-By Sameer Kadam M.

Sc Computational Mechanics

Problem Statement Consider a supersonic flow over a wedge (jet engine intake?) is to be analyzed. The shape, given in Fig. 1, consists of two compression corners of 6 and 10 degrees and 4 4 degree expansion corners. The unit of the x-coordinate is 0.1 m (10 cm). The free streem conditions are: 1. Mach number M = 3, the ambient pressure pa = 0.101325 MPa and T = 300 K . 2. Mach number M = 4, the ambient pressure pa = 0.101325 MPa and T = 300 K .

Sr.No

Topic

Page No.

Approach

Calculations for Flow With Mach Number = 3

Calculations for Flow With Mach Number = 4

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Calculation of Entropies and Enthalpies

17

Verification of Results Using Flow Simulating Software Star CCM

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Comparison of Analytical and Numerical Results

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Appendix 1

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Appendix 2

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Approach
The given problem is a case of oblique shock as the wavefront is at an angle other than 90 o to the approaching flow. It can be divided into two parts basically, 1. Analysis of Compression Corners 2. Analysis of Expansion Corners

1. Analysis of Compression Corners:

There are two compression corners having angles 6o and 10o respectively. Let us denote these compression angle or deflection angles as . Consider a flow with Mach number; M1 is approaching a compression corner. It results in a oblique shock which can be visualized with the help of the given figure:

Properties of an Oblique Shock Wave

Here we can see the properties of an oblique shock wave. The approaching flow is deflected by angle . Here is called the wave angle and for a Normal Shock it is 90o. We split the approaching flow into two components and hence we obtain the Normal Component of mach number Mn1 & the tangential component as Mt1. Similarly we have Mn2 Mt2 as the Normal and tangential components of the mach number of the flow after shock. Where Mn1 is given by M1/sin In order to find angle we refer the Oblique Shock Charts ( Appendix 1) which give the relation between the shock wave angle and flow deflection angle for various values of upstream mach numbers. As we know the values of upstream Mach number M1 and the flow deflection angle we can find the corresponding value of .

Now, it can be solved as problem of Normal Shock. Using the basic equations for continuity, energy and momentum we can obtain the relations for between the various parameters of the upstream and downstream flows. We start with the continuity equation 1v1= 2v2 From which we get the relation 1M1/sqrt(T1)= 2M2/sqrt(T2)......................................... (1)
Analytical and Numerical Methods for Oblique Shock Problems Page 1

The stagnation enthalpy remains constant over the flow ht1=ht2 but since enthalpy is a function of temperature only Tt1=Tt2 Tt= T*(1+ (-1)*M2/2) T1 *(1+ (-1)*M12/2) = T2 *(1+ (-1)*M22/2) ......................................... (2) Using the Momentum Equation p1*(1+ *M12) = p2*(1+ *M22) ......................................... (3) Equations 1,2,3 are the governing equations for the Normal shock. Empressing all the relations in terms of M1 we get the Normal Shock tables( Appendix 2) These tables provide the various values of pressure ratios, temperature ratios, density ratios, mach number downstream, etc. Using these Normal Shock tables (Appendix 2) we obtain the values for pressure ratio (p2/p1), temperature ratio (T2/T1) and Mach number after shock. Note that the static pressure and temperature are the same whether we are talking about Normal Shock or Oblique Shock. Moreover the value of Mach number which we obtain for the flow after the shock is the Normal Component of M2 i.e Mn2. M can be obtained by using the relation. M2= M2n/sin(-) The strength of shock can be calculated by using the pressure ratio. The strength of shock is given by (p2-p1)/p1 The change in Entropy for any ideal gas in terms of pressure ratio and density ratio is given by the relation: s = Cp * ln(T2/T1) - R * ln(p2/p1) ......................................... (4) Note that the entropy changes tend to be very small for oblique shocks as the entropy changes are directly proportional to the cube of the flow deflection angle which is very small in this case. The change in Enthalpy is given by h= Cpt............................................................... (5)

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2. Analysis of Expansion Corners: There are four expansion corners each of them having an angle of 4 o. In a shock wave the pressure, density and temperature increase. In an expansion wave it is exactly opposite: they all decrease. The analysis of expansion corner is different as compared to compression corner. Here we use the Prandtl-Meyer Function(). It is defined as the angle through which a flow with a Mach number = 1 is turned isentropically to achieve the indicated Mach number.

