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No.
1 Solution of Problem 1
Karabuk University, Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Prof. Mihai Cernat
Physics (PHY 188), Middterm-exam - April 25th, 2012

1. Three particles with electric charge q
A
=+16 nC, q
B
=-12,5nC, and q
C
=+20 nC are arranged in
vacuum in points A, B, C on the corners of a right triangle. Point A is at the 90 corner, at a
distance d
AB
=30 cm from point B and at a distance of d
AC
=40 cm from point C. Arrange a
Cartesian coordinate system with point A as origin, point B on the Ox axis and point C on the Oy
axis and the determinate the Cartesian components, the magnitude and the direction of the force
acting on particle situated in point C.

( )
( )
( ) [ ]
( )
( ) ( )
( ) [ ]
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) N 10 4 . 5 2 270 10 20
m
V
2 270 4 . 0 3 . 0 10 9 4 3
5
5 . 12
4
16
10
9
10 40 10 30
10 40 10 30
10 5 . 12
10 40
10 16
10 9 4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
6 9
2
3 2 2
2 2
3
2
2
2
2
9
2
2
9
9
2 2
2
0
2 2 2
3 2
0

= + = =
+ = + =
+ =
+

+
+
+
+

=
+ = + =
= =
+

= + =
+ = =
j i E q F
j i j i j j i j E
j i j E
d j d i
d d
q
j
d
q
E
d d r d j d i r
j
r
r
d j r
r
r
q
r
r
r
q
E E E
E E q E q F
C
C
C
C
C
AC AB
AB AC
B
AC
A
C
AC AB BC
AC AB
BC
AC
AC
AC
AC
BC
BC
B
AC
AC
AC
A
B A C
B A
C
C
C
C

Notations:
q - free electric charge, Coulomb, C
E - electric field strength, Volt per meter, V/m
F - Force, Newton, N
r - position vector, distance, meter, m
- permittivity, Farad per meter, F/m
No. 1 Solution of Problem 2
Prof. Mihai Cernat

2. Develop the equation which expresses the electric field strength in a certain point produced by a
uniform surface distribution of electrical charge q of a spherical shell, in terms of the surface
charge density
S
(or ).

>
=

<
=
>
=

<
=
> =
<
=
> =
<
=
= = =
= = =
=
=
=
R r
r
r
r
R
r
r
r
q
R r
E
R r
r
R
r
q
R r
E
R r R q
R r
r E
R r R q
R r
q
r E S E S E
r
r
S S
r
r
r E E r
S E
R
q
r N
q
S
S
s
S
el
el
S
el
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
0
4
0
4
0
4
4
0
4 d d
d d ) ( radius of sphere
d
4
) ( : point n observatio

Notations:
el
- electric flux through a closed surface, Coulomb, C
- closed surface, unity vector of the normal is directed outside
q
- free electric charge placed inside of the closed surface , Coulomb, C

N(r) - observation point
S
- surface density of the free electric charge, Coulomb per square meter, C/m
2

R - radius of the sphere, meter, m
dS - surface element, square meter, m
2

Prof. Mihai Cernat

3. Using the expression of the electric field strength deduced above, express the potential
difference between two points on the symmetry axis. What is the potential of the point on the
spherical surface of radius R?
>
R
q
R r
q
r
r q
r
r
r
r
r
r
q
V
R
l E l E V V
N
r r
q
r
r
r
q
r
r q
r
r
r
r
r
r
q
V V
r
r
r
r r E l E V l E V V V
l E V V V E
R r r r B B r A A
R r
r
r
r
R
r
r
r
q
R r
E
R
R
N
N
B A A
B
r
r
r
r
B A
B
A
B
N
A
N
B A
N
N
B A B A
S
B
A
B
A

=
|
|
\
|

=

=

=
= =
|
|
\
|

=
|
|
\
|

=

=

=
= = + =
= =
> = =
>
=

<
=

4
1
4
d
4
d
4
0
: radius of surface spherical the on points the of potential The
d d
: as expressed be can point certain a of potential the infinity, at potential the zero g Considerin
1 1
4
1
4
d
4
d
4
d d d d d
d grad
, ) ( ) (
4
0
2 2
2 2
0 0
0
2
2
2
0 0
0

Notations:
N(r) - observation point
S
- surface density of the free electric charge, Coulomb per square meter, C/m
2

R - radius of the sphere, meter, m
dl - length element, meter, m
V - potential of the electric field, Volt, V
Prof. Mihai Cernat

4. Suppose a parallel-plate capacitor is charged and then disconnected from the charging battery.
Next the plate separation is doubled. Describe any change in each of the following quantities as a
result of the change in plate separation (neglected edge effects):
a) the charge of the plates
b) the capacitance
c) the potential difference across the capacitor
d) the field between the plates
e) the energy of the capacitor
f) the energy density between the plates.

