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Sherlock Holmes
Sherlock Holmes
Sherlock Holmes character
Sherlock Holmes in a 1904 illustration by Sidney Paget First appearance Created by A Study in Scarlet Arthur Conan Doyle Information Gender Occupation Family Nationality Male Consulting detective Mycroft Holmes (brother) British
Sherlock Holmes ( /rlkhomz/)[1] is a fictional detective created by Scottish author and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The fantastic London-based "consulting detective", Holmes is famous for his astute logical reasoning, his ability to take almost any disguise, and his use of forensic science skills to solve difficult cases. Holmes, who first appeared in publication in 1887, was featured in four novels and 56 short stories. The first story, A Study in Scarlet, appeared in Beeton's Christmas Annual in 1887 and the second, The Sign of the Four, in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine in 1890. The character grew tremendously in popularity with the beginning of the first series of short stories in Strand Magazine in 1891; further series of short stories and two novels published in serial form appeared between then and 1927. The stories cover a period from around 1880 up to 1914. All but four stories are narrated by Holmes's friend and biographer, Dr. John H. Watson; two are narrated by Holmes himself ("The Blanched Soldier" and "The Lion's Mane") and two others are written in the third person ("The Mazarin Stone" and "His Last Bow"). In two stories ("The Musgrave Ritual" and "The Gloria Scott"), Holmes tells Watson the main story from his memories, while Watson becomes the narrator of the frame story. The first and fourth novels, A Study in Scarlet and The Valley of Fear, each include a long interval of omniscient narration recounting events unknown both to Holmes and to Watson.
Sherlock Holmes
Life
Early life
Explicit details about Sherlock Holmes's life outside of the adventures recorded by Dr. Watson are few and far between in Conan Doyle's original stories; nevertheless, incidental details about his early life and extended families portray a loose biographical picture of the detective. An estimate of Holmes' age in the story "His Last Bow" places his birth in 1854; the story is set in August 1914 and he is described as being 60 years of age. Commonly, the date is cited as 6 January.[4] However, an argument for a later birthdate is posited by author Laurie R. King, based on two of Conan Doyle's stories: A Study in Scarlet and "The Gloria Scott" Adventure. Certain details in "The Gloria Scott" Adventure indicate Holmes finished his second and final year at university in either 1880 or 1885. Watson's own account of his wounding in the Second Afghan War and subsequent return to England in A Study in Scarlet place his moving in with Holmes in either early 1881 or 1882. Together, these suggest Holmes left university in 1880; if he began university at the age of 17, his birth year would likely be 1861.[5]
Holmes states that he first developed his methods of deduction while an undergraduate. The author Dorothy L. Sayers suggested that, given details in two of the Adventures, Holmes must have been at Cambridge rather than Oxford and that "of all the Cambridge colleges, Sidney Sussex (College) perhaps offered the greatest number of advantages to a man in Holmes position and, in default of more exact information, we may tentatively place him there".[6] His earliest cases, which he pursued as an amateur, came from fellow university students.[7] According to Holmes, it was an encounter with the father of one of his classmates that led him to take up detection as a profession,[8] and he spent the six years following university working as a consulting detective, before financial difficulties led him to take Watson as a roommate, at which point the narrative of the stories begins. From 1881, Holmes was described as having lodgings at 221B, Baker Street, London, from where he runs his consulting detective service. 221B is an apartment up 17 steps, stated in an early manuscript to be at the "upper end" of the road. Until the arrival of Dr. Watson, Holmes worked alone, only occasionally employing agents from the city's underclass, including a host of informants and a group of street children he calls "the Baker Street Irregulars". The Irregulars appear in three stories: "A Study in Scarlet," "The Sign of the Four," and "The Adventure of the Crooked Man". Little is said of Holmes's family. His parents were unmentioned in the stories and he merely states that his ancestors were "country squires". In "The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter", Holmes claims that his great-uncle was Vernet, the French artist. His brother, Mycroft, seven years his senior, is a government official who appears in three stories[9] and is mentioned in one other story.[10] Mycroft has a unique civil service position as a kind of memory-man or walking database for all aspects of government policy. Mycroft is described as even more gifted than Sherlock in matters of observation and deduction, but he lacks Sherlock's drive and energy, preferring to spend his time at ease in the Diogenes Club, described as "a club for the most un-clubbable men in London".
