Project Report - Tumi

ASSUMPTION UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Wireless Charging System
WIRELESS CHARGING SYSTEM
Submitted by
1. 2.
SIRIAKSORN JAKBORVORNPHAN TUMISANG NGUVAUVA
ID: 5212154 ID: 5135790
This is a part of the requirement of the course

TE4902 Telecommunication and electronic engineering project 2
Project Advisor: Dr. Tussanai Parthornratt
Department of Telecommunications and electronics ABAC School of Engineering Assumption University

h t t p : / / a u . e n g i n e e r i n g s o c i e t y . n e t
DATE: September 3, 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENT

1.
PAGE 1 3-4 5-9
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2. ABSTRACT 2 3.CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION 4.CHAPTER2: THEORY AND DESIGN

10 6. CHAPTER 4: TEST , EXPERIMENTS AND EQUIPMENT 11
5. CHAPTER 3: FABRICATION AND CONSTRUCTION
DIAGRAM OF OUR PROJECT 8. CONCLUSION 9.REFERENCES

7.
12-13 14 14
Page: 1
I.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to express our deepest gratitude to all those who made this successful one way or the other. First of all, we would like to say a big thank you to our project advisor Dr. Tussanai P. who helped us through the project. We would also like to thank our parents for all the motivation and support they gave us every step of the way. We would also like to express our honors and respect to all the Lectures who did a great job by teaching us almost all the concepts we used in this project. Finally, we would like to thank our friends for their support and encouragements.
Page: 2
II.
ABSTRACTS
This project describes the implementation of a wireless cellphone charger. This system is based around inductive charging principles. The basic design for the project was to use a two part device, with a base unit connected to AC power, and a receiving end unit that is permanently attached to or integrated in the device. Power will be transferred wirelessly from the primary side to the secondary side where the charging will be enabled. The system operates at a resonance frequency of 125 kHz. The system will enable the cellphone to be placed on very close proximity with the transmitter to enable the charging.
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION The idea of wireless power transfer originated from the inconvenience of having too many wires sharing a limited amount of power sockets. We believe that many people have the same experience of lacking enough sockets for their electronic devices. Thus by creating a wireless power transfer system, it would help clean up the clutter of wires around power sockets making the space more tidy and organized. Wireless power is beginning to show great potential in the consumer market. The ability to power an electronic device without the use of wires provides a convenient solution for the users of portable devices and also gives designers the ability to develop more creative answers to problems. This technologys benefits can be seen in the many portable devices, from cell phones to electric cars, which normally operate on battery power. Inductive coupling is the method by which efficient and versatile wireless power can be achieved. The concept of wireless power transfer can be traced back to 1820 when Andre-Marie Ampere developed his law which states that an electric current produces a magnetic field. Following the work by Michael Faraday (1830), James C. Maxwell (1864) and Heinrich R. Hertz (1888), Nikola Tesla experimentally demonstrated wireless power transfer in 1891. In Teslas experiment, he designed a resonant circuit that is able to couple a high frequency current into another resonant circuit of a similar structure. With his circuit, he was able to power wirelessly (without any physical interconnecting conductor) a light bulb. The theory behind wireless power transfer is already detailed in the Maxwells equations,
D =
B = 0
E =
H = J +
B t
B t
Page: 4
The last two curl equations state that a time-varying magnetic flux generates an electric field, and a time-varying electric flux generates a magnetic field. Therefore, if a time-varying electric current can be generates, the time-varying current will induces a time-varying magnetic field. This time-changing magnetic field can somehow be picked up and induce a time-varying electric field, or an AC voltage across a receiving load. Teslas contribution lies on the design of a circuit than can generate/receive a time-varying magnetic field in free-space. It shall be emphasized that Teslas method is not based on the direct transfer of energy through the use of propagating electromagnetic wave. Teslas method is actually a near-field method, whereas the use of propagating electromagnetic wave (like transmission of microwave power through an antenna) is a far-field method. The two methods differ by the transmission range as well as the angular coverage of the system. Near-field method, though has a shorter range, the energy is more confined than far-field method.
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CHAPTER 2: THEORY AND DESIGN Power source In order to power the primary circuit we fed 6-12Vdc into the circuit and to implement this, we used a step down transformer.
The output current of the above circuit is about 50mA, 22VAC is fed into this power supply circuit and the output is 12VDC. Magnetic coupling In an inductive power transfer system, an alternating electromagnetic field due to an alternating current in a transmitting system of coils enables voltage to be induced in the receiving coil. This is based on Faradays law of electromagnetic induction. Basically, as the current is moving in the transmitter coil a magnetic field is created, which is then induced in the receiver coil, therefore enabling the receiver side to fully function. In physics, resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate at the greater amplitude at some frequencies than at others. Frequencies at which the response amplitude is a relative maximum are known as the system's resonant frequencies, or resonance frequencies. At these