( )
e
e e e e
e e
e e e
w
d S
W
d S
W
d S
W
V
W
w
d S
We
V
We
w f
W U C U
C
U C W U C W e
E
d
U
d
U
E
d
U
E d
U
C
q
C
q
U
C
q
U c
C
d
S
d
S
C
d
S
C b
q q q q a
S S
d
d
const U C q
2
1
2
1
2 ' ' '
)
2
1
2
2 2
1
' '
2
1
2
1
)
2
2
'
'
' )
2
2 / '
'
' )
2 2 '
' '
' )
' ' )
' '
2
'
.
' '
'
2 2 2 ' 2
= = = = = = =
= = = = =
= = = =
= = = =
=
=
= =
= = =
= =

Notations:
C - capacitance, Farad, F
d - distance, meter, m
U - potential difference, voltage, electric tension, Volt, V
V - volume, cubic meter, m
3

W
e
- energy of electric field, Joule, J
w
e
- volume density of the energy of the electric field, Joule per cubic meter, J/m
3

Prof. Mihai Cernat

5. Constructing an ammeter. Suppose we will construct an ammeter that reads a current I
m
when
the pointer of the current-detecting device is at full-scale position. We do this by placing a resistor
(called a shunt resistor) of resistance R
para
in parallel with the current-detecting device, so that part
of the current in the ammeter is shunted through the parallel resistor. The current-detecting device
has a resistance R
d
and the current I
fs
in the device causes a full-scale deflection of its pointer. The
circuit diagram is to draw. The expression of resistance of the shunt resistor R
para
is to be
expressed.
Evaluate R
para
for the case where I
m
=10 mA, R
d
=19 and I
fs
=50 A. What is the resistance of the
ammeter R
Am
in this case?

( )
=
+
=
+
=
= =

=
+
=
=
=

95 . 0
19 1
19 1
1 19
950
50
19
10 50 10 10
10 50
6 3
6
d para
d para
Am
para
d para
d para
Am
para
fs m
fs
para
d fs para fs m
R R
R R
R
R
R R
R R
R
R
I I
I
R
R I R I I

Notations:
I - intensity of the electric current, Ampere, A
R - electrical resistance, Ohm,
U - potential difference, voltage, electric tension, Volt, V

1
Prof. Mihai Cernat

6. Charging a capacitor. Consider a capacitor of capacitance C placed in series with a switch S, a resistor of
resistance R and with an ideal DC voltage source (battery) of electromotive force U
e
(or E). At t<0, the
capacitor is uncharged and the switch is open. At t=0, the switch is closed.
a) The diagram of the circuit is to be drawn.
b) The equation of the time variation of the voltage across the capacitor, the equation of the time
variation of the electric charge of the capacitor and the equation of the time variation of the current are
to be developed. Alternatively, the equation of the time variation of the electric charge of the
capacitor, the equation of the voltage across the capacitor and the equation of the time variation of the
current are to be developed.
c) Numerical application: U
C0
=0, U
e
=20 V, R=30 k, C=2 F.
i. What is time constant of the circuit.
ii. The time variation functions developed above are to be drawn.
iii. What are the initial values (immediately after the switch is closed) of quantities: voltage
across the capacitor, the charge of the capacitor, the current in the circuit and the voltage
across the resistor?
iv. What are the values at t=60 ms of same quantities?

b) developing equations
( )
0
0
condition initial order; first of equation al differenti linear
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
flows current closed is 0
flows current no open is 0
C C
e C C
C
C
C
C
C
C
e
C C
C C C R e
C C C S e
U u
T
U
T
u
t
u
C R T u
t
u
T u
t
u
C R u R
t
u
C U
t
u
C
t
u C
t
q
i t i u u R i u u U
S t
U u u u U S t
= = +
= + = + = + =
= = = = + = + =
=
= + = = <
\
|
+ = + =
= = = +

|
\
|
= = + = =
= +
T
t
k U u u t u
U u
t
u
t
T
U
T
u
t
u
t
T
t
k e k u const
T
t
u
T
t
u
u
T
u
t
u
e C C C
e C
C e C C
T
t
C C
C
C
C C
exp ) (
equation homogenous non the of solution general the
0
d
d
d
d
) (for equation homogenous non the of solution particular a
exp ln
d d
variables separable with equation al differenti 0
d
d
equation homogenous the of solution general the
2 1
2
2 2 2
1 1
1
1
1 1