Illustration of Prandtl Meyer Function

The Prandtl-Meyer Function can be obtained from the Isentropic Charts or the Normal Shock Charts(Appendix 2). Otherwise it can be calculated by using the relationship

Thus for calculating the Prandtl-Meyer Function we require only the upstream mach number. Based on this we can calculate the Mach number of the downstream flow as follows: Find 1 for the upstream mach number from isentropic charts The flow turns by the flow deflection angle . Add this value of to 1 which would indicate the Prandtl Meyer Function, 2 for the downstream mach number. i.e 2- 1 = From 2 we can obtain the corresponding down stream mach number from the isentropic charts. Similarly using the Isentropic charts we can find the other values for the pressure ratio and temperature ratio. The Cahnge in Enthalpy and Entropy can also be found out similarly as in case of Compression Corners using eqns 4 and 5 Note that the change in entropy and enthalpy is negative in this case However, we are also required to find the shock wave angle , in order to determine the location of shock.
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For this we derive an equation based on eq 1,2,3

.................................................(from eqn 1)

....................................(from eqn 2)

.............................................(from eqn 3) Substituting the last two eqns in the first eqn we get a relation between M 1 and M2 as follows:

.........................(eqn 6) Substituting the value of M2 in eqn 3 we have a relation between the pressure in terms of M1 p2/p1 = 2/(-1) * M12 (-1) /(+1)......................................(eqn 7) Where M1 is the Normal Component of the Upstream Flow Thus for Expansion Corner it gets modified to p2/p1 = 2/(-1) * M12 sin2 (-1) /(+1)..................................(eqn 8) The pressure ratio can be found out from the isentropic charts and thus we can calculate the wave angle . Note that after taking sin-1 we will have to consider the negative value of the angle, since it is a case of expansion.

M1 -M2 -

Wave Angle for an Expansion Shock Negative Angle is Traced Clockwise

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Analytical Calculations for Mach 3

Given free stream conditions are M1 = 3 P1 = 1.01325 bar T1 = 300 K Compression Curves = 6o and 10o Expansion Curves = four 4o curves 1. Compression Corner of 6o M1 = 3; P1 = 1.01325 bar; T1 = 300 K; 1 = 6o Location of Shock and Normal Mach Number Refer the Oblique Shock Charts ( Appendix 1). We obtain for mach number 3 and = 6o the value of the shock wave angle as 1 as 24o Mn1 = M1 * sin n1 = 3sin(24) Mn1 = 1.22 Refer the Normal Shock tables (Appendix 2). We obtain for mach number 1.22 the following values of pressure ratio, temperature ratio and downstream mach number p2/p1 = 1.570; T2/T1 = 1.141; Mn2 = 0.8300 p2 = p1 * 1.570; T2 = T1 * 1.141; M2 = Mn2/sin(-) p2 = 1.0325 * 1.570; T2 = 300 * 1.141; M2 = 0.8300/sin(24-6) p2 = 1.59 bar; T2 = 342.3 K; M2 = 2.685 Strength of Shock is given by (p2 - p1)/p1 or (p2/p1) 1 1.570 1 = 0.570 Change in Entropy is given by s = Cp * ln(T2/T1) - R * ln(p2/p1) s = 1005 * ln(1.141) 287 * ln(1.570) s = 3.10 J/Kg K Change in Enthalpy is given by h= Cpt h = 1005 * (T2 T1) h = 1005 * (342.3 300) h = 42511.5 J/Kg K

