Web. Distilation

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Separation Processes - What's New
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Separation Processes - Main Menu
Glad that you've decided to explore my site. I'm trying to set up a web site that teaches basic separation processes like distillation, absorption, extraction, humidication and drying. At this moment, the site contains only the following materials. Choose a topic and click to enter.
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Separation Processes - Main Menu
macromedia.com This site also requires that JavaScript be turned on. This site would not be possible without the extensive reference to various books. Click here for the listing.
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Splash Page - VLE & Distillation
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Splash Page - Gas Absorption
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Splash Page - Extraction
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Under Construction
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Reference Materials
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References
The following are some very useful references on separation processes!
1. R.E. Treybal, "Mass-Transfer Operations", 3rd. Ed., McGraw-Hill, 1981. 2. W.L. McCabe, J.C. Smith and P. Harriot, "Unit Operations of Chemical
Engineering", 5th. Ed., McGraw-Hill, 1993.

3. J.M. Coulson and J.F. Richardson, "Chemical Engineering Volume 2: Unit
Operations", 3rd. Ed., Pergamon Press, 1978.

4. J.D. Seader and E.J. Henley, "Separation Process Principles", John Wiley & Sons,
1998.
5. M.F. Doherty, and M.F. Malone, "Conceptual Design of Distillation Systems",
McGraw-Hill, 2001.
6. A.L. Lydersen, "Mass Transfer in Engineering Practice", John Wiley & Sons, 1983. 7. C.J. Geankoplis, "Transport Processes and Unit Operations", 3rd. Ed., Prentice Hall,
1993.
8. E.V. Thompson, and W.H. Ceckler, "Introduction to Chemical Engineering",
McGraw-Hill, 1977.
9. H.Z. Kister, "Distillation Design", McGraw-Hill, 1992. 10. H.Z. Kister, "Distillation Operation", McGraw-Hill, 1990. 11. R.H. Perry and D. Green, "Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook", 6th. Ed.,
McGraw-Hill, 1984.
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Reference Materials
12. J.L. Humphrey, and G.E. Keller II, "Separation Process Technology", McGraw-Hill,
1997.
13. J. Garside (Editor), "Separation Technology - The Next Ten Years", Institution of
Chemical Engineers, 1994.

14. P.A. Schweitzer, "Handbook of Separation Techniques for Chemical Engineers", 3rd.
Ed., McGraw-Hill, 1997.

15. M. J. Lockett, "Distillation Tray Fundamentals", Cambridge University Press, 1986. 16. R.F. Strigle Jr., "Random Packings and Packed Towers - Design and Applications",
Gulf Publishing Company, 1987.

17. J.R. Backhurst and J.H. Harker, "Process Plant Design", Heinemann Educational
Books Ltd, 1973.

18. A.S. Foust, L.A. Wenzel, C.W. Clump, L. Maus and L.B. Andersen, "Principles of
Unit Operations", 2nd. Ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1980.

19. B.D. Smith, "Design of Equilibrium Stage Processes", McGraw-Hill, 1963. 20. P.C. Wankat, "Equilibrium Staged Separations", Prentice Hall, 1988. 21. W.L. Luyben and L.A. Wenzel, "Chemical Process Analysis - Mass and Energy
Balances", Prentice Hall, 1988. [ Back on Top ]
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Splash Page - Adsorption
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Splash Page - Membrane Technology
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Splash Page - Plant Operation & Monitoring
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CourseWare Menu
Welcome to My HomePage on Separation Processes
The following materals were based on a course that I once taught, and that was many moons ago .... As such, the materials are kind of old, as there had not been no updated. Nonetheless, I hope you'll still find them useful. I certainly will try to update them if I can really spare the time ......
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CourseWare Menu
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Intro Screen ... for Tutorial
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Splash Page - Movies
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Digital Library Main Menu
A DIGITAL LIBRARY OF PILOT PLANTS
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If you want to know more about DISTILLATION and ABSORPTION, check out the Separation Processes Home Page
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Digital Library Main Menu
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Distillation Pilot Plant: A Digital Library
Plant Overview
Steam Supply Header
Reboiler Steam Pipings
Steam Control Valve
Steam Reboiler
Reboiler Thermocouple
Feed Tank (1 of 2)
Feed Pump
Feed Preheater
Feed Line Rupture Disk
Overhead Top-Up Pump
Cooling Water System
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Bottom Level Transmitter
Bottom Level Control Valve
Bottom Product Tank
Product Transfer Pump
Magnetic Flowmeter
CONTINUE .....
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Distillation Pilot Plant: Plant Overview
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Distillation Pilot Plant: Plant Overview
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Distillation Pilot Plant: Steam Header System
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Distillation Pilot Plant: Steam Reboiler
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Distillation Pilot Plant: Thermouple with Thermowell
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Distillation Pilot Plant: Feed Tank (1 of 2)
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Distillation Pilot Plant: Feed Pump
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Distillation Pilot Plant: Feed Pre-Heater
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Distillation Pilot Plant: Feed Line Rupture Disk
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Distillation Pilot Plant: Overhead Top-Up Pump
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Distillation Pilot Plant: Cooling Water System
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Distillation Pilot Plant: Bottom Level Transmitter
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Distillation Pilot Plant: Bottom Level Control Valve
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Distillation Pilot Plant: Bottom Product Tank
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Distillation Pilot Plant: Product Transfer Pump
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Distillation Pilot Plant: Magnetic Flowmeter
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Bubble-Cap Column
Reboiler Compressed Thermocouple Air Supply
DeltaV (1)
DelatV (2)
DelatV (3)
WebCam
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Instruments
Compressed Air Supply
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Distillation Pilot Plant: Bubble-Cap Column
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Distillation Pilot Plant: DeltaV (1)
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Distillation Pilot Plant: WebCam
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Distillation Pilot Plant: Instruments
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Distillation Pilot Plant: Compressed Air Supply
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Separation Processes Experiments
Welcome to the EXPERIMENTS section:
Here you will find the following Practical Experiments: Brief Descriptions
No.
1
Simple Distillation - Verification of Rayleigh's Law
2
Simple Distillation : Temperature-Composition Relationship
3
Batch Distillation usng Packed Column - Constant Reflux Ratio
4
Continuous Distillation using Tray Column - Different Reflux Ratio
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Separation Processes Experiments
5
Distillation Pilot Plant Line Tracing & Case Study
6
Distillation Pilot Plant operation using DCS (DeltaV)
7
Dynamic Simulation of Integrated Distillation Processes
8
Gas Absorption using Packed Column
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Main Page
Choose an experiment from the list below:

