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CURVED BEAMS CONTENT: WHATS A CURVED BEAM BEAM?

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A STRAIGHT BEAM AND A CURVED BEAM WHY STRESS CONCENTRATION OCCUR AT INNER SIDE OR CONCENTRATION CONCAVE SIDE OF CURV CURVED BEAM? DERIVATION FOR STRES STRESSES IN CURVED BEAM PROBLEMS.

Theory of Simple Bending Due to bending moment, tensile stress develops in one portion of section and compressive stress in the other portion across the depth. In between these two portions, there is a layer where stresses are zero. Such a layer is called neutral layer. Its trace on the cross section is called neutral axis. Assumption The material of the beam is perfectly homogeneous and isotropic. The cross section has an axis of symmetry in a plane along the length of the beam. The material of the beam obeys Hookes law. The transverse sections which are plane before bending remain plane after bending also. Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract, independent of the layer above or below it. Youngs modulus is same in tension & compression. Consider a portion of beam between sections AB and CD as shown in the figure. Let e1f1 be the neutral axis and g1h1 an element at a distance y from neutral axis. Figure shows the same portion after bending. Let r be the radius of curvature and is the angle subtended by a1b1 and c1d1at centre of radius of curvature. Since it is a neutral axis, there is no change in its length (at neutral axis stresses are zero.) EF = E1F1 = R

G1H1 = (R+Y) GH = R R

Also Stress

OR dF = 0 there is no direct force acting on the element considered.

Since ya is first moment of area about neutral axis, ya/a is the a distance of centroid from neutral axis. Thus neutral axis coincides with centroid of the cross section. Cross sectional area coincides with neutral sectional axis.

From (1) and (2)

CURVED BEAM Curved beams are the parts of machine members found in C clamps, crane hooks, frames of presses, riveters, punches, shears, boring machines, planers etc. In straight beams the neutral axis of the section coincides with its centroidal axis and the stress distribution in the beam is linear. But in the case of curved beams the neutral axis of the section is shifted towards the centre of curvature of the beam causing a non nonlinear [hyperbolic] distribution of stress. The neutral axis lies between the centroidal axis and the centre of curvature and will always be present within the curved beams.

Stresses in Curved Beam Consider a curved beam subjected to bending moment Mb as shown in the figure. The distribution of stress in curved flexural member is determined by using the following assumptions: i) The material of the beam is perfectly homogeneous [i.e., same material throughout] and isotropic [i.e., equal elastic properties in all directions] ii) The cross section has an axis of symmetry in a plane along the length of the beam. iii) The material of the beam obeys Hooke's law. iv) The transverse sections which are plane before bending remain plane after bending also. v) Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract, independent of the layer above or below it. vi) The Young's modulus is same both in tension and compression. Derivation for stresses in curved beam Nomenclature used in curved beam Ci =Distance from neutral axis to inner radius of curved beam Co=Distance from neutral axis to outer radius of curved beam C1=Distance from centroidal axis to inner radius of curved beam C2= Distance from centroidal axis to outer radius of curved beam F = Applied load or Force A = Area of cross section L = Distance from force to centroidal axis at critical section d= Direct stress bi = Bending stress at the inner fiber bo = Bending stress at the outer fiber ri = Combined stress at the inner fiber ro = Combined stress at the outer fiber

c2

CA NA

co

c1

F F

ci

Mb

Mb
ri

C L

rn rc ro

Stresses in curved beam Mb = Applied Bending Moment ri = Inner radius of curved beam ro = Outer radius of curved beam rc = Radius of centroidal axis rn = Radius of neutral axis CL = Center of curvature

In the above figure the lines 'ab' and 'cd' represent two such planes before bending. i.e., when there are no stresses induced. When a bending moment 'Mb' is applied to the beam the plane cd rotates with respect to 'ab' through an angle 'd ' to the position 'fg' and the outer fibers are 'd' shortened while the inner fibers are elongated. The original length of a s strip at a distance 'y' from the neutral axis is (y + rn). It is shortened by the amount yd and the stress in this fiber is, = E.e Where = stress, e = strain and E = Young's Modulus

We know, stress = E.e We know, stress i.e., =E


..... (i)

Since the fiber is shortened, the stress induced in this fiber is compressive stress and hence negative sign. The load on the strip having thickness dy and cross sectional area dA is 'dF' i.e., dF = dA =

From the condition of equilibrium, the summation of forces over the whole cross-section is zero and the summation of the moments due to these forces is equal to the applied bending moment. Let Mb = Applied Bending Moment ri = Inner radius of curved beam ro = Outer radius of curved beam

rc = Radius of centroidal axis rn = Radius of neutral axis CL= Centre line of curvature Summation of forces over the whole cross section i.e. As

=0

is not equal to zero, =0 ..... (ii)

The neutral axis radius 'rn' can be determined from the above equation. If the moments are taken about the neutral axis, Mb = Substituting the value of dF, we get Mb = = =

Since represents the statical moment of area, it may be replaced by A.e., the product of total area A and the distance 'e' from the centroidal axis to the neutral axis.

Mb =

A.e

..... (iii)

From equation (i)

Substituting in equation (iii) Mb = =

. A. e. ..... (iv)

This is the general equation for the stress in a fiber at a distance 'y' from neutral axis. At the outer fiber, y = co Bending stress at the outer fiber bo i.e., bo= ( rn + co = ro) ..... (v)

Where co = Distance from neutral axis to outer fiber. It is compressive stress and hence negative sign. At the inner fiber, y = ci Bending stress at the inner fiber bi= i.e., bi = ( rn ci = ri) ..... (vi)

Where ci = Distance from neutral axis to inner fiber. It is tensile stress and hence positive sign.

Difference between a straight beam and a curved beam Sl.no 1 straight beam In Straight beams the neutral axis of the section coincides with its centroidal axis and the stress distribution in the beam is linear. curved beam In case of curved beams the neutral axis of the section is shifted towards the center of curvature of the beam causing a non-linear stress distribution.

