 100 and it can be approximately assumed that the zero sequence current through relay-installed place and the one through fault point have the same phase angle. Based on this, kf0 is regarded as a constant here. Defining:

Rf1=
Rf1 is also a constant, substituting (15), (16) and (17) into(14) Uma = R1 (ima + kr 3i mo) + + + 3im0Rf1 (15)

Fig 5. Zero modal network of the single-phase-to-earth fault Compared with (2), (15) have one more unknowns, Rf1, so at least three sample points are necessary to work out . The least square optimal method using redundant data to some extent correct the error caused by assuming is a constant. A. Phase to phase faults: For phase to phase faults, the transition resistance between two fault phases is mainly caused by arc. It is very low and can be ignored. Assuming short circuit occurs between A-phase and B-phase, then:

Uab=R1iab + L1

(16)

Uab , iab are respectively the voltage difference and current difference between two fault phases. (16) has the same form as (1), so it can be handled by the method mentioned above. 2.Fault location algorithms: A fault is of a random nature and therefore one needs to consider the faults appearing at both sides of the three-phase capacitor compensating bank Fig2: faults FA and FB. In consequence, two subroutines: SUB_A, SUB_B are utilized for locating these hypothetical faults. In addition, the selection procedure is applied for indicating the valid subroutine yielding the result consistent with the actual fault. The compensating bank divides the line of the length l (km) into two line segments having the length: dSC (p.u.) and (1dSC ) (p.u.), as shown in Fig .6 and 7. The subroutines SUB_A (Fig.6), SUB_B (Fig. 7) yield the per unit distance to fault: dFA, dFB, each related to the length of the particular line segment: ( dSCl ) or (1dSC)l . Finally, one recalculates the relative distances dFA, dFB into the distances: dA, dB which also are expressed in (p.u.), but related to the whole line length: dA dFA dSC dB dSC (1dFB) (1dSC ) (17) (18)

2.1 Fault location subroutine SUB_A The subroutine SUB_A is here derived under neglecting the line shunt capacitances effect, however, it can be accounted for in the next step.

Fig.6: Subroutine SUB_A scheme of series-compensated line for ith symmetrical component under fault FA. The subroutine SUB_A for fault FA in the section AX is based on the following generalized fault loop model: VAp-dFAZ1LAIAp-RFAIDA=0 (19)

Where: dFA unknown distance to fault [p.u.] on the section AX; RFA unknown fault resistance; VAp ,I Ap fault loop voltage and current; IFA total fault current (fault path current); Z 1LA positive-sequence impedance of the line section AX; Z1LA dSC Z1L , where: Z1L positive-sequence impedance of the whole line.

Fault loop voltage and current, composed accordingly to the fault type, are expressed as follows: VAp=a1VA1+a2VA2+a0VA0 IAp=a1IA1+a2IA2+a0 (Z0LA/Z1LA) I A0 (20) (21)

Where a1 , a2 , a0 weighting coefficients VA1 , VA2 , VA0 symmetrical components (positive-,Negative- and Zerosequence) of voltage from side A; IA1, IA2, IA0 symmetrical components of side A currents; Z1LA zero- sequence impedance of the line section AX. It is proposed to determine the total fault current in equation (20) using the following generalized fault model: IFA=aF1IFA1+aF2IFA2+aF0IFA0 (23) Where: aF1, aF2, aF0 share coefficients The ith sequence component of the total fault current is determined as a sum of the ith sequence components of currents from both ends of the faulted section AX: aF1 , aF2 , aF0 share coefficients. The ith sequence component of the total fault current is determined as a sum of the ith sequence components of currents from both ends of the faulted section AX:

IFAi=IAi+IXi Where: i=1positive sequence component i=2negative sequence component i=0zero sequence component IAi ith sequence component of current at the bus A; I Xi ith sequence component of current at the point X.

(24)

When neglecting the line shunt capacitances it is equal to the current I Bi , and thus we obtain: IFAi=IA1+IBi (25) In order to assure possibly high accuracy of fault location, the following priority for usage of particular sequence components, as in Table 2, was proposed: For phase-to-earth and phase-to-phase faults: use of Negative-sequence components; For phase-to-phase-to-earth faults: use of negative- and Zero-sequence components; For three phase symmetrical faults: use of superimposed Positive-sequence components.