An unavailable link either indicate an experiment that is not currently used, or under development.
Fireworks animation
Simple Distillation: Verification of Rayleigh's Law Conduct of Practicals Simple Distillation: TemperatureComposition Relationship Batch Distillation using Packed Column (Constant R) Continuous Distillation using Tray Column (Different R) Distillation Pilot Plant Line-Tracing and Case Study Distillation Pilot Plant Operation using DCS (DeltaV) Dynamic Simulation of Continuous Distillation Operation Dynamic Simulation of Integrated Distillation Processes Preparation for the Practical Students should prepare themselves before attending any practical session by reading up the relevant lecture materials (and carry out other research on their own if necessary) to familiarise themselves with the terminology, concept and sample calculations required (if any) for the practical.
Familiarisation with the Pilot Plant Students are encouraged to "tour" the laboratory a few days before the scheduled practical for a "site survey" to trace all the lines and identify all the equipment and instruments used in the pilot plant. By line tracing it is meant that a student should follow the line through from where it originates till where it ends. Any equipment and instruments located along the line should be duly noted and compared against the flow diagram given in the manual.
Report Writing for Practicals
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Gas Absorption using 3 Packed Columns
Requirements and Assessment for Reports Students working in group are required to submit the various reports, classified as "DATASHEET" or "FORMAL REPORT". The assessment criteria and assessment sheet used for each experiment is different. This will be elaborated by your lecturer during the Laboratory Briefing Session. It is therefore essential that you be present during the briefing session.
IMPORTANT:
Copyright 2000, SMCheah. All Rights Reserved.
Use the correct assessment sheet for each practical.
If you want to use any Figures from this site, kindly email to me
Remember to read up the Guidelines for writing Formal Report.
smcheah1@singnet.com.sg
Chemicals and Other Hazards: Students are to adhere strictly to the precautions and handling procedures spelt out in the Safety Manual when carrying out the experiments. Chemicals required for the practicals in this module are Ethanol, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Hydroxide. Sample Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are available from the laboratory Technical Support Officer (TSO). Other hazards include steam, eletricity and compressed air.
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Practical: Rayeligh's Law
SIMPLE DISTILLATION - VERIFICATION OF RAYLEIGH'S LAW
To verify Rayleigh's Law in simple distillation of an ethanol-water mixture.
An ethanol-water mixture is distilled in the bench-scale apparatus shown in Figure 1. At any instant, the concentration of ethanol is x mole fraction in the boiling liquid and y mole fraction in the equilibrium vapour.
Rayleigh's Law is stated as follows for the boiling mixture undergoing simple distillation:
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where L1 , L2 are the initial and final moles of ethanol and water in the still respectively, and x1, x2 are the initial and final mole fractions of ethanol. The left hand side of the above equation is determined experimentally. The right hand side can be obtained by graphical integration of a plot of 1/(y - x) vs. x using experimental values of L1, L2, x1 and x2 .
3.1
Collect the necessary glasswares to prepare for the set up of the distillation experiment shown in Figure 1. Ensure that all glass containers are clean and dry. Weigh the dry empty still and product receiver accurately. Record the weights. Weigh the dry empty still and product receiver accurately. Record the weights. Stir well to ensure uniform mixing of the two liquids. Obtain a 30 ml sample of the mixture for density measurement using S.G. bottle. Return the sample to the original mixture. Transfer the mixture to the still.
3.2 3.3
3.4
3.5 3.6
Weigh the still with the mixture in it accurately. Record the weight. Connect up the equipment as shown in Figure 1. Important: Ensure that all apparatus (especially the condenser) are adequately and appropriately supported.
3.7 3.8 3.9
Turn on the cooling water to the condenser. Switch on the electric heater to knob setting '7'. Observe the distillation in progress and how the vaporised product from the still is being condensed by the condenser and collected in the product receiver. The product collected is called the distillate. When half the charge has distilled over, switch off the electric heater.
3.10
Wait for 10 minutes before turning off the cooling water. Disconnect the product receiver and still. Allow them to cool to room temperature, covering their mouths with aluminium foil.
3.11
When cooled, weigh the still and product receiver with contents accurately. Record the weights. Measure the volume of the mixture that remained in the still and in the product receiver. Record the volumes.
3.12
Take a sample each of the distillate and final mixture in the still for density measurement using the S.G. bottles. Return ALL mixtures to the "Top Product Tank" of the Continuous Distillation Column.
3.13
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4.1 4.2
Which is more volatile - ethanol or water ? Justify your answer. Define relative volatility. Explain how relative volatility forms the basis of separation by distillation. Convert ALL the density measurements to mole fraction ethanol. Use the S.G. Table provided. With the aid of appropriate diagram(s), describe how the ethanol concentration in the distillate and residual changes with time as distillation progresses. What is flash point ? Obtain the flash point of ethanol from a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) which can be obtained from the laboratory Technical Support Officer (TSO). From the MSDS, identify some of the safety precautions in handling and storage of ethanol. What is bubble point? Without the use of any temperature sensor, estimate the bubble point of the feed mixture prepared in step (3.4). Estimate the concentration of ethanol (in mole fraction) of the first bubble of vapour produced. Estimate the concentration of ethanol (in mole fraction) of the last bubble when distillation is stopped. Besides using the S.G. bottle, suggest another method for determining the concentration of ethanol in any mixture of ethanol and water.
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
5.1
Perform total mass balance for the experiment. If there is any discrepancy, explain why. Perform mass and mole balance for ethanol. Explain any discrepancies. Use the given equilibrium data of ethanol-water mixture and your experimental results to verify Rayleigh's Law. Reconcile any discrepancies. Determine the theoretical average concentration of ethanol in the composited distillate using the moles of ethanol and water used experimentally. Compare with the mole fraction determined using S.G. bottle. If the distillate collected in step (3.9) is to be subjected to another stage of simple distillation, estimate its new bubble point.
5.2 5.3
5.4
5.5
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Simple Distillation: Set Up
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S.G. Table for Ethanol-Water
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S.G. Table for Ethanol-Water
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Practical: Continuous Distillation
PRACTICAL: CONTINUOUS DISTILLATION - DIFFERENT REFLUX RATIOS Note: This is the old procedure for a pilot plant that is already scrapped. Please consult your lecturer on the manual for the new pilot plant.
(i) To operate a bubble-cap distillation unit at 2 different reflux ratios. (ii) To compare the concentrations of the product streams and the reboiler steam consumption.
The feed to the bubble-cap distillation column is an ethanol-water mixture. The feed can be preheated to a given temperature before entering the column. Steam is used in the feed preheating and in the reboiler. Be setting the desired preheat temperature, an automatic controller regulates the steam input to the preheater. A reflux controller is used to specify the desired reflux ratio for the run. The mixture is separated into 2 product streams: one in the overhead (distillate) and another in the bottoms. The distillate is rich in ethanol (the more volatile component) and the bottoms is rich in water (the less volatile component). An interval of about 30 minutes is required for the distillation to reach steady state at which point the concentrations of the overhead and bottom products become constant for a given set of operating conditions. Samples are taken for the feed, distillate and bottoms for density measurements using S.G. bottle.
Study Figure 1 carefully. Trace all process lines and locate the bubble-cap column, overhead condenser, reboiler, feed tank, product tank, overflow tank, feed preheater, pumps P1, P2, valves V1 - V17, pressure gauges, sampling line, steam lines, compressed air line and cooling water lines, and the control valve on the preheater steam inlet.
3.1
Check that feed tank is at least 2/3 full with the ethanolwater mixture. Check that there is sufficient liquid in the reboiler so that the reboiler heating elements are submerged. If not, open valve V7 and start the feed pump to transfer some liquid from the feed tank to the reboiler. Check that product tank is empty. Otherwise open V1 to drain the liquid into a clean, dry container. Close V1. Return drained liquid to the feed tank. Check that overflow tank is empty. Otherwise, start pump P1 to transfer the liquid to the feed tank. Stop pump P1. Open V3 to drain liquid in sampling line into a clean beaker. Close V3. Return drained liquid to feed tank. Open V5 to drain liquid in the condenser into a clean dry beaker. Close V5. Return drained liquid to feed tank.
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
Flush the feed tank line by opening V4 and collecting the liquid in a dry beaker. Close V4 and return the liquid to feed tank. Stir the contents of the feed tank to ensure uniform mixing. Collect about 30 ml of feed sample in a dry, clean beaker from V4. This sample is used for density measurement of the feed using a S.G. bottle.
3.7
Check that valves V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V15 and V17 are closed. Valves V6 and V8 on the bubble-cap column are permanently closed. Valve V7 is permanently open. Do Not adjust these 3 valves. Turn on cooling water supply by opening valve V14 to 300 Iitre/hr as shown on the rotameter. Check that air supply from the air compressor to the control valve has been isolated. The preheater will not be put into operation for this experiment. Place a plastic pail under purge valve V16. Slowly open valve V16 to purge the main steam line. When steam is seen escaping from valve V16, close V16. Place a plastic pail under the steam trap and the purge valve V9 in the condensate line of the reboiler.
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
Open purge valve V9. Open steam supply valve V10. Slowly open steam inlet valve V11 to purge condensate from the reboiler. Close V11 when steam is seen escaping from V9. Close V9.
3.14
Check that V12 and V13 are closed. Check that the control valve for the preheater steam is closed. Slowly open V11 to mark '1' on the dial. Observe the boiling in the reboiler. IMPORTANT: Keep a careful watch on the reboiler operation. Adjust V10 and/or V11 to maintain stable reboiler operation. If boiling becomes violent, or if pressure as shown by PI2 is too high (more than 0.3 bar), reduce steam supply to reboiler by closing V10 and/or V11 to a pressure of approximately 0.2 bar as shown by PI2.
3.15
3.16
Observe the bubble-cap column and notice how vapours are escaping from the bubble caps. Turn on the main power supply. Set the metering pump P2 to a reaching of 3 Hubs. Start pump P2. Check that the pump is working properly. Switch on the reflux controller and set the reflux ratio to 3. (use the setting REFLUX = 9, WITHDRAWAL = 3).
3.17
3.18
3.19
Check and record the appropriate steam pressures and temperatures while waiting for steady-state. Check that the cooling water rate is 300 litre/hr. Adjust as necessary. Occasionally open V3 to drain the sample line into a clean beaker. Pour the liquid collected into the product tank.
3.20
After steady state condition has been attained, collect about 30 ml of fresh sample from V3 in a small, clean dry beaker, for density measurement with S.G. bottle. Collect about 30 ml bottoms samples from V5 and V15 for density measurement. (Caution: liquid at V15 is hot) Ensure V3, V5 and V15 is closed after collection.
3.21
Wait for 15 minutes. Collect another set of samples from V3, V5 and V15. Ensure V3, V5 and V15 is closed after collection.
3.22
Repeat the experiment for another run using a reflux ratio of 7.5. (use the setting REFLUX = 15, WITHDRAWAL = 2). At the end of the whole practical, turn off steam valve V10 to cut-off steam to the reboiler. Depressure the unit by opening valve V9. Observe the pressure in PI2 drop to zero. Close V9 and then V11. Stop pump P2 and switch off the reflux controller.
3.23
3.24
3.25
3.26 3.27
Turn off cooling water by closing valve V14. Return ALL used samples to the feed tank.
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4.1
Obtain the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for ethanol from the laboratory Technical Support Officer (TSO). Find out the Upper and Lower Explosive Limits for ethanol and determine what types of extinguisher media are suitable for putting out ethanol fire. Convert the density measurements of the feed and product samples to mole fraction ethanol. Refer to the table given (Note: concentration of ethanol is in wt%). What is the effect of increasing reflux ratio on the ethanol concentration in the distillate? Explain your answer. What is the effect of increasing reboiler steam on ethanol concentration in the distillate? Explain your answer. What will be the likely consequences on the column internals (i.e. bubble caps) if too much vapourization occurs in the reboiler? List down 4 assumptions employed in the McCabe-Thiele method for determining the number of theoretical trays required for a given separation.
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7 4.8
What is meant by an ideal tray? What is overall efficiency? Why is it required in column design? What is the impact on the number of theoretical trays determined using the McCabe-Thiele method? Why must you depressure the plant after shutdown? Inspect the preheater steam control loop. Make a sketch of the loop, clearly labelling the 4 components of PMCC. Identify the fail-safe position of the control valve and discuss whether the fail-safe position is appropriate for this application.
4.9 4.10
5.1
Determine the number of theoretical trays for each run, using the McCabe-Thiele method. The equilibrium curve and enthalpy data for ethanol-water system are given. Calculate the overall efficiency of the trays in this column. Given that 3 Hubs on the feed pump correspond to a flowrate of 0.18 Iitre/min, calculate the total molar feed rate to the column. Calculate the total molar distillate flow rate and bottoms flow rate. Estimate the total steam consumption in the reboiler. Compare and discuss the results obtained in the 2 runs.
5.2 5.3
5.4
5.5 5.6
Note
You need to use the Enthalpy-Concentration Curves provided with the manual to find the value of q :
The H-curve represents enthalpy of the saturated vapour (HV), and the h-curve represents enthalpy of the saturated liquid (HL). The enthalpy of the feed (HF) is evaluated at the feed composition (mole fraction MVC) and feed temperature.
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Practical: Distillation Pilot Plant Case Study
DISTILLATION PILOT PLANT CASE STUDY
(i) To carry out line-tracing and familiarisation with the instrumentation and control schemes in the Distillation Pilot Plant (ii) To carry out Hazop and Scenario Analysis of the Distillation Pilot Plant (iii) To develop SOP (Standard Operating Procedures) for selected plant operation
In many plant operations, including distillation, DCS is used to facilitate data acquisition, monitoring and control. In this pilot plant, several control loops are wired up to the Fisher Rosemount DeltaV DCS. A brief description of the set-up is provided below. Students are advised to trace the wirings to gain a better understanding of the system. Cable signals from the various field transmitters (level, flow, etc) are routed to a field junction box located next to the field local control panel (LCP). From this junction box the input signals are channelled to another junction box located in the control room. From the control room junction box, the input (analog) signals travel to the DeltaV DCS. The plant information (input signals) are displayed on the PC screen together with their respective controllers and control parameters (MANUAL vs AUTO mode, set points, controller PID settings, alarm limits, valve openings, etc). Any control action of the pilot plant can be initiated using keyboard panel. Output signals from the controllers are routed to the control room junction box followed by the field junction box. From the field junction box, the controllers output signals go to the respective field instruments, all of which are control valves in this pilot plant.
The Distillation Pilot Plant will not be operated for this Experiment. Trace all process lines in the Distillation Pilot Plant and sketch a neat P&ID. Show all valves and instrumentation. Label clearly the following equipment using the nomenclature given:
On your P&ID, show clearly the following utility lines:

Steam supply and condensate Cooling water supply and return (CWS & CWR)
[ Instrument air lines and sampling lines not required ]
Identify clearly the instrumentation in the pilot plant. They are: Differential pressure transmitters, vortex flowmeter, magnetic flowmeters, pressure regulators, pressure indicators, thermocouples, temperature indicators, rotameters, steam traps, pressure relief valves and rupture disks. You may want to check out the Distillation Pilot Plant Digital Library
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Check that there is compressed air supply to the various instruments and that its pressure is approximately 20 psig. Adjust the air supply pressure regulator if necessary. Switch ON the DeltaV DCS and turn to the controller panel page. Check that there are 4 control loops in the pilot plant as shown below:
Switch all controllers to MANUAL mode and set their MVs = 0%. Perform loop checks by stroking each control valve in turn by increasing the MV value from 0% to 50% to 100%, and then decreasing from 100% to 50% to 0%. Visually confirm this by field observation.
Visually inspect the tray configuration in the pilot plant.
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With reference to the P&ID that you've sketched, suggest appropriate SOP (Standard Operating Procedures) for the following activities:
You may want to include a separate sketch for describing each of the above activities.
Switch off the compressed air to the pilot plant. Carry out the following Hazop Analysis:
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Carry out the following Scenario Analysis:
Suppose there are some non-condensable gases in the system that needs to be removed. This is to prevent pressure build-up in the column. Suggest, with the aid of an appropriate sketch, a control scheme to achieve this objective.
Suggest, with the aid of an appropriate sketch, how you would implement a cascade control system for controlling the concentration of ethanol in the distillate (top) product at the desired specification.
Supposed it is desired to install a parallel stand-by pump to back-up the feed pump P-2. Under the new pump system, each pump should have its own suction and discharge valve, suction strainer, discharge check valve and discharge pressure indicator. Suggest, with the aid of an appropriate sketch, your proposed new pump system.
Explain what is flooding, and how it can occur in a tray column. Suggest a new instrumentation system for the distillation column so that flooding can be detected in control room.
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Distillation Pilot Plant: DeltaV
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Experiment: Distillation Pilot Plant
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Practical: Dynamic Simulation of Continuous Distillation Operation
PRACTICAL: DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF CONTINUOUS DISTILLATION OPERATION
The objectives of this experiment are to enable students to: (a) understand the relationship between various plant process variables through a change in reflux flow rate (b) understand the importance of reflux liquid
The Depropanizer unit separates a mixture, consisting primarily of C3 and C4 hydrocarbons, into two product streams. The feed mixture to the unit comes from the Deethanizer unit bottoms. The lighter product, from the top of the unit, consists primarily of C3 and the heavier product, from the bottom of the unit, consists of C4s and heavier hydrocarbons. The purpose of the unit is to recover the C3 from the feed mixture. The bottom product is further processed in the downstream units to recover other heavy hydrocarbons. Click here for a simplified PFD and brief descriprtion of the control system for the Depropanizer Unit.
IMPORTANT Students must attempt Section 4 "Questions for the Practical" prior to conducting the experiment.
3.1
Make sure the Depropanizer Unit is loaded. This experiment consists of 2 parts: Part 1: Decrease in Reflux Flow Rate ( 50 minutes ) Part 2: Excessive Increase in Reflux Flow Rate ( 40 minutes )
3.2
Make sure that the simulation model is stopped, i.e. and that the speed setting is "Normal: 1X".
is shown
3.4 3.4.1
Part 1: Decrease in Reflux Flow Rate
Make sure you're in the "Graphics" Tab. It should be the default page when the simulation model is loaded. Record down the "Initial Value" for the plant data in Appendix 1 provided before making the change in reflux flow rate.
3.4.2
3.4.3
Display the INSTRUMENT FACEPLATE for FC12 by clicking on the controller symbol. FC12 should be in AUTOMATIC mode.
3.4.4
Decrease the reflux flow rate set point (SP) from 33.75 Tons/hr to 31.50 Tons/hr.
3.4.5
Start the simulation by clicking on the Start button change into the Stop button.
. It will
3.4.6
Observe the plant data (as per Appendix 1) for changes for around 10 minutes simulation time (or Sim Time) in "Speed Normal". On the bottom right corner, is shown.
3.4.7
Use "Speed Accelerated" using "Acceleration Factor 4X" and continue monitoring until a new steady-sate is attained.
NOTE:
You can switch to the "Historical Trends" tab for monitoring.
DO NOT USE "10X" or "Maximum" OR YOU WILL MISSED OUT ON IMPORTANT OBSERVATIONS.
3.4.8 3.4.9
Stop the simulation by clicking on the Stop button. Complete Appendix 1 by recording down the "Final Value" and "Changes Observed" for all plant data after steady-state is attained. Based on your observations, explain in your Datasheet how a decrease in reflux flow leads to the observed changes. HINT: You should related explanation of the changes observed to the reduction in Reflux Flow.
Part 2: Excessive Increase in Reflux Flow Rate
3.4.10
3.5 3.5.1
Re-load the Depropanizer Unit by selecting

"Design Operating Condition".
and load the
3.5.2 3.5.3
Make sure you've selected the "Graphics" Tab. Make sure the simulation is stopped, and the speed setting is "Normal: 1X".
3.5.4
Display the Graphical Representation of V-L contact on Tray #21 by clicking on the tray.
3.5.5
Record down the "initial value" of selected plant data before starting simulation (Time "0") as shown in Appendix 2 provided. Display the INSTRUMENT FACEPLATE of PDI13.
3.5.6
Note that PDI is only indicating, no
control action
3.5.7
Make sure both Tray #21 and PDI13 displays remained on the screen throughout the whole experiment.
3.5.8
Click on the Toolbar the MALFUNCTION button

"Malfunctions"
to display the
window.
Scroll down the list of malfunction selections.
3.5.9
Select Malfunction #8 "Reflux Flow Control Valve, FV12 Fails Open" and click the "Activate" button. Note that the "Status" column changed from "Inactive" to "Executed". Close the "Malfunctions" window. Use "Speed Normal" and start the simulation by clicking Record the key plant data in Appendix 2 for every 1-minute interval for 4 minutes (Sim Time). You can stop the simulation for data recording and then continue when you're done.
NOTE:
3.5.10
3.5.11 3.5.12
3.5.13
Change to "Speed Accelerated" and use "Acceleration Factor 4X". Continue data recording at every 4-minute intervals for approximately 60 minutes (Sim Time).
3.5.14
Explain your observations of key plant data of Appendix 2 in your Datasheet.