Page: 6 frequencies, even small periodic driving forces can produce large amplitude oscillations, because the system stores vibrational energy. Resonance occurs when a system is able to store and easily transfer energy between two or more different storage modes (such as kinetic energy and potential energy in the case of a pendulum). However, there are some losses from cycle to cycle, called damping. When damping is small, the resonant frequency is approximately equal to the natural frequency of the system, which is a frequency of unforced vibrations. Some systems have multiple, distinct, resonant frequencies. Resonance phenomena occur with all types of vibrations or waves: there is mechanical resonance, acoustic resonance, electromagnetic resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron spin resonance (ESR) and resonance of quantum wave functions. Resonant systems can be used to generate vibrations of a specific frequency (e.g. musical instruments), or pick out specific frequencies from a complex vibration containing many frequencies (e.g. filters). Resonance was recognized by Galileo Galilei with his investigations of pendulums and musical strings beginning in 1602. The power transfer efficiency can be maximized by adjusting parameters such as R, L, C of coils and RL value in the tuned circuit. It is also essential that the both circuits are tuned to the same frequency.
Page: 7
Inductive charging Inductive charging is used for charging mid-sized items such as cell phones, MP3 players and PDAs. Inductive charging uses the electromagnetic field to transfer energy between two objects. A charging station sends energy through inductive coupling to an electrical device, which stores the energy in the batteries. Because there is a small gap between the two coils, inductive charging is one kind of short-distance wireless energy transfer. In inductive charging, an adapter equipped with contact points is attached to the device's back plate. When the device requires a charge, it is placed on a conductive charging pad, which is plugged into a socket Advantages: Inductive charging carries a far lower risk of electrical shock, when compared with conductive charging, because there are no exposed conductors. The ability to fully enclose the charging connection also makes the approach attractive where water impermeability is required; for instance, inductive charging is used for implanted medical devices that require periodic or even constant external power, and for electric hygiene devices, such as toothbrushes and shavers, that are frequently used near or even in water. Inductive charging makes charging mobile devices more convenient; rather than having to connect a power cable, the device can be placed on a charge plate. Disadvantages: One disadvantage of inductive charging is its lower efficiency and increased ohmic (resistive) heating in comparison to direct contact. Implementations using lower frequencies or older drive technologies charge more slowly and generate heat for most portable electronics, the technology is nonetheless commonly used in some electric toothbrushes and wet/dry electric shavers, partly for the advantage that the battery contacts can be completely sealed to prevent exposure to water. Inductive charging also requires drive electronics and coils that increase manufacturing complexity and cost
Page: 8
Primary side
The signal is fed into the primary circuit where oscillation is created therefore resulting in the sine wave being generated.
Figure 2: The Primary Side Circuit Secondary Side The induced signal in the receiver coil is rectified through the rectifier circuit. The four-diode rectifier circuit shown to the right serves very nicely to provide full-wave rectification of the ac output of a single transformer winding. The diamond configuration of the four diodes is the same as the resistor configuration in a Wheatstone bridge. In fact, any set of components in this configuration is identified as some sort of bridge, and this rectifier circuit is similarly known as a bridge rectifier. If you compare this circuit with the dual-polarity full-wave rectifier above, you'll find that the connections to the diodes are the same. The only change is that we have removed the center tap on the Secondary winding, and used the negative output as our ground reference instead. This means that the transformer secondary is never directly grounded, but one end or the other will always be close to ground, through a forward-biased diode. This is not usually a problem in modern circuits. To understand how the bridge rectifier can pass current to a load in only one direction, consider the figure below. Here we have placed a simple resistor as the load, and we have numbered the four diodes so we can identify them individually. During the positive half-cycle, shown in red, the top end of the transformer winding is positive with respect to the bottom half. Therefore, the transformer pushes electrons from its bottom end, through D3 which is forward biased, and through the load resistor in the direction shown by the
Page: 9
red arrows. Electrons then continue through the forward-biased D2, and from there to the top of the transformer winding. This forms a complete circuit, so current can indeed flow. At the same time, D1 and D4 are reverse biased, so they do not conduct any current. During the negative half-cycle, the top end of the transformer winding is negative. Now, D1 and D4 are forward biased, and D2 and D3 are reverse biased. Therefore, electrons move through D1, the resistor, and D4 in the direction shown by the blue arrows. As with the positive half-cycle, electrons move through the resistor from left to right. In this manner, the diodes keep switching the transformer connections to the resistor so that current always flows in only one direction through the resistor. We can replace the resistor with any other circuit, including more power supply circuitry (such as the filter), and still see the same behavior from the bridge rectifier.
