e (verification language)

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e is a hardware verification language (HVL) which is tailored to implementing highly flexible and reusable verification testbenches.

Contents

1 History 2 Features 3 Language Features o 3.1 Comments 3.1.1 Example o 3.2 Classes 3.2.1 Example o 3.3 Randomization 3.3.1 Example o 3.4 Assertions 3.4.1 Example o 3.5 Coverage 3.5.1 Example o 3.6 Messaging & Reporting 3.6.1 Example o 3.7 Interfacing With Other Languages 3.7.1 Example of an e <-> Verilog Hookup 4 Aspect-Oriented Programming Support in e o 4.1 Subtyping Mechanism 4.1.1 Subtyping Mechanism Example o 4.2 Extending Methods

4.2.1 Method Extension Example

5 References 6 Sources

History
e was first developed in 1992 in Israel by Yoav Hollander for his Specman software. In 1995 he founded a company, InSpec (later renamed Verisity), to commercialize the software. The product was introduced at the 1996 Design Automation Conference.[1] Verisity has since been acquired by Cadence Design Systems.

Features
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(May 2012)

Main features of e are:

Random and constrained random stimulus generation Functional coverage metric definition and collection Temporal language that can be used for writing assertions Aspect-oriented programming language with reflection capability Language is DUT-neutral in that you can use a single e testbench to verify a SystemC/C++ model, an RTL model, a gate level model, or even a DUT residing in a hardware acceleration box (using the UVM Acceleration for e Methodology) Can create highly reusable code, especially when the testbench is written following the Universal Verification Methodology (UVM) o Formerly known as e Re-use Methodology (eRM) o UVM e library and documentation can be downloaded here: UVM World The most mature and technically advanced Hardware Verification Language (HVL) in the industry The most productive Hardware Verification Language (HVL) in the industry today, because it was specifically designed for hardware verification

Language Features
The e language uses an aspect-oriented programming (AOP) approach, which is an extension of the object-oriented programming approach to specifically address the needs required in functional verification. AOP is a key feature in that it allows for users to easily bolt on additional functionality to existing code in a non-invasive manner. This permits easy reuse and code maintenance which is a huge benefit in the hardware world, where designs are continually being tweaked to meet market demands throughout the project lifecycle. AOP also addresses cross

cutting concerns (features that cut across various sections of the code) easily by allowing users to extend either specific or all instances of a particular struct to add functionality. Users can extend several structs to add functionality related to a particular feature and bundle the extensions into a single file if desired, providing for more organized file partitioning.

Comments
Executable e code is enclosed within code-segment markers <' and '>: Example
Anything outside the markers is a comment <' extend sys { // This is a comment Verilog style -- This is a comment in VHDL style post_generate() is also { out("... and everything else within the markers is executable code."); }; }; '>

Classes
e also has two kinds of classes:

Dynamic classes are labeled with the keyword 'struct'. Structs are used for creating data that only exists temporary and may be cleaned by the garbage collector. Static classes are labeled with the keyword 'unit'. Units are used for creating the permanent testbench structure.

A class may contain fields, methods, ports and constraints. Fields can be of type integer, real, enum, string and even complex objects. The code segment shows a unit called 'environment_u' being instantiated within the e root 'sys'. This environment_u class contains a list of 5 packet_s objects and this packet_s class contains two fields and a method. Example
<' // This is a dynamic class with two fields struct packet_s { field0: uint (bits: 32); // This field is called 'field0' and is a // 32 bit wide unsigned integer. field1: byte; // This field is called 'field1' and is a byte. // This method is called once a packet_s object has been generated post_generate() is also { out(field0); // Printing the value of 'field0' }; };

// This is a static class with a list of five packet struct unit environment_u { my_pkt[5]: list of packet_s; }; // sys is the root for every e environment and instantiates the 'test_env' object extend sys { test_env: environment_u is instance; }; '>

Randomization
In e each field is randomized by default. Field randomization can be controlled by hard constraints, soft constraints or even be turned off completely. Soft constraints are used as the default constraints, and may be automatically overridden by the test layer if a conflict occurs. Otherwise it behaves like a regular constraint. Example
<' struct my_pkt_s { destination_address: uint (bits: 48); not constrained. data_payload : list of byte; !parity_field : uint (bits: 32); from being randomized.

