Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PREFACE
Citrus fruits of the country have assumed ever increasing significance both area and production wise. These Fruits are grown on an area of 199.9 thousands hectares with the production of 2132.20 thousand tons (Pakistan Agri. Statistics 2008-09), However, the disturbing phenomenon of citrus fruits is the one varietal dominance i.e. Kinnow mandarin, which has created a condition of monoculture. It is an established reality that one varietal reliance is always fraught with the serious repercussions. The prominent among these are gradual susceptibility to diseases, pests, physiological disorders, degradation in quality characters and tendency of fruit crops to enter in all declining syndrome. Moreover, monoculture is economically less benefit multiplier and market restrictive. Realizing the very narrow base of diversification of citrus sector; Citrus research institute, Sargodha managed to import the bud wood of various important citrus groups i.e. Sweet oranges Mandarins, Tangerines, Tangelos, Grape fruits, Lemons, Limes and rootstocks. Worth of all such varieties has been tested under local agro Climatology and varieties of proven performance recommended for commercial cultivation. It has also been noted with concern that Citrus growers awareness about these high merit varieties has been observed very poor. This concern has prompted the institute to develop a Citrus varietal compendium for its wide circulation. Scientists of Citrus Research Institute, Sargodha toiled hard to complete the evaluation in a concise form which is worth appreciation. It is hoped that the effort will go a long introducing new varieties of commercial significance to widen the much needed goal of diversification. The information produced in this document of varietal description will best serve the academia, Citrus growers and industry persons in a broad way and the country will come out of the problems of mono culture a dire need of the day.
(DR. NOOR-UL-ISLAM) Director General Agri. (Research) Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ii
I first of all express my thanks from the deepest profile of my heart to Dr. Noor-ulIslam, Director General Agri. (Research), Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, who encouraged me to compile this much needed information on varietal range of Citrus. My special thanks and gratitude are extended to the young scientists of this Institute particularly Mr. Muhammad Afzal Javad, Horticulturist, Mr. Ghulam Mustafa, Mr. Ahmad Raza, Mr. Abdul Aziz, Assistant Horticulturist Mr. M. Raza Salik Assistant Horticulturist and Mr. Akbar Hayat Saggu Assistant Research Officer in varietal characterization. I can not afford to ignore the services of Mr. Abdul Rehman, Assistant Plant Pathologist and Mr. Muhammad Azhar, Assistant Professor, Agriculture College, Sargodha in taking photographs of a wide range of Citrus fruit varieties. Accurate computerization for rendering this effort to its ultimate composition by Mr. Abdul Waheed Bukhari, Stenographer is highly commendable. In the end it pertains to mention that there is always room for improvement in view of un intended errors and omissions. Hence, suggestions from the readers will be highly appreciated for its improvement.
(ALTAF-UR-REHMAN KHAN) Director, Citrus Research Institute, Sargodha
Dedication
iii
I dedicate this effort to the entire Citrus growing community and all other
persons having crazy souls and patriotic thoughts for the uplift of citriculture as a whole.
(DR. NOOR-UL-ISLAM) Director General Agri. (Research) Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad
Index
S . No.
1 2 3
Title
Preface Acknowledgements Dedication
Page No.
i ii Iii
4
5
1
2
Citrus Groups
6
7
Oranges
Common Oranges
Musambi
Succari Valencia Late
3
4
8
9 10
5
6 7
11
12
Pine Apple
Olinda Valencia
8
9
13
14 15
Hamlin
Jaffa Parson Brown
10
11 12
16
Casa Grande
13
S . No.
17 18
Title
Navel Oranges
Lane Late
Page No.
14 15
19
20 21
Nave late
Cara Cara At Wood Early
16
17 18
22
23 24 25 26
Spring Navel
Navelina Fisher Washington Navel
19
20 21 22 23
Pigmented Oranges
Blood Red
Moro Blood Sanguinello
27
28 29
24
25 26
30
31
27
28
Seedless Oranges
Salustiana
32
29
S . No.
33
34
Title
Tarocco
Marrs Early
Page No.
30
31
35
36 37
Mandarins
Kinnow Low Seeded Kinnow
32
33 34
38
39 40 41 42
Feutrells Early
Nagpuri Sangtara (Ponkan) Honey Mandarin Kaula Sangtara
35
36 37 38 39
Tangerines
Fremont
Clementina Dancy
43
44 45
40
41 42
46
47 48
Fair Child
Amber Sweet Robinson
43
44 45
S . No.
49 50
Title
Tangelos
Minneola
Page No.
46 47
51
52 53 54 55
Pearl
Orlando
48
49 50 51 52
Grape Fruits
Shamber Rio Red
56
57 58 59
Star Ruby
Flame Marsh Seedless Red Blush
53
54 55 56
60
61 62
Citrus Rootstocks
Rough Lemon C-35
57
58 59
63
64
Gal Gal
60
61
Lemons
S . No.
65
66 67 68 69 70
Title
Eureka lemon
Femminello Lemon Lisbon Lemon
Page No.
62
63 64 65 66 67
Limes
Kaghzi Lime Tahiti Lime
71
72
68
69
73
74 75 76 77 78 79
Naghmi/Oval Kumquat
70
71 72 73 74 75 76
Available Citrus Rootstocks Latest Varieties of Citrus List Of Exotic Citrus Varieties
Owari Satsuma Honey Henderson
80
Key
77
A sample of 10 fruit from each side of the tree were taken up comprised of different sizes and weighed on the electric balance. Before weighing the weight balance was brought to zero reading. The fruits were weighed in grams.
Peel Thickness
Peel thickness was measured by vernier caliper and expressed in mm involving the peel of fruit samples.
Peel Percentage
Peel percentage of the varieties were calculated by the simple mathematical formula that is i.e. Weight of peel x 100 Weight of fruit already calculated
Juice Percentage
For calculating juice percentage, the juice was extracted from the fruit sample excluding the entire rind. Fine plastic strainer was employed to strain the juice through a fine sieve and the juice was placed into the container.. The juice was weighed and recorded in grams and the juice percentage was calculated according to simple formula i.e. Net weight of the juice x 100 Weight of the fruit
Determination of T.S.S/Brix
The TSS was calculated by the digital refractrometer having automatic temperature compensation. Before using refractrometer it was cleaned with the distil water and allowed to dry up before testing the samples. A few drops of juice onto the stage of refractrometer were dropped and T.S.S/brix reading was taken. Between the samples it was ensured that after taking the reading the refractrometer baseline is maintained to zero. Note : There is no measureable difference between TSS and Brix hence both are synonymous to each other .1 o brix mean s 1% TSS and 10% TSS means 10o brix.