2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
) 0 (
) 0 (
) 0 (
charge) electric of ion (conservat law n commutatio second
C C t C t C
C C t C t C
t t
U u t u t u
U C u C t u C t u C
q q t q t q
= =
= =
= =
= + =
= + =
= + =

( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) |
\
|
= |
\
|
= =
(
\
|
+ =
(
\
|
+ = =
(
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ = |
\
|
=
= + = + = =
T
t
R
U U
T
t
T
U U C
t
u
C t i
T
t
q U C q
T
t
U C U C U C t u C t q
T
t
U U U t u
T
t
U U U U U
T
t
U U U t u
U U k k U k U U u
C e
C e
C
e C e C C
C e C C
C e C C e C e e C
C e e e C C
exp exp
1
d
d
) (
exp 1 exp 1 ) ( ) (
exp 1 ) (
exp exp ) (
0 exp ) 0 (
0
0
0 0 0 0
0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0

|
\
|
= |
\
|
= =
(
\
|
= =
(
\
|
=
= =
T
t
R
U
T
t
T
U C
t
u
C t i
T
t
U C t u C t q
T
t
U t u
U C q
e
e
C
e C
e C
C
exp exp
1
d
d
) ( exp 1 ) ( ) (
exp 1 ) (
0 if
0 0

Alternatively:

0 0
0
condition initial order; first of equation al differenti linear
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
flows current closed is 0
flows current no open is 0
C
e
C e
C C C R e
C C C S e
U C q q
T
U C
T
q
t
q
C R T q
t
q
T q
t
q
C R Ue C u C C R i U C
t
q
i
C
q
u u R i u u U
S t
U u u u U S t
= = = +
= + = + = + =
= = + = + =
=
= + = = <

|
\
|
+ = + =
= = = +
|
\
|
= = + = =
= +
T
t
k U C q q t q
U C q
t
q
t
R
U
T
q
t
q
T
t
k e k q const
T
t
q
T
t
q
q
T
q
t
q
e
e
e
T
t
exp ) (
0
d
d
d
d
equation homogenous non
exp ln
d d
variables separable with equation al differenti 0
d
d
equation homogenous
2 1
2
2 2 2
1 1
1
1

( ) ( )
0 0 0
) 0 (
charge) electric of ion (conservat law n commutatio second
q q t q t q
t t
= =
= + =

3
( )
( ) ( )
( )
(
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ = |
\
|
=
= + = + = =
T
t
q U C q t q
T
t
q U C q q U C
T
t
q U C U C t q
q U C k k U C k U C q q
e
e e e e
e e e
exp 1 ) (
exp exp ) (
0 exp ) 0 (
0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0

( )
( ) |
\
|
= |
\
|
= =
(
\
|
+ =
(
\
|
|
\
|
+ = =
T
t
R
U U
T
t
T
q U C
t
q
t i
T
t
U U U
T
t
C
q
U
C
q
C
t q
t u
C e
e
C e C e C
exp exp
1
d
d
) (
exp 1 exp 1
) (
) (
0
0
0 0
0 0

Particular case:
|
\
|
= |
\
|
= =
(
\
|
=
(
\
|
=
= =
T
t
R
U
T
t
T
q
t
q
t i
T
t
U t u
T
t
U C t q
U C q
e C
e C
e
C
exp exp
1
d
d
) ( exp 1 ) (
exp 1 ) (
0 if
0
0 0

c) Numerical application
(i) ms 60 10 60 10 2 10 30
3 6 3
= = = =

C R T
(ii) drawing
|
|
\
|
=
(
|
|
\
|
=
(
|
|
\
|
=
= =
3
3
3
6
3
0 0
10 60
exp 10
3
2
) (
10 60
exp 1 10 40 ) (
10 60
exp 1 20 ) (
0 if
t
t i
t
t q
t
t u
U C q
C
C

(iii) Initial values
q
0
=0, U
C0
=0, i
0
=0,66 mA, U
R0
=U
e
=R i
0
=20 V

(iv) after 60 ms
1-exp(-1)=1-1/e1-1/2,7182818281-0.36787955... 0.632120

q(60 ms)4010
-6
0.632120 25,284818 C,
u
C
(60 ms)200.632120 12,6424 V,
i(60 ms)0,66/2,720,2426 mA
u
R
(60 ms) 0,242610
-3
3010
3
7,278 V

Notations:
q - (free) electric charge, Coulomb, C
i, I - intensity of the electric current, Ampere, A
R - resistance, Ohm,
C - capacitance, Farad, F
T - time constant, second, s
u, U - potential difference, voltage, electric tension, Volt, V
U
e
- electromotive force, electromotive tension, Volt, V

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No.

- free electric charge placed inside of the closed surface , Coulomb, C

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