Sherlock Holmes
A portrait of Sherlock Holmes by Sidney Paget from The Strand Magazine, 1891 in "The Man with the Twisted Lip".
Detection is, or ought to be, an exact science and should be treated in the same cold and unemotional manner. You have attempted to tinge it ["A Study in Scarlet"] with romanticism, which produces much the same effect as if you worked a love-story... Some facts should be suppressed, or, at least, a just sense of proportion should be observed in treating them. The only point in the case which deserved mention was the curious analytical reasoning from effects to causes, by which I succeeded in unravelling it.[11] Sherlock Holmes on John Watson's "pamphlet", "A Study in Scarlet". Nevertheless, Holmes's friendship with Watson is his most significant relationship. In several stories, Holmes's fondness for Watsonoften hidden beneath his cold, intellectual exterioris revealed. For instance, in "The Adventure of the Three Garridebs", Watson is wounded in a confrontation with a villain; although the bullet wound proves to be "quite superficial", Watson is moved by Holmes's reaction: It was worth a wound; it was worth many wounds; to know the depth of loyalty and love which lay behind that cold mask. The clear, hard eyes were dimmed for a moment, and the firm lips were shaking. For the one and only time I caught a glimpse of a great heart as well as of a great brain. All my years of humble but single-minded service culminated in that moment of revelation. In all, Holmes is described as being in active practice for 23 years, with Watson documenting his cases for 17 of them.[12]
Retirement
In "His Last Bow", Holmes has retired to a small farm on the Sussex Downs in 19031904. Sussex Downs is another name for South Downs, the name of a range of chalk hills in Sussex, overlooking the English Channel. They are opposite to the North Downs, a parallel range stretching from Farnham in Surrey across the entire width of Kent. "Down" is from the Old English "dun," meaning a hill. Holmes specifically retired to a farm in the downs, 8km (5 miles) from the town of Eastbourne as is chronicled by Watson in his preface to the series of stories entitled "His Last Bow." It is here where he takes up the hobby of beekeeping as his primary occupation, eventually producing a "Practical Handbook of Bee Culture, with some Observations upon the Segregation of the Queen". The story features Holmes and Watson coming out of retirement one last time to aid the war effort. Only one adventure, "The Adventure of the Lion's Mane", which is narrated by Holmes as he pursues the case as an amateur, takes place during the detective's retirement. The details of his death are not known.
Sherlock Holmes
Sherlock Holmes little methods of thought, so that I never mixed much with the men of my year;... my line of study was quite distinct from that of the other fellows, so that we had no points of contact at all". He is similarly described in A Study in Scarlet as difficult to draw out by young Stamford. Holmes' emotional state/mental health has been a topic of analysis for decades. At their first meeting in A Study in Scarlet, the detective warns Watson that he gets "in the dumps at times" and doesn't open his "mouth for days on end". Many readers and literary experts have suggested Holmes showed signs of manic depressive psychosis, with moments of intense enthusiasm coupled with instances of indolent self absorption. Other modern readers have speculated that Holmes may have Asperger's syndrome based on his intense attention to details, lack of interest in interpersonal relationships and tendency to speak in long monologues.[19] The detective's isolation and near-gynophobic distrust of women is said to suggest the desire to escape; Holmes "biographer" William Baring-Gould and others, including Nicholas Meyer, author of the Seven Percent Solution, have implied a severe family trauma (i.e., the murder of Holmes' mother) may be the root cause.
Personal hygiene
Holmes is described in The Hound of the Baskervilles as having a "cat-like" love of personal cleanliness. This in no way appears to hinder his intensely practical pursuit of his profession, however, and appears in contrast with statements that, in the first Holmes story, A Study in Scarlet, his hands are discoloured with acid stains and Holmes uses drops of his own blood to conduct experiments in chemistry and forensics.
