Professional Documents
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LAB WORK Working and construction of Transformer Study of step and step down Transformer Short circuit test of a Transformer to find out its iron losses Open circuit test of a Transformer to find out its iron losses Efficiency of single phase step down Transformer Voltage regulation of single phase step down Transformer Working principle and construction of induction motor Production of flux and polarity checking of dc motor Run the 3 phase induction motor on no load Relation b/w synchronous speed & poles of induction motor Relation b/w synchronous speed & frequency of induction motor
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The Islamia University of Bahawalpur University College of Engineering & Technology Advance Machines & Drives 5rd Semester (3rd Year) (LAB EXPERIMENT NO. 01)
e= N
Where: e N =induced voltage (electromotive force, emf) (V) = number of series-connected turns =rate of change of flux through window (Wb/s) If the, second coil circuit is closed & current floes in it and so electric energy is transferred (entirely magnetically) from the first coil to the second coil. The 1st coil in which electric energy is fed from the A.C. supply mains; is called primary winding and the other from which energy is drawn out, is called secondary winding. In brief a transformer is a device that: Transfer electric power from one circuit to another. It does so without a change of frequency. It accomplishes this by Electro-magnetic induction.Where the two electric circuits are mutual inductive influence of each other. Types and Construction of Transformers Principle purpose of a transformer is to convert ac power at one voltage level to ac power of the frequency at another voltage level. Power transformers are given a variety of different names, depending on their use in power system. A transformer connected to the output of a generator and used to step up the voltage is called unit transformer. Transformer connected at the other end of the
Department Of Electrical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahawalpur
#3
transmission line, which step down the voltage at the distribution level is called substation transformer. The transformer that takes the distribution voltage and step down the voltage at which the power is actually used (110, 208, 220 V, etc.) is called distribution transformer in addition to the various power transformers, two special-purpose transformer are used in the power system. A. Potential Transformer (PT). For Voltage sampling. B. current Transformer (CT). For Current sampling. Power transformers are constructed on one of two types of cores: Core type Shell - type Core Type Transformer This type of transformer consists of a simple rectangular laminated piece of steel with the transformer winding wrapped around two sides of the rectangle. Figure 1(a) shows the core type transformer. Shell Type Transformer It consists of a three lagged laminated core with the windings wrapped one on top of the other with the low voltage-winding innermost. It serves two purposes: Simplifies the problem of insulating the high voltage winding from the core. Less leakage flux than if the two windings wrapped by distance on the core. CONSTRUCTIONAL PARTS OF THE TRANSFORMER CORE The main purpose of the core offer low reluctance path for the flux. The cores are made of lamination of silicon steel to minimize the eddy current and hysteresis loss. Laminations are insulated from each other by means of varnish, impregnated paper or enamel. WINDINGS The windings are placed on the core. The winding is done with the insulated copper conductors. The winding which is connected to supply, is called Primary Winding and to which load is connected is called Secondary Winding. According to construction of windings are classified as under: Cylindrical type: In this type of winding the length of the coil is equal to the length of the limb. The coils of high tension or low tension or say primary and secondary are wound keeping low tension near the cores. Sandwich type: In this type of winding the primary and secondary are placed one over the other alternately. These are suitably employed for the shell type transformer. TERMINALS AND BUSHING The leads of both windings are connected to the terminal so that the supply can be taken and connected to. Simple porcelain bushings are used to 20kV. Oil filled bushing are used to 33kV lines. For 132kV and above oil impregnated paper condenser bushing is used. TANK The tank is used to accumulate the windings, core etc. in it. The tank of small transformer is made with iron sheets having the provision of ventilation and for connections to the load and supply.