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2. Compression Corner of 10o M2 = 2.685; P2 = 1.59 bar; T2 = 342 K; 2 = 10o Location of Shock and Normal mach Number Refer the Oblique Shock Charts ( Appendix 1). We obtain for mach number 2.685 and = 10o the value of the shock wave angle as 1 as 30o Mn2 = M1 * sin n2 = 2.685sin(30) Mn2 = 1.3425 Refer the Normal Shock tables (Appendix 2). We obtain for mach number 1.3425 the following values of pressure ratio, temperature ratio and downstream mach number p3/p2 = 1.928; T3/T2 = 1.216; Mn3 = 0.7664 p3 = p2 * 1.928; T3 = T2 * 1.216; M3 = Mn3/sin(-) p3 = 1.59 * 1.928; T3 = 342 * 1.216; M3 = 0.7664/sin(30-10) p3 = 3.06 bar; T3 = 416.23 K; M3 = 2.25 Strength of Shock is given by (p3/p2) 1 1.928 1 = 0.928 Change in Entropy is given by s = Cp * ln(T3/T2) - R * ln(p3/p2) s = 1005 * ln(1.216) 287 * ln(1.928) s = 8.14 J/Kg K Change in Enthalpy is given by h= Cpt h = 1005 * (T3 T2) h = 1005 * (416.23 342.3) h = 74290 J/Kg K