Determination of Acidity
For calculating acidity juice was taken by using pipette. 5ml juice was taken from conical flask and the pipette was cleaned up immediately. A digital Burette was used and 50 ml of 0.1 NaOH was put into the Burette. Then slowly added the N/10 NaOH solution drop by drop to the flask and swirled until the color goes to a persistent pink at least for 30 seconds at pH 8.2. Recorded the amount of N/10 NaOH used in ml. 1% phenolphthalein used as indicator. Titration made against a dominant acid. In Citrus ,citric acid is dominant acid. Formula of Citric acid is as under C6H8O7 = 192 Valence No= 3 =192/3 =64 Titration was made N/10 NaOH used x 0.0064/5 x 100 ( N/10 NaOH used x 0.128).
References
Citrus Maturity Testing Sandra Hardy Industry Leader ,Citrus Industry & Investment , Gosford primary industries Institute. Graeme Sanderson
CITRUS GROUPS
The edible citrus fruits of principal commercial importance fall into seven, reasonably-well-defined horticultural groups:
Oranges Mandarins Tangerines Tangelos Grapefruits Citrus Rootstocks Lemons Limes Minor ones (Kumquats)
ORANGES
COMMON ORANGES
Musambi
Origin
Tree Characters
Vigorous and productive Upright and large Round in shape
Fruit Characters
medium-large, slightly oblate to globose or broadly obovoid; Areolar ring regularly shallow; Color light yellow to pale orange at maturity. Rind medium-thick; Surface moderately to roughly pebbled, striped with narrow, longitudinal grooves and ridges. Flesh color straw-yellow; somewhat firm, juicy; Flavor insipid because of very low acidity. Early in maturity.
175
Seediness
9 - 20
Adaptability:
Well adapted in all citrus growing areas of the province.
(No. of fruits)
Maturity period
November
Succari
Origin
Origin is not known, popular variety in Egypt
Tree Characters
Vigorous and very productive Somewhat upright, medium to large
Fruit Characters
Small to medium in size Round in shape and smooth Usually well colored and with thin rind Flesh is orange colored, very juicy and tender Early- mid season variety
Av. Weight(gm)
Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Juice (%) Av. Peel % Av. Peel thickness (mm) Av. TSS (%) Av. Acidity (%) Acid ratio Av. Seediness Av. Yield/Tree(No. of fruits) Maturity period
Seediness
20-25/fruit
Adaptability:
Well adapted in the areas of Southern and central Punjab. Equally good in northern districts of the province.
Valencia Late
Origin
It is a United State origin variety identified by English nursery man Thomas Rivers in 1865
Tree Characters
Tree vigrous upright and large Alternate bearing tendency Very wide range of adaptation
Fruit Characters
Fruit medium large, oblong to spherical Well colored at maturity but re-greening under certain conditions. Rind medium thick tough and smooth surface Juice abundant, good flavored but some what acidic. Fruit holds well on the tree with little deterioration in quality well past maturity Latest maturing of all commercial citrus cultivars.
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) Av . Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av . Peel thickness (mm) Av. juice %
Av. Peel %
Av. Number of seeds/fruit Av. T.S.S. % Av. Acidity% Av. T.S.S. / acid ratio
43.09
4 10.3 0.90 11.44
Seediness
1 4
Adaptability
Well adapted in wide range of agro ecological conditions sub-tropical and high heat index areas.
500 600
Feb. March
Pine Apple
Origin
This variety originated as a chance seedling on the place of J.B. Owens at sparr in 1860 in Florida.
Tree Characters
Moderately vigorous, medium-large, thornless, and highly productive. More sensitive to frost than other orange cultivars. It is thornless. Av. Weight (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Juice (%) Av. Peel % Av. Peel thickness (mm) Av. TSS (%) 202
Fruit Characters
Medium-sized, spherical to slightly obovate; basal area sometimes depressed and radially furrowed. Well-colored (one of the best in Florida). Rind medium-thick; surface finely pitted and slightly pebbled. Flesh color light orange; tender, juicy, richly flavoured. Maturity season is Dec-Jan. Excellent for processing. TSS is good.
6.94 7.48
42.62 32.10 3.95 10
0.6
16.67 19 500-600 Dec-Jan
Seediness
10-25
Adaptability
Well adapted to subtropical climate.
Olinda Valencia
Origin
Chance seedling of the Valencia identified by H.J. Webber and L.D. Batchelor in 1939 in California
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Peel thickness (mm) Av. juice % Av. Peel % Av. Number of seeds/fruit Av. T.S.S. % 182.48 6.92 7.18 5.08 49.84 28.69 3 7.95
Tree Characters
Tree is large, vigorous and thorny. It has columnar shape. It is polyembryonic.
Fruit Characters
Fruit is medium flat shaped . Very juicy. It has sweet flavor
Seediness
03
Av. Acidity%
T.S.S./Acid ratio Av. Yield / tree (No. of fruits) Maturity period
0.64
12.42 450 - 550 Feb.- March
Adaptability
Well adapted to sub tropical climate
Hamlin
Origin
Chance seedling near Glenwood by A.G.Hamlin in 1879 in Florida.
10
Tree Characters
Tree are cold tolerant.
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth
Fruit Characters
Fruits are smaller in size. Fruit are globule to slightly oblate The peel is smooth and thin. Fruit is seedless. Flavor sweet
5.77
39.72 41.73 4 6.2 0.37 16.76 500-550 Nov-Dec
Seediness
0-4
T.S.S./ Acid ratio Av. Yield /tree (No . of fruits) Maturity period
Adaptability
Well adapted to cooler regions also as being cold tolerant .
Jaffa
Origin (Egypt)
11
It is a clone of the Palestine beledi seedling group identified by H.S.Sanford in 1883 in Florida.
Tree Characters
Vigorous, upright and medium-large. Foliage dense and cold-tolerant. Moderately productive, but with alternate bearing tendency. It is susceptible to Alternaria blossom and pathological infections. Av . Weight( gm)
Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth
186
5.63 7.20
Fruit Characters
Medium-sized, globose to slightly ellipsoid Basal end commonly collared with radial furrows Rind medium-thick, finely pitted, and moderately pebbled. Easy to peel. Flesh color light orange; medium-tender, juicy Segments (9-12) Fruit develop insipid taste after maturity so Jaffa could not gain commercial significance.
49.05
30.90 4.57 10 0.54 18.5 10-12 650
Seediness
10-12
Adoptability
Fairly tolerant in Sub tropical climates.
Maturity period
February
Parson Brown
Origin
12
It was originated as a chance seedling identified by Rev. N.L. Brown in 1856 in Florida
Tree Characters
Vigorous, large, and productive.