Shutdown
3.6 3.6.1
At the end of all exercises, inform the Lecturer-in-Charge or the Technical Support Officer (TSO) to shutdown the system. Remember of to sign out from the Laboratory.
3.6.2
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4.1
Students are required to answer all the Questions prior to starting the experiment. Explain the separation that takes place in the Depropaniser Unit (include in your discussion the important streams, components involved, equipment used. Discussion of control system not required.) Identify the reflux stream, discuss its control system and its significance in separation by distillation. Describe how is temperature controlled in the Depropanizer Unit. Trace the overhead vapour flow from the Depropaniser Unit and explain how pressure is controlled in the Depropaniser Unit.
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
5.1
For Part 1: Explain the data recorded in Appendix 1, and how are they related to the decrease in reflux flow rate. For Part 2: Explain the data recorded in Appendix 2, focusing on the effect of excessive reflux flow on column operation and separation, and utility usage.
5.2
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The simplified PFD for the Depropanizer Unit is shown below:
The Depropanizer Unit has the following control loops:

Feed flow animation controller (FC11) gif Bottom temperature controller (TC11) animation gif Tower pressure controller (PC11) animation gif Tower bottom level controller (LC11) animation gif Reflux drum level controller (LC12) animation gif Reflux flow controller (FC12) animation gif
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Animation
A brief description of these control loops is provided next.

gif Feed Flow and Level Controls animation
The feed flow controller (FC11) regulates the feed flow rate to the tower. The reflux drum level is controlled by the reflux drum level controller (LC12) by adjusting the top product draw. The tower bottom level is controlled by the tower bottom level controller (LC11) by adjusting the bottom product draw. The overall material balance for the unit is maintained by these three controllers.
gif Reflux Flow Control animation
The reflux flow controller (FC12) controls the reflux flow to the column. Maintaining the correct reflux flow is essential to achieve desired extent of separation and to maintain the product compositions. The design reflux to feed flow ratio is 1.3 (mass ratio).
gif Temperature Control animation
The product composition or the extent of separation is controlled by the bottom temperature controller (TC11). The bottom temperature is indicative of the bottom composition and is easier to measure and control than composition. The tower bottom temperature is controlled by regulating the hot oil flow to the reboiler.
gif Pressure Control animation
The tower pressure is regulated by the top pressure controller (PC11). This is a split range controller that operates on two valves, namely the condenser bypass valve (B) and the off-gas valve (A). If the column pressure is low, the condenser bypass valve opens to allow hot vapor from the column top to flow directly to the reflux drum. This raises the pressure. If the column pressure is high, the condenser bypass valve closes. If the pressure cannot be maintained by closing the bypass valve, the off-gas valve opens to release vapor to the flare header.
Click here for more information on how to use the EnVision Simulation System.
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Practical: How to Use EnVision Dynamic Simulation
How to load a Simulation Model:
1. Select "Sim Standalone" icon on the Desktop and double-click on the icon. This will launch the program.
2. If you are prompted to enter your name, ignore it by clicking "OK". 3. A blank screen with a Toolbar at the top will open. Click on the "Model" icon on the Toolbar
This will lead to the screen shown below:
Open the folder "EnVisionModels", and select "Deprop" from the list of available simulation models.
4. The graphic display will be loaded (in the "Graphics" tab).
Click here for more information on some of the features of the EnVision Simulation System.
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Dynamic Simulation: EnVision Depropanizer Unit
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Practical: How to Use EnVision Dynamic Simulation System
Some Features of the EnVision Simulation System
The Main Menu with the SimControl selected:
The Graphics Tab, and some important features:
Practical: How to Use EnVision Dynamic Simulation System
The Instrument Group Tab, and some important features:
The Historical Trends Tab, and some important features:
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Practical: Dynamic Simulation
PRACTICAL: DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF INTEGRATED DISTILLATION PROCESSES EXPERIMENT DESCRIPTION The experiment consists of 2 Parts: "Part 1 - Normal Operation & Monitoring" ( 3 hours ) "Part 2 - Cold Start & Steady-State Operation" ( 3 hours )
There is also a "Questions for the Practical" section that students must answer in order to gain a good understanding of the whole process. This must be done prior to starting the experiment.
animation1 consists of 4 Exercises to be completed, worth a total of 100 marks. In each exercise, Part
a process variable is changed, and the effect on plant operations is observed, through observation of changes in selected control points and monitoring points. For these exercises, you are required to discuss your observations in your report and offer explanations to those observations.
animation2 consists of a distillation start-up operation and monitoring until the processes attain Part
steady-state operation, plus 12 "Questions for the Start-up Process" and a Datasheet to be completed. The startup and monitoring portion is worth 50 marks, and the "Questions for the Start-up Process" portion another 50 marks.
It is absolutely essentially that students are thoroughly familiar with the process units as described in the "PROCESS DESCRIPTION" section of the Plant Handbook.
[ Back on Top ] Questions for the Practical
What is the function of the debutaniser and depropaniser respectively? What is the design heavy feed rate to the debutaniser? Is E-110 a partial or total condenser? Explain your answer. Why are there multiple fans on E-110 that can be start / stop independently of each other? Explain your answers. What is meant by cascade control? Identify all such control systems in the debutaniser plant.
What are the light key and heavy key components in the debutaniser? ( This is a multi-component distillation system - a light key component is equivalent to the MVC in binary distillation ). Identify which cascade control is used for composition control. Explain how the control of the MVC is achieved with the above cascade control system. Study the D-100 pressure control system. What type of control system is this? Briefly describe how it works. What is the advantage of using FC17 over FC18? Why are there 2 separate bottom streams from T-100 leading to 2 storage tanks?
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Dynamic Simulation Experiment
Part 1 of DYNAMIC SIMULATION EXPERIMENT: STEADY-STATE MONITORING
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this experiment are to enable students to: (a) monitor plant performance in steady-state condition and make process adjustments in a safe and stable manner (b) understand the dynamic nature of the plant, through observing the effects of changes in process variables on the column performance as a whole
INTRODUCTION The above objectives are to be achieved by making process changes to the following 4 control loops and observe the results:
Please refer to the process flow diagrams (in the Plant Handbook) for the two distillation plants. The importance of each control loop is briefly described below.
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Loop 1: 11PC16 - Debutanizer Reflux Drum Pressure Controller This loop controls the debutanizer column pressure. Changes in the column pressure will result in changes in column temperature, and hence the condensation of overhead vapour. This in turn, affects the product composition.
Loop 2: 11FC01 - Debutanizer Heavy Feed This loop controls the debutanizer heavy feed flow rate. This affects the amount of heavy feed that enters the column. This changes the overall feed composition of the debutanizer.
Loop 3: 11TC10 - Debutanizer Tray 2, Reboiler This loop controls the steam flow to E-100 reboiler using 11TC10 Tray 2 temperature controller. Changes in the steam flow rate will change the extent of vapourization in the hydrocarbon mixture in the bottom of the column. The temperature of the debutanizer bottoms and vapour-liquid compositions will be affected.
Loop 4: 11AC12 - Debutanizer Composition Control This loop controls the amount of heavy components in the column overhead by adjusting the reflux flow. [ Back on Top ] PROCEDURE - NORMAL OPERATION Ensure that the plant is operating at steady-state before carrying out each Exercise. Request the Lecturer-inCharge to "reset" the simulation if necessary. There are 4 Exercises, each requiring a change to be made to each of the 4 loops. Complete the datasheets for the 4 Exercises and discuss your results and observations with the Lecturer-in-Charge. Offer explanations on your observations and justify your answers. Exercise No.1: Changes to Loop 11PC16 (25 marks) Record down the Initial Values of in the key control and monitoring process values in the Table below. Increase the set point of 11PC16 to 1205 kPag and observe the changes. Note down the direction of change (Increase, Decrease, No Change) and the Final Values of the key control and monitoring points.
Explain how changes in the set point of 11PC16 lead to the observed changes in the key control and monitoring points. [ Back on Top ] Exercise No.2: Changes to Loop 11FC01 (25 marks) Record down the Initial Values of in the key control and monitoring process values in the Table below. Increase the set point of 11FC01 to 470 m3/hr (71 MBPSD) and observe the changes. Note down the direction of change (Increase, Decrease, No Change) and the Final Values of the key control and monitoring points.
Explain how changes in the set point of 11FC01 lead to the observed changes in the key control and monitoring points.
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Exercise No.3: Changes to Loop 11TC10 (25 marks) Record down the Initial Values of in the key control and monitoring process values in the Table below. Increase the set point of 11TC10 to 168 oC and observe the changes. Note down the direction of change (Increase, Decrease, No Change) and the Final Values of the key control and monitoring points.
Explain how changes in the set point of 11TC10 lead to the observed changes in the key control and monitoring points. [ Back on Top ]
Exercise No.4: Changes to Loop 11AC12 (25 marks) Record down the Initial Values of in the key control and monitoring process values in the Table below. Increase the set point of 11AC12 to 1.5% and observe the changes. Note down the direction of change (Increase, Decrease, No Change) and the Final Values of the key control and monitoring points.
Explain how changes in the set point of 11AC12 lead to the observed changes in the key control and monitoring points.
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Practical: Plant Handbook
INTRODUCTION By its very nature, the process industries are dynamic. Dynamic in that process plants rarely run at a steady state condition. External disturbances, changes in ambient conditions, equipment vibrations, and degrading equipment performance continually affect the smooth running of a process operation. Dynamic in that changing market conditions - raw material costs, product prices, government regulations and consumer demands continually drive companies to make process modifications to get more out of their plants. Through dynamic simulation analyses users are able to effectively study the impacts that changing operating conditions and design modifications have on the operation of a process. Such analyses are value-added. Process configurations and control system designs can be evaluated to ensure that they will meet corporate manufacturing objectives regardless of changing process and market conditions.
What is Dynamic Simulation? Dynamic simulation is a process engineering design tool that predicts how a process and its controls respond to various upsets as a function of time. Dynamic simulation can be used to evaluate equipment configurations and control schemes and to determine the reliability and safety of a design before capital is committed to the project. For grassroots and revamp projects, dynamic simulation can be used to accurately assess transient conditions that determine process design temperatures and pressures. In many cases, unnecessary
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capital expenditures can be avoided using dynamic simulation. Dynamic simulation during process design leads to benefits during plant start-up. Expensive field changes, which impact schedule, can often be minimised if the equipment and control system is validated using dynamic simulation. Start-up and shutdown sequences can be tested using dynamic simulation. Dynamic simulation also provides controller-tuning parameters for use during start-up. In many cases, accurate controller settings can prevent expensive shutdowns and accelerate plant start-up. Dynamic simulation models used for process design are not based on transfer functions as normally found in operator training simulators, but on fundamental engineering principles and actual physical equations governing the process. When used for process design, dynamic simulation models include: Equipment models that include mass and energy inventory from differential balances Rigorous thermodynamics based on property correlations, equations of state, and steam tables Actual piping, valve, distillation tray, and equipment hydraulics for incompressible, compressible, and critical flow Detailed controller models to duplicate modern distributed control systems (DCS). These models are so detailed that the results can influence engineering design decisions and ensure a realistic prediction of the process and the control system's interaction to assess control system stability.
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The SACDA TRAINER Dynamic Simulation System The SACDA TRAINER System is a dynamic training simulator specifically designed for training operators and maintenance personnel in the process industries. It is similar in principle to the flight simulators used in the airline industry. The simulation model is the mathematical representation of a process, its controls and logic; for example, a distillation unit, or a
hydrocracking unit, etc.
In this set-up, the system modelled a processing plant consisting of two distillation towers. The plant is complete with full instrumentation and controls, alarms and related interlock sequences. Students can interface with the simulated process via the keyboard and mouse provided. PROCESS DESCRIPTION The plant separates a blended feed using two distillation towers (a debutanizer and a depropanizer) to produce the following products: C5 and heavier hydrocarbons C4 hydrocarbons C3 hydrocarbons. The following sections describe the simulated process equipment and process flow. Refer to the process flow diagrams for the two distillation plants for more information.. Process Equipment The following Table 1 describes the process equipment used in the plant:
The following Table 2 lists design operating conditions, including cold start initial conditions and normal conditions. When starting the plant from a cold start condition, assume the plant has been checked for mechanical completeness. All control valves have been stroked and left in the closed position for fail-closed valves and open position for fail-open valves. The plant has been steam or natural purged and left under a blanket of natural gas at 20 oC (68 oF) and close to atmospheric pressure. The normal condition reflects the 100% operating values.
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Process Flow A heavy and a light feed available from separate sources at a fixed pressure of 1675 kPag (243.0 psig) are blended in desired ratios and fed to the debutanizer T-100. The temperature of the heavy feed is 121 oC (250 oF), and can be varied in the range 20-150 oC (68-300 oF). The temperature of the light feed is fixed at 27 oC (80 oF). The heavy feed contains almost 60 mole % of C5 and heavier hydrocarbons. The light feed contains almost 90 mole % C3+ C4. The following Table 3 lists the composition, temperature, pressure, and flow control of both feeds.
Table 3
Debutanizer Flow The debutanizer has forty-two trays and operates at 1275 kPag (185.0 psig). The tower operating objective is to remove butanes (C4) and lighter hydrocarbons from the feed and make on specification an overhead product. The overhead product of the debutanizer, which is the feed for the depropanizer, has a maximum composition specification of 1 mole % C5's. The blended feed enters the debutanizer on tray 23. E-110, the debutanizer condenser, condenses overhead vapours using eight fans. D-100, the reflux drum, holds the condensed hydrocarbons. P-62 or P-63 pumps the hydrocarbons as reflux to the debutanizer. The overheads product analyser (%C5) resets the reflux flow. P-68 or P-69 pumps the debutanizer overhead product to T-200, the depropanizer, via E-250, the depropanizer feed/bottoms exchanger. E-100, the thermosiphon debutanizer reboiler, provides reboil for the debutanizer using high pressure steam of 2585 kPag (375.0 psig). The reboiler takes total flow from tray 1 with reboiler return to the tower bottoms. The temperature of tray 2 controls the reboiler steam flow. The debutanizer bottoms product is rundown to storage. A split range pressure controller controls the pressure in the D-100 reflux drum. The pressure controller can import non?condensable natural gas from the compressor interstage drum at 1100 kPag (160 psig) during start-up via the bypass (HC44). The pressure controller can also release excess pressure to either flare or the compressor interstage drum. Depropanizer Flow The depropanizer produces an overhead C3 product with less than 1 mole % C4's. The tower has
forty trays and operates at 1925 kPag (280.0 psig). The tower feed stream is the overhead product from the debutanizer and contains mostly C3's and C4's. After the feed is preheated with the depropanizer bottoms in E-250, the feed enters the tower on tray 20. E-210 condenses the tower overheads using six fans. P-66 or P-67 pumps reflux back to the tower. The reflux flow is reset by the overhead product analyser controller (mole % C4's). E-230 uses water to cool the overhead C3 product flow. The product is rundown to storage. E-220, the thermosiphon depropanizer reboiler, provides reboil for the depropanizer. The reboiler uses medium pressure steam of 1035 kPag (150.0 psig). The temperature of tray 3 controls the steam flow. Two on-line analysers measure the tower bottom C3 and C4 composition. The C4 product is cooled in E-250, the feed/bottoms exchanger, and further cooled with water in E-240, the C4 product cooler. The C4 product is stored outside the boundary of the model. A split-range pressure controller controls the pressure in D-200, the reflux drum, by importing non?condensable natural gas from the recontact drum (from elsewhere outside the boundary of the plant) at start-up and releasing excess pressure to the recontact drum. [ Back on Top ] INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL SYSTEM The following sections describe some of the control loops and the instrumentations used in the distillation process.
Control Loops Some of the more complex cascaded control loops are discussed below.
(a) T-100 Bottoms Level Control FC17 regulates the flow of tower bottoms sent to storage which in turn controls the liquid level in the bottom of the debutanizer. Normally, FC17 is in cascade mode. FC17 receives its setpoint from LC14. When the level of the debutanizer bottoms falls below 1 %, LSD15, the level shutdown interlock trips the shut off valve upstream of the FC17 and FC18 flow control valves. Use HS39 to reset the shutdown valve after the LSD15 has a normal status (when the level on LC14 is greater than 1%). FC18 regulates the flow to the off specification storage tank.
(b) Reflux Drum Pressure Control Both reflux drums D-100 and D-200 on the two towers have pressure controllers operating on similar principles. PC16 controls the pressure on D-100 by split range action on two valves. PV16A and PV19A valves are reverse acting and PV16B and PB19B valves are direct acting. The following table illustrates how valves A and B open with the split range signal. Valve A is the valve on the line bypassing the debutanizer overhead condenser E-110. Valve B is on the line connecting D-100 to the compressor interstage drum which provides a backpressure of 240 kPag (35 psig). The flare has a backpressure of 14 kPag (2.0 psig).
PC19 operates similarly for the depropanizer. PC19 releases excess pressure to the recontact drum which has a backpressure of 240 kPag (35 psig). (c) Composition Control AC12, the composition controller on the debutanizer, has an analysis time of 300 seconds. Al16A, Al16B and AC17, the composition analysers on the depropanizer, have an analysis time of 150 seconds. These analyser controllers control the composition of tower overhead streams by resetting the reflux flow controllers of each tower.
Instrumentation The following Table 4 lists the tag names and ranges for each instrument used in the plant.
NOTE: AC12 has an analysis time of 300 seconds, AC17, AI16A, AI16B each have an analysis time of 150 seconds
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Experiment: Dynamic Simulation
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Experiment: Debutaniser
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Major Plant Equipment
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Major Plant Equipment
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Design Operating Conditions
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Feed Conditions
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Dynamic Simulation: Debutaniser PFD
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Dynamic Simulation: Depropaniser PFD
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Plant Instrumentation
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Part 2 of DYNAMIC SIMULATION EXPERIMENT: START-UP OPERATION
The objectives of this experiment are to enable students to: (a) "cold start" a debutanizer-depropanizer process unit and bring it to steady-state condition (b) understand the inter-relatedness of various plant activities and process variables
The objectives are to be achieved by carrying out a plant start-up from cold conditions (i.e. from initial ambient conditions) through a systematic step-by-step procedure and eventually bring the unit to steady-state operating condition. Students must fully understand the process flows, equipment used, design set points, etc and thoroughly familiar with the functioning of the various control loops to carry out this exercise. Refer to the PLANT HANDBOOK for the details.
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This section describes the procedures required to start-up and operate the two distillation towers from cold initial conditions.
3.1
Open fully HC44, PC15, and PC16, and back-pressure the debutanizer to 750 kPag (110 psig) as shown on PI14 with natural gas imported from the compressor interstage drum.
PC16 should be more than 50% open because it is a split range controller. At the same time, open PC18 and PC19
to back-pressure the depropanizer to 1000 kPag (145 psig) as shown on PI17.