// this field is randomized and is // '!' prevents the parity_field // a soft constraint, used to // this is a hard constraint

keep soft data_payload.size() in [64..1500]; provide a default randomization keep data_payload.size() not in [128..256]; }; '>

Assertions
e supports assertions with temporal expressions. A temporal expression is used at the same syntactic level as fields and methods and is thereby declarative by nature. A temporal expression describes timed behavior. Example
<' unit temporal_example_u { event a; // declaring an event 'a' event b; // declaring an event 'b' event c; // declaring an event 'c' // This assertion expects that the next cycle after event a // has been detected that event b followed by event c occurs.

expect @a => {@b;@c} }; '>

Coverage
e supports coverage that are grouped according to their sampled event and those groups are internally structured with items. Items can be simple items or complex items such as crossed items or transitional items. Example
unit coverage_example_u { event cov_event_e; // collecting coverage will be tied to this event cover cov_event_e is { item a: uint (bits: 4); item b: bool; cross a, b; matrix of a and b trans b; buckets }; }; // this item has 16 buckets from 0 to 15 // this item has two buckets: TRUE and FALSE // this item contains a cross multiplication // this item is derived of item b and has four // transitioning each TRUE - FALSE combination

Messaging & Reporting

Messaging within e can be done with various methods. Example
unit message_example_u { example_message_method() is { out("This is an unconditional, unformatted output message."); outf("This is an uncoditional, formatted output message displaying in HEX %x",15); print "This is an uncoditional message."; message( LOW, "This is a conditional message, usually tied to a message logger. ", "You can also concatenate strings like this and even add objects like ",me, " in this output." ); messagef( LOW, "This conditional output is formatted %x.",15 ); }; };

Interfacing With Other Languages

An e testbench is likely to be run with RTL or higher-level models. Bearing this in mind, e is capable of interfacing with VHDL, Verilog, C, C++ and SystemVerilog.

Example of an e <-> Verilog Hookup

// This code is in a Verilog file tb_top.v module testbench_top; reg a_clk; always #5 a_clk = ~a_clk; initial begin a_clk = 0; end endmodule This code is in a signal_map.e file <' unit signal_map_u { // Define a port named 'a_clk_p' a_clk_p: in simple_port of bit is instance; // Set the port's hdl_path property to point to the 'a_clk' signal in the top-level testbench keep a_clk_p.hdl_path() == "~/testbench_top/a_clk"; }; '>

Aspect-Oriented Programming Support in e

The process of functional verification requires to raise the level of abstraction of any Design Under Test (DUT) beyond the RTL level. This necessity calls for a language that is capable of encapsulating data and models, which is readily available in object-oriented languages. To address this need has been designed to be e an object-oriented language and on top of that has been augmented with aspect-oriented mechanisms that facilitate not only writing highly flexible and reusable testbenches, but also helps verification engineers by enabling to patch discovered RTL bugs without having to rewrite or touch any of the already existing code base. Aspect-oriented programming in e allows verification engineers to structure their testbench in aspects. An object is therefore the sum of all its aspects, which may be distributed over multiple files. The following sections illustrate basic aspect-oriented mechanisms in e.

Subtyping Mechanism
Subtyping is the prime example of what object-oriented languages without aspect-oriented features can not accomplish. Subtyping allows a verification engineer to add functionality to an already defined/implemented class without having to derive from a base class. The following code shows the original implementation of a base-class and how it is extended. Once the extension took place, all base-class objects contain the extensions as well. The constraints given in the two different subtypes would usually cause a contradiction, however both subtypes are handled separately and thus each subtype yields a different constraint calculation. Subtyping Mechanism Example
subtyping_example.e <' // This enum type definition is used to declare the subytpes ODD and EVEN type ctrl_field_type_t: [ODD, EVEN];

unit base_ex_u { // The subtype_field is the determinant field which calculation is being applied subtype_field: ctrl_field_type_t; data_word : uint (bits: 32); parity_bit : bit; // Subtyping the ODD type when ODD'subtype_field base_ex_u { // This is a simple constraint that XORs the index bit 0 of data_word and increments that value keep parity_bit == (data_word[0:0] ^ data_word[0:0] + 1); }; // Subtyping the EVEN type when EVEN'subtype_field base_ex_u { // This constraint is the same as above, however the increment is not done keep parity_bit == (data_word[0:0] ^ data_word[0:0]); }; }; '>

Extending Methods
The original unit definition is given in file1.e. The aspect-oriented mechanism used in this example shows how to execute code before and after an already implemented method. Method Extension Example
This code is in file1.e <' unit aop_example_u { meth_ext() is { out("This is the original method implementation."); }; }; '> This code in in file2.e <' extend aop_example_u { meth_ext() is first { out("This method extension is executed before the original method implementation."); }; meth_ext() is also { out("This method extension is executed after the original method implementation."); }; }; '>

References
1. The e Hardware Verification Language, Sasan Iman and Sunita Joshi, Springer, May 28, 2004 2. Aspect-Oriented Programming with the e Verification Language, David Robinson, 2007 1. ^ Samir Palnitkar: Design verification with e, Prentice Hall PTR. October 5, 2003. ISBN 978-0-13-141309-2

Sources

The e language blog (Team Specman) http://www.ieee1647.org/ http://www.deepchip.com/items/0488-05.html (good feedback from users on their experiences with the e language) http://www.cadence.com/products/functional_ver/specman_elite/index.aspx http://www.us.design-reuse.com/articles/article5646.html Janick Bergeron: Writing Testbenches: Functional Verification of HDL Models, Second Edition, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003, ISBN 1-4020-7401-8 http://www.amiq.ro/eparser.html http://www.thinkverification.com/ http://www.dvteclipse.com/help.html?documentation/e/index.html

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