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CONSERVATIOR It is a small tank mounted over the top of the main tank. Conservator sometimes called as the expansion tank. A level indicator is fitted to check the level and color of the transformer oil. The main tank is completely filled with the transformer oil and the conservator partially. With the increase and decrease of current (load) the heat produced is also increased and decreased; as a result the expansion and contraction of the oil takes place; so the conservator is not filled completely to facilitate the expansion etc. an instrument is also attached to indicate the temperature of the oil. BREATHER It is fitted between the air space of conservator and the outside vent. When oil in transformer expands, air is driven out. When oil cools, outside air enters through the breather. The incoming air is taken through Silica Gel contained in the breather, so that moisture of air is arrested and oil is prevented from getting contaminated with moisture of air. Dry silica gel is of pink color. It turns blue as it absorbs moisture. Drying can be regenerating the wet silica gel. BUCHHOLZ RELAY It is used for the protection of the oil filled transformer from developing faults. This relay is connected in the tank between pipe and conservator. At minor fault (over loading) in the transformer tank Buchholz relay gives alarm, but during major fault (short circuit) Buchholz relay closes trip circuit to cut off the supply. Buchholz relays are not provided for transformers below 500 kVA. (This is for economic consideration). TAP CHANGER A tap changer is provided with transformer for adjusting secondary voltage occasional adjustment in secondary voltage is made by off circuit changes. Daily or short time adjustments are made by on load tap changer. The tap changers are installed within the transformer tank. TRANSFORMER OIL Transformer oil (dielectric oil) is used as insulation and cooling medium in power transformer and instrument transformer. The fresh dielectric has pale clear yellow color. Dielectric oil should never contain suspended particles, water-soluble acids and bases. Moisture in the oil lowers the dielectric strength, thereby causing internal flashover. Viscosity indicates fluidity. Oil with low viscosity has more fluidity and gives better cooling.
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Cutaway view of large 3- phase oil cooled power transfer REVIEW QUESTION: Q#1 what is the principle purpose of transformer?
________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________ Q#2 what is the function of Buchholz relay in the oil immersed transformer?
________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________ Q#5 how eddies current and hysteresis losses are reduced in the transformer core?
________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ____________ Q#6 why silica gel is used in breather?
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Q#7
________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Q#8 why tap changer is connected to HT winding?
________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________ Q 10 Write names against the number of the dc machine as shown in the table
No 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
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The Islamia University of Bahawalpur University College of Engineering & Technology Advance Machines & Drives 5rd Semester (3rd Year) (LAB EXPERIMENT NO. 02)
Fig:- 2.01 An ideal transformer is one that has (i) no winding resistance (ii) no leakage flux i.e., the same flux links both the windings (iii) no iron losses (i.e., eddy current and hysteresis losses) in the core Although ideal transformer cannot be physically realized, yet its study provides a very powerful tool in the analysis of a practical transformer. In fact, practical transformers have properties that approach very close to an ideal transformer. E.M.F. Equation of a Transformer Consider that an alternating voltage V1 of frequency f is applied to the primary as shown in Fig.(2.01).
Above equations are calculated from the e.m.f. E1 induced in primary and rms values of E In an ideal transformer, E1 = V1 and E2 =V2.
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Voltage Transformation Ratio (K): From the above equations of induced e.m.f.,
The constant K is called voltage transformation ratio. Thus if K = 5 (i.e. N2/N1 = 5), then E2 = 5 E1. For an ideal transformer: (i) E1 = V1 and E2 = V2 as there is no voltage drop in the windings.
(ii) there are no losses. Therefore, volt-amperes input to the primary are equal to the output voltmperes i.e.
V1 I1 = V2 I2
Hence, currents are in the inverse ratio of voltage transformation ratio. This simply means that if we raise the voltage, there is a corresponding decrease of current. A practical transformer differs from the ideal transformer in many respects. The practical transformer has (i) iron losses (ii) winding resistances and (iii) magnetic leakage, giving rise to leakage reactances. Step-Down Transformer Because the same magnetic flux lines cut both coils of a transformer, the induced EMF in the secondary winding, is proportional to the number of turns on both the primary and secondary windings. If the number of turns on the secondary winding is less than the number of turns on the primary winding, then the secondary output voltage will be less than the primary input voltage. This type of transformer is called a step-down transformer and is illustrated in Figure 02.