PC19 should be more than 50% open because it is a split
range controller.
Observe the pressure changes in the plant. Describe how the back-pressurising of Question 1 debutanizer is achieved. Why is this important?
( 5 marks )
3.2
When both towers are pressurized, complete the following steps: a) Set PC15 at 1240 kPag (180 psig) and PC16 at 1170 kPag (170 psig) in automatic. b) Set PC18 at 1897 kPag (275 psig) and PC19 at 1825 kPag (265 psig) in automatic. c) Completely shut bypass HC44 to stop importing natural gas. d) Commission cooling water to E-230 and E-240 respectively with HC46 and HC72 at 70% opening.
Now both the debutanizer and the depropanizer are pressurized and ready to accept feed. First start-up the debutanizer. 3.3 Start the flow of heavy feed on FC01 to 80 m3/hr (10 MBPSD) and light feed on FC02 to 9.3 m3/hr (1.4 MBPSD) on automatic control. Observe the level in LC14 and status of LSD15 (it should be in "Shutdown" state). Test the function of LSD15 by trying to open the valve HV39 using HS39.
3.4
After the level appears on the tower bottom (as shown by LC14) and LSD15 goes from the "Shutdown" to "Normal" state, try open HV39 again.
Explain the function of LSD15 and HS39 and discuss their importance in plant Question 2 safety. You may assume that Storage Tanks 1 and 2 operate at near atmospheric pressure.
( 5 marks )
3.5
When the level in LC14 reaches 10%, commission steam flow to reboiler E-100 by opening FV15 (i.e. with FC15 in manual) and aim for a minimum bottoms temperature of 165 oC (330 oF) as shown in TI20. When TI20 has reached 165 oC (330 oF), put the controller on automatic with a set point of 8.3 T/hr.
Study the reboiler steam control system. Note that the control valve is on the Question 3 condensate side and not on the steam side of E-100. Discuss how this design works.
( 5 marks )
What is the design steam flow rate? What is it that the controller is not set at the Question 4 design flow at this moment?
( 4 marks )
3.6
Use FC18 to manually control the bottom level by sending the bottoms flow to the off-specification tank until the debutanizer reaches steady-state conditions. As temperature increases (as shown on TI24, TI25), start fans on debutanizer overhead E-110 one at a time to maintain D-100 pressure at slightly above the set point of 1170 kPag (170.0 psig) and at a temperature of 55 oC (130 oF) at TI26.
3.7
What would be the effect on plant operation is too many or not enough fin-fans are Question 5 started?
( 4 marks ) NOTE: Since the plant contains non-condensables at a cold start-up, ensure they are purged from the plant. Running the reflux drum slightly above the setpoint keeps a constant purge to remove non-condensables.
Why Question must non-condensables be removed from the plant? What is their effects on 6 separation if they are not removed?
( 4 marks )
3.8
When the level appears (say at about 10-15%) in the reflux drum D-100 (LC16), start the debutanizer reflux pump (P-62 or P-63) and commission a small amount of reflux flow (FC19 in automatic with a set point of 70 m3/ hr or 10.6 MBPSD) to the debutanizer.
3.9
Use FC01 (in manual) to gradually increase the amount of heavy feed to the debutanizer and simultaneously increase the steam flow (FC15) in the reboiler. Watch the debutanizer level (LC14) and adjust FC18 accordingly. Watch the pressures in the tower (PI14, PC15) and reflux drum (PC16) and the temperature of the overhead condensed vapours (TI26). Adjust the fans on E-110 as necessary.
HC41 is used to open HV41 to flare. Under what conditions would HC41 be used? Question 7
( 3 marks )
3.10
As the level increases in the D-100 reflux drum (LC16), continue to send most of the overhead products back to the debutanizer. Do this to get the debutanizer running at about 60% of its design rated values (refer to Table 2 in the manual) before commissioning the depropanizer.
Why is it that the debutanizer is operated under total reflux at this moment?
( 3 marks )
3.11
Put the reflux flow FC19 in cascade and set AC12 in automatic with a set point of 1.0%.
3.12
When TC10 reaches 170 oC (340 oF) put FC15, the steam flow controller in cascade and the temperature controller TC10 in automatic. Give TC10 a set point of 163 oC (325 oC). Continue to increase the heavy feed with FC01.
3.13
Put LC14, the debutanizer tower bottoms level controller, in automatic at 50% set point and FC17 in cascade. Use FC18 to slowly stop the flow to the off-specification tank.
NOTE: At about 330 m3/hr (50 MBPSD) of heavy feed to the debutanizer, commission the depropanizer and simultaneously watch the debutanizer as you slowly steady it out.
3.14
As the level on D-100 reaches 50%, put LC16 in automatic with a setpoint of 50%. At the same time, commission the depropanizer feed pump, P-68 or P-69 and put the FC20 controller in cascade.
What is the function of E-250? Calculate its design LMTD. Show your calculations.
( 5 marks )
3.15
Set a flow of 149 m3/hr (22.5 MBPSD) on FC28 in automatic. This amount is the minimum flow spillback on P-68 or P-69.
Trace the minimum spillback flow on the P&ID. Why is minimum flow spillback required?
( 4 marks )
3.16
As the level increases on the depropanizer bottom (LC20) commission the reboiler by setting FC21 in automatic with a set point of 2.3 T/hr (5 Mlb/hr). Gradually increase the FC21 set point to 10 T/hr (22 Mlb/ hr). Maintain depropanizer level at 50% with LC20 in automatic and FC22 in cascade.
What is the function of ESD15?