Neutral axis and centroidal Neutral axis is shifted axis coincides towards the least centre of curvature

Location of the neutral axis By considering a rectangular cross section

Centroidal and Neutral Axis of Typical Section of Curved Beams

Why stress concentration occur at inner side or concave side of curved beam Consider the elements of the curved beam lying between two axial planes ab and cd separated by angle . Let fg is the final position of . the plane cd having rotated through an angle d about neutral axis. d Consider two fibers symmetrically located on either side of the neutral axis. Deformation in both the fibers is same and equal to yd. yd

Since length of inner element is smaller than outer element, the strain induced and stress developed are higher for inner element than outer element as shown. Thus stress concentration occur at inner side or concave side of curved beam The actual magnitude of stress in the curved beam would be influenced by magnitude of curvature However, for a general comparison the stress distribution for the same section and same bending moment for the straight beam and the curved beam are shown in figure.

It is observed that the neutral axis shifts inwards for the curved beam. This results in stress to be zero at this position, rather than at the centre of gravity. In cases where holes and discontinuities are provided in the beam, they should be preferably placed at the neutral axis, rather than that at the centroidal axis. This results in a better stress distribution. Example: For numerical analysis, consider the depth of the section ass twice the inner radius.

For a straight beam: Inner most fiber: Outer most fiber:

For curved beam:

h=2ri

e = rc - rn = h 0.910h = 0.0898h co = ro - rn= h 0.910h = 0590h ci = rn - ri = 0.910h = 0.410h

Comparing the stresses at the inner most fiber based on (1) and (3), we observe that the stress at the inner most fiber in this case is: bci = 1.522BSi Thus the stress at the inner most fiber for this case is 1.522 times greater than that for a straight beam. From the stress distribution it is observed that the maximum stress in a curved beam is higher than the straight beam. Comparing the stresses at the outer most fiber based on (2) and (4), we observe that the stress at the outer most fiber in this case is: bco = 1.522BSi Thus the stress at the inner most fiber for this case is 0.730 times that for a straight beam. The curvatures thus introduce a non linear stress distribution. This is due to the change in force flow lines, resulting in stress concentration on the inner side. To achieve a better stress distribution, section where the centroidal axis is the shifted towards the insides must be chosen, this tends to equalize the stress variation on the inside and outside fibers for a curved beam. Such sections are trapeziums, non symmetrical I section, and T sections. It should be noted that these sections should always be placed in a manner such that the centroidal axis is inwards. Problem no.1 Plot the stress distribution about section A-B of the hook as shown in figure. Given data: ri = 50mm ro = 150mm F = 22X103N b = 20mm h = 150-50 = 100mm A = bh = 20X100 = 2000mm2

e = rc - rn = 100 - 91.024 = 8.976mm Section A-B will be subjected to a combination of direct load and B bending, due to the eccentricity of the force. Stress due to direct load will be,

y = rn r = 91.024 r Mb = 22X103X100 = 2.2X106 N-mm

Problem no.2 Determine the value of t in the cross section of a curved beam as shown in fig such that the normal stress due to bending at the extreme fibers are numerically equal. Given data; Inner radius ri=150mm Outer radius ro=150+40+100 =290mm Solution; From Figure Ci + CO = 40 + 100 = 140mm (1) Since the normal stresses due to bending at the extreme fiber are numerically equal we have,

i.e

Ci= = 0.51724Co (2)

Radius of neutral axis rn=

rn =197.727 mm ai = 40mm; bi = 100mm; b2 =t; ao = 0; bo = 0; ri = 150mm; ro = 290mm;

i.e.,

+83.61t 4674.069+83.61t = 4000+100t;

t = 41.126mm Problem no.3 Determine the stresses at point A and B of the split ring shown in the figure. Solution: The figure shows the critical section of the split ring. Radius of centroidal axis rc = 80mm Inner radius of curved beam Outer radius of curved beam ri = 80 = 50mm ro = 80 + = 110mm Radius of neutral axis rn = = Applied force = 77.081mm F = 20kN = 20,000N (compressive)

Area of cross section

A = d2 =

x602 = 2827.433mm2

Distance from centroidal axis to force = rc = 80mm Bending moment about centroidal axis Mb = Fl = 20,000x80 =16x105N-mm Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis e = rc rn = 80 77.081=2.919mm Distance of neutral axis to inner radius ci = rn ri = 77.081 50=27.081mm Distance of neutral axis to outer radius co = ro rn = 110 77.081=32.919mm Direct stress d = =

= 7.0736N/mm2 (comp.) Bending stress at the inner fiber bi = = = Bending stress at the outer fiber bo = 105N/mm2 (compressive) = = 58.016N/mm2 (tensile) Combined stress at the inner fiber

ri = d + bi = 7.0736 105.00 = - 112.0736N/mm2 (compressive) Combined stress at the outer fiber ro = d + bo = 7.0736+58.016 = 50.9424N/mm2 (tensile) Maximum shear stress max = 0.5x max = 0.5x112.0736 = 56.0368N/mm2, at B The figure.

Problem No. 4 Curved bar of rectangular section 40x60mm and a mean radius of 100mm is subjected to a bending moment of 2KN m tending to 2KN-m straighten the bar. Find the position of the Neutral axis and draw a diagram to show the variation of stress across the section. Solution Given data: b= 40mm h= 60mm rc=100mm Mb= 2x106 N-mm C1=C2= 30mm rn= =130 ro= rc+h/2=100+30=130 =(ri+c1+c2) ri= rc- h/2 = 100 - 30= 70mm (rc-c1) rn= 96.924mm Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis e = rc - rn= 100-96.924 =3.075mm Distance of neutral axis to inner radius ci= rn- ri = (c1-e) = 26.925mm e) Distance of neutral axis to outer radius co=c2+e= (ro-rn) = 33.075mm Area A= bxh = 40x60 = 2400 mm2 Bending stress at the inner fiber bi = =

= 104.239 N/mm2 (compressive)

Bending stress at the outer fiber bo =

= -68.94 N/mm2 (tensile) Bending stress at the centroidal axis = = = -8.33 N/mm2 (Compressive) The stress distribution at the inner and outer fiber is as shown in the figure.