Use of drugs
Holmes occasionally uses addictive drugs, especially when lacking stimulating cases. He believes the use of cocaine stimulates his brain when it is not in use. He is a habitual user of cocaine, which he injects in a seven-per-cent solution using a special syringe that he keeps in a leather case. Holmes is also an occasional user of morphine but expressed strong disapproval on visiting an opium den. The 2002 movie Sherlock: Case of Evil depicts him using heroin, though that never appears in the original stories. All these drugs were legal in late 19th-century England. Both Watson and Holmes are serial tobacco users, including cigarettes, cigars, and pipes. Holmes is expert at identifying tobacco-ash residues, having penned a monograph on the subject. Dr. Watson strongly disapproves of his friend's cocaine habit, describing it as the detective's "only vice" and expressing concern over its possible effect on Holmes's mental health and superior intellect.[20] [21] In later stories, Watson claims to have "weaned" Holmes off drugs. Even so, according to his doctor friend, Holmes remains an addict whose habit is "not dead, but merely sleeping".[22]
Sherlock Holmes
Financial affairs
Although he initially needed Watson to share the rent of his comfortable residence at 221B Baker Street, Watson reveals in "The Adventure of the Dying Detective", when Holmes was living alone, that "I have no doubt that the house might have been purchased at the price which Holmes paid for his rooms," suggesting he had developed a good income from his practice, although it is seldom revealed exactly how much he charges for his services. In "A Scandal in Bohemia", he is paid the staggering sum of one thousand pounds (300 in gold and 700 in notes) as advance payment for "present expenses". In "The Problem of Thor Bridge" he avers: "My professional charges are upon a fixed scale. I do not vary them, save when I remit them altogether".[23] This is said in a context where a client is offering to double his fees; however, it is likely that rich clients provided Holmes a remuneration greatly in excess of his standard fee. For example, in "The Adventure of the Final Problem", Holmes states that his services to the government of France and the royal house of Scandinavia had left him Holmes in his bed from "The Adventure of the with enough money to retire comfortably, while in "The Adventure of Dying Detective" Black Peter", Watson notes that Holmes would refuse to help the wealthy and powerful if their cases did not interest him, while he could devote weeks at a time to the cases of the most humble clients. Holmes also tells Watson, in "A Case of Identity", of a golden snuff box received from the King of Bohemia after "A Scandal in Bohemia" and a fabulous ring from the Dutch royal family; in "The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans", Holmes receives an emerald tie-pin from Queen Victoria. Other mementos of Holmes's cases are a gold sovereign from Irene Adler ("A Scandal in Bohemia") and an autographed letter of thanks from the French President and a Legion of Honour for tracking down an assassin named Huret ("The Adventure of the Golden Pince-Nez"). In "The Adventure of the Priory School", Holmes "rubs his hands with glee" when the Duke of Holdernesse notes the 5000 pound sterling sum, which surprises even Watson, and then pats the cheque, saying, "I am a poor man", an incident that could be dismissed as representative of Holmes's tendency toward sarcastic humour. Certainly, in the course of his career Holmes had worked for both the most powerful monarchs and governments of Europe (including his own) and various wealthy aristocrats and industrialists and had also been consulted by impoverished pawnbrokers and humble governesses on the lower rungs of society. Holmes has been known to charge clients for his expenses, and to claim any reward that might be offered for the problem's solution: he says in "The Adventure of the Speckled Band" that Miss Stoner may pay any expenses he may be put to, and requests that the bank in "The Red-Headed League" remunerate him for the money he spent solving the case. Holmes has his wealthy banker client in "The Adventure of the Beryl Coronet" pay him for the costs of recovering the stolen gems and also claims the reward the banker had put for their recovery.
