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CONDOMS NEGATIVESHARED
INHERENCYARVS SOLVE INHERENCYAFRICAN MILITARIES SOLVE INHERENCYABSTINENCE SOLVES INHERENCYVACCINES SOLVE 5 INHERENCYPEPFAR SOLVES INHERENCYAIDS PEAKED INHERENCYAIDS OVERESTIMATED HARMA2: AIRBORNE AIDS HARMA2: PANDEMICS CAUSE EXTINCTION11 HARMA2: AIDS CAUSES WAR HARMWAR WONT ESCALATE 14 HARMAIDS NOT KEY TO FAMINE HARMA2: AIDS HURTS ECONOMIES SOLVENCYAID FAILSFUNGIBLE SOLVENCYAID FAILSPOLITICAL WILL SOLVENCYAID FAILSAIDS DENIAL SOLVENCYAID FAILSOTHER FACTORS SOLVENCYCONDOMS BADLIST SOLVENCYCONDOMS BADFALSE SECURITY SOLVENCYCONDOMS BADSTUDIES SOLVENCYCONDOMS BADPROSTITUTION SOLVENCYCONDOMS FAIL SOLVENCYCONDOMS FAILSTUDIES SOLVENCYCONDOMS FAILCORRELATION SOLVENCYCONDOMS FAILA2: EXAMPLES SOLVENCYCONDOMS FAILWONT USE SOLVENCYVACCINES KEY WAR TURNS THE CASE 2 3 4 6 8 9 10 13 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 30 31 32

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INHERENCYARVS SOLVE AFRICAN GOVERNMENTS HAVE SUCCESSFUL ARV PROGRAMS NOWTHIS REDUCES THE IMPACT OF AIDS LEARNER AND UPHAUS 2006 (Michele and Charles, Some Good News From Africa, Bread For the World, December http://www.bread.org/learn/backgroundpapers/2006/some-good-news-from-Africa.html) There is even a glimmer of hope in the devastating HIV/AIDS pandemic, as health professionals prove that treatment can reduce AIDS-related deaths in poor countries just as in wealthy ones. In 2005 alone, the number of Africans receiving anti-retroviral therapy more than doubled. Some countries, like Botswana and Uganda, are now able to treat more than half of their patients who need the medications. South Africa made headlines in fall 2006 by belatedly acknowledging that HIV is the cause of AIDS and pledging that antiretroviral therapy will be the centerpiece of the governments response to AIDS. South Africa has the worlds largest number of people with HIV and has lost several years in responding to the pandemic. But, as local AIDS experts point out, its not too late, both to offer treatment and to prevent HIV in the next generation.

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INHERENCYAFRICAN MILITARIES SOLVE AFRICAN MILITARY PROGRAMS SOLVE AIDS NOW CHICAGO TRIBUNE 3-6-2006 Southern Africa's militaries, after years of struggling to come to grips with AIDS in their ranks, are fast turning into some of the most effective combatants against the virus in Africa. Bases are holding HIV support group meetings and handing out condoms and antiretroviral treatment drugs to soldiers sent out on missions. While relatively few civilians in southern Africa have been tested for HIV, most of the region's soldiers have, giving researchers a clearer picture of the extent of the spread of the virus. And in some poorer nations, like Zambia, the military is carrying out AIDS treatment campaigns for soldiers and civilians in remote areas of the country that the national health services cannot reach. "The militaries are well ahead of many sectors in their own societies" in regard to preventing, treating and monitoring the prevalence of AIDS, said Martin Rupia, head of a research project on AIDS in the military at the Institute for Security Studies in Pretoria. The military's inherent structure of discipline and following commands, he said, has helped ensure regular condom distribution, regular AIDS testing and that HIV-positive soldiers stick to taking their anti-retroviral drugs. And because military readiness is key to national security, militaries have made controlling AIDS a top priority.

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INHERENCYABSTINENCE SOLVES ABSTINENCE PROGRAMS ARE REDUCING AIDS NOW BOURKE 2006 (Dale, Christianity Today, June, http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2006/juneweb-only/122-43.0.html) But the 2006 report seems to signal a maturation of both the disease and the response to it. While the actual numbers of new infections and deaths are continuing to climb, the percentages are declining, signaling what Paul De Lay, director of evaluation at UNAIDS, called a "global slowing," That's about as good as it gets when talking about a disease that afflicts nearly 40 million people worldwide, with 4.1 million newly infected last year alone.

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INHERENCYVACCINES SOLVE NEW VACCINES WILL SOLVE AIDS NOW SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE 11-9-2006
French researchers reported Sunday that an AIDS vaccine designed to treat the disease, rather than prevent it, has scored an initial success by suppressing the virus for up to a year among a small group of patients who tried it. Although the technique is cumbersome and costly, the experiment published in an online version of the British journal Nature Medicine is being touted as "the first demonstration of an efficient therapeutic vaccine against AIDS." The vaccine was tested in Brazil on 18 volunteers who were already infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, but who were not yet taking any antiviral drugs. After four months, the level of HIV in their bloodstreams had been reduced an average of 80 percent. By the end of one year, eight patients in the group had maintained a 90 percent reduction in virus particles in their bloodstream. Four of those patients had virus levels so low that they were comparable to so-called "long-term non-progressors," a rare cohort of people infected with HIV who never seem to get sick. Unlike a conventional vaccine, this one cannot block infection from occurring. However, if the French technique could be perfected, it has the potential to keep some HIV-infected patients healthy without their having to take the three-drug "cocktails" of toxic antiviral drugs. Instead, a series of injections, perhaps once a year, would keep their chronic infections in check. The lead investigators in the French study are Drs. Jean-Marie Andrieu and Wei Lu of the Institute of Research for Vaccines and Immunotherapies for Cancer and AIDS, in Paris. In an interview, Andrieu estimated that the cost of the annual therapy could be $4,000 to $8,000, less than a year's course of antiviral drugs. He said the only side effect of the therapy was a swelling of the lymph nodes, which caused no pain. The swelling was, in fact, an indicator that the vaccine was marshalling the body's immune system properly to ward off the AIDS virus. No new patients have been enrolled in the experiment, but Andrieu said future research will attempt to understand "why it works in some people, and not in others.'' Although the experiment falls short of a breakthrough against AIDS, it represents a rare piece of good news in the field of vaccine research, which has been marked in recent years by a string of setbacks. UCSF doctor sees cause for hope "This is just a preliminary study, but it is encouraging,'' said virologist Dr. Jay Levy of the UCSF AIDS Research Institute. Levy did not participate in the research but is familiar with its findings.