Problem No. 5 The section of a crane hook is a trapezium; the inner face is b and is at a distance of 120mm from the centre line of curvature. The outer face is 25mm and depth of trapezium =120mm.Find the proper value of b, if the extreme fiber stresses due to pure bending are numerically equal, if the section is subjected to a couple which develop a maximum fiber stress of 60Mpa.Determine the magnitude of the couple. Solution ri = 120mm; bi = b; bo= 25mm; h = 120mm bi = bo = 60MPa Since the extreme fibers stresses due to pure bending are numerically equal we have, = We have, Ci/ri =co/ro =ci/co =120/240 2ci=co But h= ci + co 120 = ci+2ci

Ci=40mm; co=80mm rn= ri + ci = 120+40 =160 mm

b=150.34mm To find the centroidal axis, (C2) bo= 125.84mm; b=25mm; h=120mm

= 74.313mm. But C1=C2 rc= ro-c2 =240 - 74.313 =165.687mm e=rc- rn = 165.687 - 160 = 5.6869 mm Bending stress in the outer fiber,

A= = 1050.4mm 60 = Mb=10.8x106 N-mm

Problem no.6 Determine the stresses at point A and B of the split ring shown in fig.1.9a Solution: Redraw the critical section as shown in the figure. Radius of centroidal axis rc = 80mm Inner radius of curved beam ri = 80 Outer radius of curved beam ro = 80 + Radius of neutral axis rn = = Applied force =77.081mm = 50mm = 110mm

F = 20kN = 20,000N (compressive)


Area of cross section A = d2 =

x602 = 2827.433mm2 = rc = 80mm

Distance from centroidal axis to force

Bending moment about centroidal axis Mb = FI = 20,000x80 =16x105N-mm Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis e = rc rn

= 80 77.081 =2.919mm

Distance of neutral axis to inner radius ci = rn ri = 77.081 50 = 27.081mm

Distance of neutral axis to outer radius co = ro Direct stress rn = 110 77.081 = 32.919mm d = =

= 7.0736N/mm2 (comp.) Bending stress at the inner fiber bi = = Bending stress at the outer fiber bo = = 105N/mm2 (compressive) =

= 58.016N/mm2 (tensile) Combined stress at the inner fiber ri = d + bi = 7.0736 105.00 = 112.0736N/mm2 (compressive) Combined stress at the outer fiber ro = d + b = 7.0736+58.016

= 50.9424N/mm2 (tensile) Maximum shear stress


max =

0.5x max = 0.5x112.0736 = 56.0368N/mm2, at B

The figure shows the stress distribution in the critical section.

Problem no.7 Determine the maximum tensile, compressive and shear stress induced in a c frame of a hydraulic portable riveter shown in fig.1.6a

Solution:
R1 00

Draw the critical section as shown the figure. Inner radius of curved beam ri = 100mm

50

9000N

in

80 175 mm

Outer radius of curved beam ro = 100+80 = 180mm Radius of centroidal axis rc = 100+
b = 50 mm c2 h = 80mm e c1 F

= 140mm Radius of neutral axis rn = = = 136.1038mm Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis e = rc - rn = 140-136.1038 = 3.8962mm
Critical Section

co ro
CA NA

ci rn rc

ri = 100mm

175mm

C L

Distance of neutral axis to inner radius ci = rn - ri = 136.1038-100 = 36.1038mm Distance of neutral axis to outer radius co = ro - rn = 180-136.1038 = 43.8962mm Distance from centroidal axis to force = 175+ rc = 175+140 = 315mm Applied force F = 9000N

Area of cross section A = 50x80 = 4000mm2 Bending moment about centroidal axis Mb = FI = 9000x315 = 2835000 N-mm Direct stress d = = = 2.25N/mm2 (tensile) =

Bending stress at the inner fiber bi =

= 65.676N/mm2 (tensile) Bending stress at the outer fiber bo = = = 44.326N/mm2 (compressive)

Combined stress at the inner fiber ri = d + bi = 2.25+65.676 = 67.926N/mm2 (tensile) Combined stress at the outer fiber ro = d + bo = 2.25 44.362 = 42.112 N/mm2 (compressive)

Maximum shear stress

max =

0.5x max = 0.5x67.926 = 33.963 N/mm2, at the inner fiber

The stress distribution on the critical section is as shown in the figure.

ri=67.926 N/mm2 Combined stress ro=-42.112 N/mm


2

bi=65.676 N/mm2 Bending stress bo=-44.362 N/mm2

Direct stress (d) NA CA

d=2.25 N/mm

b = 50 mm h =80 mm

Problem no.8 The frame punch press is shown in fig. 1.7s. Find the stress in inner and outer surface at section A-B the frame if F = 5000N

Solution:
c2 bo = 6 mm

h = 40mm e

F c1

Draw the critical section as shown in the figure. Inner radius of curved beam ri = 25mm Outer radius of curved beam ro = 25+40 = 65mm

co ro CA NA

ci rc rn

bi = 18 mm ri = 25mm

100mm

C L

Distance of centroidal axis from inner fiber c1 = = = 16.667mm

Radius of centroidal axis rc = ri

c1

= 25+16.667 = 41.667 mm Radius of neutral axis rn =

= Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis e = rc rn

=38.8175mm

= 1.667 38.8175 =2.8495mm

Distance of neutral axis to inner radius ci = rn ri = 38.8175 25=13.8175mm Distance of neutral axis to outer radius co = ro rn