Fruit Characters
Medium-large, globose. Base with short, radial furrows. Moderately seedy. Well-colored under favorable conditions. Rind medium-thick; surface finely pitted and moderately pebbled. Flesh color dull orange , firm, juicy and well-flavored. Maturity period November to early December. Av . Weight( gm)
Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth
219.3
7.71 8.42
36.00
32.00 5.00 10 0.45
Seediness
3-6
Adaptability
Variety has exhibited good degree of success in adaptation under the agro-climatic conditions of Sargodha.
22.22 3-6
500-600
Maturity period
Nov-Dec
Casa Grande
Origin
13
The variety originated as a dooryard chance seedling in Arizona, attracted attention in 1925 and firstly Propagated by C . J .Wood in 1930.
Tree Characters
Vigorous, upright, somewhat thorny, Yields heavily An early ripening and highly productive variety. Arizona Av. Weight( gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Juice % 250.00
Fruit Characters
Medium-small and moderately seedy Rind medium and surface smooth Flesh orange, juicy and well flavoured
Seediness
6 10
Av. Peel %
Av. Peel thickness(mm) Av. TSS% Av. Acidity%
30.89
4.68 10.2 0.47
Adaptability
It has wide adaptability tropical and sub-tropical
areas.
Acid ratio
Av. Seediness Av. Yield/Tree
21.70
6-10 400-500
Maturity period
Dec. January
14
NAVEL ORANGES
LaneLate
Origin
15
Tree Characters
Tree is of medium size with spreading habit and open canopy.
Fruit is born in clusters and remains on the tree after longer period of maturity i.e. Dec-May.
231
Fruit Characters
Medium to large. Nice orange color. Remain firm on the tree well into Feb. and April with out application of Gibberellins or 2,4,D.
Seediness
6 10
Adaptability
Lane Late is at early stage of Experimentation.
Av. Yield/Tree
Maturity period
400-500
Dec. January
Navelate
Origin
16
It is a Spanish variety originated as a limb sport in a Washington navel orchard and released in 1957.
Tree Characters
somewhat more vigorous and productive.
Av. Weight( gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Juice % Av. Peel % Av. Peel thickness(mm) Av. TSS% Av. Acidity% Acid ratio
209
Fruit Characters
Similar to Washington but somewhat paler in color. Navel less prominent and more commonly closed. Rind thinner and more leathery. Flesh less firm and juicy. Flavor less sprightly. Matures two to three weeks later than Washington navel. Maturity period end Dec- Jan.
7.30 0.53
13.77
Seediness
6 10
Av. Seediness
Av. Yield/Tree
6-10
400-500
Adaptability
Well adapted in sub-tropical climate
Maturity period
Dec. January
Cara Cara
Origin
17
Tree Characters
201 6.39/6.12
Fruit Characters
4.74
32.90
Av. Rag %
Av. Juice % Av. T.S.S.% Av. Acidity.% Av. Acid ratio. Av. Segments. Av. Seediness. Maturity Period
24.71
41.37 11.85 0.59 20.08 10 2-4 Dec.
Seediness
24 Adaptability Well adapted in central southern Punjab
At Wood Early
Origin
Originated as a limb sport of Washington navel in California in 1935.
18
Tree Characters
Tree is large and vigrous It is globular structure
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) Av . Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Peel thickness (mm) Av. juice % Av. Peel % Av. Number of seeds/fruit
202.4
Fruit Characters
Fruit large, spherical to obovoid or ellipsoid Navel medium to large Deep orange color Rind medium thick , surface course Flesh color deep Fruit is juicy and flavor rich Early in maturity
7.08 7.33
2.91
48.49
28.29 18
Av. T.S.S. %
Av. Acidity%
11.2
0.70 16.0 350-450 Nov. Dec.
Seediness
10-18
Adaptability
Well adapted in sub tropical climatic conditions.
Spring Navel
Origin
Originate from Washington navel
19
Tree Characters
Tree is upright growing with medium height.
Fruit Characters
Fruit is large Red orange in color Sweet flavor. Good sugar acid ratio Harvesting season is late.
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) 222.3 8.09 7.68 5.79 33.02 33.92
Seediness
18-25
25
7.6 0.53 14.34 400-450 Dec.-April
Adaptability
Well adapted in North to Central Punjab as high heat tolerant.
Av. Acidity% T.S.S./Acid ratio Av. Yield /Tree (no. of fruits ) Maturity Period
Navlina
Origin
It is originated as a limb sport of Washington Navel in California in1910.
20
Tree Characters
lacking in vigor, semi-dwarf and small Small dark green leaves Productive. Trees are small to medium in size with dark green foliage.
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Peel thickness (mm) Av. juice %
Fruit Characters
Medium to medium-large, spherical to obovoid. Basal end commonly strongly furrowed. Color reddish-orange at maturity. Rind medium-thin and smooth. Flesh color deep; texture medium; juicy. Flavor sweet Very early in maturity. It is completely seedless variety.
Av. Peel %
Av. Number of seeds/fruit Av . T.S.S. %
31.15
02 7.72
Av. Acidity%
T.S.S./Acid ratio Av. Yield /Tree (no. of fruits ) Maturity Period
0.42
18.38 300 350 Nov. Dec.
Seediness
02
Adaptability
This variety is well adopted in cooler areas.
Fisher
Origin
Originated from old bud line of Washington navel in California
21
Tree Characters
Tree vigrous and large
Fruit Characters
Fruit large , sphyrical to obovoid Navel medium to large Rind medium thick Surface of rind is course Flesh color deep Moderately juicy Flavor rich
Av. juice %
Av. Peel % Av. Number of seeds/fruit Av. T.S.S. % Av. Acidity% Acid ratio Av. Yield/tree (no. of fruits) Maturity Period
35.21
28.27 7 12.5 0.6 20.83 300 400 Dec. _ Jan.
Seediness
57
Adaptability
Well adapted in sub-tropical and Cooler areas
Washington Navel
Origin
Its origin is unknown but it was probably a limb sport found in a tree of Saleta variety near Bahia, Brazil in 1810-1820
22
Tree Characters
Round-topped, Somewhat drooping Medium in size and vigor Sensitive to heat and aridity during bloom and fruit setting Large, spherical to obovoid Navel medium to large Rind medium thick Surface coarsely pitted and moderately pebbled Moderately juices Flavor rich
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Peel thickness (mm) Av. juice % 427.36 11.43 9.26 7.00 25
Fruit Characters
Av. Peel %
Av. Number of seeds/fruit
40
01
Av. T.S.S. %
Av. Acidity% Acid ratio
6.14
0.34 18.06
Seediness
01
Adaptability
Well adapted North - central Punjab
250 300
Nov. Dec.
23
PIGMENTED ORANGES
Blood Red
Origin
Origin is unknown but believed to be of Mediterranean Basin
24
Tree Characters
Vigorous and medium in size Spreading and productive in habit.