Step-Down Transformer
Fig:- 2.02
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Step-Up Transformer
If the number of turns on the secondary winding of a transformer is greater than the number of turns on the primary winding, then the secondary output voltage will be greater than the primary input voltage. This type of transformer is called a step-up transformer and is illustrated in Figure 4.
Step-Up Transformer
Fig:- 2.03
The power rating of a transformer may be calculated by multiplying the secondary AC voltage by the full load secondary AC current. Rating Rating Rating = = = Secondary Voltage x Secondary Current V x A ( U2 x I2 ) VA
A rating quoted in VA will apply to small transformers. The rating of larger transformers will be quoted in kVA or MVA
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The Islamia University of Bahawalpur University College of Engineering & Technology Advance Machines & Drives 5rd Semester (3rd Year) (LAB EXPERIMENT NO. 03)
To perform an open circuit test on a single phase transformer to find out the iron losses.
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:Upon unsuccessful of this completion of this experiment, the students will be able to: Understand the basic working principle of transformer Identify the constructional parts of Transformer EQUIPMENT:
Single Phase Transformer Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter Connecting leads
DISCUSSION:
Circuit Diagram:
Theory:
This test is performed to find out the no load losses or iron losses (also called core losses) and no load current Io which is helpful in determining Xo and Ro. In this test, the rated voltage is applied to the primary (usually low voltage winding) while the secondary is left open circuited. The applied primary voltage V1 is measured by the voltmeter, the no load current Io by ammeter and no load input power Wo by wattmeter as shown in circuit diagram. As the normal rated voltage is applied to the primary, therefore normal iron losses will occur in the transformer core. Hence wattmeter will record the iron losses and small copper losses in the primary. Since no load current Io is very small (usually 2 to 10% of rated current), Cu losses in the primary under no load condition are negligible as compared with iron losses. Hence, wattmeter reading practically gives the iron losses in the transformer.
Procedure:
Department Of Electrical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahawalpur
# 11 1. 2. 3. Make connections according to the given circuit. Connect primary of transformer with rated ac voltage supply. Note down readings of instruments connected and calculate different parameters.
Observations:
Sr.No Observations Primary Side Calculations P.f= P0/V1I0 Voltage V1 Current I0 Volts 1 2 3 Amps Watts Power P0 R0= V1/I0Cos Ohms Xm= V1/I0Sin Ohms
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Review Questions:
Q1: Calculate the no-load power Po (core loss) using the following relation
P0= I2WR0 ____________________________ W and compare it with the value of Po in Table Q2: Does transformer draw any current when its secondary is open? Ans:
Q3: If any current flow when secondary is open then why it flow? Ans:
Q5: Why are iron losses Constant at all loads in a transformer? Ans:
# 13
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur University College of Engineering & Technology Advance Machines & Drives 5rd Semester (3rd Year) (LAB EXPERIMENT NO. 04)
To perform a short circuit test on a single phase transformer to find out the copper losses.
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:Upon unsuccessful of this completion of this experiment, the students will be able to: Understand the basic working principle of transformer Identify the constructional parts of Transformer EQUIPMENT:
Single Phase Transformer Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter Connecting leads
DISCUSSION:
Circuit Diagram:
Theory:
In this test, the secondary (usually low voltage winding) is short circuited by a thick conductor and an ammeter, and variable low voltage is applied to the primary as shown in the circuit diagram. The low input voltage is gradually raised till a level (VSC) where full load current ISC flows in the primary. Then current in the secondary also has full load value. Under such conditions, the copper loss in the winding is the same as that on full load. There is no output from the transformer under short circuit conditions. Therefore input power is all loss and this loss is almost entirely copper loss. It is because iron loss in the core is negligibly small since the voltage is very small. Hence, wattmeter will practically register the full load copper losses in the transformer windings.