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3. Expansion Corner of 4o M3 = 2.25; P3 = 3.06 bar; T3 = 416.23 K; 3 = 4o Prandtl-Meyer Function Refer the Isentropic Charts/ Normal Shock Charts ( Appendix 2). We obtain for mach number 2.25 the value of Prandtl- Meyer Function 3 = 33.018 4 = 3 + 3 4 = 33.018 + 4 4 = 37.018o Refer the Normal Shock tables (Appendix 2). We obtain for 4 = 37.018o the value of corresponding mach number M 4 as 2.41. Referring the same following values of pressure ratio and temperature ratio are obtained as follows p4/p3 = p4/p4t * p4t/p3t * p3t/p3; T4/T3 = T4/T4t * T4t/T3t * T3t/T3; Since the flow is isentropic and no work is done, the stagnation temperature is constant (T t = constant). Also there are no losses in the flow, hence the stagnation pressure is also constant (pt = constant) p4/p3 = 0.06734 * 1 * (0.08648)-1; T4/T3 = 0.46262 * 1 * (0.49689)-1 p4/p3 = 0.7786; T4/T3 = 0.931 p4 = 0.7786 * 3.06; T4 = 0.931 * 416.23 p4 = 2.382516 bar; T4 = 387.52 K Strength of Shock is given by (p4/p3) 1 0.7786 - 1 = -0.2214 Change in Entropy is given by s = Cp * ln(T4/T3) - R * ln(p4/p3) s = 1005 * ln(0.931) 287 * ln(0.7786) s = -0.02948 J/Kg K Change in Enthalpy is given by h= Cpt h = 1005 * (T4 T3) h = 1005 * (387.52 - 416.23) h = -28853 J/Kg K Location of Shock pii/pi = 2/(-1) * Mi2 sin2 (-1) /(+1)........................................................................(eqn 8) 0.7786 = 2*1.4/(1.4-1) * 2.252sin2 (1.4-1)/(1.4+1) = sin-1(0.4); = +23.58o or -23.58o = -23.58 o (consider ve value, since its a case of expansion)
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4. Expansion Corner of 4o M4 = 2.41; P4 = 2.382 bar; T4 = 387.52 K; 4 = 4o Prandtl-Meyer Function Refer the Isentropic Charts/ Normal Shock Charts ( Appendix 2). We obtain for mach number 2.41 the value of Prandtl- Meyer Function 4 = 37.018 5 = 4 + 4 4 = 37.018 + 4 4 = 41.018o Refer the Normal Shock tables (Appendix 2). We obtain for 5 = 41.018o the value of corresponding mach number M 5 as 2.54. Referring the same following values of pressure ratio and temperature ratio are obtained as follows p5/p4 = p5/p5t * p5t/p4t * p4t/p4; T5/T4 = T5/T5t * T5t/T4t * T4t/T4; Since the flow is isentropic and no work is done, the stagnation temperature is constant (T t = constant). Also there are no losses in the flow, hence the stagnation pressure is also constant (pt = constant) p5/p4 = 0.0550 * 1 * (0.06734)-1; T5/T4 = 0. 43662 * 1 * (0.46262)-1 p5/p4 = 0.8167; T5/T4 = 0.9437 p5 = 0.8167*2.382; T4 = 0.9437 * 387.52 p5 = 1.94 bar; T5 = 365.74 K Strength of Shock is given by (p5/p4) 1 0.8167 - 1 = -0.1833 Change in Entropy is given by s = Cp * ln(T5/T4) - R * ln(p5/p4) s = 1005 * ln(0.9437) 287 * ln(0.8167) s = -0.1239 J/Kg K Change in Enthalpy is given by h= Cpt h = 1005 * (T5 T4) h = 1005 * (365.74 - 387.52) h = -21889 J/Kg K Location of Shock pii/pi = 2/(-1) * Mi2 sin2 (-1) /(+1)........................................................................(eqn 8) 0.8167 = 2*1.4/(1.4-1) * 2.412sin2 (1.4-1)/(1.4+1) = sin-1(0.3809); = +22.39o or -22.39o = -22.39 o (consider ve value, since its a case of expansion)
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5. Expansion Corner of 4o M5 = 2.54; p5 = 1.94 bar; T5 = 365.74 K; 5 = 4o Prandtl-Meyer Function Refer the Isentropic Charts/ Normal Shock Charts ( Appendix 2). We obtain for mach number 2.54 the value of Prandtl- Meyer Function 5 = 41.018 6 = 5 + 5 6 = 41.018 + 4 6 = 45.018o Refer the Normal Shock tables (Appendix 2). We obtain for 6 = 45.018o the value of corresponding mach number M 6 as 2.77. Referring the same following values of pressure ratio and temperature ratio are obtained as follows p6/p5 = p6/p6t * p6t/p5t * p5t/p5; T6/T5 = T6/T6t * T6t/T5t * T5t/T5; Since the flow is isentropic and no work is done, the stagnation temperature is constant (T t = constant). Also there are no losses in the flow, hence the stagnation pressure is also constant (pt = constant) p6/p5 = 0.03858 * 1 * (0.0550)-1; T6/T5 = 0.3954 * 1 * (0.4366)-1 p6/p5 = 0.7014; T6/T5 = 0.9036 p6 = 0.7014*1.94; T6 = 0.9036 * 365.74 p6 = 1.36 bar; T6 = 330.4 K Strength of Shock is given by (p6/p5) 1 0.7014 - 1 = -0.2986 Change in Entropy is given by s = Cp * ln(T6/T5) - R * ln(p6/p5) s = 1005 * ln(0.9036) 287 * ln(0.7014) s = -0.08305 J/Kg K Change in Enthalpy is given by h= Cpt h = 1005 * (T6 T5) h = 1005 * (330 365.74) h = -35516.7 J/Kg K Location of Shock pii/pi = 2/(-1) * Mi2 sin2 (-1) /(+1)........................................................................(eqn 8) 0.7014 = 2*1.4/(1.4-1) * 2.542sin2 (1.4-1)/(1.4+1) = sin-1(0.34054); = +19.91o or -19.91o = -19.91 o (consider ve value, since its a case of expansion)
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6. Expansion Corner of 4o M6 = 2.77; p6 = 1.36 bar; T6 = 330.4 K; 6 = 4o Prandtl-Meyer Function 7 = 6 + 6 7 = 45.018 + 4(From Appendix 2) 7 = 49.018o Refer the Normal Shock tables (Appendix 2). for 7 = 49.018o, mach number M7 as 2.97. values of pressure ratio and temperature ratio are obtained as follows p7/p6 = p7/p7t * p7t/p6t * p6t/p6; T7/T6 = T7/T7t * T7t/T6t * T6t/T6; Tt = constant and pt = constant p7/p6 = 0.02848 * 1 * (0.03858)-1; T7/T6 = 0.36177 * 1 * (0.39454)-1 p7/p6 = 0.7382; T7/T6 = 0.917 p7 = 0.7382*1.36; T6 = 0.917 * 330.4 p7 = 1.004 bar; T7 = 302.95 K Strength of Shock is given by (p7/p6) 1 0.7382 - 1 = -0.2618 Change in Entropy is given by s = Cp * ln(T7/T6) - R * ln(p7/p6) s = 1005 * ln(0.917) 287 * ln(0.7382) s = -0.03504 J/Kg K Change in Enthalpy is given by h= Cpt h = 1005 * (T7 T6) h = 1005 * (302.95 - 330) h = -27185.25 J/Kg K Location of Shock pii/pi = 2/(-1) * Mi2 sin2 (-1) /(+1)........................................................................(eqn 8) 0.7382 = 2*1.4/(1.4-1) * 2.772sin2 (1.4-1)/(1.4+1) = sin-1(0.3380); = +19.76o or -19.76o = -19.76 o (consider ve value, since its a case of expansion)