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INHERENCYPEPFAR SOLVES PEPFAR SOLVES AIDS IN AFRICACRITICS SIMPLY DISLIKE ITS POLITICS THE GLOBE AND MAIL 8-19-2006 None of this, however, changes one fact: PEPFAR works. The other major agency in the field - the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria - has, four years into its life, proved itself hopelessly bureaucratic, slow and often perilously ineffective. Its tuberculosis and malaria programs are generally praised, but its AIDS response is another matter. According to Emily Bass, a U.S. science writer at work on a book about treating AIDS in Uganda, "It took two years from time they first signed the grant to the moment when the first drugs bought with Global Fund money arrived in the country." In those two years, 184,000 Ugandans died of AIDS. PEPFAR provides most of its grants directly to community groups (a quarter of them "faith-based") and so avoids a great deal of bureaucracy. "The Global Fund is painfully slow, and it goes through government so money is siphoned off," said a Uganda publichealth specialist whose hospital gets funding from both organizations. "PEPFAR is 10 times faster, and you don't have to pay any kickbacks to get your money." There is a grim irony in this, as Dr. Apuuli noted: It was the U.S. that insisted on many of the bureaucratic layers that have slowed the Global Fund down. It said no U.S. taxpayer's money would go to an international body that couldn't account for every penny - requiring that countries already overburdened create vast new accounting wings to track the fund's donations. And after making those demands, the U.S. government went on to direct the great bulk of its money through PEPFAR and not the Global Fund, starving it of its major expected source of funds. The fund desperately needs an additional $1-billion simply to meet is existing commitments. Meanwhile, PEPFAR has steamrolled into the construction of laboratories, supply chains and innovative drug-distribution methods - such as a motorcycle service that brings drugs to people with AIDS in rural Uganda each month. "We're fundamentally expanding local capacity and local structure," Dr. Dybul said. "Lives are being saved in a very rapid way." But that, Ms. Bass said, is not the story one hears. "You look at coverage of Uganda, a country which has been at the epicentre of all these reports about PEPFAR's completely problematic abstinence policies, and you might never know that this is also a place where U.S. money has gotten more drugs to more HIV-positive people than the Global Fund or any other funding stream to date. That part of the program is seldom in the spotlight."

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INHERENCYPEPFAR SOLVES CURRENT U.S. AIDS PREVENTION PROGRAMS ARE WORKING THE GLOBE AND MAIL 8-19-2006
In the heavily politicized world of global AIDS, there is no subject more incendiary than PEPFAR, the U.S. President's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief - a $15-billion (all figures U.S.), five-year program announced by George Bush in January of 2003. While originally intended to focus on 15 countries, most in sub-Saharan Africa, PEPFAR today has programming in almost every AIDS-ravaged African country. In its first three years, it has paid for or supported lifesaving antiretroviral treatment for 561,000 people; HIV testing and counselling for 13.6 million people; care for three million AIDS orphans; and the prevention of an estimated 62,000 transmissions of HIV between pregnant women and their babies. In Africa, where the dying and the infecting and the suffering goes on almost unchecked, PEPFAR is one of the few things that largely works. Yet remarkably few people want to admit it. As one leading U.S. activist said, "You can't say that PEPFAR works, or has done good things, without being a pariah among pretty much any other group of people who work in AIDS." The problem is that PEPFAR comes with a heavy gloss of moralism, its policies shaped by values in vogue in Washington that critics charge have no place in an African AIDS response. At best, by the admission of PEPFAR's own director, those policies generate confusion that is "causing problems in countries." At worst, according to an audit by the U.S. Government Accountability Office, they are "undermining" some AIDS programs and could be responsible for unnecessary deaths.

PEPFAR SOLVES NOWREFORMS HAVE IMPROVED THE PROGRAM SEATTLE POST-INTELLIGENCER 6-6-6 The Bush administration is right to promote abstinence, but condoms must be part of the message. Pontificating against promiscuity goes only so far, because often what kills African women isn't flings but marriage. Fortunately, over time, Bush's aides have adjusted the AIDS program to meet on-theground realities - using cheap generics, for example, rather than just branded medicines. And implementation depends hugely on local officials: Here in Namibia, AIDS workers say they have seen no hostility to condoms. All in all, what I see in Africa reassures me about the U.S. program. Its prudishness is a problem in some places, but overall the United States still hands out far more condoms than any other country.

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INHERENCYAIDS PEAKED AIDS HAS PEAKED IN AFRICAIT WONT GET WORSE POSNER 2007 (Richard, Senior Lecturer in Law, U of Chicago, Progress in Fighting AIDS in Africa? Jan 7, http://www.becker-posnerblog.com/archives/2007/01/progress_in_fig.html) Even within sub-Saharan Africa, there are vast differences in the prevalence of the disease among the different countries. Most of the West African countries, including Nigeria (Africa's most populous country), have prevalance in the 5 to 7 percent range. But there are a number of countries in East Africa, notably the Republic of South Africa, where the prevalence is in excess of 20 percent (it is 24 percent in Botswana, for example). The overall prevalence of the disease in sub-Saharan Africa seems, however, to have peaked, so that the continuing increase in worldwide prevalence is being driven by increases in other countries, mainly in Asia. AIDS IS DECLININGEVEN IF THE NUMBER OF CASES IS INCREASING, THE PERCENTAGE OF INFECTIONS IS NOT BOURKE 2006 (Dale, Christianity Today, June, http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2006/juneweb-only/122-43.0.html) But the 2006 report seems to signal a maturation of both the disease and the response to it. While the actual numbers of new infections and deaths are continuing to climb, the percentages are declining, signaling what Paul De Lay, director of evaluation at UNAIDS, called a "global slowing," That's about as good as it gets when talking about a disease that afflicts nearly 40 million people worldwide, with 4.1 million newly infected last year alone.

