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PatternsofDevelopmentofaParagraphwithExamples
DrReimaAlJarf
1. TimeOrder:Process Removethesnapringsfromthechainanchorsandpullthechainanchorsoutof thecarriage. Securethecarriagewithanoverheadcrane.Removethecarriagebypullingitout thebottomofthemastchannels. Removethetwomiddleandtwolowerassemblies. Removethetwoupperrollerassembliesbyremovingthecapscrewsthat connecttheretainingplatetothestubshafts.Pulltherollerassembliesoffthe stubshafts. TimeOrder:Chronology SincetheMiddleagestheoutputandconsumptionofpitcoalhadbeengreaterin EnglishthaninanyothercountryofEurope.Alreadyduringthe13thcentury, domesticcoalconsumptioninLondonissaidtohavebeensogreatthatrestrictive bylawsbecamenecessarytochecktheincreasingsmokenuisance.Duringthe17th century,Englishcoalwasalreadyshippedtothecontinentinconsiderable quantities.Theactual'coalage',however,setinduringthesecondhalfofthe18th centurywhenitbecamepossibletousesteampowerforthedrainageofcollieries, thuspermittingtheworkingofdeepergalleriesunderconditionsofgreatersafety. SpaceOrder:General Wewilldescribeasimpletriodeasavacuumwiththreeelectrodesinsidean evacuatedglassenvelope.Rightinthecenterwillbeoneelectrode,thecathode.It isaspeciallytreatedtungstenwireandisreferredtoasthefilament.This resemblesthefilamentinanelectriclampand,likethelampfilament;itbecomes whitehotwhenelectriccurrentflowsthroughthewire.Surroundingthecathode andwellspacedfromitistheanode,orplate.Theplateisusuallyintheformofa hollowcylinder,anditcollectstheelectrodesthataresuppliedbythecathode. Betweenthecathodeandtheanode,andusuallyclosetothecathode,isawire screenorcagethatcompletelysurroundsandenclosesthecathode.Thisthird electrodeiscalledthegrid.Electronsthatflowfromthecathodetotheanodemust passthroughtheholesinthegrid. SpaceOrder:Specific

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Thetestsectionwasconstructedofapurecoppercylinder2ft6inlong,6inidand 6.25inod.BothendsofthecylinderwereclosedwithremovablePyrexglassplates 1/4inthick.afluidportwaslocatedateachendofthecylinder. 5. LogicalPattern:OrderofImportance Researchinthecausesofsmokeintheexhaustsystemofsmallinternal combustionengineshowsthatthreefactorsareprimarilyresponsibleforexcessive smoke.Themostfrequentcauseisanairmixturethatistoorich;thatis,thefuel airratioisgreaterthan10:1.Thesecondmostfrequentcauseisoilinthefuelin concentrationsgreaterthan60ccpergallonoffuel.Theresultofsuchheavy concentrationsofoilisseeninthedenseblueexhaustsmoke.Athird,and somewhatlessfrequent,causeisthespeedoftheengineitself.Thelowerthe speed,thegreaterthedensityofsmokefromoilburninginthecombustion chambers. LogicalPattern:Causalityandresultmixedwithdefinition Researchintoexcessivesmokeintheexhaustsystemsofsmallinternalcombustion enginesshowthreemaincauses:1)atorichairmixture,whichmeansonethathas anairfuelratiogreaterthan10:1;2)aheavyconcentrationofoilinthefuelwhich meansonethatisgreaterthan60ccpergallonoffuel;and3)slowenginespeed, whichmeans... 7. Logicalpatterns:Comparisoncontrast Manytypesofmathematicalproblemsaresimilarinonewayoranotherasare theirmethodsofsolution.However,therearealsodistinctdifferencesinboth typesofproblemsandtheirmethodsofsolution.Forexample,manyinteresting problemsinmaximaandminimacanbesolvedbyelementarymethods:thatis,by themethodsofalgebraandplanegeometry.Buttherearemanymoremaxima andminimaproblemsthatrequirethetechniquesofdifferentialcalculusfortheir solutions.Finally,therearemanyotherproblemsofamorecomplicatednaturein whichquantitiesaretobemaximizedorminimizedthatcannotbehandledbythe methodsofthedifferentialcalculus:Theserequiretreatmentbymethodsofthe calculusofvariation. Logicalpatterns:Analogy

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Soundwavesarecreatedbythecompressionofthemoleculesofair,this compressiongeneratedbytheoriginofthesound.Theresultingwavemotionis analogoustothatcreatedinwaterwhenarockisthrowninapond.Bystudying thepropertiesexhibitedbywaterwaves,wecanbecomefamiliarwiththe propertiesofallwavemotion.First,wenotethatthewavesproducedonthe waterbyarockstrikingitmoveawayataconstantspeed:Thisspeediscalledthe velocityofpropagation.Second,wenotethatthewaveshavecrestsandtroughs. Thedistancebetweensuccessivecrestsortroughsiscalledwavelength.Third,as thewavesmovepastagivenpoint,theycauseupanddownmotionofthewaterat thispoint.Thismotionisthefrequencyofthewave. 9.

LogicalPattern:Exemplification Mostofthethingswithwhichsciencedealscanbemeasured.whateverpartof natureisbeingstudied,scienceaimstoquantifyit,toexpressitspropertiesand behaviorintermsofmeasurablequantities.Certainmeasurableentitiescanbe fullyspecifiedbyasinglenumbercalledascalaranumberthatgivestheir magnitudeorsize,tellinghowmanybasicunitstheycontain.Forexample,a lengthcanbefullyspecifiedbyasinglenumberthatrepresentsthenumberof basicunitsoflength(centimetersorinchesorsomeothersuchunits)itcontains; apopulationcanbefullyspecifiedbythenumberofthebasicunitsitcontains (miceorhumanbeings,etc.)andsoforth. Manymeasurableentitiesarenotscalars;rathertheyarevectors.Thatis,a singlenumberdoesnotsufficetospecifyfullywhateverisbeingmeasured; instead,twonumbersareneeded.Forexample,trafficflowatFifthAvenueand fortySecondStreetinNewYorkrequiresonenumbertodenotethemagnitudeof flow(sayincarsperhour)andasecondnumbertodenotethedirectionofthe flow(in,say,degrees,withFifthAvenueasthebaseline).Anotherexampleofa measurableentitythatisnotascalaristheresultofanexperimentinwhichgrey malemicearebredwithgreyfemalemice,whereeachofthegreymiceisa hybridofapurewhiteandapureblackparent.Theresultofsuchanexperiment cannotbefullyspecifiedbyasinglenumberbutrequireanarrayofnumbers arrangedaccordingtotheskincolortraitinheritedfromeachoftheparents.

11. TypesofClassification: 11.1 Acompleteclassificationwithafinitenumberofmembers Allcrystallinesolidscanbeclassifiedasmembersofoneoffourteencrystal systems.Thenumberofwaysinwhichatomicarrangementscanberepeatedto formasolidislimitedtofourteenbythegeometriesofspacedivision.Anyoneof thesearrangements,whenrepeatedinspace,formsthelatticestructure

characteristicofacrystallinematerial.Thesefourteensystemsare...Forexample, cadmiumsulphidehasalatticeformedofhexagonalunits... 11.2 Acompleteclassificationwithmorethanonestatedbasis: Wecanclassifytheplanetsofoursolarsystembyoneormoreofthefollowing characteristics:averagedistancefromthesun,Earth=1;solarradiation received,Earth=1;orbitalperiod;eccentricity;equatorialdiameterinmiles; mass,Earth=1'gravity,Earth=1;escapevelocityinmi/sec.;rotationperiod; inclinationindegrees;andalbedo. 11.3 SimpleImplicitClassification Undergroundwaterreservesaremuchlargerthanthoseonthesurface,butas theyareunseenwetendtounderestimatethem.Itisvitallyimportantthatwe makeuseoftheseundergroundreserves,butneverhaphazardly.Forexample, wheredoesthewatercomefromwhichwefindinoneoranotherofthe undergroundwaterbearinglayers(aquifers)?Howdoesitmove?Howisit renewed?And,ifthiswaterisused,whateffectwillithaveonthedischargeand futurelevelofthewatertable?Whatarethelawsofhydrology?Despitethe immenseprogressofrecentyears,allofthesequestionsstillhavenotbeenfully answered. 11.4 ComplexImplicitClassification Asimilarneedforresearchexistsinthebranchofhydrologythatdealswiththe qualityofwater.Innature,thereisnowaterlikethepurewaterdefinedby chemists,madeupofonlyhydrogenandoxygen.Riverwater,groundwater,and evenrainwateralwayscontainotherdissolvedorsuspendedelements,andeven whenpresentinsmallquantities,playanimportantrole. 12. TypesofDefinition 12.1 FormalDefinition Anarachnidisaninvertebrateanimalhavingeightlegsextendingatequal intervalsfromacentralbody.(physicaldescription). Ananemometerisameteorologicalinstrumentthatregistersthe speedofthe windonadialorgage.(functiondescription).

12.2 SemiformalDefinition Anarachnidhaseightlegsextendingatequalintervalsfromacentralbody. Ananamometerregistersthespeedofthewind. Ananemometerisusedtomeasurethespeedofthewind. 12.3 NonformalDefinition: 'Anarachnidisaspider.'/'Anarachnid(spider)... 'Theoppositeofindigenousisforeign.' 12.4 OperationalDefinition: Thesoundisavoiceless,labiodentalfricative,formedbyplacingthelowerlip lightlyagainsttheupperteeth,closingthevellum,andforcingthebreathout throughthespacesbetweentheteethorbetweentheteethandtheupperlip. Torque,inamotor,isameasureofhowmuchloadthemotorcanturnorlift.On smallmotors,torqueismeasuredininchounces.asimplewaytodetermine torqueistowrapacordaroundapulleysecuredtotheshaft,thenaddsmall weightsuntilthemotoruntilthemotorisnolongercapableofliftingtheload. 12.5 DefinitionbyExplication Agronomyisasciencewhichseeksimprovedmethodsofsoilmanagementand cropproduction.Bycropproductionwemeannewtechniquesthatwillincrease theyieldoffieldcrops.Byimprovedsoilmanagementwementheuseof fertilizerswhichcontainthenecessarynutrientsneededforthecrops. 12.6 DefinitionbyDescription Asourceisadevicethatselectsandtransmitssequencesofsymbolsfromagiven alphabet.Eachselectionismadeatrandom.Thechanneltransmitstheincoming signalstothereceiver.