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) 166.96 6.64 6.96 4.65
Fruit Characters
Fruit sub-globose, round or obovoid light blood orange of very good flavor. Blood red produced better pigmentation where night temperature drops to freezing point. Rind medium thick Juice is good. Surface is almost smooth.
Av. juice %
Av. Peel % Av. Number of seeds/fruit Av. T.S.S. % Av. Acidity%
46.84
31.70 10 16 10 0.6
Seediness
10-16
Adaptability
Widely grown in NWFP. Now Khayber Pakhtoon Khowah. Best in the sub-mountaine districts, where the fruit attains good color and excellent flavor.
Acid ratio
Av. Yield/tree (no. of fruits) Maturity Period
16.67
450 550 Jan. Feb.
Moro Blood
Origin
25
It is of sicilion origin and thought to have been developed as a limb sport from the sanguinello Moscato variety
Tree Characters
Medium vigor and size Spreading and round-topped
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth 205.22
Fruit Characters
Medium to medium-large Sub-globose, round or obovoid Rind medium-thick, moderately adherent and somewhat pebbled Flesh deeply pigmented (almost violet-red); juicy Deep red coloration, almost purple-red Very productive, early maturity Distinctive aroma, exotic berry-like flavor Very productive fruit generally in clusters (3-4)
47
10.4
Seediness
47
Av. Acidity%
Acid ratio Av. Yield/tree (no. of fruits)
0.6
17.33 400 450
Adaptability
Well adapted in cooler climatic conditions
Maturity Period
Early Jan.
26
Sanguinello
Origin
Unknown origin of Italian variety.
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) 149.54 7.03 6.47 5.39 37.14
Tree Characters
Tree of medium size and vigorous. It is productive.
Fruit Characters
Fruit size is medium, obovoid to oblong. Rind color orange at maturity. Flesh deeply red pigmented at maturity. It is juicy Mid season in maturity.
Av. Peel %
Av. Number of seeds/fruit Av. T.S.S. % Av. Acidity% Acid ratio Av. Yield/tree (no. of fruit)
41.90
4 7.22 0.69 10.46 350 450
Seediness
14
Adaptability
Well adopted in North central Punjab
Maturity period
Dec. Jan.
27
Tree Characters
Large canopy. Excellent crop Medium to large in size. Oblong to spherical, Late maturity. Flavor good. Juice dark orange color Suitability to give colour to the other oranges produce fruit juice colouration on account of Vitamin A precursor cryptoxynthene.
46 Well adapted to high heat index areas
185.72 6.06/6.25
Fruit Characters
4.02
28.00 44.89 11.79 0.99 11.91 13-14 4-6 400 - 450 Jan.- Feb. Nil
Seediness
Adaptability
28
SEEDLESS ORANGES
Salustiana
Origin
It is originated as a limb sport on a Comuna tree introduce by Don Salustiano Pallas in 1950. It is a second most important variety of Spain.
29
Tree Characters
Vigorous, somewhat upright Medium-large, and productive
Fruit Characters
Medium-large, sub globose to spherical Basal cavity shallow with faint radial furrows; apex depressed Unusually well-colored at maturity Rind medium-thick and surface moderately pebbled. Flesh melting, juicy; flavor rich and sweet. Fruit said to hold especially well on tree without much loss of quality.
Av. Weight (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) Length Breadth Av. Juice (%) Av. Peel % Av. Peel thickness (mm) Av. TSS (%) Av. Acidity (%) Acid ratio
Seediness
02
Adaptability
Adaptable to a wide range of agro-climatic conditions i.e North to Southern Punjab.
Av. Seeds/fruit
Av. Yield/Tree
0-2
350-400
Maturity period
November
Tarocco
30
Origin
Popular variety in Italy
Tree
Characters
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Peel % 214.7 7.37 7.50 36.51
Moderately vigorous Medium in size and irregular in form Foliage rather open, consisting of highly variable leaves mainly oval-elliptical and sharp-pointed. Sensitive to wind and neglect Moderately productive.
Fruit characters
Medium large to large, globose to obovoide Flesh firm and juicy Rind medium thick Flavor rich
Av. juice %
Av. Peel % Av. Number of seeds/fruit Av. T.S.S. % Av. Acidity% Acid ratio
47.72
36.51 02 9.65 0.46 20.98
Seediness
0-2
Adaptability
Adapted in north and cooler climatic conditions of Punjab
450 550
Nov. Dec.
Marrs Early
Origin
31
It is a limbs sport in a group of navel orange trees in 1927 on the Place of O.F. Marrs , Donna in Texas.
Tree Characters
Moderately vigorous, precocious, and prolific. Marked tendency to bear fruit in clusters. It early and heavy bearing with good fruit size.
Fruit Characters
Medium-large, round to slightly oblate; moderately seedy (depending on pollination). Well-colored under favorable conditions. Rind medium-thick, and surface smooth and finely pitted. Flesh well-colored; juicy, lacking in acid and flavor sweet. Holds well on tree with little loss in quality. Earliest in legal maturity because of low acidity and retains better juice contents and quality characters well past maturity. Lacking in acid with sweet flavor.
Av. Weight (gm)
Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Juice (%) Av. Peel % Av. Peel thickness (mm) Av. TSS (%) 10.3 40.00 30.00 5.23
228.1
6.92 7.26
0.46
22.39 2-3 seeds
Seediness
2 -3
Adoptability:
This variety has shown very good performance in both northern and central parts of the Punjab.
350-400
End Oct. - Nov.
32
MANDARINS
Kinnow
Origin
Man made cross of King and Willow leaf (Mediterranean) mandarin in 1915 by H. B. Frost (1935).
33
Tree Characters
Vigorous and large, Tall and columnar, with numerous long, slender, ascending, and virtually thorn less branchless; Dense foliage consists of medium-large, broadly lanceolate leaves. Strong tendency to alternate bearing with large crop of smaller fruits followed by very small crop of larger fruits. Potentially tolerant to high temperature.
Av. Weight (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Peel thickness (mm) Av. Juice % 210.0 6.25 7.94 3.75 50.0
Av. Peel %
Av. TSS% Av. Acidity% Acid ratio
31.73
12.5 0.69 18.12
Fruit Characters
Medium in size and moderate to slightly oblate . Rind is thin and easily peel able. Surface is smooth. Fruit color yellowish orange at maturity. Flesh deep yellowish orange.
Av. Seeds/fruit
Av. Yield/Tree Maturity period
18-28
1000-1500 Jan.-Feb.
Seediness
18 - 28
Adoptability:
Well adapted in a wide range of agro climatology.
34
Tree Characters
Tree is vigorous, large and dense foliage. Alternate bearing is present. Seeds are polyembryonic.