= 65-38.8175=26.1825mm Distance from centroidal axis to force = 100+ rc = 100+41.667 = 141.667mm Applied force F = 5000N = = 480mm2

Area of cross section A =

Bending moment about centroidal axis Mb = FI = 5000x141.667 = 708335 N-mm

Direct stress

d =

= 10.417N/mm2 (tensile) = = 286.232N/mm2 (tensile)

Bending stress at the inner fiber bi =

Bending stress at the outer fiber bo = =

= 208.606N/mm2 (compressive)

Combined stress at the inner fiber ri = d + bi = 10.417+286.232 = 296.649N/mm2 (tensile)

Combined stress at the outer fiber ro = d + bo = 10.417 286.232 = Maximum shear stress
max =

198.189N/mm2 (compressive)

0.5x max = 0.5x296.649

= 148.3245 N/mm2, at the inner fiber

The figure shows the stress distribution in the critical section.

ri=296.649 N/mm2 Combined stress ro=-198.189 N/mm


2

bi=286.232 N/mm2 Bending stress bo =-208.606 N/mm2

Direct stress (d) NA CA

d=10.417 N/mm2

bo = 6 mm

bi = 18 mm

h =40 mm

Problem no.9 Figure shows a frame of a punching machine and its various dimensions. Determine the maximum stress in the frame, if it has to resist a force of 85kN

75 75 300 250
550

750 mm 85 kN

Solution:
5 m a =7 m i

F B

Draw the critical section as shown in the figure. Inner radius of curved beam ri = 250mm Outer radius of curved beam ro = 550mm
co b2 =75mm

225 mm

a1 b= 0 m 30 m i ci X e N A C A ro=550 mm C L F A ri = 250 mm rn rc 750

a2

Radius of neutral axis rn =

ai = 75mm; bi = 300mm; b2 = 75mm; ao = 0; bo = 0 A=a1+a2=75x300+75x225 =39375mm2 rn = = 333.217mm

Let AB be the ref. line

= Radius of centroidal axis rc = ri +

= 101.785mm

= 250+101.785=351.785 mm Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis e = rc rn = 351.785-333.217=18.568mm Distance of neutral axis to inner radius ci = rn ri = 333.217 250=83.217mm Distance of neutral axis to outer radius co = ro rn = 550 333.217=216.783mm Distance from centroidal axis to force = 750+ rc = 750+351.785 = 1101.785mm Applied force F = 85kN

Bending moment about centroidal axis Mb = FI = 85000x1101.785 = 93651725N-mm Direct stress d = = = 2.16N/mm2 (tensile) = = 42.64N/mm2 (tensile)

Bending stress at the inner fiber bi =

Bending stress at the outer fiber bo = =

= 50.49N/mm2 (compressive)

Combined stress at the inner fiber ri = d + bi = 2.16+42.64 = 44.8N/mm2 (tensile) Combined stress at the outer fiber ro = d + bo = 2.16 50.49 = Maximum shear stress
max =

48.33N/mm2 (compressive)

0.5x max = 0.5x48.33 = 24.165N/mm2, at the outer fiber

The below figure shows the stress distribution.


ri=44.8 N/mm Combined stress ro=-48.33 N/mm2 bi=42.64 N/mm2 Bending stress bo=-50.49 N/mm2
2

Direct stress ( d)

d=2.16 N/mm2

N A

C A

ai=75mm

a1 b =3 0m 0 m i

b2 = 75 mm

a2

225

Problem no.10 Compute the combined stress at the inner and outer fibers in the critical cross section of a crane hook is required to lift loads up to 25kN. The hook has trapezoidal cross section with parallel sides 60mm and 30mm, the distance between them being 90mm .The inner radius of the hook is 100mm. The load line is nearer to the surface of the hook by 25 mm the centre of curvature at the critical section. What will be the stress at inner and outer fiber, if the beam is treated as straight beam for the given load? 90mm
0 10 m m

30mm

60mm 25mm

F = 25 kN

Solution:

h = 90 mm c2 c1

Draw the critical section as shown in the figure. Inner radius of curved beam ri = 100mm Outer radius of curved beam ro = 100+90 = 190mm Distance of centroidal axis from inner fiber c1 = = 40mm =
co e ci ri rn rc ro l F C L

CA

NA

Radius of centroidal axis rc = ri + c1 = 100+40 = 140 mm Radius of neutral axis rn =

= Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis e = rc rn

= 135.42mm

= 140 135.42=4.58mm Distance of neutral axis to inner radius ci = rn ri = 135.42 100 =35.42mm Distance of neutral axis to outer radius co = ro rn = 190 135.42 = 54.58mm Distance from centroidal axis to force = rc 25= 140 25 = 115mm Applied force F = 25,000N = 25kN = = 4050mm2

Area of cross section A =

Bending moment about centroidal axis Mb = FI = 25,000x115 = 2875000 N-mm Direct stress d = = = 6.173N/mm2 (tensile)

Bending stress at the inner fiber bi =

= 54.9 N/mm2 (tensile) Bending stress at the outer fiber bo = = = 44.524N/mm2 (compressive)

Combined stress at the inner fiber ri = d + bi = 6.173+54.9 = 61.073N/mm2 (tensile) Combined stress at the outer fiber ro = d + bo = 6.173 44.524 = Maximum shear stress 38.351N/mm2 (compressive)

max = 0.5x max = 0.5x61.072 = 30.5365 N/mm2, at the inner fiber

The figure shows the stress distribution in the critical section.

b) Beam is treated as straight beam From DDHB refer table, b = 30mm bo = 60-30 = 30mm h = 90 c1 = 40mm c2 = 90-50 = 40mm A = 4050 mm2 Mb = 28750000 N/mm2 Also C2 = ---------------------- From DDHB

