James J.

Buckley Esfandiar Eslami

An Introduction to Fuzzy Logic and Fuzzy Sets

With 50 Figures and 14 Tables

Physica-Verlag
A Springer-Verlag Company

Contents
1 Introduction 2 Logic 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Propositional Logic 2.2.1 Exercises 2.3 Crisp Sets 2.3.1 Exercises 2.4 Fuzzy Logic 2.4.1 Exercises 3 Fuzzy Sets 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Fuzzy Sets 3.2.1 Exercises . . . . 3.3 t-norms, t-conorms 3.3.1 Exercises 3.4 Algebra of Fuzzy Sets 3.4.1 Exercises 3.5 Mixed Fuzzy Logic 3.5.1 Exercises 3.6 Alpha-Cuts 3.6.1 Exercises 3.7 Distance Between Fuzzy Sets 3.7.1 Exercises 4 Fuzzy Numbers 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Fuzzy Numbers 4.2.1 Exercises 4.3 Fuzzy Arithmetic 4.3.1 Extension Principle Exercises 1 5 5 5 10 12 15 17 19 21 21 21 29 31 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 55 55 55 60 63 63 66

viii

CONTENTS

Interval Arithmetic Exercises 4.3.3 Alfa-Cuts and Interval Arithmetic Exercises 4.3.4 Properties of Fuzzy Arithmetic Exercises 4.4 Fuzzy Max and Min 4.4.1 Exercises 4.5 Inequalities ". 4.5.1 Exercises 4.6 Defuzzification 4.6.1 Exercises 5 Fuzzy Equations 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Linear Equations 5.2.1 Classical Solution 5.2.2 Extension Principle Solution 5.2.3 Alfa-Cut and Interval Arithmetic Solution 5.2.4 Exercises 5.3 Other Fuzzy Equations 5.3.1 Exercises 6 Fuzzy Inequalities 6.1 Introduction^ ____ 6.2 Solving A X -I- B < C 6.3 A-X2 + B-X + C>D (or >D) 6.3.1 Exercises 7 Fuzzy Relations ' 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Definitions 7.2.1 Exercises 7.3 Transitive Closure 7.3.1 Exercises 7.4 Fuzzy Equivalence Relation 7.4.1 Exercises 7.5 Fuzzy Relation Equations 7.5.1 Exercises 8 Fuzzy Functions 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Extension Principle 8.2.1 Exercises 8.3 Alpha-Cuts and Interval Arithmetic

4.3.2

68 69 71 74 76 78 79 82 84 89 91 93 95 95 95 96 97 99 101 102 106 109 109 109 112 114 115 115 115 120 122 126 129 132 134 138 141 141 141 147 150

CONTENTS 8.3.1 Exercises 8.4 Types of Fuzzy Functions 8.4.1 Exercises 8.5 Inverse Functions 8.5.1 Exercises 8.6 Derivatives 8.6.1 Exercises 9 Fuzzy Plane Geometry 9.1 Exercises 10 Fuzzy Trigonometry 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Standard Fuzzy Trigonometry 10.2.1 Exercises 10.3 Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions 10.3.1 Exercises 11 Systems of Fuzzy Linear Equations 11.1 Exercises 12 Possibility Theory 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Discrete Possibilities 12.2.1 Exercises 12.3 Fuzzy Markov Chains 12.3.1 Exercises ^

ix 153 155 161 163 166 168 173 175 181 185 185 185 190 192 194 195 201 203 203 203 206 208 212 215 215 215 222 224 229 231 231 231 237 240 242 244 248 249 252

13 Neural Nets 13.1 Introduction .13.2 Layered, Feedforward, Neural Nets 13.2.1 Exercises 13.3 Fuzzy Neural Nets 13.3.1 Exercises 14 Approximate Reasoning 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Approximate Reasoning 14.2.1 Exercises 14.3 Multiple Rules 14.3.1 Exercises 14.4 Discrete Case 14.4.1 Exercises 14.5 Other Methods 14.5.1 Exercises

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x 15 Genetic Algorithms 15.1 Exercises 16 Fuzzy Optimization 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Maximum/Mininimum of Fuzzy Functions 16.2.1 Exercises 16.3 Fuzzy Problems 16.3.1 Exercises < Index List of Figures List of Tables

CONTENTS 253 259 261 261 261 266 268 274 277 283 285