Experiment no # 3

TO STUDY THE BENDING BEHAVIOR OF Z-SEC

PURPOSE
To Confirm The Theory That Loading Of Beam Along Principle Axis Always Produce Symmetrical
Bending .
APPARATUS

cantilever beam (z-sec) with rotating arrangement.

Dial gauges (two in no. Having l.c 0.001in)
loading pans & weights
vernier caliper
steel tape

RELATED THEORY
AXIS OF SYMMETRY :
If An Axis Divide A Section In Two Parts In Such Way Thats A Parts Are Mirror Image Of Each Other
Such An Axis Is Called Axis Of Symmetry .
SYMMETRICAL SECTION
A sec that atleast has one axis of symmetry is called symmetrical sections .
Un symmetrical section :
A sec doesnot have one axis of symmetry is called unsymmetrical section.
e.g

Z SECTION

ANGLE SECTION

PRINCIPLE AXIS
Principle Axis Are The Set Of Rectangular Axis About Which Moment Of Inertia Are Either Max Or
Min But Thr Product Moment Of Inertia Is Zero About The Same Axis.

ORIENTATION OF PRINCIPAL AXIS

in case of a symmetrical sec the axis of symmetry are the principle axis but for unsymmetrical axis we
have to determine their orientation by using following relation .

=
SYMMETRICAL BENDING
when loading and deflection are parallel or along the principle axis the bending is said to be symmetrical.
Un symmetrical bending :
when deflection occures in more than one plane than bending is termed as unsymmetrical bending

BENDING THEORY

The plai sec of the beam remain Plain .

The material pf the beam is homogenous & obeys hookes law .
The moe for tension & compression are same .
The beam is initially straight & of constant x-sec.
The plain of loading must contain a principle axis of the beam x-sec and the load must b
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of he beam.

= =
WHERE
M=Moment
E=Modulu of elasticity
R=Radius of curvature
I=Moment of inertia
y=Location of fibre at which B M is to be calculated
=Bending stress

PROCEDURE

Note down the x-sectional dimensions and effective span of the beam.
Calculate x-sectional properties, including orientation of the principle axis.
Make setting 1 of Z-section
Set dial gauge to measure the vertical and horizontal deflections.
Take reading of the dial gauge at zero load.
Apply the load in 20N increments (max. 60N) and note down the reading of both dial
gauge.
Repeat experiment for loading in descending order.
Prepare the beam for setting 2 i.e. rotates the beam x-section as major principle axis
should become horizontal.
Repeat the whole procedure as is done in setting 1.

OBSERVATION & CALCULATION

DESCRIPTION
LENGTH

OBSERVED VALUES
(mm)
1107

bf1

(25.25,25.70,26.3)=25.31

bf2

(24.55,26.25,25.55)=25.45

tf

(2.15,2.03,1.88)=2.02

tf2

(2.55,2.11,2.55)=2.40

tw

(2.10,1.83,1.80)=1.91

(56.40,55.70,56.30)=56.13

Z
b1
tf1

d
tw
Y
tf2
b2

CALCULATION OF MOMENT OF INERTIA

SETTING 1
SR.NO.

Iz

AREA

AY2

Iz=Iz=AY2

1
2
3

17.37
22007.7
29.26

51.106
98.76
60.96
IZ

28.17
1
25.75

40555.11
168.1907
40420.29

40572.48008
22175.89075
40449.55
103197.9208

SR.NO.

IY

AREA

AZ2

Iy=Iy=AZ2

2726

51.106

12.25

7669.094

10395.09

30.02

98.76

0.555

30.42055

60.44055

3277.4

60.96

11.19

7633.173

10910.57

IY

21366.11

SR.NO.

IYZ

AREA

AYZ

IYZ=Iyz+Ayz

51.106

12.25

28.17

17635.79

17635.7862

98.76

0.555

71.5294

71.529399

60.96

-11.19

-25.75

17565.17

17565.1668

IYZ

35272.4824

SETTING 2
Iz =116302.9
Iy = 8261.129
Izy = 0
Y-Axis

Y-A

Y-Axis

xi s

Y-Axis

x
Z-A

is

Z-Axis

Z-Axis

Z-Ax
is

SETTING 1

SETTING 2

EXPERIMENTAL DEFLECTION

SETTING
1

LOAD "P"
(N)
HDGR

0
278

20
280

282
Z1/H (mm)
VDGR

0
200

203.5

184.5

273.5

0
198

191

230

346.5

6.86
419

419

3.63
200

199.5

5.47
209

209

199
232.5

235
0

342

0.165
199.5

550

550

351

192

201
Y2/V
(mm)

190

459
4.55

1.78

185
VDGR

270

60

463

277

184

455

2.25

Z2/H (mm)

368.5

369

207
Y1/V
(mm)
HDGR

368

40

0.381
265

266.5

0.62
301

301

268
0.838

1.7

2.578

THEORATICAL DEFLECTION

Setting
I

Load
(N)
0
20
40
60

Y1
(mm)