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INHERENCYAIDS OVERESTIMATED AIDS PREVALENCE IS OVERESTIMATED BY 40%WHO AND UNAIDS STUDIES HAVE LOWERED THE NUMBERS HALPERIN AND POST 2004 (Daniel and Glenn, both from USAID, The Lancet, Sept 1824) WHO and UNAIDS (June 26, p 2180)1,2 are to be commended for their adoption of improved HIV surveillance approaches, including recognition of new methods, such as the Demographic and Health Surveys-Plus (DHS+) national household surveys. Yet the good news from Geneva (http://www.unaids.org)-that the number of people living with HIV is lower than previously estimated-might portend an even more favourable outlook. Compared with estimates based primarily on antenatal surveillance, results of geographically representative population-based surveys, such as the DHS+ (http://www.measuredhs. com/), which also sample men and non-sexually active and other non-pregnant women, have all indicated lower prevalence rates. For example, findings of DHS+ surveys undertaken in 2003-04 showed: 6-7% adult HIV-1 prevalence in Kenya versus the previous WHO/ UNAIDS 2001 estimate3 of 15.0%; 1.5% in Burkina Faso versus the 2001 and 2003 estimates of 6.5% and 4.2%, respectively; and 2.0% in Ghana versus the 2003 estimate of 3.1%. Such discrepancies could be even greater in the lower prevalence, more concentrated epidemics of Latin America and Asia, where antenatal sites are even more likely to be located in urban and other higher-risk hot spots. Results of the 2002 Dominican Republic DHS+ showed 1.0% prevalence; 60% lower than the 2001 UNAIDS estimate of 2.5%. A population-based survey (n=1631) in slum areas of Chennai4 noted 0.6% prevalence, suggesting implausibly that the current 0.9% estimate for the entire country is 50% higher than in this major Indian hot spot. Population-based surveys might underestimate true prevalence because of greater risk factors in the non-response (refusing and absent) groups.1 The unexpectedly large femaleto-male HIV-prevalence ratio (about 2-to-1) reported in Kenya and some west Africa surveys seems to support the hypothesis that higher-risk, more mobile men are missed by such household surveys. However, results of an analysis of non-responders in the Kenya DHS+indicated no major behavioural differences overall compared with responders, and suggested that other factors, particularly male circumcision, are more relevant in explaining such female-to-male differentials (Annie Cross, ORC Macro International, personal communication). Lower rates of HIV in circumcised men (July 3, p 4),5 in addition to avoiding the typical urban bias of antenatal surveillance,1,2 could help to explain the lower prevalence levels noted in population-based surveys. Since the DHS+ and similar nationally representative survey findings in most cases have been at or below the low-end 2003 WHO/UNAIDS estimates, if such population-based methods were globally applied the worldwide number of HIV infections could be lower than the 2003 mid-point estimate of 37 800 000-perhaps by as much as 25-40%.2 Hence, the numbers of AIDS deaths, orphans, people needing treatment and care, etc, would be similarly lower.

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HARMA2: AIRBORNE AIDS AIDS COULD NEVER BECOME AIRBORNE AND IT WOULDNT BE FATAL IF IT DID GLADWELL 1995 (New York bureau chief of The Washington Post, New Republic, July 17) The Andromeda Strain, in short, the virus that really could kill 80 or 90 percent of humanity, would be an airborne version of HIV. In fact, doomsday types have for years been conjuring up this possibility for the end of mankind. The problem, however, is that it is very difficult to imagine how such a super-virus could ever come about. For a start, it is not clear how HIV could become airborne and still be lethal. (This was the argument of Howard Temin, the late Nobel Prize-winning virologist.) What makes HIV so dangerous is that it seeks out and selectively kills the key blood cells of the human immune system. To be airborne, it would have to shift its preference to the cells of the respiratory system. (Ebola, which is not nearly so selective, probably doesn't need to change personality to become airborne.) How, then, could it still cause aids? Why wouldn't it be just another cold virus? Then there is the problem of mutation. To become airborne, HIV would have to evolve in such a way as to become more durable. Right now the virus is highly sensitive to changes in temperature and light. But it is hardly going to do any damage if it dies the moment it is coughed into the air and exposed to ultraviolet rays. HIV would have to get as tough as a cold virus, which can live for days on a countertop or a doorknob. At the same time HIV would have to get more flexible. Right now HIV mutates in only a limited manner. The virus essentially keeps changing its clothes, but its inner workings stay the same. It kills everyone by infecting the same key blood cells. To become airborne, it would have to undergo a truly fundamental transformation, switching to an entirely different class of cells. How can HIV make two contradictory changes at the same time, becoming both less and more flexible? HIV WILL NEVER BECOME AIRBORNE FEINBERG 2001 (Dr. Judith, U of Cincinnati College of Medicine, The Body, June 25, http://www.thebody.com/Forums/AIDS/Infections/Archive/BasicInformation/Q41152.html ) HIV is not airborne and is unlikely to become so. Its biology is oriented toward infecting a certain type of white blood cell. being inhaled into the lungs isn't a very efficient way of encountering T helper lymphocytes. This concern is the result of someone's fears getting the best of them.

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HARMA2: PANDEMICS CAUSE EXTINCTION DISEASE SPREAD WILL NOT CAUSE EXTINCTIONHUMAN DIVERSITY, MEDICINE, AND EVOLUTIONARY LIMITS ON MICROBES ALL CHECK GLADWELL 1995 (New York bureau chief of The Washington Post, New Republic, July 17) This is what is wrong with the Andromeda Strain argument. Every infectious agent that has ever plagued humanity has had to adopt a specific strategy, but every strategy carries a corresponding cost, and this makes human counterattack possible. Malaria is vicious and deadly, but it relies on mosquitoes to spread from one human to the next, which means that draining swamps and putting up mosquito netting can all but halt endemic malaria. Smallpox is extraordinarily durable, remaining infectious in the environment for years, but its very durability, its essential rigidity, is what makes it one of the easiest microbes to create a vaccine against. aids is almost invariably lethal because its attacks the body at its point of great vulnerability, that is, the immune system, but the fact that it targets blood cells is what makes it so relatively uninfectious. I could go on, but the point is obvious. Any microbe capable of wiping us all out would have to be everything at once: as contagious as flu, as durable as the cold, as lethal as Ebola, as stealthy as HIV and so doggedly resistant to mutation that it would stay deadly over the course of a long epidemic. But viruses are not, well, superhuman. They cannot do everything at once. It is one of the ironies of the analysis of alarmists such as Preston that they are all too willing to point out the limitations of human beings, but they neglect to point out the limitations of microscopic life forms. If there are any conclusions to be drawn about disease, they are actually the opposite of what is imagined in books such as The Hot Zone and The Coming Plague. It is true that the effect of the dramatic demographic and social changes in the world over the past few decades is to create new opportunities for disease. But they are likely to create not homogeneous patterns of disease, as humans experienced in the past, so much as heterogeneous patterns of disease. People are traveling more and living in different combinations. Gene pools that were once distinct are mixing through intermarriage. Adults who once would have died in middle age are now living into their 80s. Children with particular genetic configurations who once died at birth or in infancy are now living longer lives. If you talk to demographers, they will tell you that what they anticipate is increasing clusters of new and odd diseases moving into these new genetic and demographic niches. Rare diseases will be showing up in greater numbers. Entirely unknown diseases will emerge for the first time. But the same diversity that created them within those population subgroups will keep them there. Laurie Garrett's book is mistitled. We are not facing "the coming plague." We are facing "the coming outbreaks."

