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Abstract— The potentiality of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) requires training samples and a priori information about the
Images for land cover mapping is an important area of research. region like digital elevation map etc. Unsupervised
For Single band, single polarized SAR Image, information is classification of SAR images requires no a priori information
available in the form of Intensity and texture only. Land cover about the image. For segmentation and labeling of classes, the
classification of SAR Images requires exploitation of spatial algorithm extracts information from the image itself. In this
relationship of pixels also, in addition to pixel level segmentation. paper, we present an algorithm for unsupervised classification
SAR image can be segmented successfully if the regions with of SAR images by block based segmentation and contour
homogeneous intensity and texture areas can be identified and tracing. We segment the SAR image into monotone, texture
grouped together. So far, contour tracing has been used only in areas and edges. The monotone and textural regions are also
demarcating sea and land. Identifying contours in a domesticated differentiated according to intensity and textural patterns.
area with a mixture of water, urban and vegetation areas require
MRFs (Markov Random Field) have been used to model image
complex analysis of spatial distribution of pixels. In this paper,
textural features [1]. But the main drawback of MRF
we have presented an unsupervised classification algorithm using
Maximum a posteriori (MAP) segmentation for SAR images in
algorithms is that the fine structures like 1-3 pixel wide line
which SAR image is classified into monotone, texture and edge segments may disappear partially or entirely and region borders
regions. Monotone and textured regions are labeled as land cover are not precisely located. Statistical Image model may not be
types like water, urban and vegetation areas using K-means accurate enough and classes are overlapped in the feature
classification. SAR Image of the region with latitude varying space. This results in some confusion in data classification in
from 77.86º to 77.91º and longitude varying between 29.89 º and homogenous areas as well as at region borders or close to fine
29.85 º of Haridwar region, India is considered for segmentation. structures. Other popular methods for the analysis of image
We have compared the segmented image obtained by this texture are Gray level cooccurence matrix (GLCM) [2], Gabor
methodology with the topographic map of the corresponding wavelets [3], tree structured wavelets [4], wavelet packets [5]
region. The water, urban and vegetation areas are clearly etc. Randen et al [6] compares performance of general texture
recognized with proposed classification approach which analysis schemes. GLCM features were found to be more
represents a very good agreement with the original topographic sensitive to texture boundaries compared to MRF. GLCM
sheet . provided better classification accuracy for optical images [7].
Niedermeier [8] has used wavelet decomposition and contour
Keywords- Unsupervised, SAR segmentation, Contour tracing, tracing algorithm for coastline extraction. Active contour
MAPestimation, texture segmentation, block based SAR tracing algorithm with filling/removing loops was employed to
segmentation. identify coastlines. Niedermeier has developed contour tracing
only to separate sea from land area. Identifying contours in a
I. INTRODUCTION mixed area with urban, water and vegetation require complex
Land cover mapping using SAR images is an important analysis of spatial data.
area of research. Since SAR sensors provide all-time and all- In this paper, we approach SAR image segmentation
weather surveying, potentiality of using SAR images in various problem as block based segmentation. SAR image is divided
applications like land cover classification, object detection is to into blocks. Then, each block is analyzed for its homogeneity
be explored. Classification of land cover into classes like water, of gray levels, textural patterns and edges. Blocks are grouped
urban and vegetation helps in planning and management of and labeled according to their characteristics. Edge blocks are
urban regions, such as sustainable development and smart checked for its continuity and contour is traced. Edge
growth. Segmentation is a basic technique of digital image connectivity helps in removal of noise and improves
processing with an ultimate goal of improving an image for classification accuracy. Region labeling is done to connect
subsequent analysis and scene description. An image can be adjacent homogenous blocks. In this process, any isolated
segmented in to classes based on gray levels, textures, edges homogenous or edge blocks with small regions are labeled as
etc. A single band and single polarized SAR image contain undecided. These undecided blocks are assigned to the
information only in the form of intensity and texture. neighbouring homogenous regions in the final step. K-means
Segmentation of single band, single polarized SAR image is classification is performed on the block based segmented
approached by two classical techniques: Supervised and image and water, urban and vegetation areas are identified.
Unsupervised. Supervised classification of SAR Images
X = {X t = xt t ∈ Ω A , xt ∈ {0,1,2,..K }}
Then , where Division of image to
{ } where
blocks are labelled
y = yij (i, j ) ∈ Ω A y ijB
is the set of all gray levels Extraction of Textural
For identifying and labeling edge blocks, maximum a Comparing textural Blocks labelled as
feature vectors Texture
posteriori distribution is used. Aim is to find the block label
configuration x* that maximizes the a posteriori probability Region labeling
P(X/Y). Then, according to Bayesian formulation, the optimal
block label configuration is obtained by equivalently K-means
maximizing the following criterion for all possible x [9-10]. Classification
For any edge block, two distinctive areas represented as g=1
and g=2 is present. For any edge block, the mean intensity
level in g=1 is different from that of g=2. G is taken as the total Classified Image
distinctive areas in the region. For G=1, those blocks are
grouped as monotone blocks. Figure 1.
Classification Methodology
2
Overall Accuracy= 95.3971%
Fij − Fi +1, j <T ---(2)
TABLE I. CONFUSION MATRIX
For every region thus connected, label or region number is
given so that each region by the end of this process represents Sl.No Class Ground Truth (Percent)
Water Urban Vegetation
the distinct monotone and texture regions. Edge blocks are not
considered in this process. 1 Water 95.94 0.00 1.65
2 Urban 0.00 92.23 0.00
C. K-means classification
3 Vegetation 4.06 7.77 98.35
All image blocks present in the entire image are identified
either as monotone, texture or edge blocks and blocks with Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
similar characteristics adjacent to each other are merged and
regions are labeled. K-means classification is applied on the
segmented image to identify water, urban, vegetation and other
unclassified areas. TABLE II. COMMISSION &OMISSION ERROR