( 3 marks )
3.17
Start at least one fan on E-210, the depropanizer overhead condenser.

NOTE: Depending on the flow rate of feed to the depropanizer and steam flow in the E-220 reboiler, you may need more than one fan to minimise the pressure overshoot on the depropanizer.
When the depropanizer temperature TC11 reached 90 oC (194 oF), put TC11 in automatic with set point 109 oC (228 oF) and FC21 in cascade.
What is pressure overshoot? What is the effect on offgas from D-200 and separation efficiency in T-200?
( 5 marks )
3.18
When level shows up in reflux drum D-200 (LC21 at 1015%), commission the depropanizer reflux pump P-66 or P-67 and set a reflux flow on FC23 in automatic with a set point of 50 m3/hr (7.6 MBPSD). Gradually raise the pressure, temperature, and reflux flow to the depropanizer by turning on adjusting fans on the overhead condenser E-210 to hold the D-200 pressure at 1825 kPag (265 psig) and temperature at 51 oC (129.4 oC) at TI36. Hence bring up the depropanizer in a manner similar to the debutanizer.
NOTE: Since T-200 was also initialised at cold start under a blanket of non-condensables, it is also essential to purge the non?condensables from the plant. Do not turn on all the fans to keep the pressure of D-200 slightly greater than the setpoint of PC19 (about 5 psi) until design conditions are approached. This action causes PC19 to keep a constant purge of non-condensables.
3.19
3.20
When the plant is operating close to design conditions, you can put all controllers into automatic or cascade, with set points according to their respective design values (see Table 2). Monitor all process variables to make sure that steadystate operation is attained. Record the steady-state data using the Datasheet.
3.21
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Dynamic Simulation - Appendix
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Practical: Gas Absorption
PRACTICAL: GAS ABSORPTION USING PACKED COLUMN Note: This is the old procedure for a pilot plant that is already scrapped. Please consult your lecturer on the manual for the new pilot plant.
(i) To operate a gas absorption unit using the system CO2-air-water (ii) To calculate (a) overall mass transfer coefficient (b) number of overall transfer units (c) height of a transfer unit
A CO2-air mixture flows up a packed column where it comes in continuous contact with water travelling downward. Mass transfer takes place over the packing in the column whereby some of the CO2 is absorbed into the water. A fixed water level is maintained in the column by adjusting the water outlet valve at the bottom of the column. Unabsorbed CO2 leaves the column together with the air, which is assumed not absorbed. The concentrations of CO2 in the exiting gas and liquid streams are determined using titration method. 2 chemicals are used: Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Hydrochloric Acid (HCl). Refer to the Plant P&ID. ( Diameter of packed column = 80 mm l.D. ) For dilute CO2-air mixtures, the number of overall transfer unit is given by:
The height of an overall transfer unit is given by:
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The total height of packing z is related to NOG and HOG as follows:
z = NOG x HOG
Nomenclature y = CO2 concentration in the gas phase, mole fraction x = CO2 concentration in the liquid phase, mole fraction y* = equilibrium CO2 concentration in the gas phase, mole fraction G = total molar gas velocity, mole/m2.s KYa = overall mass transfer coefficient in gas phase, mole/[m3.s.(mole fraction)] z = 1.0 m [ Back on Top ]
3.1
Refer to Figure 2. Trace all lines and locate the packed column, rotameters for air, water and CO2, pressure indicators, manometer, valves V1 - V10, air and water supply lines, CO2 gas cylinder, gas outlet line, gas bubbler. Note the mark indicating the desired water level on the lower section of the glass column. Before you start operating the gas absorption unit prepare two suitable containers (e.g. using 1000-ml beakers) each containing with 400 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solution.
3.2
Check that valves V1, V2, V3, V4 are closed. Check that valves V5, V6, V7, V8 are open. IMPORTANT: Ensure that valve V10 is closed.
3.3
Check that there is air supply to the plant. If not, request the technician to turn on the air compressor. Slowly open water rotameter valve V2 to a reading of 0.5 Iitre/min. Slowly open air rotameter valve V1 to reading of 10. Adjust the regulator if necessary to obtain an air pressure of 20 psig. Do not adjust the air regulator after it is set at 20 psig. Observe water flowing down the packed column. Record the appearance of the packing. Slowly adjust valve V8 until the water level in the lower section of the glass column stays constant at the mark indicated. Open valve V9 on the CO2 cylinder, and set the CO2 pressure to 10 psig by adjusting the regulator on the cylinder. Crack open the CO2 rotameter valve V4 if necessary. Slowly adjust the CO2 rotameter valve V4 to a flowrate of 4 litre/min. Check that water level is constant at the indicated mark. Adjust V8 if necessary. Allow about 5 minutes for the CO2 to establish itself in the packed column. Bring the beaker containing 400 ml of the NaOH solution prepared in step (3.1) to the gas outlet line and immerse the gas bubbler tube into the solution. Immediately start the stopwatch. Use aluminium foil to suitably cover the beaker to prevent splashing of the contents. At the end of 15 minutes, stop the stopwatch, remove the beaker from the bubbler tube and label the beaker.
3.4 3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9 3.10
3.11 3.12
3.13
Open valve V3, flush the line briefly, then collect about 150 ml of the bottom solution in a clean, dry beaker. Close V3. Label the beaker. Close valve V4 to shut off the CO2 supply. Repeat steps (3.9) to (3.14) using another CO2 flowrate of 8 litre/min.
3.14 3.15
3.16
At the end of the 2 runs, make sure that you close (i) valve V4 (ii) CO2 cylinder valve (iii) valves V5, V6, V1 on the air line (iv) valves V7, V2 on the water line Open valve V8 fully to drain the packed column.
3.17
Using clean and separate pipettes, take a 50 ml sample from each of the solutions collected in steps (3.12) and (3.13). Transfer the samples to separate, clean conical flasks. Titrate samples from step (3.12) with 0.1 M HCI using 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein as indicator. Record the volume of HCI used at neutralisation point. Titrate samples from step (3.13) with 0.01 M NaOH, using 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein as indicator. Record the volume of NaOH used at neutralisation point. Wash and dry all used glasswares and return them to the shelf.
3.18
3.19
3.20
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4.1
Obtain the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for CO2 from the laboratory Technical Support Officer (TSO). Describe the health hazard of CO2. Obtain the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for HCl from the laboratory Technical Support Officer (TSO). Describe the emergency first aid procedures for exposure to HCl.
4.2
4.3
Obtain the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for NaOH from the laboratory Technical Support Officer (TSO). Describe the procedures for containment of spillage and disposal of waste NaOH. Why is the start-up carried out in the sequence indicated: i.e. introduce the water first before the gas ? What is the principle behind separation by absorption? Review Henry's Law for the CO2 -water system given in Table 1. What is the significance of Henry's Law Constant? What conclusions can you derive regarding the solubility of CO2 in water? Justify your answer. Write down the chemical equations for the reactions involved in steps (3.12), (3.18), (3.19).
4.4
4.5 4.6
4.7
4.8
How does packings improve the mass transfer efficiency of the separation process ? Why is it important to maintain water level in the column ? What is the function of the manometer ?
4.9 4.10
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NOTE: Henry's Law ; p = H x where p = partial pressure of the CO2 in the gas phase, atm x = mole fraction of the CO2 in the liquid phase H = Henry's Law constant, atm/mole fraction
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5.1
Refer to Figure 1. Calculate the values of G, x, y at both ends of the absorption column for each run. Calculate y2 from a CO2 material balance around the column using experimental values of y1 and x1. Compare this value with that calculated from step (3.18). Explain the difference. Calculate the corresponding equilibrium concentration y* using Henry's Law for dilute solutions of CO2 in water. (Table 1 gives some values of the Henry's Law constant for CO2-water solutions)
5.2
5.3
5.4 5.5
Calculate NOG , HOG and KYa for each run. Tabulate all the calculated values and discuss the differences and trends observed. Briefly discuss any recommendations in the plant set-up that can be made to improve the experimental results.
5.6
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Guidelines for Formal Report
Guidelines for Assessment Criteria for the Practical - Formal Report
1. Practical Class Assessment
a. Understanding experimental procedures in achieving experiment objectives Students should be able to explain key concepts clearly and demonstrate understanding of the underlying principles in achieving the experimental objective(s) Students should be able to summarize and explain the procedures concisely, NOT by presenting line-by-line instructions as in the manual Students should be able to identify all the of raw data to be collected, preferably with pre-designed data sheet Students may NOT be permitted to carry out the experiment if the lecturer is not satisfied that students have adequately prepared themselves for the experiment
b. Trace lines and identify equipment
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Students should be able to correctly locate and identify the equipment, instruments, etc used in the pilot plant and explain its function Line tracing should be carried out sequentially, e.g. first starting with process lines (e.g. feed line to column, followed by overhead vapour line, then bottoms liquid line), then proceeding to utility lines (e.g. steam, compressed air, water). This is necessary so that proper isolation can be carried out in the event of an emergency For experiment(s) requiring assembly, familiarity can be demonstrated by correctly putting together the various parts of the experimental setup
c. List and explain safety precautions in the procedures Students should be able to explain what are some of the safety precautions already "built-in" into the procedures, i.e. some procedures had been written in such a way that the plant is safe to operate, and deviation from such procedures could potentially create a hazardous situation Also included in this section are the emergency procedures to be undertaken in the event of plant upset, e.g. breakage, leakage, or fire
d. Work practice Safety requirements are clearly spelt out in the Safety Manual and should be strictly adhered to This will be based on the lecturer's observation of students attire, use of proper personal protective equipment (PPEs) when operating the plant, attitude during the conduct of the practical Marks may be deducted for improper conduct and behaviour, e.g. leaving the laboratory without proper notification, leaving the pilot plant unattended, failure to comply with safety regulations, etc
Also included in this section is punctuality for practical class, and any lateness should be satisfactorily explained to the lecturer. Failure to do so will result in marks being deducted Students should ensured that all equipment are properly shutdown at the end of the experiment unless otherwise instructed
e. Answer questions in the manual Students should attempt to answer all the questions posed in the manual before the practical class Student should submit a written copy of their answers to the lecturer during the practical and the lecturer shall mark them and return to the students during the experiment for amendments or at the end of the experiment or during the post-experiment de-brief session
f. Data collection (Tables, Graphs, Sample Calculations - if applicable) During the de-brief session, students should present a neatly prepared table of results summarizing all the raw data collected during the experiment. Proper units of measurements and correct descriptions should be shown for all raw data collected The lecturer may require students to show him/her some raw data collected during the experiment. This is to help verify that correct data had been taken, and if necessary, the lecturer may requires that students repeat the experiment for another collection Where required, students should show sample calculations, e.g. converting density measurement using S.G. bottle into mole fraction ethanol Graphs may have to be plotted where required, and proper labeling of the axis is required
g. Discussion of raw data obtained Students should present their findings and observation to the lecturer during the de-brief session Students should discuss if the raw data collected are meaningful, and explain why each data is collected and what they intend to do with the data Explanations should include the relevant theory, equations, etc where applicable Any discrepancy identified should be fully explained, e.g. because of experimental errors, and sources of such errors shall be correctly identified [ Back on Top ] 2. Report Assessment
a. Summary Students should produce an Executive Summary for all formal reports submitted. The summary shall not be more than 1-page long Things to include in the summary: objective(s), major findings (analysis of results, interpretations, discussions), conclusions on whether the experimental objectives had been met or otherwise
b. Results (Tables, Graphs) All raw data, and calculated results should be neatly presented with proper tables and graphs. Entries in the table must have proper units of measurement and descriptions. Graphs must be clearly labeled
Raw data collected during the experiment are to be attached as Appendix
c. Sample calculations Students need to show one set of sample calculations for the information presented in their table of results Sample calculations should include the proper units and dimensions, consistent with those used in the table of results
d. Analysis and discussion of results Students should verify the results obtained against the relevant theory, concepts, etc. Students should identify any trends in the results obtained (e.g. when the flowrate increases, the quantity of acid required also increases), and explain if such trends observed is correct, citing the relevant theory or concepts If the results appears to be in error, proper explanations should be offered why students think that they are wrong, and offers interpretations on what the correct result should be (using applicable theory, concepts, etc), and identify appropriate sources of errors to account for the wrong results Also included in this section are students recommendations for improving the conduct of the experiment and/or improving the accuracy of the data collected [ Back on Top ]
Other instructions for report writing: Report need NOT be type-written, but must be neatly presented Cover page must contain the following information: Module Number and Name, Title of Experiment, Date of Experiment, Name of Group Members (student numbers not necessary) Cover page need NOT be fanciful Due date (or Cut-off date) for report submission will be at the discretion of the lecturer / module coordinator Any reference book(s) used should be clearly identified
NOTE - For the formal report, the following need NOT be included: Experimental procedures Safety precautions Answers to questions in the practical
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Information on Practicals
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Conduct of Practicals
Preparation for the Practical Students should prepare themselves before attending any practical session by reading up the relevant lecture materials (and carry out other research on their own if necessary) to familiarise themselves with the terminology, concept and sample calculations required (if any) for the practical.
Familiarisation with the Pilot Plant Students are encouraged to "tour" the laboratory a few days before the scheduled practical for a "site survey" to trace all the lines and identify all the equipment and instruments used in the pilot plant. By line tracing it is meant that a student should follow the line through from where it originates till where it ends. Any equipment and instruments located along the line should be duly noted and compared against the flow diagram given in the manual.
Report Writing for Practicals
Requirements and Assessment for Reports Students working in group are required to submit the various reports, classified as "DATASHEET" or "FORMAL REPORT". The assessment criteria and assessment sheet used for each experiment is different. This will be elaborated by your lecturer during the Laboratory Briefing Session. It is therefore essential that you be present during the briefing session.
IMPORTANT:
Use the correct assessment sheet for each practical.
Remember to read up the Guidelines for writing Formal Report.