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HARMA2: PANDEMICS CAUSE EXTINCTION NO PANDEMIC COULD EVER RESULT IN EXTINCTIONEVOLUTION AND MEDICINE CHECK THE IMPACT POSNER 2005 (Richard, Author, Catastrophe: Risk and Response, excerpted in Skeptic, Jan 1) Yet the fact that Homo sapiens has managed to survive every disease to assail it in the 200,000 years or so of its existence is a source of genuine comfort, at least if the focus is on extinction events. There have been enormously destructive plagues, such as the Black Death, smallpox, and now AIDS, but none has come close to destroying theentire human race. There is a biological reason. Natural selection favors germs of limited lethality; they are fitter in an evolutionary sense because their genes are more likely to be spread if the germs do not kill their hosts too quickly. The AIDS virus is an example of alethal virus, wholly natural, that by lying dormant yet infectious in its host for years maximizes its spread. Yet there is no danger that AIDS will destroy the entire human race. The likelihood of a natural pandemic that would cause the extinction of the human race is probably even less today than in the past (except in prehistoric times, when people lived in small, scattered bands, which would have limited the spread of disease), despite wider human contacts that make it more difficult to localize an infectious disease. The reason is improvements in medical science. But the comfort is a small one. Pandemics can still impose enormous losses and resistprevention and cure: the lesson of the AIDS pandemic. And there is always a lust time.

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HARMA2: AIDS CAUSES WAR THEIR ARGUMENTS ABOUT HIV AND MILITARY POWER ARE WRONGHIV DOES NOT CRIPPLE MILITARIES AND IT MIGHT REDUCE WAR EVEN IF IT DOES FELDBAUM 2006 (Harley Feldbaum, Kelley Lee, and Preeti Patel are at the Centre on Global Change and Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, PloS Medicine, June 13) It is important to note that some analyses conflate HIV and AIDS, assuming all soldiers who are HIV positive will not be able to perform their duties because of AIDS. Thus, the security implications of HIV may be less than initially perceived, especially for militaries relying on conscription, because many soldiers who are HIV positive will have completed their duty by the time they develop symptoms of AIDS. Also, contrary to arguments that HIV will worsen national security is the idea that higher rates of HIV among militaries could have a beneficial strategic effect by constraining offensive military plans in bellicose countries [9]. Decreased military effectiveness may make some countries more likely to turn to nonmilitary means to resolve conflicts and promote their interests. However, there is no available evidence to date that HIV has inspired or foreclosed armed conflict. The strategic impact of high HIV prevalence on the armed forces remains complex and dependent upon other country-specific factors.

AIDS IS NOT A SECURITY THREATTHERE IS NO EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE AND EXAMPLES OF SECURITY DISPROVE THEIR ARGUMENT PITTSBURGH POST-GAZETTE 7-19-2005 While acknowledging the ravages of AIDS, James Robbins of the Washington, D.C.-based National Defense University, said the disease "is not a national security threat. It is a health threat. Just because a disease kills lots of people doesn't make it a security threat." Robbins, a professor at the military-run institution, noted that two of the African countries with the highest incidences of AIDS South Africa and Botswana are among the continent's most stable nations. "Can the author point to a single instance where AIDS has led to a riot, an assassination, a cross-border invasion?" he asked.

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HARMWAR WONT ESCALATE WAR IN AFRICA DOES NOT ESCALATE ALEXANDER 1995 (Bevin, Professor and Director of the Inter-University Institution for Terrorism Studies, The Future of Warfare) The United States also will be reluctant to enter into conflicts in Africa, unless a major outside power tries to gain control of a region, as was the case with Soviet incursions during the Cold War, or unless one power attempts to corral the supply of vital minerals such as cobalt, chromium, or manganese. Without such incursions, African conflicts constitute little international danger because the continent does not possess enough inherent military or economic power to threaten the world. That is why the United States has ignored, militarily at least, the civil wars or ethnic conflicts in Rwanda, Liberia, Chad, Mozambique, Sudan, and elsewhere. It intervened in Somalia primarily to halt starvation.

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HARMAIDS NOT KEY TO FAMINE MANY FACTORS CAUSE FAMINEAIDS IS NOT CRITICAL CLOVER 2003 (Jenny, Researcher at the Institute for Security Studies, African Security Review, Vol 12, No 1, http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/ASR/12No1/FClover.html) Availability, access and affordability are all elements of food security, complex issues that encompass a wide range of interrelated economic, social and political factorsinternal and externalwhich challenge Africas ability to address food security. Analysts generally believe that Africas current food emergencies are the result of a combination of problems that range from drought and adverse weather patterns and civil conflict, to political-economic crises, HIV/AIDS and poor policy decisions. No single factor is uniquely responsible. Southern Africa is no stranger to natural hazards, but this time a very broad area has been affected by drought and many countries did not have strategic grain reserves. There are also a far higher number of dependents and more childheaded households, because of HIV/AIDS. What is undeniable is that Africas persistent vulnerability is arguably due as much to a failure of understanding as to a failure of interventions.13

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HARMA2: AIDS HURTS ECONOMIES AIDS DOES NOT CRUSH THE ECONOMYSOUTH AFRICA PROVES GARRETT 2005 (Laurie, Council on Foreign Relations senior fellow for global health, two honorary PhDs, a Pulitzer Prize, two George C. Polk Awards, the George Foster Peabody Award, grad work in immunology, HIV and National Security: Where are the Links? www.cfr.org/publication/8256/hiv_and_national_security.html) By the end of 2006, at least eleven African countries will have lost in excess of 10 percent of their work forces due to AIDS, an astounding figure that implies stark economic consequences.123 The economic impact of HIV on hard-hit societies would seem intuitively obvious, until the South African paradox is revealed. Despite having about one out of every four adults aged fifteen to forty-nine infected with HIV, a rising death toll, and no real access to life-sparing anti-HIV drugs, the economy of that nation is booming. The Bureau for Economic Research at Stellenbosch University estimates that HIV has diminished the countrys GDP by only 0.3 percent a sum more than offset by growth in the service and industrial sectors. South Africa has had high unemployment for decades, and the government of Thabo Mbeki has not generated significant numbers of jobs. It would seem, then, that the people worst afflicted with HIV, and the unemployed, are not key to South Africas economic vitality. This similar, and troubling, paradigm may hold true across several HIV-afflicted areas.

