Introduction: Internet is world wide collection of computer network It provides access to communication services and access to information resources

es to the millions of users around the globe Internet covers globe and include large international network as well as many sm aller local area networks owned by any individual company or country M/C or computer on one network can communicate with M/C or computer on other net work and send data file and other information back and forth, for this work M/C on network must have to agree to speak same language Internet Services/Applications Remote login (TELNET) File transfer (FTP) Electronic mail (Email) News (USENET or network news) Hypertext (www) Terminal Services To receive and send emails Read and post article in newsgroup Download files to your PC Chat with online users Access online multimedia Search the net for information Contribute the articles and other materials Do online shopping Evolution Of Internet: In late 1960 US Department of defence started packet switched network ARPANET (A dvanced research project agency) or WAN now known as DARPA (Defence advanced res earch project agency) basic idea was to connect different geographical areas net work and allows the transmission in the form of packets Challenges faced by ARPA is related with Interconnectivity: It deals with transportation of information and for this soft ware protocol is needed that could package and route the information between mul tiple site and for this internet protocol is evolved ie TCP/IP Interpretability deals with application-to-application communication, its challe ngeous because applications are running vastly on different hardware platform wi th different operating system & different file systems. Solution for this is to develop standard application protocol that would enable application to applicati on communication and be independent of computer platform eg mainframe based emai l program and PC based email program both are using same standard Evolution of WWW WWW is huge collection of hypertext pages on the Internet the concept WWW is dev eloped in Switzerland by European laboratory for particle physics (known CERN) i n the year 1989 . The first text-based prototype was operational in 1991. In the month of December 1991 a public demonstration was given at Hypertext 91 confere nce in San Antonio, Texas (USA). In the year 1993, the first graphical interface software package called Mosaic was released Internet Protocols: TCP/IP(Transmission Control protocol / Internet protocol): TCP/IP is referred as an backbone of the Internet. Its responsible for connecting the different netwo rks apart from their hardware and software differences since TCP/IP protocol can work with any Hardware or operating system

TCP/IP model has only one mode in network layer (ie connection less) but suppor ts both modes in transport layer TCP/IP does not distinguish physical and data link layer as in the case of OSI m odel

Layer 1: Host To Host: Totally deals with physical cables connectors & NICs and res ponsible for establishing the physical connection , transmission is done in term s of bits Layer 2: Internet Layer :Internet layer is responsible for routing the packets a nd providing single netwok interface to upper layer carious protocols falling un der this layer are a. IP (Internet Protocol) IP provides the basic mechanism for forwarding the data between two computer ,IP is low level protocol that routes data packet, data travels in the form of pack ets called as IP- Datagram Services: IP is responsible for addressing and fragmentation to support packet forwarding Limitations: Doesnt guarantee that a packet will reach to its destination Unable to control the flow of transmission Error correction and detection is not possible Sequencing of packet is not guranted b. ARP( Address resolution protocol) As name indicates its responsible for address resolution , ie when IP has a pack et to transfer its already having the address of destination computer given by upper layer in case it doesnt know the destination IP address it uses ARP protoc ol to find destination address c. RARP( Reverse address resolution protocol) When IP m/c is diskless there is no way to know IP address initially but its MAC address is available RARP sends its MAC address to server and find out its IP a ddress d. Bootp When diskless workstation is powered on it broadcasts bootp request on network bootp server listens/accept request and lookup clients MAC address in its bootp file in response it gives IP address and file that it should boot from e. ICMP(Internet control message protocol)

Transport Layer: Deals with the transportation of data packets using TCP or UDP Application Layer: Responsible for performing FTP and Telnet operations UDP (User datagram protocol): Its an connectionless protocol, its having thin lay er or wrapper around IP (Internet protocol) it provides datagram services(a conn ectionless / unreliable service) it uses the services of IP to do actual work It adds following functionalities to IP

Provides multiplexing and demultiplexing through UDP port so that multiple appli cations on client or server have their own stream of datagram Provides means of checksum to verify the validity of datagrams received UDP is less reliable but more faster as compare to TCP/IP so if speed is prefera ble over reliability then UDP is use Datagram / Packet |------------16 bit -------------| ------------16 bit ------------|

Datagram is basic unit of data transmission across the networks, it contains the header and data, Header describes destination of data and its relation with oth er datagram HTTP: Hypertext transfer protocol handles hypertext document and controls the connecti on between web browsers and web servers Major steps are Connection Request Response Close SHTTP (Secure Hyper text transfer protocol): Its an extended version of HTTP and provides encrypted logon authentications and session transmission between client and server URL (Uniform resource locator): E.g. http://www.yahoo.com URL is a web address it consist of protocol a host name, a port (optional) a dir ectory and filename URLs can be used to address other internet resources First component of URL identifies type of resources for web resource identifier and its http Colon separated protocol from the rest of URL // Two slashes indicates name followed by hostname Port no for http is 80 its optional Path of html file name is optional when we connect with the site default web pag e is displayed

Addressing in Internet(IP): An IP address is numeric identifier assigned to each machine on an IP network Class A B C Range 1-127 128-191 192-223 Maximum Nodes to be addressed 16,777,214 ie 224 65534 ie 216 254 ie 28

Class A: First byte is assigned for network and remaining three for nodes network.node.node.node Class A network is having three bytes ie 24 positions to identify the nodes mean s its having 224 unique combinations Class B: First two bytes are assigned for network and remaining two are for the node in form of maximum node addressing capability is 216 network.network.node.node Class C: First three bytes are assigned for network and remaining two are for th e node in form of maximum node addressing capability is 28 network.network.network.node URL / Hyperlink Processing

When user types URL its converted into Internet address. Browser creates a query for the DNS server and submits it on Internet. Query is sent to the nearest DNS server for address resolution, if server doesnt know the query is diverted to oth er DNS server in upper hierarchy once it found IP address is diverted towards th e browser and during this looking for host address message is displayed on the s tatus bar of the browser Now the browser is having IP address that can be used to get connected with conc erned server (For this appropriate request is diverted by browser) After server get request from client HTML information is packed by TCP in IP pa ckets and sent over the connection