196.72
5.87 7.32 3.85 46.00
Fruit Characters
Fruit is medium in size, moderate to slightly oblate. Rind is thin but peel able. Fruit surface is very smooth. Fruit color is yellowish-orange at maturity. Flesh is deep yellowish-orange. Number of seeds / fruit are 2-6.
Av. Peel %
Av. Number of seeds/fruit Av. T.S.S. % Av. Acidity% Acid ratio Av. Yield/ tree (no. of fruit) Maturity period
34.82
26 10.98 0.64 17.16 1000 1400 Jan. Feb.
Seediness
26
Adaptability
Well adapted in a wide range of agro climatology.
Feutrells Early
Origin
Origin is unknown and variety of New South Wales Possibly it is a natural tangor of Mediterranean orange or willow leaf mandarin.
35
Tree Characters
Tree is of medium vigor, spreading and round-topped, dense, symmetrical, and productive. Consistent bearer with less tendency to alternate bearing.
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Peel thickness (mm) Av. Juice % Av. Peel % Av. Number of seeds/fruit 142.7 5.87 6.32 3.55 47.4 32.28 16 22
Fruit characters
Medium to small medium, sub globose to broadly obovate Rind medium thick and easily peel able at maturity Colour orange to reddish orange Flesh orange colour and juicy Flavour good and early in maturity
Av. T.S.S. %
Av. Acidity% Acid ratio
10.0
0.62 16.13
Seediness
16 22
500 750
Nov. Dec.
Adaptability
Well adapted in sub-tropical climate
36
Tree Characters
vigorous, spineless with compact foliage Leaves narrowly lanceolate .
Av. Weight of fruit (gm)
Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Peel thickness (mm) Av. Juice %
125.63
4.71 6.32 2.67 30.32
Fruit Characters
Globose Fruit size large. Pale orange yellow but not uniform Rind thin ,loosely adherent, Juice abundant ,saffron colored, well blended with excellent flavor.
Av. Peel %
Av. Number of seeds/fruit Av. T.S.S. % Av. Acidity% Acid ratio
31.99
5-7 11.50 0.50 23.00
Seediness
5-7
Adaptability
Low heat tolerant. After the advent of Kinnow this mandarin received vanishing effect.
300-350
Dec. Jan.
Honey Mandarin
Origin
37
Sister Hybrid of the Encore kinnow and wicking crossed by H. B. Frost in1943 in California.
Tree Characters
vigorous and consistent bearer. Perform best in warmer areas.
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Peel thickness (mm) Av. Juice % Av. Peel % Av. Number of seeds/fruit Av. T.S.S. % Av. Acidity% 105.38
Fruit Characters
Small-sized, oblate; Rind faintly pebbled; seeds numerous. Light yellowish-orange color at maturity. Flavor rich and sweet.
4.85 5.32
2.56 42.00 31.99 8-12 10.0 0.50
Seediness
8-12
Adaptability
Adapted in wide range of Agro-ecological i-e North-Central and South Punjab.
Acid ratio
Av. Yield/ tree (no. of fruit) Maturity period
20.00
700-800 Oct.-Nov.
38
Kaula Sangtara
Origin
Kuala is of Indian origin.
Tree Characters
Tree vigorous Spreading , dense and large
Av. Weight of fruit (gm)
Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Peel thickness (mm) Av. Juice %
122.43
4.41 6.12 2.26 33.32
Fruit Characters
Fruit of medium size and good flavored. Highly colored Strongly oblate Short-necked and Epically depressed
Seediness
9 15
Av. Peel %
Av. Number of seeds/fruit Av. T.S.S. %
33.59
9-15 9.50
Adaptability
Adapted to sub-tropical and Mediterranean climatic conditions.
Av. Acidity%
Acid ratio Av. Yield/ tree (no. of fruit) Maturity period
0.45
21.11 350-400 Dec. Jan.
39
TANGERINS
Fremont
Origin
40
This variety originated from a cross of Clementine x Ponkan by P.C.Reece at Orlando Florida and released in 1964.
Tree Characters
Moderately vigorous, upright-growing, Nearly thornless, precocious, and productive.
Av. Weight of fruit (gm)
Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Peel thickness (mm) Av. Juice %
105.53
4.38 3.78 2.56 40.20
Fruit Characters
Medium in size, oblate in form; Rind medium-thick and of moderate adherence (easily peelable) Surface smooth; color bright reddish-orange. Flesh color deep orange; tender and juicy; Flavor rich and sprightly. Seeds moderately numerous, small to medium, and about half of them monoembryonic. Early ripening (between Clementine and Dancy), But fruit retains quality exceptionally well past commercial and physiological maturity
Av. Peel %
Av. Number of seeds/fruit Av. T.S.S. % Av. Acidity% Acid ratio Av. Yield/ tree (no. of fruit) Maturity period
31.99
7-10 11.2 1.13 9.91 700-800 Dec-Jan.
Seediness
7-10
Adaptability
Poor adaptability in warm areas due to sparse foliage. However in mixed plantation produce good results
41
Clementina
Origin
Origin is Cuba. It is cross between Clementine x Hamlin
Tree Characters
Vigorous in growth Erect growth of branches, but very flexible Fruit are globoid in shape Rind thin, flexible, easy to peel and deep orange to almost red at maturity Segments (9-12) Seeds (1-15) Juice abundant, orange color, well flavored with good TSS Early maturing variety 7-15 Well adapted in cooler climatic conditions. Av. Weight. (gm) Av. Fruit size. (cm) Av. Peel Thickness. (mm) Av. Peel %. Av. Juice %. Av. T.S.S. (%) Av. Acidity% Av. Acid ratio. Av. Segments. Av. Seediness. Maturity period. 139.85 4.25/4.30 3.50 28.00 45.35 11.45 0.83 13.80 9-12 7-15 End Oct . Early Dec.
Fruit Characters
Seediness
Adoptability
42
Dancy
Origin
It is originated from seedling of Morange (Tangerine ) in 1867 in the grove of G.C. Dancy at Orange Mills , Florida .
Tree Characters
It is vigorous , large and are freeze hardy. Upright spreading, foliage moderately dense. Moderately cold resistant. It has alternate bearing tendency. It has high rate of nacelles embryony. It is thornless.
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth
Fruit Characters
Fruit is of medium size, oblate to broadly, obovoid or pyriform. Rind is thin, leathery and tough, lose and easily removed Rind surface smooth and Glossy, color deep orange-red to seacrlet at maturity Fruit hold poorly on the tree. Flesh is deep orange colored . Fruit color is deep orange red to scarlet at maturity . Segments about twelve easily separable
5.91
40.20 31.99 5 10 7.2 0.33 21.82 400 -450
Seediness
5-10
Adaptability
Well adapted to warm climates and semi cooler areas.