C2 = c1 = 90-50= 40mm

= 50mm

Moment of inertia I = = = 2632500mm4

Direct stress

b =

= 6.173N/mm2 (tensile) =

Bending stress at the inner fiber bi =

= 43.685 N/mm2 (tensile) Bending stress at the outer fiber bo = =

= -54.606N/mm2 (compressive) Combined stress at the inner fiber ri = d + bi = 6.173+43.685 = 49.858N/mm2 (tensile) Combined stress at the outer fiber ro = d + bo = 6.173-54.606 = -48.433N/mm2 (compressive) The stress distribution on the straight beam is as shown in the figure.

ri= 49.858 N/mm ro=-48.433 N/mm2

bi= 43.685 N/mm bo =-54.606 N/mm


2

d c2 =50mm c1=40mm

d= 6.173 N/mm2

bo/2 = 15 N ,C A A
m 60 m

b = 30 mm

bo/2 = 15 h =90 mm

Problem no.11 The section of a crane hook is rectangular in shape whose width is 30mm and depth is 60mm. The centre of curvature of the section is at distance of 125mm from the inside section and the load line is 100mm from the same point. Find the capacity of hook if the allowable stress in tension is 75N/mm2
5 12 m m

h=60mm 100 b=30mm

Solution:
F=?

Draw the critical section as shown in the figure.


b = 30 mm

c2

h = 60mm e

c1 Load line 100

Inner radius of curved beam ri = 125mm Outer radius of curved beam ro = 125+60 = 185mm Radius of centroidal axis rc =100+

co ro

ci rn rc l CA NA

ri = 125mm

= 130mm Radius of neutral axis rn = = 153.045mm Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis e = rc - rn =

C L

= 155-153.045 = 1.955mm

Distance of neutral axis to inner radius ci = rn - ri = 153.045-125 = 28.045mm Distance of neutral axis to outer radius co = ro - rn = 185-153.045 = 31.955mm Distance from centroidal axis to force l = rc -25 = 155-25 = 130mm Area of cross section A = bh = 30x60 = 1800mm2 Bending moment about centroidal axis Mb = Fl = Fx130 = 130F Direct stress d = = +

Bending stress at the inner fiber bi =

Combined stress at the inner fiber ri = d + bi i.e., 75 = +

F = 8480.4N =Capacity of the hook.

Problem no.12 Design of steel crane hook to have a capacity of 100kN. Assume factor of safety (FS) = 2 and trapezoidal section.

H M =bi
h = 111 mm c2 c1 bo=28 co e ci bi=71 ri=59.5 mm rn rc= l ro F C L CA NA

Data: Load capacity F = 100kN = 105N; Trapezoidal section; FS = 2 Solution: Approximately 1kgf = 10N 105 = 10,000 kgf =10t Selection the standard crane hook dimensions from table 25.3 when safe load =10t and steel (MS) c =11933; Z = 14mm; M = 71mm and h = 111mm bi= M = 7133 bo = 2xZ = 2x14 = 28 mm r1 = = h = 111mm = 59.5mm

bo Z

Assume the load line passes through the centre of hook. Draw the critical section as shown in the figure. Inner radius of curved beam ri = 59.5mm Outer radius of curved beam ro = 59.5+111 = 170.5mm Radius of neutral axis rn =

= = 98.095mm Distance of centroidal axis from inner fiber c1 = = Radius of centroidal axis rc = ri + c1 = 47.465+59.5= 106.965 mm Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis e = rc - rn =106.965-98.095 =8.87mm Distance of neutral axis to inner radius ci = rn - ri = 98.095-59.5=38.595mm Distance of neutral axis to outer radius co = ro - rn = 170.5-98.095=72.0405mm Distance from centroidal axis to force l = rc -106.965 = 47.465mm

Applied force

F = 105N

Area of cross section A = = = 5494.5mm2

Bending moment about centroidal axis Mb = Fl = 105x141.667 = 106.965x105N-mm Direct stress d = =

= 18.2N/mm2 (tensile) Bending stress at the inner fiber bi = =

= 142.365/mm2 (tensile) Bending stress at the outer fiber bo = =

= -93.2 N/mm2 (compressive) Combined stress at the inner fiber ri = d + bi = 18.2+142.365 = 160.565N/mm2 (tensile) Combined stress at the outer fiber ro = d + bo = 18.2-93.2 = -75N/mm2 (compressive) Maximum shear stress max = 0.5x max = 0. 160.565 = 80.2825 N/mm2, at the inner fiber The figure shows the stress distribution in the critical section.

ri=160.565 N/mm ro =-75 N/mm2

bi=142,365 N/mm2 bo=-93.2 N/mm2 d h = 111 mm CA N A d =18.2 N/mm2

bo = 28 mm

bi = 71 mm

Problem no.13 The figure shows a loaded offset bar. What is the maximum offset distance x if the allowable stress in tension is limited to 50N/mm2

Solution: Draw the critical section as shown in the figure. Radius of centroidal axis Inner radius Outer radius rc = 100mm

ri = 100 100/2 = 50mm ro = 100 + 100/2 = 150mm


ro 4 50 2 ri 2

Radius of neutral axis rn = = 93.3mm


150 4

e = rc - rn = 100 - 93.3 = 6.7mm ci = rn ri = 93.3 50 = 43.3 mm co = ro - rn = 150 - 93.3 = 56.7mm A = x d2 = x 1002 = 7853.98mm2 Mb = F = 5000 Combined maximum stress at the inner fiber (i.e., at B)

ri= Direct stress + bending stress =

x= 599.9 = Maximum offset distance.