Figure 3: Bridge Rectifier After rectification we have to regulate the voltage. A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or may include negative feedback control loops. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages. Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power supplies where they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements. In automobile alternators and central power station generator plants, voltage regulators control the output of the plant. In an electric power distribution system, voltage regulators may be installed at Page: 10 a substation or along distribution lines so that all customers receive steady voltage independent of how much power is drawn from the line. CHAPTER 3: FABRICATION AND CONSTRUCTION
Figure 4: Block Diagram
Block Descriptions:
Transmitting Inductor This block passes the high frequency AC power through an inductor, creating the primary half of a transformer. This provides the field necessary to power the charging system. Receiving Inductor This block contains an inductor that captures energy from the EM field of the base inductor, effectively completing the transformer. The turns ratio is chosen to provide the appropriate voltage. Rectification This block converts the induced AC power into DC power. This block also contains additional components necessary to filter the output. Voltage Regulation This block converts the rectified DC power into a constant DC voltage, and prevents current spikes. Output Wiring and Connector The output of the charger to the devices DC input port. The wiring will be unobtrusive and sturdy. The function of this device is to recognize and charge the cell phone when it is within a finite distance of the base unit. We try to make this charging process to be compatible with several rechargeable devices when connected through the adapter. The adapter charges the device for a large, specified range of voltage inputs. The unit operates safely both when it is charging a device and while is it idle. The base unit also consumes low power when it is not charging a device. Firstly, we were under the cost of our estimate. This was strange Page: by because we modified our circuitry from the model for better operation11 adding more parts and replaced other with parts that were rated higher. The difference in cost was made up by finding deals by sorting through vendors for the cheapest prices. CHAPTER 4: TESTS, EXPERIMENTS AND EQUIPMENT
Main
Description
Component
Quantity
Transmitter
BJT Mosfet Driver Resistors (1 variable) Square Wave Generator Astable Capacitors
2N2222 IRFZ44N
1 1 6
NE555
1 2 5 1 7 3 4 3
Receiver Voltage Regulator Resistors Capacitors Diode Rectifier Capacitors (1 variable) Fast switching diode (schottky) Inductive wire
4 Copper Wire 20, 22, 24 gauge 5 meters
Coil/loop Antennas Frequency Changer Switches
Capacitors AC-to-DC power converter Switches NMOS FET (IRFZ44N) Power plug
3 1 2 1
Page: 12
Diagrams:
Figure 5: The output from 555times (about 12V) square wave
Figure 6: The circuit from Primary side that we were trying to get the output wave form. The LED indicated that the primary circuit is working properly.
Figure 7: The output waveform from the transmitter inductance. In fact, the input is square wave, but after we put the capacitance in parallel with the transmitter coil. So that is why the output from the first coil is in sine wave.
Page: 13
Figure 8: the figure shown the output waveform of Copper wire (20 Gauge). The voltage that we got is about___ volts and we can measure the maximum distance at _____ cm.
Remark: There is no circuit at secondary side yet. We just measured only the coil.
Figure 9: the figure shown the output waveform of Copper wire (22 Gauge). The voltage that we got is about___ volts and we can measure the maximum distance at _____ cm. Using this size of wire tend to be the best one because we can get the power at the rate we want. Remark: There is no circuit at secondary side yet. We just measured only the coil.
Remark: The output of Copper wire (24 Gauge) tend to give fluctuated waveform so we assumed that we are going to consider/experiment only both copper wire which are 20 and 22 gauges.
Page: 14
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSION
The wireless transmission unit is not able to function as our design that we expect to see the unit can charge a battery. However, the transmission does transfer power the receiver side that an LED can be lighted up. The low power transfer efficiency is due to the low current output at the voltage regulator. A good way to increase the current is to add a current amplifier after the voltage regulator so that the power is sufficient to charge the device. RECOMMEDATIONS For the future work, there are many ways to improve the wireless power transmission. To reduce the size of the coil, we can make a multilayer coil which can be made planar for easy integration with device platform. In order to charge more different devices, a good impedance matching is recommended. References 1. http://www.instructables.com/id/Wireless-Power-Transmission-OverShort-Distances-U/ 2. http://www.wikipedia.org/ 3. http://www.discovercircuits.com/dc-mag/Issue-1/issue%201-pg-4.htm 4. http://low-powerdesign.com/article_TI-Qi.html

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ASSUMPTION UNIVERSITY

WIRELESS CHARGING SYSTEM

SIRIAKSORN JAKBORVORNPHAN TUMISANG NGUVAUVA

ID: 5212154 ID: 5135790

This is a part of the requirement of the course

Project Advisor: Dr. Tussanai Parthornratt

Department of Telecommunications and electronics ABAC School of Engineering Assumption University

DATE: September 3, 2012

TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENT

PAGE 1 3-4 5-9

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2. ABSTRACT 2 3.CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION 4.CHAPTER2: THEORY AND DESIGN

5. CHAPTER 3: FABRICATION AND CONSTRUCTION

DIAGRAM OF OUR PROJECT 8. CONCLUSION 9.REFERENCES

Figure 4: Block Diagram

4 Copper Wire 20, 22, 24 gauge 5 meters

Coil/loop Antennas Frequency Changer Switches

Figure 5: The output from 555times (about 12V) square wave

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSION

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