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IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 23, NO.

15, AUGUST 1, 2011

1061

1.96 Tb/s (21 100 Gb/s) OFDM Optical Signal Generation and Transmission Over 3200-km Fiber
Jianjun Yu, Ze Dong, and Nan Chi
AbstractA novel scheme to generate coherent 21 optical subcarriers with xed frequency of 25 GHz is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Using these optical subcarriers, we have successfully generated 1.96 Tb/s (21 100 Gb/s) polarization-multiplexing optical orthogonal frequency multiplexed (PM-OFDM) polarization multiplexed quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) optical superchannel signal with optical signalnoise ratio of each subchannel larger than 30 dB (0.1-nm bandwidth). We have transmitted this 1.96-Tb/s optical OFDM superchannel over 3200-km SMF-28 with amplication span of 80 km with erbium-doped ber amplier-only. Index TermsCoherent detection, coherent subcarrier generation, external modulator, optical orthogonal frequency multiplexing (OFDM).

I. INTRODUCTION

ORE than 100 Gb/s per channel is required to meet the bandwidth increase of the future optical network. 1 Tb/s and beyond transmission is becoming the hot research topic [1][13]. The highest bit rate per channel is 11.2 Tb/s optical orthogonal frequency multiplexed (OFDM) polarization multiplexing- quadrature phase-shift keying (PM-QPSK) optical superchannel generation by recirculating frequency shifter [11]. However, due to the limited optical signal noise ratio (OSNR) of the OFDM optical signal generation by this technique, the transmission distance is limited to 640 km. To use cascaded phase modulator and intensity modulator can generate multi optical subcarriers [5], [7], [10], [12]. Recently, we have demonstrated how to generate 400 Gb/s [5] and 1.2 Tb/s [10] optical signal by using this technique. These subcarriers have high OSNR; however, due to the limited amplitude of the RF signals on the phase modulator, we can only generate 12 subcarriers covering GHz bandwidth with at spectrum subcarriers [10]. In order to generate more coherent subcarriers to increase the bit rate for the single channel with high OSNR, more coherent subcarriers will have to be generated by some new scheme. In this letter, we use a novel scheme by cascading two phase modulators and one intensity modulator to generate 21 subcarriers. Each subcarrier is used to carry PM 25 GBd or

Fig. 1. Coherent subcarrier generation by cascaded two phase modulators and one intensity modulator. Optical spectrum (0.02 nm): (a) After PM1, (b) after PM2 with the maximum number subcarriers, (c) after PM2 with the minimal subcarriers, (d) after IM.

100 Gb/s QPSK signal. Therefore the total bit rate for this superchannel is 2.1 Tb/s, or a pure rate of 1.96 Tb/s after removing overhead of Forward Error Correction (FEC). We also demonstrate that this superchannel can be transmitted over 3200 km SMF-28 with EDFA-only amplication. II. PRINCIPLE The principle of multipeak generation by cascaded external modulators is shown in Fig. 1. The continuous wave (CW) lightwave from one narrow linewidth laser is modulated by a phase modulator driven by a radio frequency (RF) clock signal with a xed frequency of . The amplitude of the RF signal after one booster electrical amplier is a few times of half-wave voltage of the phase modulator (PM1) in order to generate multiple spectral subcarriers. After PM1, due to the limited amplitude of the RF signal, the peak number is limited. In order to obtain more subcarriers, we cascade another phase modulator (PM2) to generate more subcarriers. This phase modulator is also driven by a high-level RF signal with xed frequency of . The phase relationship of the electrical signals on PM1 and PM2 should be carefully adjusted to generate highest number of subcarriers. When PM1 and PM2 are driven by the synchronized clock signal, the largest subcarriers can be generated. A cascade another intensity modulator (IM) driven by the RF signal with a xed frequency of is introduced to generate at optical subcarriers. III. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND RESULTS The experimental setup for multisubcarriers generation and 2.1 Tb/s single channel signals transmission is shown in Fig. 2.