Problem no.14 An Open S made from 25mm diameter rod as shown in the figure determine the maximum tensile, compressive and shear stress

Solution:
(I) Consider the section P-Q

Draw the critical section at P as shown in the figure. P-Q Radius of centroidal axis Inner radius ri =100 Outer radius ro

rc =100mm = 87.5mm = 112.5mm

= 100+

Radius of neutral axis

rn = = 99.6mm

Distance of neutral axis from centroidal axis e =rc - rn =100 - 99.6 = 0.4mm Distance of neutral axis to inner fiber ci = rn ri = 99.6 87.5 =12.1 mm

Distance of neutral axis to outer fiber co = ro -rn =112.5 99.6 = 12.9 mm Area of cross-section A=
4

d2 = x252 = 490.87 mm2


4

Distance from centroidal axis

I = rc = 100mm

Bending moment about centroidal axis Mb = F.l = 100 x 100 = 100000Nmm

Combined stress at the outer fiber (i.e., at Q) =Direct stress +bending stress ro=
F A

M b Co Aeo

1000 490 87

100000 X12 9 490 87 X 0 4 X 112 5

= - 56.36 N/mm2 (compressive)


Combined stress at inner fibre (i.e., at p)

ri= Direct stress + bending stress =


F A

M b ci Aeri

1000

490 87

100000 X 12 1

490 87 X 0 4 X 87 5

= 72.466 N/MM2 (tensile)


(ii) Consider the section R -S Redraw the critical section at R S as shown in fig.

rc = 75mm ri = 75 25 2

=62.5 mm

ro = 75 + A= rn = =
4

25 2

= 87.5 mm
4

d2 =

X 252 = 490.87 mm2


ri 4 2

ro

87 5 4

62 5

=74.4755 mm

e = rc - rn = 75 -74.4755 =0.5254 mm ci = rn - ri =74.4755 62.5 =11.9755 mm co = ro - rn = 87.5 74.4755 = 13.0245 mm l = rc = 75 mm


Mb = Fl = 1000 X 75 = 75000 Nmm Combined stress at the outer fibre (at R) = Direct stress + Bending stress

ro =
A

M b co Aero

1000 490 87

75000 X13 0245 490 87 X 0 5245 X 62 5

= - 41.324 N/mm2 (compressive)

Combined stress at the inner fiber (at S) = Direct stress + Bending stress

ri =

F A

M b co Aero

1000 490 87

75000 X 11 9755 490 87 X 0 5245 X 62 5

= 55.816 N/mm2 (tensile) Maximum tensile stress = 72.466 N/mm2 at P


Maximum compressive stress = 56.36 N/mm at Q Maximum shear stress max=0.5 max= 0.5 X 72.466
2

= 36.233 N/mm2 at P

Stresses in Closed Ring


Consider a thin circular ring subjected to symmetrical load F as shown in the figure.

The ring is symmetrical and is loaded symmetrically in both the horizontal and vertical directions. Consider the horizontal section as shown in the figure. At the two ends A and B, the vertical forces would be F/2. No horizontal forces would be there at A and B. this argument can be proved by understanding that since the ring and the external forces are symmetrical, the reactions too must be symmetri symmetrical. Assume that two horizontal inward forces H, act at A and B in the upper half, as shown in the figure. In this case, the lower half must have forces H acting outwards as shown. This however, results in violation of symmetry and hence H must be zero. B Besides the forces, moments of equal magnitude M0 act at A and B. It should be noted that these moments do not violate the condition of symmetry. Thus loads on the section can be treated as that shown in the figure. The unknown quantity is M0. Again Consi Considering symmetry, We conclude that the tangents at A and B must be vertical and must remain so after deflection or M0 does not rotate. By Castiglianos theorem the partial theorem, derivative of the strain energy with respect to the load gives the displacement of the load. In this case, this would be zero. he

.(1)

The bending moment at any point C, located at angle , as shown in the , figure. Will be

..(2)

As per Castiglianos theorem,

From equation (2)

And,

ds = Rd

As this quantity is positive the direction assumed for Mo is correct and it produces tension in the inner fibers and compression on the outer. It should be noted that these equations are valid in the region, = 0 to = 900. The bending moment Mb at any angle from equation (2) will be: 2)

It is seen that numerically, Mb-max is greater than Mo. The stress at any angle can be found by considering the forces as shown in the figure. Put = 0 in Bending moment equation (4) then we will get, At A-A Mbi = 0.181FR Mbo = - 0.181FR And = 90, At B-B Mbi = - 0.318FR Mbo = 0.318FR The vertical force F/2 can be resolved in two 2 components (creates normal direct stresses) and S (creates shear stresses).

The combined normal stress across any section will be:

The stress at inner (1Ai) and outer points ( 1Ao) at A-A will be (at ( A

= 0)

On similar lines, the stress at the point of application of load at i inner and 0 outer points will be (at = 90 )

It should be noted that in calculating the bending stresses, it is assumed that the radius is large compared to the depth, or the beam is almost a straight beam.

A Thin Extended Closed Link

Consider a thin closed ring subjected to symmetrical load F as shown in the figure. At the two ends C and D, the vertical forces would be F/2.

No horizontal forces would be there at C and D, as discussed earlier ring. The unknown quantity is M0. Again considering symmetry, we conclude that the tangents at C and D must be vertical and must remain so after deflection or M0 does not rotate. There are two regions to be considered in this case: The straight portion, (0 < y < L) where Mb = MO The curved portion, where

\ As per Castiglianos theorem

It can be observed that at L = 0 equation reduces to the same expression as obtained for a circular ring. Mo produces tension in the inner fibers and Compression on the outer. The bending moment Mb at any angle will be

Noting that the equation are valid in the region,

= 0 to

= p/2, p/2

At = 0 B At section B-B bending moment at inner and outer side of the fiber is

At section A-A the load point, i.e., at = p/2, the maximum value of A bending moment occurs (numerically), as it is observed that the second part of the equation is much greater than the first part.

It can be observed that at L = 0, equation (v) reduces to the same expression as obtained for a circular ring. It is seen that numerically, Mb-max is greater than Mo.

The stress at any angle shown in the figure.

can be found by considering the force as

The vertical force F/2 can be resolved in two components (creates 2 normal direct stresses) and S (creates shear stresses).