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SOLVENCYAID FAILSFUNGIBLE MONEY SPENT ON AIDS PREVENTION ONLY FREES UP RESOURCES FOR OTHER EXPENSESCOUNTRIES WONT INCREASE THE TOTAL AMOUNT SPENT TO FIGHT AIDS POSNER 2007 (Richard, Senior Lecturer in Law, U of Chicago, Progress in Fighting AIDS in Africa? Jan 7, http://www.becker-posnerblog.com/archives/2007/01/progress_in_fig.html) Because of the inadequate legal and political infrastructure in sub-Saharan countries, giving money to these countries for any purpose is likely to be a poor investment. This is dramatically shown by the case of South Africa, which has one of the highest rates of HIVAIDS of any country in the world. Because of its mineral resources and its substantial white minority, South Africa is by African standards a wealthy country. Its GDP is almost $200 billion. Its leaders have been in a shocking state of denial concerning AIDS. Any money given to South Africa to fight AIDS is likely simply to replace the money that South Africans spend on AIDS. This of course is a general problem of charity, such as food stamps in the U.S.--if charity, even when earmarked for a specific expenditure, is less than the recipient would spend on the item anyway, his consumption of the item will be unaffected. So if a person spends $2,000 of his own money every year on food, and then is given $500 worth of food stamps, he will not eat more (unless having a larger total income increases his demand for food), but rather will spend $500 less out of his own pocket. The same may be true in the case of foreign assistance for fighting AIDS in Africa.

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SOLVENCYAID FAILSPOLITICAL WILL U.S. ASSISTANCE CANT SOLVE AIDSAFRICAN LEADERS LACK POLITICAL WILL OLUBOMEHIN AND BALOGUN 2005 (O. O. Olubomehin and W. A. Balogun The United States of America and the War Against HIV/AIDS in Africa, West Africa Review: Issue 8, 2005) Perhaps the biggest challenge to the efforts of the American government is the lack of political will on the part of most African leaders to translate global and regional plans into national policies and actions. In this regard, Omololu Falobi notes that: too often in Africa, our leaderships have failed to address themselves to issues that affect peoples lives . . . our leaders have tended to become re-actors, rather than pro-actors. They have delighted in mounting slogans that have no practical meaning in action, in addressing issues as business as usual.29 African leaders usually are quick to sign treaties and agreement to achieve specific objectives, but most often, they do not take the necessary steps to ensure that these treaties or plans of action work effectively. What happened to the African Consensus and Plan of Action on HIV/AIDS adopted at the Abuja OAU summit on HIV/AIDS? The answer, apart from all else, lies in the lack of political vision and will of African leaders. A major part of the Plan of Action sees HIV/AIDS as a multi-dimensional problem of development and that it should be treated as such. But the situation in most African countries does not reflect this conceptualization as HIV/AIDS continues to be seen as a health problem.

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SOLVENCYAID FAILSAIDS DENIAL DENIAL BY AFRICAN LEADERSHIP UNDERMINES U.S. ASSISTANCE OLUBOMEHIN AND BALOGUN 2005 (O. O. Olubomehin and W. A. Balogun The United States of America and the War Against HIV/AIDS in Africa, West Africa Review: Issue 8, 2005) Furthermore, for sometime there has been a denial of the existence of AIDS in many African countries. As we move into the 21st century, AIDS remains yet one issue some people would rather not discuss obviously for fear of not being discriminated against. Ms. Charlotte Mjele, a 22-year old who is HIV positive told delegates at a conference organized by the African Development Forum in Addis Ababa in 2001 that: not many . . . have the courage to do what Im doing . . . Many in a similar situation would not even go out to learn and update themselves with information about this virus that is affecting us so much Not many can stand the risk of being discriminated against. Fear of discrimination often prevents people form getting tested, seeking treatment for AIDS or from admitting their HIV status publicly. Many are still dying in fear and many are still in the victim mindset30 This attitude, however, is not a peculiarity of HIV-infected people, government officials and politicians continue to cloud the issue by disputing the level of HIV infection or the link between HIV and AIDS. Some would still not admit the existence of the disease. As noted by Lewis, former President Federick Chiluba of Zambia denied the reality of AIDS and threw obstacles in the way of those keen to confront it.31 Also, South African President, Thambo Mbeki once denied the existence of AIDS and for a very long time prevented the use of anti-retroviral drugs in most government hospitals. This attitude has also put a stumbling block in the way of the US effort at combating AIDS in Africa.

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SOLVENCYAID FAILSOTHER FACTORS CANT SOLVE AIDS IN AFRICAECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND LEGAL FACTORS UNDERMINE SOLUTIONS POSNER 2007 (Richard, Senior Lecturer in Law, U of Chicago, Progress in Fighting AIDS in Africa? Jan 7, http://www.becker-posnerblog.com/archives/2007/01/progress_in_fig.html) I am dubious that the foreign donations are money well spent, compared to alternatives. This is not because HIV-AIDS isn't a ghastly disease, and economically very harmful because of its debilitating effect on the working-age population, to which most of the victims belong; it is because the causes of its prevalence in those countries in which it is prevalent are social and economic conditions, or political decisions, that must be changed before there can be any real hope of significantly reducing the prevalence of the diseases, and that are unlikely to be changed by foreign money. The causes include profound ignorance about the disease (due in part to superstition and in any event an aspect of much broader deficiencies in education and literacy), miserable living conditions and short life expectancy which reduce aversion to risky behavior, migrant male labor that increases the demand for paid sex, cultural traditions of male promiscuity, female circumcision (a risk factor for HIV), and the extremely low status of women that drives many of them into prostitution and reduces their ability to bargain effectively with men over safe sex, to which men are more averse than women. Underlying all these things is the extreme poverty of most sub-Saharan countries, which in turn stems, in major part anyway. from the dreadful legal and political infrastructure of most of these nations. And, by the way, these awful conditions are not the legacy of colonialism, as is often charged. These countries were better administered when they were colonies, at least those that were French or British colonies; and many other former colonial nations, such as India, Singapore, Malaysia, Tunisia, and Trinidad, are prosperous relative to sub-Saharan countries, while Liberia, a sub-Saharan African nation that has never been a colony, remains profoundly disordered and impoverished.