Manuscript received March 13, 2011; revised April 24, 2011; accepted May 05, 2011. Date of publication May 12, 2011; date of current version July 13, 2011. J. Yu is with the Department of Communication Science and Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of ASIC & System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China, and also with ZTE Inc., Beijing 100876, China (e-mail: yu.jianjun@zte. com.cn). Z. Dong is with Hunan University, Hunan 410082, China, and also with Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. N. Chi is with Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China. Color versions of one or more of the gures in this letter are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/LPT.2011.2154324

1041-1135/$26.00 2011 IEEE

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IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 23, NO. 15, AUGUST 1, 2011

Fig. 2. Experimental setup for 2.1-Tb/s signal transmission. EDFA: Erbiumdoped ber amplier. IL: 25-GHz interleaver. TD: Time delay. OC: Optical coupler. OF: Tunable optical lter. NF: Notch lter. OS: Optical switch.

Fig. 3. Optical spectra (0.02 nm). (a) After WSS; (b) even subcarriers before modulation; (c) odd subcarriers before modulation; (d) odd subcarriers after modulation.

The CW laser with a linewidth less than 100 kHz and output power of 14.5 dBm at 1560.02 nm is modulated by cascaded phase modulators and intensity modulator. The operation of the external modulators to generate 21 at subcarriers is described in the above section. The amplitude of the RF signal after the rst booster electrical amplier is a few times of half-wave voltage of the phase modulator (PM1) in order to generate multiple spectral subcarriers. Here the RF clock frequency is 25 GHz and the RF peak to peak voltage after the booster electrical amplier is 17 V, and the half-wave voltage and the insertion loss of the phase modulator are 4 V and 3.8 dB, respectively. After PM1, multiple carriers or subcarriers with different amplitude can be generated as shown in Fig. 1(a). Due to the limited amplitude of the RF signal, the peak number is limited. In order to obtain more subcarriers, we cascade another phase modulator (PM2) to generate more subcarriers. This phase modulator is also driven by a high-level RF signal with xed frequency of 25 GHz. The optical spectrum after PM2 is shown in Fig. 1(b) and (c), which show the optical spectrum with the largest or smallest number of subcarriers, respectively. Then we cascade another intensity modulator (IM) driven by the RF signal with a xed frequency of 25 GHz. This intensity modulator is used to generate at optical subcarriers. Fig. 1(d) shows the optical spectrum. Among many spectral subcarriers as shown in Fig. 3(a), 21 subcarriers are at with power difference of smaller than 2 dB. The shortest and longest wavelength are 1557.83 (ch1) and 1561.89 nm (ch21), respectively. In Fig. 1, if we remove PM2, only 12 subcarriers can be generated. It means that over 70% of the subcarriers can be attributed to the second modulator introduced in this novel scheme. We use an optical pass-band notch lter to suppress other subcarriers with small amplitude and only leave the 21 subcarriers. The bandwidth and the center wavelength of this optical notch lter are fully tunable, and the minimal 3 dB bandwidth is 0.15 nm. The odd and even carriers are separated by a 25/50 GHz optical interleaver (IL). The optical spectrum after the IL is shown in Fig. 3(b) and (c). Two in-phase/quadrature-phase (I/Q) modulators (I/Q MOD) driven by two sets of 25 Gb/s random binary sequence with a word length of 4, are used to modulate the two sets of subcarriers with independent QPSK signals, respectively. Each I/Q MOD contains two

Fig. 4. Optical spectrum before and after transmission (0.1 nm). Insets: the constellation of - and -polarization of subchannel 5 after transmission over 3200 km.