The combined normal stress across any section will be

The stress at inner fiber 1Bi and outer fiber 1Bo and at section B-B will B be (at = 0):

The stress at inner fiber 1Ai and outer fiber 1Ao and at section A-A A 0 will be (at the loading point = 90 ):

Problem 15 Determine the stress induced in a circular ring of circular cross section of 25 mm diameter subjected to a tensile load 6500N. The inner diameter of the ring is 60 mm. Solution: the circular ring and its critical section are as shown in fig. 1.29a and 1.29b respectively. Inner radius ri = = 30mm

Outer radius = 30+25 = 55mm Radius of centroidal axis rc = 30 + Radius of neutral axis rn = = =42.5mm = 42.5mm

Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis e = rc - rn = 42.5 41.56 = 0.94mm Distance of neutral axis to inner radius ci = rn - ri = 41.56 30 = 11.56mm

Distance of neutral axis to outer radius co = ro - rn = 55 - 41.56 = 13.44mm Direct stress at any cross section at an angle with horizontal d =

Consider the cross section A A At section A A, = 900 with respect to horizontal Direct stress d = =0

Bending moment Mb = - 0.318Fr Where r = rc, negative sign refers to tensile load = - 0.318x6500x42.5 = -87847.5 N-mm This couple produces compressive stress at the inner fiber and tensile stress at the at outer fiber Maximum stress at the inner fiber =0= = - 73.36N/mm2 (compressive) Maximum stress at outer fiber =0+ = Direct stress + Bending stress = = 46.52N/mm2 (tensile) Consider the cross section B B =Direct stress + Bending stress

At section B B, = 00 with respect to horizontal Direct stress d = = = 6.621 N/mm2

Bending moment Mb = 0.182Fr Where r = rc, positive sign refers to tensile load = 0.182x6500x42.5 = 50277.5 N-mm This couple produces compressive stress at the inner fiber and tensile stress at the at outer fiber Maximum stress at the inner fiber = d =Direct stress + Bending stress

= 6.621 + = 48.6 N/mm2 (tensile)

Maximum stress at outer fiber

= Direct stress + Bending stress = d + =6.621+

= -20 N/mm2 (compressive)

Problem 16 Determine the stress induced in a circular ring of circular cross section of 50 mm diameter rod subjected to a compressive load of 20kNN. The mean diameter of the ring is 100 mm. Solution: the circular ring and its critical section are as shown in fig. 1.30a and 1.30b respectively. Inner radius ri = Outer radius = + = 25mm = 75mm = 50mm

Radius of centroidal axis rc = Radius of neutral axis rn = =

= 46.65mm

Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis e = rc - rn = 50 - 46.65 = 3.35mm Distance of neutral axis to inner radius ci = rn - ri = 46.65 46.65-25 = 21.65 mm Distance of neutral axis to outer radius co = ro - rn = 75 - 46.65 = 28.35mm Area of cross section A = x552 = 1963.5mm2

Direct stress at any cross section at an angle with horizontal d = Consider the cross section A A At section A A, = 900 with respect to horizontal Direct stress d = =0

Bending moment Mb = + 0.318Fr Where r = rc, positive sign refers to tensile load = + 0.318x20000x50 = 318000 N-mm This couple produces compressive stress at the inner fiber and tensile stress at the at outer fiber Maximum stress at the inner fiber =0+ = = 41.86 N/mm2 (tensile) Maximum stress at outer fiber =0 = Direct stress + Bending stress == - 18.27 N/mm2 (compressive) =Direct stress + Bending stress

Consider the cross section B B At section B B, = 00 with respect to horizontal Direct stress d = =

= 5.093 N/mm2 (compressive) Bending moment Mb = -0.1828Fr Where r = rc, negative sign refers to tensile load = - 0.182x20000x50 = -182000 N-mm This couple produces compressive stress at the inner fiber and tensile stress at the at outer fiber Maximum stress at the inner fiber = d =Direct stress + Bending stress

= -5.093 + = - 29.05 N/mm2 (compressive)

Maximum stress at outer fiber

= Direct stress + Bending stress = -5.093 +

= d +

= 5.366 N/mm2 (tensile)

Problem 17 A chain link is made of 40 mm diameter rod is circular at each end the mean diameter of which is 80mm. The straight sides of the link are also 80mm. The straight sides of the link are also 80mm.If the link carries a load of 90kN; estimate the tensile and compressive stress in the link compressive along the section of load line. Also find the stress at a section 900 away from the load line Solution: refer figure = 80mm; dc = 80mm; F = 90kN = 90000N Draw the critical cross section as shown in fig.1.32 Inner radius ri = 40 Outer radius = + = 20mm = 60mm rc = 40mm;

Radius of centroidal axis rc = 40mm Radius of neutral axis rn = = = 37.32mm

Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis e = rc - rn =40-37.32 = 2.68mm Distance of neutral axis to inner radius ci = rn - ri = 37.32-20 = 17.32 mm

Distance of neutral axis to outer radius co = ro - rn = 60 37.32 = 22.68mm Direct stress at any cross section at an angle with horizontal d =

Consider the cross section A A [i.e., Along the load line] At section A A, = 900 with respect to horizontal Direct stress Bending moment =

d = =

=0 where r = rc,

= 1.4x106N-mm

This couple produces compressive stress at the inner fiber and tensile stress at the at outer fiber Maximum stress at the inner fiber =0+ = = - 360 N/mm2 (tensile) Maximum stress at outer fiber =0= Direct stress + Bending stress =- = 157.14 N/mm2 (compressive) =Direct stress + Bending stress

Consider the cross section B B [i.e., 900 away from the load line] At section B B, = 00 with respect to horizontal Direct stress (compressive) Bending moment =

d =

= 35.81 N/mm2

where r = rc,

= - 399655.7N-mm

This couple produces compressive stress at the inner fiber and tensile stress at the at outer fiber Maximum stress at the inner fiber = d =Direct stress + Bending stress

= 35.81 +

= 138.578 N/mm2 (tensile) Maximum stress at outer fiber = Direct stress + Bending stress = d + = 35.81

= - 9.047 N/mm2 (compressive) Maximum tensile stress occurs at outer fiber of section A A and maximum compressive stress occurs at the inner fiber of section A A.