Maturity period
Dec-Jan.
43
FairChild
Origin Originated as a cross between Clementine and Orlando Tangelo by J . R. Furr at California and released in 1964 .
Tree Characters
Vigorous, broad-spreading with dense foliage, Nearly thorn less and productive. This variety successfully flourishes in warm areas.
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Peel thickness (mm) Av. Juice % Av. Peel % Av. Number of seeds/fruit 134.20 5.39 6.54 3.51 40.20 31.99 8 10
Fruit Characters
Medium in size Rind medium-thin, moderately adherent but easily peelable; Surface texture smooth; color deep orange. Flesh orange-colored; firm but tender and juicy; flavor rich and sweet. Seeds numerous, small, and polyembryonic. Early in maturity.
Seediness
8 -10
Av. T.S.S. %
Av. Acidity% Acid ratio
11.00
0.97 11.34
Adaptability
Well adapted to warm climatic conditions.
500 -600
Nov .Dec.
44
Amber Sweet
Origin
Trigenic hybrid of Clementine x Orlando tangelo and mid sweet Orange. A unique composition of 3/8 tangerine, 1/8 Grape Fruit and Orange. It denotes to dark colored mandarins Vigorous, upright, Dense canopy Cold resistant Juice dark orange excellent flavor. Rind is smooth and easily peel able. Segments (10-12). Fruit is seedless. Early season maturity
Tree Characters
206.85
6.45/6.43 4.28 29.20 39.36 10.74 0.98 14.64 10-12 0-3 End Oct.
Fruit Characters
Seediness
0 -3
Adapted in semi warm areas.
Adaptability
Granulation.
Dec.
Robinson
Origin
45
Crossed between Clementine x Orlando by Gardner and Bellowsin at Orlando Florida in 1942 and released in 1959. Upright spreading, vigorous Foliage dense Leaves crenate margined on the upper half Cold resistant Regular bearer Medium large, oblate, base evenly rounded Rind thin, tough, leathering, easily peelable Surface smooth and glossy Fruit color deep yellowish orange at maturity Segments (12-14) with large and hollow axis Flesh color deep orange Juicy with sweet flavor Fruit quality excellent 25 Adapted in semi warm climatic conditions.
Tree Characters
210.42
Fruit Characters
6.22/6.12
4.72 23.83 41.21 10.81 0.75
Seediness
14.41
13-14 2-5
Adaptability
46
TANGELOS
Minneola
Origin
47
Hybrid of Duncan grape fruit x Dancy Tangerine in Florida and released in 1931.
Tree Characters
Sometimes called a "Honeybell" Tangelo. Tree is vigorous and productive with large pointed leaves. Less cold tolerant.
Fruit Characters
Medium to very large, round to somewhat bell shaped. Deep orange to red-orange color with smooth to pebbly peel. Few seeds in this tangerine-grapefruit hybrid. Segments 10-12. Medium late in maturity. Harvesting season is from January to March.
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth
4.51
54.20 38.99 8 10 7.6 0.68 11.18 700 -800
Seediness
8 -10
Adaptability
Well adapted to semi cool to warm climatic conditions.
Maturity period
Jan.- Mar.
48
Pearl
Origin
It is a cross between Imperial grapefruit Willow Leaf by H.B. Frost in 1940 in California.
Tree Characters
Vigorous, spreading, drooping Somewhat alternate bearing
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Peel thickness (mm) 182.10
Fruit Characters
Medium-small and slightly oblate Color yellow Rind comparatively smooth, thin and tightly adherent Flesh tender, juicy and flavor pleasantly sweet. Medium-early in maturity and loses quality if left on tree past maturity.
6.36 7.42
4.51
Av. Juice %
Av. Peel % Av. Number of seeds/fruit Av. T.S.S. % Av. Acidity% Acid ratio Av. Yield/ tree (no. of fruit) Maturity period
40.00
38.99 10 15 10.00 0.90 11.11 800 -1000 Nov.- Dec.
Seediness
10 -15
Adaptability
Fairly adapted to warm climatic conditions.
49
Orlando
Origin
Duncan Grape Fruit x Dancy Tangerine by Swingle and released in 1931
Tree Characters
Vigorous, highly freeze hardy, large tree Regular and good production
Fruit Characters
Medium large. Broadly oblate to subglobose, with out neck and seedy. Rind orange colored, slightly pebbled and Fairly adherent. Segments 12-14 with small and hollow axis. Flesh orange colored, tender very juicy with mildly sweet flavor. Best in production in warm areas
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) 182.10 6.56 7.48 4.56 48.00 38.99
Seediness
8 10
8 10
10.00 0.92
Adaptability
Well adapted to sub tropical climatic conditions.
Acid ratio
Av. Yield/ tree (no. of fruit) Maturity period
10.87
400 -500 Dec.Mar.
GRAPEFRUITS
50
Shamber
Origin
51
Originated as limbs sport of Marsh in an orchard of the Chace brothers in 1936 in California and identified by Alec Barnes. Tree Characters Vigorous and one of the largest citrus trees, requiring more space than any other. Tolerant to both heat and cold Twigs glabrous Leaves glabrous Petioles broadly winged Wings rarely overlapping blade
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Peel thickness (mm)
365
Fruit Characters
Medium to large , oblate, round, or obovate Rind thin to medium-thick Axis solid or semi-hollow Flesh tender and melting Flavor distinctive Polyembryonic Fruits commonly borne in clusters
9.65 9.53
8.84
Av. Juice %
Av. Peel % Av. Number of seeds/fruit
49.00
46.99 2-3
Av. T.S.S. %
Av. Acidity% Acid ratio Av. Yield/ tree (no. of fruit) Maturity period
9.7
1.38 7.03 300-350 Dec. Jan.
Seediness
2-3
Adaptability
Well adapted to sub tropical regions.
52
Rio Red
Origin
Developed from radiation induced and natural mutation in a seedling of Ruby Red in 1984 by Henzs in Texas
Tree Characters
It is tolerant to phytophthora and herbicides Tree is vigrous and open growth
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Peel thickness (mm) Av. juice % Av. Peel % Av. Number of seeds/fruit Av. T.S.S. % Av. Acidity%
Fruit Characters
Peel color is deep red Flesh color is red Color of the segments is less intense in the centre of each segment If harvesting late then fruit drop occurred.
44.81
0-3
5.5
0.99 5.56 350-400 Dec. Jan.
Seediness
0-3
Adaptability
Well adapted to subtropical regions.
Star Ruby
Origin
53
Tree Characters
Tree is quite susceptible to phytophthora foot rot and commonly used herbicides Red color is found in the barks of the young branches. It is sensitive to cold ,sun , herbicides and root rot. It produce fruit inside the tree canopy where fruit damage due to wind is minimum.