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Information on Practicals
Chemicals and Other Hazards: Students are to adhere strictly to the precautions and handling procedures spelt out in the Safety Manual when carrying out the experiments. Chemicals required for the practicals in this module are Ethanol, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Hydroxide. Sample Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are available from the laboratory Technical Support Officer (TSO). Other hazards include steam, eletricity and compressed air.
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Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) Simple (Differential) Distillation Flash Distillation Continuous Distillation Batch Distillation
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Distillation Quiz No. 1
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Welcome to the QUIZ Section:
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Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) Simple (Differential) Distillation Flash Distillation Continuous Distillation Batch Distillation
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Semestral Examinations
Welcome to the PAST YEAR EXAMINATIONS QUESTIONS section:
Here you will find the following Semestral Examination papers: Brief Descriptions Semester 1, Academic Year 1997 / 1998 Semester 2, Academic Year 1997 / 1998 Semester 1, Academic Year 1998 / 1999 Semester 2, Academic Year 1998 / 1999 Semester 1, Academic Year 1999 / 2000 Semester 2, Academic Year 1999 / 2000 Semester 1, Academic Year 2000 / 2001
No.
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Semestral Examinations
Semester 2, Academic Year 2000 / 2001 Semester 1, Academic Year 2001 / 2002
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Sem 1, Acad Year 1997/1998 Sem 2, Acad Year 1997/1998 Sem 1, Acad Year 1998/1999 Sem 2, Acad Year 1998/1999 Sem 1, Acad Year 1999/2000 Sem 2, Acad Year 1999/2000 Sem 1, Acad Year 2000/2001 Sem 2, Acad Year 2000/2001 Sem 1, Acad Year 2001/2002 Sem 2, Acad Year 2001/2002
Effective Semester 1, Academic Year 2001/2002, the Examination format has been revised to the following:
Format of the Examinations:
The Examination consists of 17 questions: Section A: 10 Multiple Choice Questions - 20 marks Section B: 5 Short Questions - 40 marks Section C: 2 Long Questions - 40 marks Duration of paper = 2 hours
The previous Examination format was: Section A: 10 Multiple Choice Questions - 30 marks Section B: 30 marks Section C: 40 marks
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Sem 1 AY97/98 Menu
Answer ALL questions
Section B
Question 11:
Descriptive - Simple Distillation: Txy changes

Question 12:
Descriptive - Tray Column vs. Packed Column

Question 13:
Packed Column - Diameter calculation Section C

Question 14:
Continuous distillation problem: McCabe-Thiele Method

Question 15:
One component diffusing in liquid - derivation & application
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Sem 1 AY97/98 Section B
Semester 1, Academic Year 1997/1998 Section B

Question 11
With the aid of appropriate diagram(s), describe the unsteady-state changes in temperature and concentration of the more volatile component in both the vapour phase and the liquid phase in a two-component simple distillation process.
( 10 marks )
Question 12
Briefly discuss 5 factors that favour the use of tray columns and 5 factors that favour the use of packed columns in unit operations.
( 10 marks )
Question 13
A packed tower is to be designed for the removal of benzene from a benzene-nitrogen gas mixture (average MW = 30.5) by counter-current absorption with liquid hydrocarbon. The operation is to be carried out at 298 K and 1.1 x 105 N/m2 (abs). The inlet gas mixture flow rate is 1.50 m3/s and contains 5 mole% benzene. The liquid hydrocarbon flow rate is 4.0 kg/s. It has a density and viscosity of 800 kg/m3 and 0.0023 kg/m.s respectively. 3-inch ceramic Raschig rings will be used as the packings and the tower diameter will be such that it will produce a gas pressure drop of 400 (N/m2) / m for wetted packing condition. Calculate the tower diameter to be used. Additional information: Packings data (see Table 6.34 on pp.196-199, R.E. Treybal) Pressure drop chart (see Figure 6.34 on pp.195, R.E. Treybal) R = 8314 Pa.m3/kg-mole.K
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G' and L' are measured in kg/m2.s rG and rL are measured in kg/m3 mL is measured in kg/m.s
( 10 marks )
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Sem 1 AY97/98 Section C
Semester 1, Academic Year 1997/1998 Section C

Question 14
A saturated liquid feed at a flow rate of 200 mole/hr containing 42 mole% heptane and 58 mole% ethyl benzene is to be separated at 101.32 kPa (abs) using continuous distillation to produce a distillate containing 97.0 mole% heptane and a bottoms containing 1.1 mole% heptane. The reflux ratio to be used is 2.5:1. Use the McCabe-Thiele method to determine the followings: (a) the molar flow rates of distillate and bottoms (b) the number of theoretical plates required for the separation (c) the feed plate location (d) the minimum reflux ratio
( 20 marks )
Equilibrium data for heptane-ethyl benzene system at 101.32 kPa are given below (in mole fractions heptane) :
Question 15
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The solute HCl (component-A, MW = 36.5) is diffusing through a thin film of water (component-B, MW = 18.0) at 298 K from point 1 to point 2. The film thickness is 2.0 mm. The concentration of HCl at point 1 is 12.0 wt% HCl (density = 1060.7 kg/m3), and the concentration of HCl at point 2 is 6.0 wt% HCl (density = 1030.3 kg/m3). The diffusion coefficient of HCl in water DAB is 2.5 x 10-9 m2/s. You are given the following equation:
where NA = flux of component-A (kg-mole/m2.s) NB = flux of component-B (kg-mole/m2.s) CA = concentration of component-A (kg-mole/m3) C = total concentration (kg-mole/m3) Assuming steady-state condition and that water is non-diffusing, show that
( 12 marks )
Hence calculate the flux of HCl in kg-mole/m2.s.

( 8 marks )
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Sem 2 AY97/98 Menu
Section B
Question 11:
VLE - Raoult's Law, calculation of x, y of MVC

Question 12:
Descriptive - Tray components, operating principle of valve tray

Question 13:
Concepts - mole ratio, derivation of gas absorption operatng line Section C

Question 14:
Continuous distillation - mass flowrates, number of theoretical trays

Question 15:
Application of Two-film theory, mass transfer equation
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Question 11
The vapour pressures of pure benzene (C6H6 , MW = 78) and pure toluene (C6H5CH3 , MW = 92) at temperature 358.2 K and total pressure 101.32 kPa are 116.9 kPa and 46.0 kPa respectively. The two components are mixed to form an ideal solution. Determine the equilibrium mole fractions of benzene in both the vapour phase and the liquid phase.
( 10 marks )
Question 12
Part (a) Sketch a simple sieve tray and label the following components: weir, bubbling area and downcomer. Indicate on your sketch the directions of vapour and liquid flows.
( 5 marks )
Part (b) With the aid of a sketch, briefly describe the operation of a valve tray in response to varying vapour flowrate.
( 5 marks )
Question 13
Part (a) A 4-component equilibrium system at temperature T and pressure P is shown below.
where: A = inert gas 1 B = inert gas 2 C = solute D = non-volatile liquid Define mole ratio of solute in the vapour phase (Y) and in the liquid phase (X).
( 4 marks )
Part (b) A schematic gas absorption system is shown below.
Derive the operating line equation using mole ratios and explain why it is a straight line on X-Y coordinates.
( 6 marks )
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Question 14
A continuous distillation column is to be designed to separate 30,000 lb/hr of a mixture of 40 wt% benzene (C6H6 , MW = 78) and 60 wt% toluene (C6H5CH3 , MW = 92) into an overhead product containing 97 wt % benzene and a bottom product containing 98 wt% toluene. A reflux ratio of 3.5 is to be used. The feed is a mixture of two-thirds vapour and one-third liquid. (a) Determine the mole fraction of benzene in the feed (xF), overhead product (xD), and bottom product (xB).
( 3 marks )
(b) Determine the overhead product rate (D), and the bottom product rate (B), in lb-moles/hr.
( 6 marks )
(c) Determine the number of theoretical plates required.

( 11 marks )
Equilibrium data for benzene-toluene system at atmospheric pressure are given below:
Question 15
H2S (component A) is being absorbed from an air-H2S mixture using water flowing counter-currently in a gas absorption column. The column is operating at a temperature of 30oC and a total pressure of 1.50 atm (abs). At a given point P in the column, the mole fraction of H2S in the liquid at the gas-liquid interface is 2.0 x 10-5 and the partial pressure of H2S in the bulk gas phase is 0.05 atm. The mass transfer coefficient in the gas phase kC is 9.567 x 10-4 kg-mole/(m2.s.kg-mole.m-3). The equilibrium relationship for the system can be described by Henry's Law as pA = 609 xA where pA is measured in atm and xA is the mole fraction of A in the liquid. Given R = 82.057 x 10-3 (m3.atm)/(kg-mole.K), determine the rate of absorption of H2S at point P in kgmole/(m2.s) using the following mass transfer equation:
where CA is concentration of A in kg-mole/m3.

( 20 marks )
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Sem 1 AY98/99 Menu
Section B
Question 11:
VLE - relative volatility, more volatile component

Question 12:
Descriptive - Tray comparisons: Sieve, Valve & Bubble-Cap

Question 13:
Molecular diffusion problem - Fick's Law, equimolar counter-diffusion Section C

Question 14:
Continuous distillation problem - unknown reflux ratio

Question 15:
Gas absorption problem - tray column, non-dilute solutions, fund number of actual trays
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Sem 1 AY98/99 Menu
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Question 11
Part (a) A binary mixture consists of 2 components A (more volatile) and B (less volatile). Explain what is meant by the term relative volatility for the mixture and discuss its significance.
( 5 marks )
Part (b) Vapour-liquid equilibrium data for 2 components M and N are presented below in mole fractions of component-M in vapour (y) and liquid (x) respectively :
Identify which is the more volatile component. Justify your answer.

( 5 marks )
Question 12
Compare and contrast the characteristics of sieve tray, valve tray and bubble-cap tray using the following criteria: operating range, pressure drop, ease of maintenance, and cost.
( 10 marks )
Question 13
Part (a) State Fick's Law for molecular diffusion for a stationary mixture of 2 components (A and B) at constant pressure and temperature. Explain the terms used and show the appropriate units.
( 4 marks )
Part (b) Using Fick's Law stated in part (a), show that for an ideal gas mixture of 2 components (A and B), equimolar counter-diffusion holds.
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Question 14
A liquid mixture of benzene-toluene is to be continuously separated in a distillation column operating at 101.3 kPa. The feed flow rate is 100 kg-mole/hr and enters the column at its bubble point. It contains 45 mole% benzene and 55 mole% toluene. A distillate containing 95 mole% benzene and a bottoms containing not more than 10 mole% benzene are to be obtained. The reflux ratio used is 2 times the minimum reflux ratio Rmin . Determine: (a) Distillate and bottoms flow rates in kg-mole/hr
( 6 marks )
(b) Minimum reflux ratio Rmin

( 7 marks )
(c) Number of theoretical trays needed

( 7 marks )
Equilibrium curve for benzene-toluene system at 101.3 kPa is given below:
Question 15
A counter-current gas absorption column is to be designed to absorb SO2 from an air-SO2 mixture using pure water at 293 K. The column is to be operated at 293 K and 101.3 kPa. Laboratory analysis showed that the gas entering the column contains 20 mole% SO2 and environmental regulations require that the gas leaving the column contains no more than 2 mole% SO2. The inert air (MW = 29) flow rate is 150 kg air/m2.hr, and the entering pure water (MW = 18) flow rate is 6000 kg water/m2.hr. If the overall tray efficiency is 25%, determine the actual number of trays required for the separation.
( 20 marks )
Equilibrium data for SO2-water system at 101.3 kPa are given below:
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Sem 2 AY98/99 Menu
Section B
Question 11:
VLE - relative volatility, more volatile component

Question 12:
McCabe-Thiele assumptions, ideal vs. actual trays

Question 13:
Descriptive - packings & characteristics Section C

Question 14:

Question 15:
Molecular diffusion in liquid: one component diffusing in another stagnant component
Sem 2 AY98/99 Menu
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Question 11
Part (a) Define the term "relative volatility" and explain its significance in distillation.
( 3 marks )
Part (b) The equilibrium vapour pressure data for the hexane-octane at 1 atm (101.32 kPa) are given in the table shown below.
Determine the average relative volatility for the system and discuss if the above mixture can be effectively separated by distillation under 1 atm.
( 7 marks )
Question 12
(a) State 4 assumptions employed in the McCabe-Thiele Method for column design.
( 4 marks )
(b) Briefly explain what is meant by an "ideal tray".