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Analytical Calculations for Mach 4

Given free stream conditions are M1 = 4 P1 = 1.01325 bar T1 = 300 K Compression Curves = 6o and 10o Expansion Curves = four 4o curves 1. Compression Corner of 6o M1 = 4; P1 = 1.01325 bar; T1 = 300 K; 1 = 6o Location of Shock and Normal Mach Number Refer the Oblique Shock Charts ( Appendix 1). We obtain for mach number 3 and = 6o the value of the shock wave angle as 1 as 19o Mn1 = M1 * sin n1 = 4sin(19) Mn1 = 1.3022 Refer the Normal Shock tables (Appendix 2). We obtain for mach number 1.3022 the following values of pressure ratio, temperature ratio and downstream mach number p2/p1 = 1.806; T2/T1 = 1.191; Mn2 = 0.7866 p2 = p1 * 1.806; T2 = T1 * 1.191; M2 = Mn2/sin(-) p2 = 1.0325 * 1.806; T2 = 300 * 1.191; M2 = 1.3022/sin(19-6) p2 = 1.83 bar; T2 = 357.3 K; M2 = 3.5 Strength of Shock is given by (p2 - p1)/p1 or (p2/p1) 1 1.806 1 = 0.806 Change in Entropy is given by s = Cp * ln(T2/T1) - R * ln(p2/p1) s = 1005 * ln(1.191) 287 * ln(1.806) s = 6.0174 J/Kg K Change in Enthalpy is given by h= Cpt h = 1005 * (T2 T1) h = 1005 * (357.3 300) h = 57580 J/Kg K