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SOLVENCYCONDOMS BADLIST CONDOMS FAIL AND INCREASE THE SPREAD OF AIDSMANY REASONS AFRICA NEWS 3-28-2002
Last week, the Project for Human Development (PHD) storms THISDAY with a gospel contrary to that of the condom proponents. Says their spokesman, Engr Jerry Okwuosa, "we are tackling the issue of HIV/ AIDS and indeed other sexually transmitted diseases the wrong way". Okwuosa says his organisation believes that nothing, except a return to the very natural values for which Africans are known will eradicate these diseases. He claims that those who clamour for the use of condoms have various vested interests which are mostly economic. For every Nigerian, individual or organisation promoting the use of condoms, the PHD alleges a desire to just distribute condoms and make money at the expense of the people, while they continue to make us believe that this was a fool - proof to contacting STDs. For some of these organisations, the group identifies the provision of funds by foreign agencies as motive. They allege that developed countries are stiff- scared of the population of Africa, since the power of nations reside in their population. The aim of the advanced countries who promote condoms, they say, is essentially curtailing the growth of population in Africa. PHD says that the promotion of condoms is an inadvertent promotion of promiscuity, "you are simply telling people that they can go ahead and engage in indescriminate sex because condom would protect them" Okosa says. This, he further explains "helps the spread of STDs since condoms can only be about 85 per cent effective and the spread of STDs is an indirect way of spreading HIV/ AIDS as research has shown that those who suffer form some sort of STDs or the other risk the HIV/ AIDS complex more" Starting from the very basic and simplistic, Okwuosa asks if it is ever reasonable that a N10 condom will prevent a million naira infection like HIV/ AIDs. "It is impossible that a ten naira condom would deal with a problem that causes you to spend about N70,000 a week on antiretrovirals which are just drugs to keep you alive and not cures the disease".. He says further that 91 per cent of condoms are made form latex rubber which have natural holes and that any type of STd, including HIV, can be contacted through the holes that are naturally present in this rubber. Aside from this, Okwuosa says that condoms are prone to different levels of deterioration in the process of use. Hear him: " A study done in July last year showed that condoms are only 85 percent effective if used properly and consistently. That is, what the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) says in the United States of America. "Now consistently you can say but properly, maybe, because you cannot stop the condom from slipping down the skin or slipping off completely even when experts are using it. You cannot stop it from being snappped with the fingernail or ring as you slip it on. You cannot stop it from deteriorating after five minutes of exposure to any kind of light. During action, there are five types of pressures acting on the condom one of which is corrosion rising from the lubricants used in the condom. If petroleum gets in touch with condom, it deteriorates within five minutes. These are documented facts that are not being contested anywhere". The PHD director says further that researches conducted at the University of London Medical School showed that 30 percent of women whose husbands use condoms during sexual activities get pregnant within a year. A proof that condoms are not so effective even in stopping pregnancies after all!

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SOLVENCYCONDOMS BADFALSE SECURITY CONDOMS CREATE A FALSE SENSE OF SECURITY THAT INCREASES AIDS TRANSMISSION SAINT-PAUL 2005 (Brian, Editor of Crisis Magazine, Crisis, May 19, http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/facts/fm0045.html)
This claim so prevalent in condom-promotion literature is actually a tremendous strike against using condoms to reduce AIDS. Think of it: Assuming that the 90% figure is accurate (a highly contested point), that means that 10% of the time, condoms don't offer protection against transmission. That's one out of ten. If you and I were to go skydiving, and I told you, "Don't worry... the parachutes work 90% of the time," how comfortable would you be making that jump? You see, the pro-condom lobby's exaggerations over the effectiveness of its product is

actually making the problem worse, for one simple reason: Condoms provide a false sense of security to those who use them.
Now, of course, the fact that a condom fails to "work" doesn't mean the person will automatically contract HIV/AIDS. Nevertheless, this is hardly the solution to the crisis. You see, the pro-condom lobby's exaggerations over the effectiveness of its product is actually making the problem worse, for one simple reason: Condoms provide a false sense of security to those who use them. Being convinced

of their effectiveness and feeling invulnerable, users will simply continue or actually increase their high-risk behavior. In this way, the claimed 90% effectiveness rate plummets in proportion to the increase in self-destructive behavior. This phenomenon is borne out in the countries that focus on condom distribution to fight the disease. CONDOMS PROMOTE RISKY BEHAVIOR AND DONT SOLVE AIDS WEIGEL 2003 (George, The Catholic Difference, December 5
http://catholiceducation.org/articles/sexuality/se0105.html

three countries where condoms are readily available and their use vigorously promoted Zimbabwe, Botswana, and South Africa - have the world's highest rates of HIV infection.
Further, the cardinal's critics have to explain why Then there is the alternative expert testimony. Veteran Harvard medical anthropologist Edward Green admits that "many of us in the AIDS and public health communities didn't believe that abstinence and faithfulness were realistic goals. It now seems we were wrong. The Ugandan model has the most to teach the rest of the world." Similarly, John Richens

of London's University College, an expert on sexually transmitted disease, argues that "condoms encourage risky behavior" and "increased condom use leads to more cases of condom failure." "Safe sex" campaigns, Richens is honest enough to acknowledge, have largely failed,
in part because of these hard facts.