Procedure:
1. 2. Make connections according to the given circuit. Connect primary of transformer with variable ac voltage supply.
# 14 3. Note down transformer rated current from name plate data and keep on increasing voltage until you get rated current read by Ammeter connected. Once you get rated current at any specific voltage level, note down readings of instruments connected and calculate different parameters.
4.
Observations:
Sr.No Observations Primary Side Calculations Secondary side Voltage Vsc Volts 1 2 3 Current Isc Amps Power Psc Watts Amps Current P.f= Psc/VscIs Zsc= Vsc/I0 Ohms R01= Zsc.Cos Ohms X01= Zsc.Sin
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Review Questions:
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The Islamia University of Bahawalpur University College of Engineering & Technology Advance Machines & Drives 5rd Semester (3rd Year) (LAB EXPERIMENT NO. 05)
EQUIPMENT:
Single Phase Transformer Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter Connecting leads
DISCUSSION:
Circuit Diagram:
Theory:
A step-down transformer transforms the high voltage at primary side to a lower voltage at the secondary side. It works on the principle of mutual induction i.e. the transformer secondary winding has an induced emf due to the change in voltage across the primary winding. The efficiency of a transformer at a particular load and p.f is defined as the ratio between output power and input power.
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Observations:
Sr.No Resistance (Ohms) 1 2 Vp (Volts) Ip (Amps) Vs (Volts) Is (Amps)
CALCULATIONS:
RESULT
The efficiency have been calculated and increase in both parameters is observed with increases in load.
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a) unity power factor (resistive load) b) Lagging power factor (Inductive load) c) Leading power factor (capacitive load) Q2: If the transformer is loaded by purely capacitive load, what is the expected efficiency? Ans:
Q3: List the different losses which take place in a transformer? Ans:
Q4: In above question, under what conditions will only one of the components of voltage drop be present? Ans:
Q5: In this experiment, even after the load on secondary is thrown off, wattmeter connected to primary does read some power. Where is this power consumed? Ans:
Q6: Draw the phasor diagram of transformer at no-load with a) P.f 0.5 lagging b) P.f 0.5 leading
Department Of Electrical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahawalpur
# 19
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur University College of Engineering & Technology Advance Machines & Drives 5rd Semester (3rd Year) (LAB EXPERIMENT NO. 06)
To find out the voltage regulation of a single -phase step down transformer.
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:Upon unsuccessful of this completion of this experiment, the students will be able to: Understand the basic working principle of transformer Identify the constructional parts of Transformer EQUIPMENT:
Single Phase Transformer Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter Connecting leads
DISCUSSION:
Circuit Diagram:
Theory:
A step-down transformer transforms the high voltage at primary side to a lower voltage at the secondary side. It works on the principle of mutual induction i.e. the transformer secondary winding has an induced emf due to the change in voltage across the primary winding. When we increase load at the secondary terminals of a transformer, current drawn by transformer will increase. This increase in current will cause will increase in load dependant losses, Cu loss and leakage magnetic loss, hence causes decrease in output voltage. The change in secondary voltage from no load to full load with respect to no load voltage or with respect to full load voltage is called voltage regulation.
Procedure:
1. Make connections according to the given circuit.
Department Of Electrical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahawalpur
# 20 2. 3. 4. 5. Connect primary of transformer with rated ac voltage supply. Switch on primary supply and read the no load secondary voltage. Increase the load on the secondary side in steps. Note down readings of instruments connected and calculate different parameters
Observations:
No load secondary voltage VSN = _______ Volts Sr.No 1 2 Vp (Volts) Ip (Amps) Vs (Volts) Is (Amps)
CALCULATIONS:
For First Load:
1. VR = [(VSN VSL) / VSN] 100% =________________________________ For Second Load: 1. VR = [(VSN VSL) / VSN] 100% =________________________________
RESULT
The voltage regulation have been calculated and increase in both parameters is observed with increases in load.