Table 1: Coefficients for composing signals

Table 2: Share coefficients used in fault model In the case of three-phase balanced faults the total fault In the case of three-phase balanced faults the total fault current is determined taking the superimposed positive sequence currents from both line ends A, B, respectively: IFA1=IA1(Superimp) + IB1(superimp) (26)

Where The superimposed (superscript: superimp.) positive sequence currents are calculated by subtracting the pre-fault quantity (the superscript: pre) from the fault quantity: IFA1= (IA1-IA1 (pre) ) + ( IB1-IB1(pre)) (27)

In this way, an accurate calculation of the total fault current is assured since the positive-sequence components, for which the shunt capacitance effect is the most distinct, are excluded for all fault types (Table 2). After resolving (23) into the real and imaginary parts, and eliminating the unknown fault resistance ( RFA ), the sought fault distance ( dFA ) is determined as follows:

(28) Having the fault distance calculated the fault resistance RFA can be also determined. 2.2 Fault location subroutine SUB_B Transferring the voltage from the bus A towards the compensating bank, up to the point X (Figure 3), gives:

(29)

Figure 7: Subroutine SUB_B scheme of series-compensated line for the ith symmetrical component under fault FB. Transferring the ith symmetrical sequence current from the beginning of the line section (bus A) to the end point (X) of the un-faulted section AX gives:

IXi=-sinh(yidscl).VAi/Zci+cos(yidscl).IAi

(30)

If there is no internal fault in the compensating bank, then at both sides of the bank we have identical currents (Figure 3):

IYi=IXi

(31)

In contrast, at both sides of the compensating bank there is a different voltage due to presence of voltage drops across the SC&MOV in particular phases. These voltage drops can be calculated with use of the fundamental frequency equivalent impedance ZV, consisting of the resistance RV and reactance XV connected in series as follows:

VVjSUB=ZVj(|IXj|).IXj
Where:

(32)

I Xj phasors of the currents flowing through the SC & MOV in phase j (phases are marked as: j=a, b or c); X denotes the amplitude of the phasor X. The ith sequence of voltage at the point Y is determined as: VYi=VXi-VViSUB_B
V SUB_B -is vi

(33)

the voltage drop across the compensating bank for the ith sequence, obtain from the drops in phases: j=a, b, c. In the considered case of the subroutine SUB_B, the generalized model describes the fault loop seen from the point Y towards the fault point FB (Figure 3):

VFBp(dFB)-RFBIFB(dFB)=0

(34)

Where: V FBp(dFB) Fault loop voltage, composed accordingly to the fault type, obtained after the analytic transfer of this voltage from the point Y to the fault point FB; R FB unknown fault path resistance; IFB(dFB) total fault current (fault path current) The fault loop voltage transferred from Y to FB can be composed as the following weighted sum of the respective symmetrical components of voltage: V FBp (dFB) a1V FB1(dFB) a2V FB2(dFB) a0V FB0(dFB) Where a1, a2, a0 weighting coefficients. Applying the distributed parameter line model, the ith symmetrical component of voltages from (18) are determined as follows:
VFBi=VYicosh(yi(1-dsc)l(1-dFB))-ZciIYisinh(yi(1-dsc)l(1-dFB)) (36)

(35)

Where V Yi symmetrical components of voltage at the point Y; I Yi symmetrical components of current at the point Y. Analogously as in (6) for the subroutine SUB_A, the total fault current ( FB I ) can be expressed as the following combination of its symmetrical components: IFB(dFB)=aF1IFB1(dFB)+ aF2IFB2(dFB)+ aF0IFB0(dFB) Where a'F1, aF2, aF0 share coefficients.
(37)

Table 3: Share coefficients used for composing total fault current

Taking into account that the zero-sequence is eliminated (Table 3: a 0 F0 ' for all fault types), one obtains the total fault current in the form: IFB(dFB)=(af1M1+aF2M2)/cosh(y1(1-dsc)ldFB) Where Mi=IBi+IYicosh(y1(1-dsc)l)-(VYi/z)sinh(y1(1-dsc)l); And where i=1: positive-sequence or i=2: negative-sequence. Substitution of the total fault current (29) into the generalized fault loop model (39) (38)

VFB(dFB)-RFB((af1M1+aF2M2)/cosh(y1(1-dsc)ldFB))=0

(40)

The derived fault location formula (40) is compact and covers different fault types, what requires setting the appropriate fault type coefficients provided in Tables 1 and 3. There are two unknowns in (40): distance to fault dFB and fault resistance RFB. After resolving (40) into the real and imaginary parts, one of the known numeric procedures for solving nonlinear equations can be applied. It has been checked that the Newton-Raphson iterative method is a good choice for that.

Fault Evaluation:
A series compensated transmission line has been taken in where there was a Line to ground faults. The distance of the fault position has been determined from a reference position (i.e side A). The following response of the differential relay has been detected on this condition.

Fig: Fault position from the side A before SCU

Fig: Fault Position at the point after SCU from A and B side

It is seen from the responses of the above curves that the distance of the fault position A is linear before the compensation unit. At first when fault is initiated then the due to the transient component of fault currents. But after the effect of transient condition the impedance of the line depends on its length. So with the increase of line impedance the fault distance is increased linearly. But in the case if the fault occurs after the SCU then there is an effect of capacitor bank on this fault impedance. Due to this reason the distance of the second section varies exponentially. The fault distance from the point A increased with time as the direction of current is reverse from the point A when the line is under fault. The characteristics of fault currents diverted from its renowned path because of the metal oxide varistor(MOV).If we see the parameters of the varistors then we can get the following characteristics of its.

Fig: Various parameters at the metal oxide variostors(MOVs)