( 2 marks )
(c) Define the term "overall efficiency" and briefly explain why it is required in column design.
( 4 marks )
Question 13
(a) Name 2 types of commercially available packing.

( 2 marks )
(b) Briefly discuss 4 desirable characteristics of packing.

( 8 marks )
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Question 14
A column is to be designed to separate acetone-methanol mixture at 1 atm. The feed contains 40 mole% acetone and 60 mole% methanol, and it enters the column as a mixture of 30% liquid and 70% vapour. The mixture is to be separated into 2 product streams: one with a composition of 5 mole% acetone and 95 mole % methanol, and the other 70 mole% acetone and 30 mole% methanol. (a) Identify which is the more volatile component and justify your answer.
( 3 marks )
(b) Determine the minimum reflux ratio required for the separation.
( 10 marks )
(c) Determine the number of theoretical trays required for the separation if a reflux ratio 2.2 times the minimum is to be used.
( 7 marks )
Equilibrium data for acetone-methanol at 1 atm are given below:
Question 15
Part (a) With the aid of appropriate diagram, explain the concept of Two-Film Theory in diffusional mass transfer.
( 6 marks )
Part (b) State 4 assumptions of the Two-Film Theory.

( 4 marks )
Part (c) An ethanol-water solution in the form of a stagnant film 2.0 mm thick at 293 K is in contact with an organic solvent in which ethanol is soluble and water is not. Hence, ethanol is diffusing through the solution into the solvent. At point 1 in the solution the concentration of ethanol is 16.8 wt% and the solution density is 972.8 kg/m3. At point 2 the concentration of ethanol is 6.8 wt% and 988.1 kg/m3. The diffusivity of ethanol in water DAB is 0.740 x 10-9 m2/s at 293 K. Also given MW of ethanol = 46, MW of water = 18. Determine the steady-state flux NA (in kg-mole/m2.s) between point 1 and point 2 using the following equation:
where: Cave is the average concentration of A in the solution (kg-mole/m3) Cave = ( C1 + C2 ) / 2 ; C1 is the concentration of A in point 1 and C2 is the concentration of A in point 2 xA1 is the mole fraction of A in point 1 xA2 is the mole fraction of A in point 2
( 10 marks )
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Sem 1 AY99/00 Menu
Section B
Question 11:
Flash Distillation - Fraction of feed vapourised

Question 12:
VLE - definition of relative volatility, derivation of equation

Question 13:
Descriptive - Diffusion of One Component, Solvent Selection for Gas Absorption Section C
Question 14:
Gas absorption - HETP, method of transfer units

Question 15:
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Question 11
A liquid mixture containing 60 mole% acetone and 40 mole% water at 26.7 oC (80 oF) is to be separated by flash distillation under 1 atm pressure. It is desired that the concentration of acetone remaining in the liquid product after distillation is not more than 30 mole%. (a) Determine the fraction of feed that needs to be vapourised.
( 8 marks )
(b) Determine the concentration of acetone in the vapour product.

( 2 marks )
Equilibrium data for acetone-water system at 1 atm pressure:
Question 12
A liquid mixture consists of 2 components: A (more volatile) and B (less volatile). The volatilities of A and B are defined as pA/xA and pB/xB respectively; where p is the partial pressure and x is the mole fraction in the liquid. (a) Explain what is meant by the relative volatility of A to B and discuss its significance.
( 4 marks )
(b) Show that the equilibrium vapour phase composition for a mixture of A and B of relative volatility is given by the following equation:
( 6 marks )
Question 13
(a) Explain with the aid of a suitable example and appropriate diagram what you understand by "diffusion of one component in another stagnant or non-diffusing component".
( 6 marks )
(b) Briefly discuss 4 factors to be considered when selecting a solvent for gas absorption operation.
( 4 marks )
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Question 14
Part (a) Explain what is meant by HETP and briefly discuss its significance.
( 4 marks )
Part (b) Briefly explain the significance of the terms NTU and HTU.
( 4 marks )
Part (c) A gas mixture containing 0.02 mole fraction of solute S at the inlet (and the rest inerts) is subjected to countercurrent absorption with water in a packed tower. The outlet concentration of the solute is to be 1% of the inlet value. The total inlet gas mass flux is 1.5 kg/m2.s (MW = 29) and the total inlet liquid mass flux (pure water) is 2.0 kg/m2. s (MW = 18.0). The system can be considered as dilute. The equilibrium condition can be described by Henry's Law and is given as y = 1.75 x, where y and x are the mole fractions of solute S in the vapour and liquid respectively. Calculate the number of transfer units (NOG) required for the separation using the equations below.
( 12 marks )
Question 15
An ethanol-water mixture consisting of 30 mole% ethanol and 70% water is to be separated by continuous distillation. The feed is an equimolar mixture of vapour and liquid, and its flow rate is 2000 kg-mole/hr. The distillate is to contain 80 mole% ethanol and the bottoms not more than 5 mole% ethanol.
(a) Determine the distillate and bottoms flow rates in kg-mole/hr.

( 5 marks )
(b) Determine the minimum reflux ratio.

( 9 marks )
(c) Determine the number of theoretical stages required if a reflux ratio 2 times the minimum is used.
( 6 marks )
Equilibrium curve for ethanol-water system at 1 atm is given below:
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Sem 2 AY99/00 Menu
Section B
Question 11:
VLE - calculate mole fraction, relative volatility & separability

Question 12:
HETP, Ideal tray, non-ideal behaviour of actual trays

Question 13:
Descriptive - Bubble-cap tray vs. sieve tray, packings Section C

Question 14:
Continuous distillation problem - number of theoretical trays

Question 15:
Gas absorption problem - NOG for packed column, minimum liquid rate
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Question 11
A liquid mixture of hexane and octane forms an ideal solution at 101.32 kPa total pressure and 93.3 oC. The vapour pressures of pure hexane and octane at 93.3 oC are 197.3 kPa and 37.1 kPa respectively. (a) Calculate the mole fraction of the more volatile component in liquid (x) and vapour (y).
( 5 marks )
(b) Define the relative volatility for the hexane-octane mixture.

( 2 marks )
(c) Calculate the relative volatility of the mixture and discuss if the mixture can be effectively separated by distillation under 101.32 kPa.
( 3 marks )
Question 12
(a) Explain what is HETP and state its significance.

( 2 marks )
(b) With the aid of an appropriate diagram, explain what is an "ideal tray".
( 4 marks )
(c) Define overall tray efficiency and state 2 factors that contribute to non-ideal behaviour of actual trays.
( 4 marks )
Question 13
(a) Briefly discuss the advantages and disadvantages of sieve tray and bubble-cap tray.
( 6 marks )
(b) Besides packings, name 4 internals typically used in a packed column.

( 4 marks )
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Question 14
A column is to be designed to separate acetone-methanol mixture at 1 atm. The feed contains 40 mole% acetone and 60 mole% methanol, and it enters the column as a mixture of 50% liquid and 50% vapour. The mixture is to be separated into 2 product streams: one with a composition of 5 mole% acetone and 95 mole% methanol, and the other 70 mole% acetone and 30 mole% methanol. (a) Identify the more volatile component and justify your answer.
( 3 marks )
(b) Determine the number of theoretical trays required for the separation if a reflux ratio of 2.5 is used.
( 12 marks )
(c) Discuss qualitatively if it is feasible to produce a mixture of 85 mole% acetone, and if so, state the measures or modifications that are needed in the design of part (b).
( 5 marks )
Equilibrium data for acetone-methanol at 1 atm are given below:
Question 15
A gas mixture containing 2.0 mole% of solute A at the inlet (and the rest inerts) is subjected to counter-current absorption with water in a packed tower. The outlet concentration of the gas is to be 0.1 mole% solute A. The total gas inlet flow rate is 2.0 kg/m2.s (MW = 29) and the inlet pure water flow rate is 2.7 kg/m2.s (MW = 18). The system can be considered as dilute. The equilibrium condition can be described by Henry's Law as y = 1.83 x, where y and x are the mole fraction of solute A in the vapour and liquid respectively. (a) Determine the number of transfer units (NOG) required for the separation. Given:
and
( 12 marks )
(b) Determine the minimum liquid rate (in kg/m2.s) required for the separation.
( 8 marks )
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Sem 1 AY00/01 Menu
Section B
Question 11:
Flash Distillation - Changes in mole fraction vapour & liquid with fraction of feed vapourised
Question 12:
Different feed conditions and q-values; effect of cold feed on vapour and liquid loading
Question 13:
Define relative volatility, calculation. Effect of azeotrope on distillation
Section C
Question 14:
Gas absorption at a point - application of 2-Film Theory and mass transfer equation
Question 15:
Continuous distillation problem - unknown VLE and tray efficiency; different

Sem 1 AY00/01 Menu
relative volatility
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Question 11
With the aid of an appropriate diagram, explain how changes in the fraction of feed vapourised ( f ) in a flash distillation process affects the mole fraction of the more volatile component (MVC) in the vapour and liquid products.
( 8 marks )
Question 12
(a) State the 5 different feed conditions for continuous distillation and identify their respective q-values.
( 5 marks )
(b) For cold liquid feed, with the aid of an appropriate diagram, explain how entry of the feed affects the vapour and liquid flow rates in both the rectifying and stripping sections of the column.
( 7 marks )
Question 13
(a) Define relative volatility and discuss its significance.

( 3 marks )
(b) Vapour-liquid equilibrium data for 2 components K and L are presented below in mole fractions of component-K in vapour (y) and liquid (x) respectively:
Calculate the relative volatility of the more volatile component at temperature T4.
( 3 marks )
(c) Briefly discuss the characteristics of an azeotropic mixture and its impact on distillation.
( 4 marks )
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Question 14
Solute A is being absorbed from a gas mixture using water flowing counter-currently in a gas absorption column. The column is operating at a temperature of 30oC and a total pressure of 1.50 atm (abs). At a given point P in the absorption column, the mole fraction of solute A in the liquid at the gasliquid interface is 2.4 x 10-5 and the partial pressure of solute A in the bulk gas phase is 0.07 atm. The film mass transfer coefficient in the gas phase kC is 9.567 x 10-4 kg-mole/(m2.s.kg-mole.m3).
The equilibrium solubility relationship for the system can be described by Henry's Law as pA = 707 xA where pA is the partial pressure of A measured in atm and xA is the mole fraction of A in the liquid. Given R = 82.057 x 10-3 (m3.atm)/(kg-mole.K), determine the rate of absorption of solute A at point P in kg-mole/(m2.s) using the following mass transfer equation:
where CA is concentration of A in kg-mole/m3.

( 20 marks )
Question 15
An ideal solution mixture is made up of 2 components: component A the more volatile
component (MVC) and component B the less volatile component (LVC). The mixture has a constant relative volatility of 3.2 and it is to be separated by continuous distillation. The feed consists of 30 mole% MVC and enters the column as saturated liquid. The distillate is to contain 85 mole% MVC and the bottoms not more than 10 mole% MVC. The reflux ratio to be used is 3.0. (a) Determine the appropriate vapour-liquid equilibrium data and plot the equilibrium curve. Clearly label the axes.
( 7 marks )
(b) Using the equilibrium curve of (a), determine graphically the number of theoretical trays required for the separation.
( 8 marks )
(c) Determine the actual number of trays to be used if the tray efficiency is 80%.
( 2 marks )
(d) How would the number of theoretical trays required be different from (b) if another mixture with a constant relative volatility of 2.0 is to be separated? Discuss qualitatively.
( 3 marks )
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Sem 2 AY00/01 Menu
Section B
Question 11:
Analysis of VLE: Bubble point, relative volatility & azeotropic behaviour

Question 12:
Theory: Ideal tray, tray efficiency & deviation, McCabe-Thiele Method assumptions
Question 13:
Application of 2-Film Theory to a point
Section C
Question 14:
Packed column gas absorption - calculation of NOG, HOG, comparison of effect of KYa
Question 15:
Continuous distillation problem - unknown reflux ratio, optimum feed location
Sem 2 AY00/01 Menu
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Sem 1 AY01/02 Menu
Section B
Question 11:
Simple Distillation - Calculation of amount of distillate

Question 12:
VLE - Calculation of Relative Volatility

Question 13:
Operating principles of valve tray

Question 14:
Diffusion of one component in another non-diffusing component

Question 15:
Types of packings and characteristics of packings
Section C
Question 16:
Gas absorption - calculation of packed height for a specified removal

Sem 1 AY01/02 Menu
Question 17:
Continuous distillation problem - minimum reflux, number of theoretical trays and tray efficiency
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Question 11
A 100 g-mole ethanol-water mixture consisting of 60 wt% ethanol (MW = 46) and 40 wt% water (MW = 18) is subjected to simple distillation. At the end of the process, the residual in the still contains 30 wt% ethanol and the distillate obtained contains 80 wt% ethanol. Calculate the amount of distillate (in g-mole) obtained.
( 8 marks )
Question 12
The equilibrium data for hexane-octane at 1 atm are given in the table below.
Determine the relative volatility for the mixture at 93.3 oC and discuss if the mixture can be effectively separated by distillation under 1 atm.
( 8 marks )
Question 13
With the aid of an appropriate diagram, briefly discuss the characteristics of a valve tray and explain how it operates in response to varying vapour flow rate.
( 8 marks )
Question 14
Oxygen (component-A) is diffusing through a non-diffusing carbon dioxide (component-B) under steady-state conditions. The total pressure is 1 x 105 Pa, and the temperature is 0 oC. The diffusion path is 5.0 mm. The partial pressures of oxygen at the 2 ends of the diffusion path are 12,000 Pa and 5,000 Pa respectively. The diffusivity of the mixture is 1.87 x 10-5 m2/s. Calculate the molar flux of O2 in the mixture. Given R = 8314 (m3.Pa)/(kg-mole.K) and the following molar flux equation:
( 8 marks )
Question 15
(a) Name 3 types of commercially available packing.