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2. Compression Corner of 10o M2 = 3.5; P2 = 1.83 bar; T2 = 357.3 K; 2 = 10o Location of Shock Refer the Oblique Shock Charts ( Appendix 1). We obtain for mach number 3.5 and = 10o the value of the shock wave angle as 2 as 24.5o Mn2 = M1 * sin n2 = 3.5sin(24.5) Mn2 = 1.45 Refer the Normal Shock tables (Appendix 2). We obtain for mach number 1.45 the following values of pressure ratio, temperature ratio and downstream mach number p3/p2 = 2.286; T3/T2 = 1.287; Mn3 = 0.7196 p3 = p2 * 2.286; T3 = T2 * 1.287; M3 = Mn3/sin(-) p3 = 1.83 * 2.286; T3 = 357.3 * 1.287; M3 = 1.45/sin(24.5-10) p3 = 4.1 bar; T3 = 459.87 K; M3 = 2.874 Strength of Shock is given by (p3/p2) 1 2.286 1 = 1.286 Change in Entropy is given by s = Cp * ln(T3/T2) - R * ln(p3/p2) s = 1005 * ln(1.287) 287 * ln(2.286) s = 16.28 J/Kg K Change in Enthalpy is given by h= Cpt h = 1005 * (T3 T2) h = 1005 * (459.87 357.3) h = 103068 J/Kg K