parallel MachZehnder modulators, which are both biased at the null point and driven at full swing to achieve zero-chirp phase modulation. The phase difference between the upper and the lower branch of I/Q modulator is controlled at . There are 132 bits delay between two streams fed to both I and Q arms. The optical spectrum of the odd subchannels after the I/Q modulator is shown in Fig. 3(d). After I/Q modulation, both even and odd carriers are then combined by using a polarization maintaining optical coupler (PM-OC), and an optical delay line (DL1) is utilized along with the optical path of odd carriers for symbol synchronization between two tributaries. The combined 25 GHz spaced optical carriers carrying 50 Gb/s QPSK data is then polarization multiplexed via the polarization-multiplexer, comprising a PM-OC to halve signal, an optical delay line (DL2) to provide 104 symbol delay, and a polarization beam combiner (PBC) to recombine the signal. After the booster optical amplier, the spectrum is shown in Fig. 4. The transmission line consists of one optical circulating loop. This loop consists of 5 spans of 80-km of SMF-28 (the average span loss is 16.3 dB, chromatic dispersion of 17 ps/km/nm and erbium doped ber amplier (EDFA)-only amplication without optical dispersion compensation. For each span, twostage -band EDFAs with mid-stage adjustable tilt lters are used to provide at gain. One bandpass optical lter in the loop

YU et al.: 1.96 Tb/s (21

100 Gb/s) OFDM OPTICAL SIGNAL GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION OVER 3200-km FIBER

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Fig. 5. BER curve of sixth subchannel (back-to-back).

Fig. 6. Measured BER for all subcarriers after transmission over 3200 km.

IV. CONCLUSION with bandpass bandwidth of 9 nm is introduced to block the accumulated noise peak occurring in the 1530 to 1540 nm region. The total power launching into the transmission ber is 13 dBm, corresponding to 0 dBm per subchannel at 100 Gb/s. At the receiver, one tunable optical lter with 3 dB bandwidth of 0.4 nm is employed to choose the measured subchannel. An external caver laser (ECL) has a line-width less than 100 kHz is utilized as the ber laser local oscillator (LO). A polarization-diverse 90 hybrid is used to realize the polarization and phase-diverse coherent detection of the LO and received optical signal before balance detection. The sample and digitization is realized in the digital scope with 80 Gs/s sample rate and 30 GHz electrical bandwidth. The captured data is processed through ofine digital signal processing (DSP). Firstly, the clock is extracted by using square and lter method, the digital signal is resampled at twice of the symbol rate based on the recovery clock. Secondly, a -spaced time-domain nite impulse response (FIR) lter is utilized for the compensation of chromatic dispersion. Thirdly, subcarriers separation is realized by using a delay and add lter before two complex-valued, 13-tap, -spaced adaptive FIR lters, found on classic constant modulus algorithm (CMA), is used to retrieve the modulus of the QPSK signal; The carrier recovery is performed in the subsequent step where the feed-forward fourth power is used to estimate the frequency offset between the LO and the received optical signal, and then the maximum-likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) algorithm is utilized to estimate the carrier phase. We measure the performance of sixth subcarrier by aligning its subwavelength to that of the LO. The required OSNR for the bit error ratio (BER) of 1 is 16.2 dB (0.1 nm resolution, dual-polarization) at back to back (BTB) condition with sets consisting of 20 65000 symbols. Fig. 5 depicts the BER performance of sixth subcarrier channel. The channel crosstalk induced OSNR penalty is measured less than 1 dB, which can be further mitigated (larger oversampling e.g., 4 sampling (100 Gsample/s) and proper optical lter can help minimize coherent crosstalk to optimize the performance [8]). We also measured the performance of the other twenty subchannels, and they show the identical performance. After transmission over 3200 km (8 400 km) standard single mode (SMF)-28, the optical spectrum is shown in Fig. 4. We measured all subchannels after transmission, and the BER of the 21 subchannels is shown in Fig. 6. All subchannels have BER smaller than 2 and the OSNR of dB. The constellations of subchannel 5, the worst subchannel, after transmission over 3200 km are inserted in Fig. 4. We have employed cascaded two phase modulators and one intensity modulator driven by 25 GHz clock source to generate 21 at coherent subcarriers. Each subcarrier is employed to carrier 25 GBd polarization multiplexing QPSK signal. By this way, we have generated 1.96 Tb/s (21 100 Gb/s) OFDM PM-QPSK superchannel. We have successfully transmitted the 2.1 Tb/s superchannel over 3200 km SMF-28 with EDFA-only amplication. REFERENCES
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