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Peel thickness (mm)
Fruit Characters
Round to globose and large.
Av. juice %
Av. Peel % Av. Number of seeds/fruit
42.52
44.44 0-3
Av . T.S.S. %
Av. Acidity%
6.0
0.87 6.90
Seediness
0-3
TSS/Acid ratio
Adaptability
Well adapted to semi warm climatic conditions.
350-400
Dec. Jan.
54
Flame
Origin
Originated from seeds of Henderson released by USDA in 1987
Tree characters
Vigorous and large. Wings are present and thick. Peel color deeper red Flesh color deep red with good flavor 0-3 Adapted to semi warm climatic conditions.
Av. Weight. (gm) Av. Fruit size. (cm) Av. Peel Thickness.(mm) Av. Peel % Av. Juice % Av. T.S.S. (%) Av. Acidity.% Av. Acid ratio. Av. Segments. Av. Seediness. Av. Yield /tree (no. of fruits)
292.06 8.66/8.42 7.51 28.60 48.72 09.52 1.12 8.50 13 0-3 300-400
Fruit Characters
Seediness
Adaptability
Maturity Period.
Granulation.
Dec.
Nil.
Marsh Seedless
Origin
55
Tree Characters
Tree vigorous, spreading large, and productive.
Suited for hot, humid and low-lying areas.
Av. Weight of fruit (gm)
Fruit Characters
Medium is size, oblate to sphyrical .
Av. Peel %
Av. Number of seeds/fruit
24.28
0-1
Av. T.S.S. %
Av. Acidity%
9.3
0.97 9.59 350-450 Dec. Jan.
Seediness
0-1
Adaptability
Well adapted to semi warm climatic conditions.
Red Blush
Origin
56
Originated as a limb sport of Thomson in 1929 in Texas by A.E . Henninger of Mc. Allen.
Tree Characters
Tree is vigorous spreading large and productive.
Pale to light yellow at maturity.
Low seeds/fruit
Fruit Characters
Medium large and globose to obovate
Deep pigmentation in the flesh. Crimson blush on the rind. Rind medium thick. Flesh color tender and juicy.
Seediness
0-3
1.15
6.17
TSS/Acid ratio
Adaptability
Adapted to sub tropical conditions.
450-500
Dec. Jan.
CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS
57
Rough Lemon
Origin
Nativity Sub continent.
58
Tree Characters
Also called Jamberi, Jatti Khatti, Vigorous and large, upright-spreading, with numerous small thorns. Leaves medium-small, blunt-pointed and light green. Flowers small and mandarin-like, purple-tinged and produced more or less throughout year but mainly in spring and late summer. New shoot growth faintly purple-tinted. Sensitivity to cold about like that of true lemons.
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Peel thickness (mm) Av. juice % Av. Peel %
Fruit Characters
Medium in size. Variable form but usually oblate to elliptic-oblong; commonly with irregularly furrowed neck. Usually with broad apical nipple surrounded by a deep irregular areola furrow. Rind medium-thick; surface typically deeply pitted, and rough or bumpy, sometimes ribbed; easily separable Color lemon-yellow to brownish-orange. Segments about 10; axis large and hollow. Flesh color light yellow to pale orange Medium juicy Flavor moderately acid.
20-25
6.00 3.83 1.57 250-300 Aug. Sep.
Seediness
20-25
Adaptability
Well adapted in sub tropical regions.
59
C-35
Origin
Hybrids of Ruby orange X Trifoliate orange at University of California, Riverside in 1987.
Tree Characters
Excellent resistance to Phythophthora, tristeza and citrus nematode.
Tree size reduced to 25% with this root stock Yield is excellent
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth
3.46
43.17 43.80
Seediness
2-4
2
11.0 4.46
Adaptability
Well adapted in sub tropical regions.
T.S.S./Acid ratio
Av. Yield /Tree (no. of fruit)
2.47
150-200
Maturity Period
Dec. Jan.
Gal Gal
Origin
60
Tree Characters
Vigorous, upright or spreading but irregular and open, with stout branches, Numerous thick spines; Leaves large and dull-green, resembling the sweet lime in form and tendency to rolling or cupping. Flowers large, purple-tinged, and produced in spring only. New shoot growth purple-tinted.
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Peel thickness (mm)
831.70
Fruit Characters
Medium-large to large, oblong to ellipsoid; low, sometimes furrowed collar or neck Rind medium-thick; surface usually smooth but sometimes moderately rough Color pale to golden yellow. Axis large and hollow. Flesh color pale yellow; coarse in texture, moderately juicy; flavor very sour and with trace of bitterness. Seeds numerous and large. Segments 9-15. Fruit very juicy and acidic.
15.13 10.50
6.04
Av. juice %
Av. Peel % Av. Number of seeds/fruit Av. T.S.S. % Av. Acidity%
23.53
39.53 30-45 6.9 5.17 1.33 25-35
Seediness
30-45
Maturity Period
Dec. Jan.
Adaptability
Well adapted to sub tropical regions.
LEMONS
61
Eureka Lemon
Origin
62
It is Californian origin. The Frost Nuceller Eureka is the only known Nuceller Eureka bred by H.B.Frost in California
Tree Characters
Medium in vigor and size Spreading and open in growth habit, virtually thorn less. Sparsely foliated (in comparison with Lisbon and others). Strongly ever bearing and produces fruit at the ends of long branches More sensitive to cold, insect infestation, and neglect; shorter-lived.
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Peel thickness (mm) Av. juice % Av. Peel % Av. Number of seeds/fruit Av. T.S.S. %
Fruit Characters
Medium-small, elliptical to oblong, with short neck or low collar at base; Long apical mammilla or nipple; Frequently surrounded with areolar furrow. Seeds few to none. Color yellow at maturity. Rind medium-thick; surface finely pitted with sunken oil glands, Axis small and usually solid. Flesh color greenish-yellow; fine-grained, tender, juicy; flavor highly acid. Crop well distributed throughout year, but mainly in late winter, spring, and early summer.
Av. Acidity%
4.5
1.15
TSS/Acid ratio
250-300
Dec. Jan.
Seediness
6-8
Adaptability
Well adapted to sub tropical conditions.
63
Femminello
Origin
Origin is unknown It is an Italian variety
Tree Characters
less vigorous and smaller than Castagnaro but earlier and more regular in bearing. It is susceptible to the mal secco disease.
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Peel thickness (mm) Av. juice % Av. Peel % Av.Number of seeds/fruit Av. T.S.S. % Av. Acidity%
Fruit Characters
Fruit medium size , elliptical to oblong Rind smooth and thick. Flesh juicy and highly acidic. The oil somewhat more aromatic and hence preferred Fruit color yellow at maturity. Fruit is seedy.