( 3 marks )
(b) State 5 desirable characteristics of packing.

( 5 marks )
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Question 16
Acetone is to be recovered from an acetone-air mixture by counter-current scrubbing with water in a packed tower. The inlet gas mixture has 6 mole % acetone. The total inlet gas flow rate is 0.8 kg/m2s (MW = 29) and the total inlet pure water flow rate is 1.0 kg/ m2s (MW = 18). The overall mass transfer coefficient KYa may be taken as 0.0164 kg-mole/(m3.s.mole fraction). The equilibrium solubility relationship for the system can be described by Henry's Law as y = 1.23 x. What should be the height of the tower to remove 90% of the entering acetone
( 20 marks )
The following equations may be used: (subscript '1' refers to conditions at the bottom of the tower, and subscript '2' refers to conditions at the top of the tower; the other symbols have their usual meanings)
Question 17
An equimolar mixture of benzene and toluene is to be separated using continuous distillation into a top product containing 90 mole% benzene and a bottom product containing 90 mole% toluene. The distillation is to be carried out at atmospheric pressure. The total feed flow rate is 180 g-mole/hr and its q-value is 1.5. Determine the following: (a) The molar flow rates of distillate and bottoms products.
( 5 marks )
(b) The minimum reflux ratio.

( 7 marks )
(c) The number of theoretical trays required if a reflux of 1.5 times the minimum is used.
( 6 marks )
(d) The number of actual trays needed if the overall tray efficiency is 0.85.
( 2 marks )
Equilibrium data for benzene-toluene system at atmospheric pressure are given below:
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Solvent Extraction Pilot Plant: A Digital Library
Plant Overview
Main Column - Sieve
Top Liquid Inlet
Pulse Unit
Pulse Unit
Storage Tank
Dosing Pump
Rupture Disk
Air Supply System
Diaphragm Pump
Top Distributor
Local Panel
No Picture
No Picture
No Picture
No Picture
No Picture
No Picture
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Solvent Extraction Pilot Plant: Overview
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Solvent Extraction Pilot Plant: Sieve Column
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Solvent Extraction Pilot Plant: Sieve Trays
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Solvent Extraction Pilot Plant: Pulse Unit
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Solvent Extraction Pilot Plant: Storage Tank
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Solvent Extraction Pilot Plant: Dosing Pump
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Solvent Extraction Pilot Plant: Rupture Disk
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Solvent Extraction Pilot Plant: Diaphragm Pump
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Solvent Extraction Pilot Plant: Control Panel
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Gas Absorption Pilot Plant: A Digital Library
Overview
Pall Rings Column
Raschig Rings Column
Structured Packing
Column Top Pipings
Manometer Connection
Water Feed Tank
Water Feed Pump
Gas Regulators
Air Flowmeter
CO2 Flowmeter
Gas Bubbling System
Thermocouple
Rotameter
Local Panel
Local Panel - Closeup 1
Local Panel - Closeup 2
Graphic Display
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Gas Absorption Pilot Plant: Overview
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Gas Absorption Pilot Plant: Overview
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Gas Absorption Pilot Plant: Manometer Connection
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-Abs/GA_Manometer.htm9/27/2012 6:15:08 PM
Gas Absorption Pilot Plant: Water feed tank
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-Abs/GA_WaterTnk.htm9/27/2012 6:15:10 PM
Gas Absorption Pilot Plant: Water feed pump
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-Abs/GA_WaterPmp.htm9/27/2012 6:15:12 PM
Gas Absorption Pilot Plant: Gas Regulators
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-Abs/GA_Regulators.htm9/27/2012 6:15:13 PM
Gas Absorption Pilot Plant: Air flowmeter
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-Abs/GA_AirFlow.htm9/27/2012 6:15:14 PM
Gas Absorption Pilot Plant: CO2 Flowmeter
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-Abs/GA_CO2Flow.htm9/27/2012 6:15:16 PM
Gas Absorption Pilot Plant: Gas Bubbling System
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-Abs/GA_Bubbling.htm9/27/2012 6:15:17 PM
Gas Absorption Pilot Plant: Thermocouple
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-Abs/GA_TCouple.htm9/27/2012 6:15:19 PM
Gas Absorption Pilot Plant: Rotameter
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-Abs/GA_Rotameter.htm9/27/2012 6:15:20 PM
Gas Absorption Pilot Plant: Local Panel
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-Abs/GA_Panel.htm9/27/2012 6:15:21 PM
Gas Absorption Pilot Plant: Local panel closeup
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-Abs/GA_Panel01.htm9/27/2012 6:15:22 PM
Gas Absorption Pilot Plant: Local panel closeup
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-Abs/GA_Panel02.htm9/27/2012 6:15:23 PM
Gas Absorption Pilot Plant: Graphics Display
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-Abs/GA_Graphics.htm9/27/2012 6:15:25 PM
Crystalliser Pilot Plant: A Digital Library
Plant Overview 1
Plant Overview 2
Crystallisation Chamber
Crystallisation Chamber
Steam Supply System
Steam SafetyDevices
Circulation Pump
Vacuum Pump
Condensate Receiver
Feed Line Manifold
No PIcture
No PIcture
No PIcturer
No PIcture
No PIcture
No PIcture
No PIcture
No PIcture
[ Return to Top ]
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-Crystal/Crystal_Trace.htm9/27/2012 6:15:27 PM
Crystalliser Pilot Plant: Overview 1
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-Crystal/Crys_OView1.htm9/27/2012 6:15:29 PM
Crystalliser Pilot Plant: Overview 2
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-Crystal/Crys_OView2.htm9/27/2012 6:15:31 PM
Crystalliser Pilot Plant: Crystallisation Chamber
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-Crystal/Crys_MChmbr.htm9/27/2012 6:15:33 PM
Crystalliser Pilot Plant: Crystallisation Chamber
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-Crystal/Crys_MChmbr2.htm9/27/2012 6:15:35 PM
Crystalliser Pilot Plant: Steam System
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-Crystal/Crys_StmSys.htm9/27/2012 6:15:36 PM
Crystalliser Pilot Plant: Crystallisation Steam Safety
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-Crystal/Crys_PR-PSV.htm9/27/2012 6:15:37 PM
Crystalliser Pilot Plant: Circulation Pump
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-Crystal/Crys_CircPmp.htm9/27/2012 6:15:39 PM
Crystalliser Pilot Plant: Vacuum Pump
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-Crystal/Crys_VacPmp.htm9/27/2012 6:15:41 PM
Crystalliser Pilot Plant: Condensate Receiver
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-Crystal/Crys_CondPot.htm9/27/2012 6:15:42 PM
Crystalliser Pilot Plant: Crystallisation Feed System
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-Crystal/Crys_FdLine.htm9/27/2012 6:15:44 PM
Pharmaceutical Reactor System: A Digital Library
Reactor Overview
Control Panel
Jacketed Reactor
Stirrer Motor
Solid Feed Port
Overhead Condenser
Separator Tube
Product Tanks
Vacuum Pump
Temperature Control
Thermocouple
Pressure Gauge
Rupture Disk
If you want to use any of the pictures shown here, please email to me.
[ Return to Top ]
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-PhmRx/PRX_Trace.htm9/27/2012 6:15:46 PM
Pharmaceutical Reactor System: Control Panel
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-PhmRx/PRX_CtrlPanel.htm9/27/2012 6:15:47 PM
Pharmaceutical Reactor System: Stirrer
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-PhmRx/PRX_Stirrer.htm9/27/2012 6:15:49 PM
Pharmaceutical Reactor System: Solid Feed Port
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-PhmRx/PRX_SolidFdPort.htm9/27/2012 6:15:50 PM
Pharmaceutical Reactor System: Overhead Condenser
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-PhmRx/PRX_OvhdCond.htm9/27/2012 6:15:52 PM
Pharmaceutical Reactor System: Separator Tube
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-PhmRx/PRX_Separator.htm9/27/2012 6:15:53 PM
Pharmaceutical Reactor System: Product Tanks
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-PhmRx/PRX_ProdTanks.htm9/27/2012 6:15:55 PM
Pharmaceutical Reactor System: Vacuum Pump
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-PhmRx/PRX_VacPump.htm9/27/2012 6:15:56 PM
Pharmaceutical Reactor System: Temperature Control Unit
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-PhmRx/PRX_TempCtrl.htm9/27/2012 6:15:57 PM
Pharmaceutical Reactor System: Thermocouple
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-PhmRx/PRX_Thcouple.htm9/27/2012 6:15:59 PM
Pharmaceutical Reactor System: Pressure Gauge
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-PhmRx/PRX_PressG.htm9/27/2012 6:16:02 PM
Pharmaceutical Reactor System: Rupture Disk
http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-PhmRx/PRX_RupDisk.htm9/27/2012 6:16:06 PM

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Separation Processes Home Page

Welcome to SEPARATION PROCESSES

Separation Processes - What's New

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Copyright 2001, SM Cheah. All Rights Reserved

Separation Processes - Main Menu

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Separation Processes - Main Menu

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Splash Page - VLE & Distillation

Splash Page - Gas Absorption

Splash Page - Extraction

This section is still under construction

The following are some very useful references on separation processes!

Engineering", 5th. Ed., McGraw-Hill, 1993.

Operations", 3rd. Ed., Pergamon Press, 1978.

http://www.separationprocesses.com/Reference.htm (1 of 2)9/27/2012 6:11:58 PM

Chemical Engineers, 1994.

Ed., McGraw-Hill, 1997.

Gulf Publishing Company, 1987.

Books Ltd, 1973.

Unit Operations", 2nd. Ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1980.

Balances", Prentice Hall, 1988. [ Back on Top ]

http://www.separationprocesses.com/Reference.htm (2 of 2)9/27/2012 6:11:58 PM

Splash Page - Adsorption

Splash Page - Membrane Technology

Splash Page - Plant Operation & Monitoring

Welcome to My HomePage on Separation Processes

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Intro Screen ... for Tutorial

Splash Page - Movies

Digital Library Main Menu

A DIGITAL LIBRARY OF PILOT PLANTS

Digital Library Main Menu

http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-Index.htm (2 of 2)9/27/2012 6:12:06 PM

Distillation Pilot Plant: A Digital Library

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Steam Supply Header

Reboiler Steam Pipings

Steam Control Valve

Feed Line Rupture Disk

Overhead Top-Up Pump

Cooling Water System

Click here to go to next page

Bottom Level Transmitter

Bottom Level Control Valve

Bottom Product Tank

Product Transfer Pump

Distillation Pilot Plant: Plant Overview

http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-DPP/DPP_Main.htm (1 of 2)9/27/2012 6:12:10 PM

Distillation Pilot Plant: Plant Overview

http://www.separationprocesses.com/CourseWare/e-Library/e-Lib-DPP/DPP_Main.htm (2 of 2)9/27/2012 6:12:10 PM

Distillation Pilot Plant: Steam Header System

Distillation Pilot Plant: Steam Reboiler

Distillation Pilot Plant: Thermouple with Thermowell

Distillation Pilot Plant: Feed Tank (1 of 2)

Distillation Pilot Plant: Feed Pump

Distillation Pilot Plant: Feed Pre-Heater

Distillation Pilot Plant: Feed Line Rupture Disk

Distillation Pilot Plant: Overhead Top-Up Pump

Distillation Pilot Plant: Cooling Water System

Distillation Pilot Plant: Bottom Level Transmitter