Review Questions: Q1: Is it possible to get a -ve value for the voltage regulation? Give reason.
Ans:
Q2: What is the best value of voltage regulation? Is it possible to get it practically? Ans:
Q3: Calculate the power factor which yields the voltage regulation best value. Ans:
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The Islamia University of Bahawalpur University College of Engineering & Technology Advance Machines & Drives 5rd Semester (3rd Year) (LAB EXPERIMENT NO. 07)
To demonstrate the constructional parts and working principle of A 3-phase Induction Motor
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:Upon unsuccessful of this completion of this experiment, the students will be able to: Understand the basic working principle of 3-phase induction motor Identify the constructional parts of a induction motor EQUIPMENT: Induction motor DISCUSSION: Induction motor: Induction motors are most common type of electrical motors. It is widely used because of its simple construction, economical cost and ruggedness.
As the name suggests, the motor works on principle of electromagnetic induction. In a way it can be called as rotating transformer because of the close similarity in principle of operation. A schematic diagram of an induction motor is shown above. Pairs of electromagnetic poles are housed in a casing called stator. The e electromagnetic poles are wound with conductors to produce magnetism which is called stator windings. A rotating part called rotor is placed in the annular gap of the stator by suitable mountings in such a way that the rotor can rotate freely. The rotor may be either wire wound or may simply be bars of metal. In the latter case, the rotor is called squirrel cage type. Construction: The stator consists of wound 'poles' that carry the supply current to induce a magnetic field that penetrates the rotor. In a very simple motor, there would be a single projecting piece of the stator (a salient pole) for each pole, with windings around it; in fact, to optimize the distribution of the magnetic field, the windings are distributed in many slots located around the stator, but the magnetic field still has the same number of north-south alternations. The number of 'poles' can vary between motor types but the poles are always in pairs (i.e. 2, 4, 6, etc.).
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Induction motors are most commonly built to run on single-phase or three-phase power, but two-phase motors also exist. Single-phase power is more widely available in residential buildings, but cannot produce a rotating field in the motor (the field merely oscillates back and forth), so singlephase induction motors must incorporate some kind of starting mechanism to produce a rotating field. Three-phase motors have three salient poles per pole number. This allows the motor to produce a rotating field, allowing the motor to start with no extra equipment and run more efficiently than a similar single-phase motor. There are three types of rotor: a) Squirrel-cage rotor: The most common rotor is a squirrel-cage rotor. It is made up of bars of either solid copper (most common) or aluminum that span the length of the rotor, and those solid copper or aluminium strips can be shorted or connected by a ring or sometimes not, i.e. the rotor can be closed or semi closed type. The rotor bars in squirrel-cage induction motors are not straight, but have some skew to reduce noise and harmonics. b) Slip ring rotor: A slip ring rotor replaces the bars of the squirrel-cage rotor with windings that are connected to slip rings. When these slip rings are shorted, the rotor behaves similarly to a squirrelcage rotor; they can also be connected to resistors to produce a high-resistance rotor circuit, which can be beneficial in starting c) Solid core rotor: A rotor can be made from solid mild steel. The induced current causes the rotation. Principle of operation: A 3-phase power supply provides a rotating magnetic field in an induction motor. The basic difference between an induction motor and a synchronous AC motor with a permanent magnet rotor is that in the latter the rotating magnetic field of the stator will impose an electromagnetic torque on the magnetic field of the rotor causing it to move (about a shaft) and a steady rotation of the rotor is produced. It is called synchronous because at steady state the speed of the rotor is the same as the speed of the rotating magnetic field in the stator. By way of contrast, the induction motor does not have any permanent magnets on the rotor; instead, a current is induced in the rotor. To achieve this, stator windings are arranged around the rotor so that when energized with a polyphase supply they create a rotating magnetic field pattern which sweeps past the rotor. This changing magnetic field pattern induces current in the rotor conductors. These currents interact with the rotating magnetic field created by the stator and in effect cause a rotational motion on the rotor.