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3. Expansion Corner of 4o M3 = 2.874; P3 = 4.1 bar; T3 = 459.87 K; 3 = 4o Prandtl-Meyer Function Refer the Isentropic Charts/ Normal Shock Charts ( Appendix 2). We obtain for mach number 2.874 the value of Prandtl- Meyer Function 3 = 47.18523 4 = 3 + 3 4 = 47.18523 + 4 4 = 51.18523o Refer the Normal Shock tables (Appendix 2). We obtain for 4 = 51.18523o the value of corresponding mach number M4 as 3.07. Referring the same following values of pressure ratio and temperature ratio are obtained as follows p4/p3 = p4/p4t * p4t/p3t * p3t/p3; T4/T3 = T4/T4t * T4t/T3t * T3t/T3; Since the flow is isentropic and no work is done, the stagnation temperature is constant (T t = constant). Also there are no losses in the flow, hence the stagnation pressure is also constant (pt = constant) p4/p3 = 0.02453 * 1 * (0.03312)-1; T4/T3 = 0.34810 * 1 * (0.3773)-1 p4/p3 = 0.7426; T4/T3 = 0.918 p4 = 0.7426 * 4.10; T 4 = 0.918 * 459.87 p4 = 3.035000 bar; T4 = 424.279 K Strength of Shock is given by (p4/p3) 1 0.7426 - 1 = -0.2626 Change in Entropy is given by s = Cp * ln(T4/T3) - R * ln(p4/p3) s = 1005 * ln(0.918) 287 * ln(0.7426) s = -0.57512 J/Kg K Change in Enthalpy is given by h= Cpt h = 1005 * (T4 T3) h = 1005 * (424.279 459.87) h = -35591 J/Kg K Location of Shock pii/pi = 2/(-1) * Mi2 sin2 (-1) /(+1)........................................................................(eqn 8) 0.7426 = 2*1.4/(1.4-1) * 2.8742sin2 (1.4-1)/(1.4+1)
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 = sin-1(0.3067); = +17.86o or -17.86o = -17.86 o (consider ve value, since its a case of expansion) 4. Expansion Corner of 4o M4 = 3.07; P4 = 3.035 bar; T4 = 424.279 K; 4 = 4o Prandtl-Meyer Function Refer the Isentropic Charts/ Normal Shock Charts ( Appendix 2). We obtain for mach number 2.41 the value of Prandtl- Meyer Function 4 = 51.18523 5 = 4 + 4 4 = 51.18523 + 4 4 = 55.18523o Refer the Normal Shock tables (Appendix 2). We obtain for 5 = 55.18523o the value of corresponding mach number M 5 as 3.9. Referring the same following values of pressure ratio and temperature ratio are obtained as follows p5/p4 = p5/p5t * p5t/p4t * p4t/p4; T5/T4 = T5/T5t * T5t/T4t * T4t/T4; Since the flow is isentropic and no work is done, the stagnation temperature is constant (T t = constant). Also there are no losses in the flow, hence the stagnation pressure is also constant (pt = constant) p5/p4 = 0.01773 * 1 * (0.02452)-1; T5/T4 = 0. 31597 * 1 * (0.34810)-1 p5/p4 = 0.72308; T5/T4 = 0.907 p5 = 0.72308*3.07; T4 = 0.907 * 424.279 p5 = 2.19455 bar; T5 = 385.11 K Strength of Shock is given by (p5/p4) 1 0.72308 - 1 = -0.277 Change in Entropy is given by s = Cp * ln(T5/T4) - R * ln(p5/p4) s = 1005 * ln(0.907) 287 * ln(0.72308) s = -5.04 J/Kg K Change in Enthalpy is given by h= Cpt h = 1005 * (T5 T4) h = 1005 * (385.11 424.279) h = -39364.845 J/Kg K Location of Shock pii/pi = 2/(-1) * Mi2 sin2 (-1) /(+1)........................................................................(eqn 8) 0.72308 = 2*1.4/(1.4-1) * 3.072sin2 (1.4-1)/(1.4+1)
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 = sin-1(0.2843); = +16.52o or -16.52o = -16.52 o (consider ve value, since its a case of expansion) 5. Expansion Corner of 4o M5 = 3.29; p5 = 2.19455 bar; T5 = 385.11 K; 5 = 4o Prandtl-Meyer Function Refer the Isentropic Charts/ Normal Shock Charts ( Appendix 2). We obtain for mach number 3.29 the value of Prandtl- Meyer Function 5 = 55.18523 6 = 5 + 5 6 = 55.18523 + 4 6 = 59.18523o Refer the Normal Shock tables (Appendix 2). We obtain for 6 = 59.18523o the value of corresponding mach number M 6 as 3.54. Referring the same following values of pressure ratio and temperature ratio are obtained as follows p6/p5 = p6/p6t * p6t/p5t * p5t/p5; T6/T5 = T6/T6t * T6t/T5t * T5t/T5; Since the flow is isentropic and no work is done, the stagnation temperature is constant (T t = constant). Also there are no losses in the flow, hence the stagnation pressure is also constant (pt = constant) p6/p5 = 0.01239 * 1 * (0.01773)-1; T6/T5 = 0.28520 * 1 * (0.31597)-1 p6/p5 = 0.7000; T6/T5 = 0.9026 p6 = 0.7000*2.19455; T6 = 0.9026 * 385.11 p6 = 1.46 bar; T6 = 347.06 K Strength of Shock is given by (p6/p5) 1 0.7000 - 1 = -0.3000 Change in Entropy is given by s = Cp * ln(T6/T5) - R * ln(p6/p5) s = 1005 * ln(0.9026) 287 * ln(0.7000) s = -0.62246 J/Kg K Change in Enthalpy is given by h= Cpt h = 1005 * (T6 T5) h = 1005 * (347.06 384.11) h = -38240.25 J/Kg K Location of Shock pii/pi = 2/(-1) * Mi2 sin2 (-1) /(+1)........................................................................(eqn 8) 0.7000 = 2*1.4/(1.4-1) * 3.292sin2 (1.4-1)/(1.4+1)
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 = sin-1(0.2619); = +15.187o or -15.187o = -15.187o (consider ve value, since its a case of expansion) 6. Expansion Corner of 4o M6 = 3.54; p6 = 1.46 bar; T6 = 347.06 K; 6 = 4o Prandtl-Meyer Function 7 = 6 + 6 7 = 59.18523+ 4(Appendix 2) 7 = 64.18523o Refer the Normal Shock tables (Appendix 2). for 7 = 64.18523o, mach number M7 as 3.81. pressure ratio and temperature ratio are obtained as follows p7/p6 = p7/p7t * p7t/p6t * p6t/p6; T7/T6 = T7/T7t * T7t/T6t * T6t/T6; Tt = constant; pt = constant p7/p6 = 0.00851 * 1 * (0.01239)-1; T7/T6 = 0.25620 * 1 * (0.28520)-1 p7/p6 = 0.6868; T7/T6 = 0.8983 p7 = 0.6868*1.46; T6 = 0.8983 * 347.06 p7 = 1.00279 bar; T7 = 308.88 K Strength of Shock is given by (p7/p6) 1 0.6868 - 1 = -0.3132 Change in Entropy is given by s = Cp * ln(T7/T6) - R * ln(p7/p6) s = 1005 * ln(0.8983) 287 * ln(0.6868) s = -0.2937 J/Kg K Change in Enthalpy is given by h= Cpt h = 1005 * (T7 T6) h = 1005 * (302.95 - 330) h = -38370.9J/Kg K Location of Shock pii/pi = 2/(-1) * Mi2 sin2 (-1) /(+1)........................................................................(eqn 8) 0.6868 = 2*1.4/(1.4-1) * 3.542sin2 (1.4-1)/(1.4+1) = sin-1(0.2415); = +13.98o or -13.98o = -13.98o(consider ve value, since its a case of expansion)