CONDOM DISTRIBUTION INCREASES HIVIT CREATES A FALSE SENSE OF SECURITY ABRAHAM 2006 (Curtis, writes on African development issues, Africa News, Dec 15) widespread promotion of condoms might backfire and result in disinhibition. Individuals who are disinhibited, according to experts, may feel safer than they should when using condoms and therefore engage in riskier behaviours such as having several concurrent sex partners, than they would were they using no "protection".
There is a belief among some Aids experts that the

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SOLVENCYCONDOMS BADSTUDIES CONSENSUS OF THE BEST STUDIES PROVES THAT RELIANCE ON CONDOMS INCREASES AIDSOUR DATA SHOULD BE PREFERED LIFESITE NEWS 2006 (June 23, http://www.lifesite.net/ldn/2006/jun/06062304.html) A medical journalist has added her voice to claims that the explosion in HIV/AIDS infection rates is directly linked to reliance on condom use as a virus preventative. Writing for Crisis Magazine, prize-winning investigative journalist Sue Ellin Browder said the growing consensus among public health professionals is that condoms should only be used as a last measure of protection for persons involved in extremely high-risk activity such as sex-trade work. Zenit News Agency reported yesterday on Browders conclusions. So far, theres no good evidence that condoms will reverse population-wide epidemics like those in sub-Saharan Africa, Browder wrote. She offered evidence that dramatic increases in condom distribution in African nations paralleled an explosion in HIV/AIDS infection rates within the population. Citing statistics from South Africa, Browder stated that condom distribution between 1994 and 1998 leaped to 198 million from 6 million, but death rates from HIV/AIDS in the years between 1997 and 2002 saw a massive 57 per cent increase. A report from the UNAIDS agency in 2003 confirmed the dangers of relying on condoms to protect against the HIV/AIDS virus. The report showed that condoms are ineffective in protecting against HIV an estimated 10% of the time. That estimate, although itself a major blow to population control activists who have consistently claimed condoms to be 100% effective, is still far lower than some studies which have shown more than a 50% failure rate. Ms. Browders report echoes the warnings of multiple medical experts, among them Dr. Norman Hearst of the University of California, who raised the alarm on condom use as an AIDS preventative in 2004. Dr. Hearst presented statistics showing a marked correlation between increased condom sales in the African nations of Kenya, Botswana, and others, and a parallel increase in HIV rates by year.

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SOLVENCYCONDOMS BADPROSTITUTION CONDOM DISTRIBUTION INCREASES PROSTITUTIONTHIS SPREADS AIDS MOSHER 2003 (Steve, president of Population Research Institute, January 31, http://pop.org/main.cfm?id=207&r1=2.00&r2=1.50&r3=0.06&r4=0&level=3&eid=441) How effective is an AIDS relief program that consists of the massive distribution of condoms by clever social marketing programs? The fact is, such marketing techniques necessarily promote a lifestyle which contributes to the spread of AIDS. One of the best ways to promote abstinence and fight AIDS in Africa is to fight prostitution. Prostitution is a deadly trade; deadly to women, men, children and families. If the international community is serious about fighting AIDS, then it must fight prostitution. Providing clients and prostitutes with condoms, as the pro-abortion groups do, actually encourages prostitution and thus contributes to the spread of AIDS.

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SOLVENCYCONDOMS FAIL CONDOMS DONT SOLVE AIDS ABRAHAM 2006 (Curtis, writes on African development issues, Africa News, Dec 15) On the contrary, most Western "risk reduction" models have largely focused on condoms. However, a quarter century later (and 50 years after family planning efforts) there is no evidence to date that mass promotion of condoms has paid off in the decline of HIV infection rates at the population level. "Condoms as a public health strategy (as distinct from an individual strategy) have largely failed in Africa," says Green. "Surveys do not show an association between higher levels of condom use and lower levels of HIV infection, rather we see the opposite." Take the case of Uganda. The greatest decline in HIV-infection rates in that country occurred during the late 1980s and early 1990s prior to the mass social marketing of condoms. No country in the world has experienced such a decline to date, not even the United States where, sadly, HIV-infection rates among gays are once again on the rise. Furthermore, no one has achieved consistent condom use by all Africans in ages 15 to 49 above 5 per cent in any country. Promotion of condoms alone has not been shown to be an effective strategy to lower infection rates in generalised epidemics, such as those found in Africa, writes Norman Hearst and Sanny Chen in their 2004 paper, Condom Promotion for Aids Prevention in the Developing World: Is It Working? Condoms have been shown to reduce HIV prevalence in concentrated epidemics, as in Thailand and Cambodia, where most HIV infections are found among high-risk groups. Among certain high-risk groups high levels of consistent condom use have been achieved. For populations outside of high-risk groups, inconsistent condom use is the norm rather than the exception.

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SOLVENCYCONDOMS FAILSTUDIES REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE PROVES THAT CONDOMS DONT SOLVE AIDS ZENIT 6-26-2004 (Zenit international news agency, http://catholiceducation.org/articles/facts/fm0046.html) Authored by Norman Hearst, a professor at the University of California, and Sanny Chen, an epidemiologist with the San Francisco Department of Health, the article "Condom Promotion for AIDS Prevention in the Developing World: Is It Working?" notes that "Measuring condom efficacy is nearly impossible." A commonly accepted figure for their efficacy is 90%, the article affirms. But this is not enough for condoms to be effective in AIDS prevention. For example, the articles notes: "In many sub-Saharan African countries, high HIV transmission rates have continued despite high rates of condom use." The authors admit that "no clear examples have emerged yet of a country that has turned back a generalized epidemic primarily by means of condom promotion." Uganda's noted success in reducing the prevalence of AIDS was due to a program that focused on delaying sexual activity among adolescents, promoting abstinence, encouraging faithfulness to a single partner, and condom use. Condom promotion was last in order of importance, notes the article. Hearst and Chen explain that increased use of condoms was not responsible for the decline in AIDS among Ugandans. "The main cause of falling incidence in Uganda was a substantial drop in numbers of casual sex partners," they wrote. Their article also attributes falling HIV prevalence among pregnant women in parts of Zambia and Tanzania to reductions in numbers of sexual partners.

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SOLVENCYCONDOMS FAILCORRELATION CONDOMS DONT STOP AIDSTRANSMISSION IS HIGHEST IN COUNTRIES WITH THE MOST CONDOMS SAINT-PAUL 2005 (Brian, Editor of Crisis Magazine, Crisis, May 19, http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/facts/fm0045.html) One approach, of course, would be to explain the Catholic moral/theological position on why contraception is inherently evil. But while absolutely true, that approach isn't terribly convincing to a non-Catholic, let alone a non-Christian. After all, logic and philosophy are easily dismissed as abstractions when human life is involved. But the debate over condoms in Africa need never get to that point. In fact, the whole matter can be settled without ever bringing in moral theology. You see, the fatal flaw in the pro-condom argument is both simple and devastating: Condoms aren't working to stem AIDS in Africa. Take for example a March 2004 article in the medical journal, Studies in Family Planning (cited by the Zenit News Agency, June 26, 2004). Titled "Condom Promotion for AIDS Prevention in the Developing World: Is It Working?," the piece was a meta-review of the scientific literature on the question. The results shocked condom advocates. In the article, researchers Sanny Chen and Norman Hearst noted that, "In many sub-Saharan African countries, high HIV transmission rates have continued despite high rates of condom use." In fact, they continued, "No clear examples have emerged yet of a country that has turned back a generalized epidemic primarily by means of condom distribution." No surprise, then, that Botswana, Zimbabwe, Kenya, and South Africa the nations with the highest levels of condom availability continue to have the highest rates of HIV prevalence ("The White House Initiative to Combat AIDS: Learning from Uganda," Joseph Loconte, Executive Summary Backgrounder).