3.46
1.99
Seediness
15-18
TSS/Acid ratio
Adaptability
Well adapted to warm and humid climatic conditions.
250-350
Dec. Jan.
Lisbon Lemon
64
Origin
Lisbon is of Portuguese origin and selection of Gallego seedling clonal group.
Tree Characters
Vigorous, upright-spreading, large, thorny, Densely foliated, and productive. Most resistant to adverse conditions such as frost, heat, wind, and neglect.
Fruit Characters
Medium in size, elliptical to oblong; Prominent nipple surrounded by an irregular areolar furrow, commonly deeper on one side. Seed content variable, but usually few to none. Color yellow at maturity. Rind medium-thick. Surface finely pitted, faintly rugose, inconspicuously ribbed if at all tightly adherent. Flesh color pale greenish-yellow; fine-grained, tender, juicy; flavor very acid. Crop comes mainly in winter and early spring.
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Peel thickness (mm) Av. juice % Av. Peel %
6-10
5.85 4.72 1.24 280-340 Jan. Feb
Seediness
6-10
Adaptability
Well adapted to humid climatic conditions.
LIMES
65
Kaghzi Lime
66
Origin
Indian Lime x kumquat Crossed by Swingle in 1909 in California and released in 1913.
Tree character
Medium small in size and dense. It is round in shape.
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Peel thickness (mm) Av. juice % Av. Peel % Av. Number of seeds/fruit Av. T.S.S. %
Fruit Characters
Fruit is round to oblong in shape, The rind thin, smooth and yellow; The apex round and slightly nippled; The pulp is light greenish-yellow, juicy and very acidic.
Seediness
3-5
Adaptability
Well adapted to sub tropical regions.
Av. Acidity%
5.44
1.36
TSS/Acid ratio
300-450
Dec.-Jan.
Tahiti Lime
Origin
Hybrid of lime x lemon or Citron Originated primarily in Florida and brazil
67
Tree Characters
Large ,nearly thornless, darker green leaves, More sensitive than the lemon Tristeza and cold Tolerance.
150.70
5.13 5.50 2.64 43.53 39.53
Fruit Characters
Small , greenish yellow or pale yellow in color Rind is very thin Susceptible to citrus scab disease Almost completely seedless Segments 10 Fruit very juicy, acidic with true lime flavor It is highly mono embryonic.
0-2
7.5 5.17 1.45 400-500 Dec. Jan.
Seediness
5-9
Adaptability
Adapted to sub tropical regions.
KUMQUATS
(FORTUNELLA SPECIES)
68
69
Origin
Natural hybrid between the oval and round kumquats by Swingle in 1935 Native of China, symbol of prosperity and good luck.
Tree Characters
Plant is very cold hardy. Very ornamental with small foliage. Needs lots of heat to produce very fragrant blossoms in summer. Produces best in hotter locations
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Peel thickness (mm)
20
2.43 2.50
2.51
Fruit Characters
Small orange fruit Fruit is more round than Naghmi, with a bit more sweetness. Store well on trees for months without loss of flavor. Fruit is seedless
Av. juice %
Av. Peel % Av. Number of seeds/fruit Av. T.S.S. % Av. Acidity%
18.85
39.53 4-6 9 3.5 2.57 450-600
Seediness
4-6
Adaptability
Adapted to sub tropical regions.
Maturity Period
Jan.-Feb.
70
Naghmi/Oval kumquat
Origin
It is a Japanese variety Tree Characters Vigorous and prolific. Comparatively large leaf and tree than Meiwa kumquat.
Fruit Characters
Olive size and shape Oblong , obvate or oval form of fruit Deep color and pronounced flavor of both fruit and rind. Bright orange fruit. Naghmi flowers best in areas with warm summers. Late winter or early spring ripening fruit.
Av. Weight of fruit (gm) Av. Size of fruit (cm) length Breadth Av. Peel thickness (mm) Av. juice % Av. Peel % Av. Number of seeds/fruit Av. T.S.S. % Av. Acidity%
Seediness
10-12
Adaptability
Adapted to sub tropical regions.
TSS/Acid ratio
Av. Yield /Tree (no. of fruit) Maturity Period
3.75
450-600 Jan.-Feb.
71
72
MINISTRYOF FOOD & AGRICULTURE ESTABLISHMENTOF FACILITATIONUNITFOR PARTICIPATORYVEGETABLE SEEDAND NURSERYPRODUCTION PROGRAMME
ISLAMABAD
73
23456789101112131415161718 19-
Persian Lime SPB-7 Willow leaf Mandarin Honey Mandarin Pixie Mandarin Star Ruby (Grape Fruit) Ponkan Mandarin Oroblanco (Hybrid Grape Fruit) Wilking Mandarin Henderson Ruby (Grape Fruit) Owari ( Frot # 1) Mandarin-Satsuma Kinnow Mandarin Chandler Pummelo Cara Cara (Navel orange) Micro Citrus Australasica Seedless Kishu Mandarin Ponderosa (Lemon Hybrid) Cocktail (Pummello hybrid) Clementina Marisol (Mandarin-Clementine)
Owari Satsuma
Origin
Tree Characters
74
Japan
Vigorous in growth Very productive and early in maturity
Fruit Characters
Medium to large size smooth skinned flavour delicate taste sweet and less acidic No puffiness Seedless variety
Honey
Origin USA
Sister Hybrid of king and Willow leaf Tree Characters Vigorous, spreading with dense canopy Medium in size well flavoured thick peel with oily smell seedy variety suitable for home gardening
75
Fruit Characters
Henderson
Origin
Tree Characters
76
TEXAS USA
Vigorous and spreading in habit consistent barer Fruit is Medium in size rind is very think densely pigmentant at maturity well Rich in juiyness Retation of fruit color is very good for longer period
Fruit Characters
KEY
Navel Oranges Pigmented oranges Seedless Low seeded Tangerines Tangelos T.S.S.
77
Acidity %
Juice %
Alternate bearing Granulation Re greening Chance seedling Limb sport Polyembryony Monoembryony
Navel present in the oranges Colored flesh Fruits with few seeds Fruits with less than 10 seeds Cross between Oranges and mandarins Cross between Mandarins and Grapefruits Total soluble solids (85% sugar i.e sucrose, fructose and glucose) Volume used of N/10 Na OH x 0.0064 x 100 Volume used of juice (Dominant character is Citric Acid ) Net Weight of juice x 100 Total weight of fruit Habit of plant bearing heavy fruit crop in one year called On year and low crop in the proceeding year called off year. Juice vesicles in the fruit become dry and hard. After maturity fruit color change into green color. Germination of certain seedlings with different characteristics due to sudden genetic changes. Natural mutation in a limb of a tree. More than one embryo in a seed. One embryo in a seed.