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The Total Change in Entropy for Mach 3 s = 3.10 + 8.14 -0.2948 0.1239 0.08305 0.03504 = 10.703 J/Kg K

The Total Change in Enthalpy for Mach 3 h = 42.511 + 74.290 28.853 21.88 35.5167 27.185 = 3.716 KJ/Kg K

The Total Change in Entropy for Mach 4 s = 6.0174 + 16.28 0.57512 5.04 0.62246 0.2937 = 15.76612 J/Kg K

The Total Change in Enthalpy Mach 4 h = 57.58 + 103.68 35.591 39.364 38.240 38.370 = 9.695 KJ/Kg K

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Verification of Results Using Flow Simulating Software Star CCM

Analytical and Numerical Methods for Oblique Shock Problems

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For Mach 3

For Mach 4

Comparison of Analytical and Numerical Results For Mach 3

At points 1 2 3 4 5 6 Analytical 3 2.685 2.25 2.41 2.54 2.77 Mach Number Numerical 3 2.74 2.3195 2.5227 2.698 2.92 Analytical 1.0132 1.59 3.06 2.382 1.95 1.36 Pressure(bar) Numerical 1.0132 1.612 2.98 2.46 1.869 1.269 Analytical 300 342 416.23 387.52 365.94 330.4 Temperature(K) Numerical 300 343.46 411.98 393.3 362.15 324.78 7 2.97 2.9632 1.004 1.0118 302.95 299.86

For Mach 4
At points Analytical Mach Number Numerical
Pressure(bar) Temperature(K)

1 4 4 1.013 1.013 300 300

2 3.5 3.57 1.83 1.786 357.3 361.9

3 2.874 2.874 4.1 4.13 459.8 459.7

4 3.07 3.035

5 3.29 3.35

6 3.54 3.62

7 3.81 3.948 1.002 1.003 308.8 299.7

Analytical Numerical Analytical Numerical

3.035 2.1945 1.46 3.08 2.04 1.394 424.27 385.11 347.06 415.3 379.76 344.22

Conclusion From the above results we can see that the analytical and numerical results almost comply with each other although there are small differences between the two values. These differences are mainly because the fact that numerical simulation approximates the governing equations to algebraic equations. This approximation leads to deviation from the analytical values. Other factor resulting into deviation is fineness of meshing of the component. Discretization of the domain is a part of numerical preprocessing. Thus the entire domain is discretized into number of small domains. The discontinuities of the numerical solution over these number of small domains results in deviation. Another important factor is the number of inner iterations selected by the user. The higher the number of inner iterations the more the numerical solution is close to analytical solution Also the entropy change in each region and over the entire is region yields a very small value since the entropy change is directly affected by the cube of flow deflection angle. This was found to be correct after obtaining the values for the change in entropy.

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Appendix 1

Fig: Variation of Wave Deflection Angle wrt to Flow Deflection Angle for Various Mach Numbers

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Appendix 2