Z1
(mm)

V
(mm)

H
(mm)

0
0.361
0.723
1.084

0
1.885
3.770
5.654

0
-0.325
-0.651
-0.976

0
1.637
3.274
4.911

Y1
(mm)
Setting
II

Z1
V
(mm) (mm)
0
0
-0.386
0
-0.772
0
-1.158
0

0
0.386
0.772
1.158

H
(mm)
0
0
0
0

COMPARISON BETWEEN EXP & THEORATICAL DEFLECTION

Setting

II

Sr.#

Load

1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4

0
20
40
60
0
20
40
60

Horizental Deflection
Th.
Exp. % diff.
0
0
0
1.637
36.83
2.25
3.274
37.03
4.55
4.911
36.49
6.86
0
0
0
0
100
0.165
0
100
0.381
0
100
0.62

Vertical Deflection
Th.
Exp.
% diff.
0
0
0
0.325
81.7
1.78
0.651
82.0
3.63
0.976
82.15
5.47
0
0
0
0.386
53.9
0.838
0.772
54.7
1.7
1.158
55.06
2.578

GRAPHS

SETTING 1 (HZ)
L
O
A
D
(
N
)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

THEORATICAL
EXPERIMENTAL

4
DEFLECTION (mm)

SETTING 1 (VR)
70
L
O
A
D

60
50
40

30

THEORATICAL

20

EXPERIMENTAL

N 10
0
0

DEFLECTION (mm)

SETTING 2(HZ)

THEORATICAL

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
N
0
L
O
A
D

EXPERIMENTAL

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

DEFLECTION (mm)

SETTING 2 (VR)
70
60
L
O 50
A 40
D 30
(
N

THEORATICAL

20

EXPERIMENTAL

10
0
0

0.5

1.5
DEFLECTION (mm)

2.5

BENDING STRESS DISTRIBUTION

SETTING 1
Y-Axis
Y-Axis

Z-Axis

a
Z-Ax
is

POINT
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J

My
N-mm
7851.13
7851.13
7851.13
7851.13
7851.13
7851.13
7851.13
7851.13
7851.13
7851.13

Mz
N-mm
20701.2
20701.2
20701.2
20701.2
20701.2
20701.2
20701.2
20701.2
20701.2
20701.2

E/Ry
0.171
0.171
0.171
0.171
0.171
0.171
0.171
0.171
0.171
0.171

E/Rz
0.064
0.064
0.064
0.064
0.064
0.064
0.064
0.064
0.064
0.064

y
mm
29.07
29.07
0
24.66
24.66
27.06
27.06
0
27.05
27.05

z
mm
25.47
0.48
0.48
0.48
25.69
25.69
1.48
1.48
1.48
25.47

20 N
6.61
4.94
-0.03
-4.24
-5.87
-6.28
-4.53
0.10
4.72
6.26

STRESS (Mpa)
40N
60N
13.22
19.83
9.87
14.81
-0.06
-0.09
-8.49
-12.73
-11.74
-17.61
-12.56
-18.84
-9.05
-13.58
0.19
0.29
9.43
14.15
12.53
18.79

SETTING 2

xis
Y -A

Y-Axis

Z -A

x is

a
Z-Axis

POINT

My

Mz

E/Ry

N-mm
N-mm
7851.129 20701.19

0.171

7851.129 20701.19

E/Rz

STRESS (Mpa)

0.896

mm
1.49

mm
14.70

20 N
33.66

40N
67.32

60N
100.99

0.171

0.896

1.11

10.98

-5.02

-10.05

-15.07

7851.129 20701.19

0.171

0.896

-0.01

-0.07

-0.43

-0.86

-1.29

7851.129 20701.19

0.171

0.896

-0.96

-9.44

-12.14

-24.28

-36.43

7851.129 20701.19

0.171

0.896

-1.32

-13.06

-31.73

-63.46

-95.19

7851.129 20701.19

0.171

0.896

-1.42

-13.97

-32.87

-65.75

-98.62

7851.129 20701.19

0.171

0.896

-1.02

-10.07

5.6

11.21

16.81

7851.129 20701.19

0.171

0.896

0.02

0.21

1.33

2.66

3.99

7851.129 20701.19

0.171

0.896

1.07

10.49

14.06

28.12

42.18

7851.129 20701.19

0.171

0.896

1.41

13.94

32.7

65.4

98.09

COMMENTS
Difference in the experimental & theoratical reading occure due to the un symmetry of
the beam.
Due to the sensitivity of the dial gauges exp reading get affected.
Personal error occure due to disturbance & not observing reading carefully.
From this experiment it is clear that when the load is applied on the principle axis than
there is less deflection in the horizontal and vertical deflection as compare to when the
load is applied other than principle axis. In this way we can utilize the full potential of the
section and we can minimize the deflection due to loading during the serviceability of the
sections in any project.