However, for these currents to be induced the speed of the physical rotor must be less than the speed of the rotating magnetic field in the stator (the synchronous frequency ns) or else the magnetic field will not be moving relative to the rotor conductors and no currents will be induced. If by some
Department Of Electrical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahawalpur
# 23
chance this happens, the rotor typically slows slightly until a current is re-induced and then the rotor continues as before. This difference between the speed of the rotor and speed of the rotating magnetic field in the stator is called slip. It is unit less and is the ratio between the relative speeds of the magnetic field as seen by the rotor (the slip speed) to the speed of the rotating stator field. Due to this, an induction motor is sometimes referred to as an asynchronous machine. Synchronous speed: To understand the behavior of induction motors, it is useful to understand their distinction from a synchronous motor. A synchronous motor always runs at a synchronous speed- a shaft rotation frequency that is an integer fraction of the supply frequency. The synchronous speed of an induction motor is the same fraction of the supply. It can be shown that the synchronous speed of a motor is determined by the following formula:
Where ns is the (synchronous) speed of the rotor (in rpm), f is the frequency of the AC supply (in Hz) and p is the number of magnetic poles per phase. Slip: The slip is a ratio relative to the synchronous speed and is calculated using:
Where
s is the slip, usually between 0 and 1 nr = rotor rotation speed (rpm) ns = synchronous rotation speed (rpm)
Typical torque curve as a function of slip:
Procedure:
Firstly I identified different parts of the motor. They were as follows: Stator, Bearings, Frame, connection ports etc. Then connected the leads and checked the working of motor.
Department Of Electrical Engineering, UCE&T, Bahawalpur
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Conclusion:
Different parts of 3 phase induction motor were successfully identified.
Review question: Q1) What do you mean by slip of a motor? Also draw typical torque curve as a function of slip? Ans.: Difference between the speed of the rotor and speed of the rotating magnetic field in the stator
is called slip.
Ans.:
# 25
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur University College of Engineering & Technology Advance Machines & Drives 5rd Semester (3rd Year) (LAB EXPERIMENT NO. 08)
Production of flux and to check the polarity of main poles of the dc motor.
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:Upon unsuccessful of this completion of this experiment, the students will be able to: Understand the basic working principle of 3-phase induction motor Identify the constructional parts of a induction motor EQUIPMENT:
DC motor DC supply Connecting wires Compass needle Iron rod.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:
Motor is an electrical device which converts the electrical energy into mechanical energy. If the applied supply is dc and motor is operated on it then this type of motor is called dc motor. When the voltage is applied across its stator, the applied voltage produces the flux in the stator, whose direction depends upon the direction of the applied current. If the direction of the current is reversed the flux direction will also reversed.
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Fig: DC Motor
Procedure:
Connect the dc motor to the dc supply. Switch on the supply. Take the compass needle and bring it within the stator core. The compass needle will direct according to the flux direction produced by the applied dc supply. Now change the direction of the dc supply and again bring the compass needle within the stator core, this time the compass needle will erect in opposite direction to the first case. Take the iron bar and bring it near the stator part. The electronically magnetized stator will attract the iron bar. By increasing the amount of the applied supply, the stator will attract the iron bar more strongly.
# 27
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur University College of Engineering & Technology Advance Machines & Drives 5rd Semester (3rd Year) (LAB EXPERIMENT NO. 09)
PROCEDURE: As shown in figure connect the motor with ac supply source at no load.Connect the measuring instruments like ammeter,volt meter and watt meter for calculation voltage and no load core and iron losses.Vary the voltage at a constant frequency with the induction motor uncoupled from its load. Measured the total power input, the voltage and the current .