Using usual notations prove that the moment of resistance M of a curved beam of initial radius R1 when bent to a radius R2 by uniform bending moment is M = EAeR1 Consider a curved beam of uniform cross section as shown in Figure below. Its transverse section is symmetric with respect to the y axis and in its unstressed state; its upper and lower surfaces intersect the vertical xy plane along the arcs of circle AB and EF centered at O [Fig. 1(a)]. AB 1( Now apply two equal and opposite couples M and M' as shown in Fig. 1. d (c). The length of neutral surface remains the same. and ' are the central angles before and after applying the moment M. Since the length of neutral surface remains the same R1 =R2'' ..... (i)

Figure Consider the arc of circle JK located at a distance y above the neutral surface. Let r1 and r2 be the radius of this arc before and after bending couples have been applied. Now, the deformation of JK, .... (ii) From Fig. 1.2 a and c, r1 = R1 y; r2 = R2 y ..... (iii)

= (R2 y) ' (R1 y) =R2'' 'y R1 + y = y ( ) [ R1 = R2'' from equ (i)] (' = y [ ' = + = ] ..... (iv) The normal strain x in the element of JK is obtained by dividing the deformation by the original length r1 of arc JK. x = ..... (v) The normal stress x may be obtained from Hooke's law x = Ex x =E i.e. x = E ..... (vi)

( r1 = R1 y) .(vii) Equation (vi) shows that the normal stress x does not vary linearly with the distance y from the neutral surface. Plotting x versus y, we obtain an arc of hyperbola as shown in Fig. 1.3.

From the condition of equilibrium the summation of forces over the entire area is zero and the summation of the moments due to these forces is equal to the applied bending moment. F =0 i.e., xdA =0 ..... (viii) and ( yxdA)=M ..... (ix)

Substituting the value of the x from equation (vii) into equation (viii) dA=0 Since i.e. i.e., . is not equal to zero R1 R1 R1 =
1

dA = 0

=0
1

=0
1

It follows the distance R1 from the centre of curvature O to the ..... (x) neutral surface is obtained by the relation R1 =
1

The value of R1 is not equal to the 1 distance from O to the centroid of the cross-section, since 1 is obtained by the relation, ..... (xi) 1 = Hence it is proved that in a curved member the neutral axis of a transverse section does not pass through the centroid of that section. Now substitute the value of x from equation (vii) into equations (ix) y dA =M i.e., i.e., i.e., i.e., dA = M ( r1 = R1 - y from iii)

dA = M =M = M [using equations (x) and (xi)]

i.e.,

i.e., i.e., =
1 1

=M ..... (xii)

i.e.,

( e = 1 R1 from Fig. 1.2a) xiii)

Substituting x = x=

into equation (VI) ..... (xiv)

M 1
1

( r1 = R1 y

..... (xv)

An equation (xiv) is the general expression for the normal stress x in a curved beam. To determine the change in curvature of the neutral surface caused by the bending moment M From equation (i),

= { From equation (xiii) = }

i.e.

M EAeR1

M =EAe R1 Hence proved

References:

ASSIGNMENT

1. What are the assumptions made in finding stress distribution for a curved flexural member? Also give two differences between a straight and curved beam 2. Discuss the stress distribution pattern in curved beams when compared to straight beam with sketches 3. Derive an expression for stress distribution due to bending moment in a curved beam

EXERCISES
1. Determine the force F that will produce a maximum tensile stress of 60N/mm2 in section A - B and the corresponding stress at the section C - D

2. A crane hook has a section of trapezoidal. The area at the critical section is 115 mm2. The hook carries a load of 10kN and the inner radius of curvature is 60 mm. calculate the maximum tensile, compressive and shear stress. Hint: bi = 75 mm; bo = 25 mm; h = 115 mm 3. A closed ring is made of 40 mm diameter rod bent to a mean radius of 85 mm. If the pull along the diameter is 10,000 N, determine the stresses induced in the section of the ring along which it is divided into two parts by the direction of pull. 4. Determine of value of t in the cross section of a curved beam shown in Figure such that the normal stresses due to bending at the extreme fibers are numerically equal.

VTU,Jan/Feb.2005

Fig.1.35 5. Determine a safe value for load P for a machine element loaded as shown in Figure limiting the maximum normal stress induced on the cross section XX to 120 MPa.

6. The section of a crane hook is trapezoidal, whose inner and outer sides are 90 mm and 25 mm respectively and has a depth of 116 mm. The center of curvature of the section is at a distance of 65 mm from the inner side of the section and load line passes through the center of curvature. Find the maximum load the hook can carry, if the maximum stress is not to exceed 70 MPa. 7. a) Differentiate between a straight beam and a curved beam with stress distribution in each of the beam. b) Figure shows a 100 kN crane hook with a trapezoidal section. Determine stress in the outer, inner, Cg and also at the neutral fiber and draw the stress distribution across the section AB.

B
62 .5 m m

25

112.5

F = 100kN

8.

A closed ring is made up of 50 mm diameter steel bar having allowable tensile stress of 200 MPa. The inner diameter of the ring is 100 mm. For load of 30 kN find the maximum stress in the bar and specify the location. If the ring is cut as shown in part -B of Fig. 1.40, check whether it is safe to support the applied load.

87.5

REFERENCE BOOKS

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN by Farazdak Haideri MACHINE DESIGN by Maleev and Hartman MACHINE DESIGN by Schaums out lines DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS by V.B.Bhandari DESING OF MACHINE ELEMENTS-2 by J.B.K Das and P.L. Srinivasa murthy DESIGN OF SPRINGS Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur, IITM

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