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SOLVENCYCONDOMS FAILA2: EXAMPLES STUDIES PROVE CONDOMS DONT REDUCE AIDSALL OF THEIR EXAMPLES ARE WRONG SAINT-PAUL 2005 (Brian, Editor of Crisis Magazine, Crisis, May 19, http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/facts/fm0045.html) But wait, the condom advocates object. The Ugandan "miracle" is simply the result of more widespread condom use. Not so, says Dr. Edward C. Green, an anthropologist at the Harvard University School of Public Health. Dr. Green was a strong proponent of condom distribution to stem HIV/AIDS... that is, until the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) hired him to study the reasons behind the success in Uganda. The results of his research left him little doubt. "Reduction in the number of sexual partners was probably the single most important behavioral change that resulted in prevalence decline," he noted. "Abstinence was probably the second most important change" (testimony before the Subcommittee on African Affairs, as reported by Joseph Loconte). "It is a very indicting statement about the effectiveness of condoms," he told Citizen Magazine. "You cannot show that more condoms have led to less AIDS in Africa.... I look at the data and I see that what might be called a more liberal response to AIDS more and more millions or billions of condoms has simply not worked, especially in parts of the world with the highest infection rate, Africa and the Caribbean."

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SOLVENCYCONDOMS FAILA2: EXAMPLES THAILAND AND UGANDA DONT PROVE CONDOM EFFECTIVENESS CHANGING BEHAVIOR IS CRITICAL ZENIT 6-26-2004 (Zenit international news agency, http://catholiceducation.org/articles/facts/fm0046.html) In another article, a group of experts on HIV stressed the need for greater emphasis in changing sexual behavior. "It seems obvious," said an article in the April 10 issue of the British Medical Journal, "but there would be no global AIDS pandemic were it not for multiple sexual partnerships." The article was entitled "Partner reduction is crucial for balanced 'ABC' approach to HIV prevention." The authors explained that a high number of sexual partners is "a crucial determinant in the spread of sexually transmitted infections." As well, HIV transmission is facilitated by the presence of other sexual infections, which in turn are propagated by having multiple partners. The article also notes that while condoms were credited for Thailand's reduction in the high levels of HIV infection, their use was also accompanied "by a striking reduction" in the numbers of sexual partners. Regarding the campaign in Uganda, the authors state that it is difficult to prove a direct causal link between the promotion of monogamy and the fall in HIV rates, though "it seems likely that it was critical to the success."

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SOLVENCYCONDOMS FAILWONT USE CONDOMS ARE NOT ENOUGHPEOPLE WONT USE THEM KANABUS 2007 (Originally written by Annabel Kanabus and Jenni Fredriksson-Bass, updated and edited by Graham Pembrey, May 17, http://www.avert.org/aafrica.htm) Relative to the enormity of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa, providing condoms is cheap and cost effective. Even when condoms are available, though, there are still a number of social, cultural and practical factors that may prevent people from using them. In the context of stable partnerships where pregnancy is desired, or where it may be difficult for one partner to suddenly suggest condom use, this option may not be practical. PEOPLE WONT USE CONDOMS AND RESEARCH SHOWS THAT EDUCATION CANT SOLVE THIS FELDBLUM ET AL 2003 (P J Feldblum, M J Welsh, M J Steiner, Family Health International, Sexually Transmitted Infections, August) Thirdly, these supply-side hindrances are compounded on the demand side by stigma, myth, and rumour surrounding condoms, ultimately resulting in low uptake and inconsistent use in many areas. (18) Researchers repeatedly hear that condoms are ineffective; laden with holes; laced with pathogens; liable to become stuck in women; and cause promiscuity. Overall, too few coital episodes with a risk of STI transmission are protected by condoms. (26) The best way to attack these problems is still unclear, given conflicting research results from behavioural interventions (27) that are in any event so intensive as to be irrelevant to the problems of developing countries.

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SOLVENCYVACCINES KEY INCREASED VACCINE RESEARCH IS THE ONLY WAY TO SOLVE AIDS IN THE LONG TERM Barks-Ruggles 2001 (Erica, International Affairs Fellow with the Council on Foreign Relations and a guest scholar at The Brookings Institution. She was previously a director for African Affairs at the National Security Council, Brookings Policy Brief 75, Meeting the Global Challenge of HIV/AIDS: Why the United States Should Act Quickly, April) Ultimately, HIV/AIDS will be controlled globally only when a vaccine has been found. Large-scale human trials are now underway on one vaccine, and smaller trials on two others. However, a large enough pool of potential vaccines needs to be created and tested on an accelerated schedule so that an effective vaccine can be found. The current amount allocated to vaccine research constitutes just over 10 percent (about $200 million) of U.S. government spending on HIV/AIDS-related research. The non-profit International AIDS Vaccine Initiative has recommended that funding for vaccine research be increased by an additional $1 billion. The Bush administration should significantly increase funding for vaccine research focused on the strains of HIV/AIDS that most seriously affect Africa, and should work with Congress to implement a proposed $1 billion tax credit to American drug companies pursuing a vaccine.

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WAR TURNS THE CASE WAR CAUSES AIDS SPREAD AND THE PLAN WILL BE SUSPENDED IF WAR BREAKS OUT SINGER 2002 (Peter, John M. Olin Post-doctoral Fellow, Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, Survival, Spring. This is not the bioethicist/activist Peter Singer.) Besides more soldiers dying from wars accessories, these forces typically leave a swath of disease in their path. The original spread of infection in East Africa can actually be traced back to the axes of advance used by individual units in the Tanzanian army.52 At the same time, the presence of war hinders efforts at countering the diseases spread, further heightening the impact of both. In Sierra Leone and the DRC, for example, all efforts at AIDS prevention were put on hold by the breakdown of order during the wars.53 The added harm of war is that valuable windows of opportunity, in nipping diseases before they reach critical stages, are lost.

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