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Where Im = I
NL
sin
Reading.No 1 2
PhaseCurrents / Amps
Speed / rpm
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The Islamia University of Bahawalpur University College of Engineering & Technology Advance Machines & Drives 5rd Semester (3rd Year) (LAB EXPERIMENT NO. 10)
Check the relation between synchronous speed and poles of 3- induction motor
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:Upon unsuccessful of this completion of this experiment, the students will be able to: Understand the basic working principle of 3-phase induction motor Identify the constructional parts of a induction motor EQUIPMENT: 3- induction motor (2 poles) 3- induction motor (4 poles) Ac supply Techo meter Connection lead Torque meter THEORY: To understand the behaviour of induction motors, it is useful to understand their distinction from a synchronous motor. A synchronous motor always runs at a synchronous speed- a shaft rotation frequency that is an integer fraction of the supply frequency. The synchronous speed of an induction motor is the same fraction of the supply. It can be shown that the synchronous speed of a motor is determined by the following formula:
where ns is the (synchronous) speed of the rotor (in rpm), f is the frequency of the AC supply (in Hz) and p is the number of magnetic poles per phase. For example, a 6 pole motor operating on 60 Hz power would have a speed of:
Note on the use of p - some texts refer to number of pole pairs per phase instead of number of poles per phase. For example a 6 pole motor, operating on 60 Hz power, would have 3 pole pairs. The equation of synchronous speed then becomes:
Procedure:
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For this two induction motors 1st of 2 poles and 2nd of 4 poles is required. First connect 2 pole induction motor with ac regulated supply source through a torque meter and measure the speed. Same procedure rpeat for 4 poles machine and compare their speeds.
Observation Table:
Sr.No 1 Input Voltage / Volts 29.33 2 poles / RPM 1437 4 poles / RPM 960
Remarks:
So it proves from observation table that speed of rotor is inversly proportional to the no.of poles.
# 31
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur University College of Engineering & Technology Advance Machines & Drives 5rd Semester (3rd Year) (LAB EXPERIMENT NO. 11)
Check the relation between synchronous speed and frequency of 3- induction motor
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:Upon unsuccessful of this completion of this experiment, the students will be able to: Understand the basic working principle of 3-phase induction motor Identify the constructional parts of a induction motor EQUIPMENT: 3- induction motor Ac supply Frequency variable drive Connection lead THEORY:
To understand the behaviour of induction motors, it is useful to understand their distinction from a synchronous motor. A synchronous motor always runs at a synchronous speed- a shaft rotation frequency that is an integer fraction of the supply frequency. The synchronous speed of an induction motor is the same fraction of the supply.
It can be shown that the synchronous speed of a motor is determined by the following formula:
where ns is the (synchronous) speed of the rotor (in rpm), f is the frequency of the AC supply (in Hz) and p is the number of magnetic poles per phase. For example, a 6 pole motor operating on 60 Hz power would have a speed of:
Note on the use of p - some texts refer to number of pole pairs per phase instead of number of poles per phase. For example a 6 pole motor, operating on 60 Hz power, would have 3 pole pairs. The equation of synchronous speed then becomes:
Procedure:
Connect the three phase induction motor with ac supply source through frequency variable drive.By changing the frequency of ac supply observe effect on motors rpm.
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Observation Table:
Sr.No 1 2 3 Input Voltage / Frequency 25 40 50 4 poles / RPM 605 968 1200
Remarks:
From observations it is clear that rpm of induction motor is directly proportional to frequency of ac supply source.
# 33
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur University College of Engineering & Technology Advance Machines & Drives 5rd Semester (3rd Year) (LAB EXPERIMENT NO. 12)
A disadvantage of this method is that the starting torque (which is proportional to the square of the applied voltage) is also reduced to 1/3 of its delta value.
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PROCEDURE: 1. To start the induction motor first set the switch on STAR for some time, in this condition its current and torque are low. 2. After some time (about 10 seconds) set the switch to DELTA position. Now motor will run at its rated speed and take its rated current.
CONNECTION DIAGRAM: