Operational Amplifiers

Lesson 1 The Ideal Op-Amp

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Outline

Function Characteristics Internal Functions Input / Output Types

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Functions

Op-Amps have Differential input

Two inputs, marked + and on the symbol Inputs named Inverting and Non-Inverting Amplifies Vid where Vid = Vi1 Vi2

In general, performs the mathematical function Vo = A (Vi1 Vi2) Gain (A) is set using external resistors

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Mathematical Functions

Use external resistors to perform:

Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Derivatives Integrals

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Using capacitors can perform:

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Other Functions

Comparators High, Low, Band Pass Filters Timers Analog to Digital Converters Pulse Width Modulators

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Schematic Diagram

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Characteristics

Infinite Gain (A) Infinite Bandwidth Infinite Input Impedance (Zi) Zero Output Impedance (Zo) Output Voltage zero when inputs are at the same potential Vo = 0 when Vi1 = Vi2 Infinite Speed (Slew Rate)
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Characteristics

Infinite Gain (A) Infinite Bandwidth Infinite Input Impedance (Zi) Zero Output Impedance (Zo) Output Voltage zero when inputs are at the same potential Vo = 0 when Vi1 = Vi2 Infinite Speed (Slew Rate)
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Infinite Gain (A)

When Vi1 > Vi2 then Vo = VCC (Pos Supply) When Vi1 < Vi2 then Vo = VEE (Neg Supply) When Vi1 = Vi2 then Vo = 0

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Transfer Curve

+Vo

+VCC

-Vid

+Vid

-VEE -Vo

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Infinite Bandwidth

Operates at the same Gain at all input frequencies Directly coupled stages, no capacitors to limit low end response Will operate at 0Hz (DC)

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Impedances

Infinite Input Impedance (Zi)

Inputs draw no current Inputs have no loading effect on signal source

Zero Output Impedance (Zo)

All power transferred to load Output stays constant with increasing load

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Common Mode Rejection

Output Voltage zero when inputs are at the same potential Vo = 0 when Vi1 = Vi2 Eliminates noise common to both inputs No voltage offset at output

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Infinite Speed

Perfect Slew Rate Output changes immediately and proportionately with change in input
Vid t Vo t
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Internal Functions

INPUT STAGE
Differential Amp. High Voltage Gain High Impedance

INTERM. STAGE

LEVEL SHIFT STAGE

OUTPUT STAGE
Power Amp Low Impedance Usually Push-Pull

Differential Amp. Remove DC Offset High Voltage Gain Current Gain Single Ended Output Emitter Follower

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Input Types

Input stage may have different designs Typical Op-Amp uses BJT at Input

High Input Impedance (2M) Draws current from signal source May require biasing resistors Very High Input Impedance (1000G) Draws no current from signal source
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High impedance Op-Amps use JFET at Input

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Output Types

Typical Op-Amp uses Push-Pull output stage

Output cannot swing to VCC / VEE Difficult to use in single supply circuits Not useable in low voltage circuits (<10V)

Rail to Rail Op-Amps have different output stage design

Allows output to swing very close to VCC / VEE Preferred for Mobile, low voltage, single supply
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Review

Function Characteristics Internal Functions Input / Output Types

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Credits and Attributions

Reference Text:

Gayakwad, R.A., (1988). Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits.

Software:

Schematic diagram(s) drawn using National Instruments Multisim 12

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Copyright (c) 2012 by Mladen Hruska. This work is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Canada license All images, diagrams, charts, etc. are the copyright work of Mladen Hruska if not immediately attributed otherwise For more information: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/ca/

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