Sherlock Holmes
Methods of detection
Holmesian deduction
Holmes's primary intellectual detection method is induction, which Holmes rather inaccurately calls deduction.[24] "From a drop of water", he writes, "a logician could infer the possibility of an Atlantic or a Niagara without having seen or heard of one or the other".[25] Holmes stories often begin with a bravura display of his talent for "deduction". It is of some interest to logicians and those interested in logic to try to analyse just what Holmes is doing when he performs his induction. "Holmesian deduction" appears to consist primarily of drawing inferences based on either straightforward practical principleswhich are the result of careful inductive study, such as Holmes's study of different kinds of cigar ashes or inference to the best explanation.[26] [27] [28] One quote often heard from Holmes is "When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth". Sherlock Holmes's straightforward practical principles are generally of the form, "If 'p', then 'q'," where 'p' is observed evidence and 'q' is what the evidence indicates. But there are also, as may be observed in the following example, intermediate principles. In "A Scandal in Bohemia" Holmes deduces that Watson had got very wet lately
Sherlock Holmes and that he had "a most clumsy and careless servant girl". When Watson, in amazement, asks how Holmes knows this, Holmes answers: It is simplicity itself... My eyes tell me that on the inside of your left shoe, just where the firelight strikes it, the leather is scored by six almost parallel cuts. Obviously they have been caused by someone who has very carelessly scraped round the edges of the sole in order to remove crusted mud from it. Hence, you see, my double deduction that you had been out in vile weather, and that you had a particularly malignant boot-slitting specimen of the London slavey. In this case, Holmes employed several connected principles: If leather on the side of a shoe is scored by several parallel cuts, it was caused by someone who scraped around the edges of the sole in order to remove crusted mud. If a London doctor's shoes are scraped to remove crusted mud, the person who so scraped them is the doctor's servant girl. If someone cuts a shoe while scraping it to remove encrusted mud, that person is clumsy and careless. If someone's shoes had encrusted mud on them, then they are likely to have been worn by him in the rain, when it is likely he became very wet. By applying such principles in an obvious way (using repeated applications of modus ponens), Holmes is able to infer from his observation that "the sides of Watson's shoes are scored by several parallel cuts" that: "Watson's servant girl is clumsy and careless" and "Watson has been very wet lately and has been out in vile weather". Deductive reasoning allows Holmes to impressively reveal a stranger's occupation, such as a Retired Sergeant of Marines in A Study in Scarlet; a former ship's carpenter turned pawnbroker in "The Red-Headed League"; and a billiard-marker and a retired artillery NCO in "The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter". Similarly, by studying inanimate objects, Holmes is able to make astonishingly detailed deductions about their owners, including Watson's pocket-watch in "The Sign of the Four" as well as a hat,[29] a pipe,[30] and a walking stick[31] in other stories. Yet Doyle is careful not to present Holmes as infalliblea central theme in "The Adventure of the Yellow Face".[30] At the end of the tale a sobered Holmes tells Watson, If it should ever strike you that I am getting a little over-confident in my powers, or giving less pains to a case than it deserves, kindly whisper Norbury in my ear, and I shall be infinitely obliged to you.
Disguise
Holmes displays a strong aptitude for acting and disguise. In several stories, he adopts disguises to gather evidence while 'under cover' so convincing that even Watson fails to penetrate them, such as in "The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton", "The Man with the Twisted Lip", "The Adventure of the Empty House" and "A Scandal in Bohemia". In other adventures, Holmes feigns being wounded or ill to give effect to his case, or to incriminate those involved, as in "The Adventure of the Dying Detective".
Sherlock Holmes
Sherlock Holmes
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Holmes also makes use of phrenology, which was widely popular in Victorian times but now regarded as pseudo-scientific: In "The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle", he infers from the large size of a man's hat that the owner is intelligent and intellectually inclined, on the grounds that a man with so large a brain must have something in it. In A Study in Scarlet, Holmes claims he does not know that the Earth revolves around the Sun, as such information is irrelevant to his work. Directly after having heard that fact from Watson, he says he will immediately try to forget it. He says he believes that the mind has a finite capacity for information storage, and so learning useless things would merely reduce his ability to learn useful things. Dr. Watson subsequently assesses Holmes's abilities thus: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Knowledge of Literature nil. Knowledge of Philosophy nil. Knowledge of Astronomy nil. Knowledge of Politics Feeble. Knowledge of Botany Variable. Well up in belladonna, opium and poisons generally. Knows nothing of practical gardening. 6. Knowledge of Geology Practical, but limited. Tells at a glance different soils from each other. After walks, has shown me splashes upon his trousers, and told me by their colour and consistence in what part of London he had received them. 7. Knowledge of Chemistry Profound. 8. Knowledge of Anatomy Accurate, but unsystematic. 9. Knowledge of Sensational Literature Immense. He appears to know every detail of every horror perpetrated in the century. 10. Plays the violin well. 11. Is an expert singlestick player, boxer and swordsman. 12. Has a good practical knowledge of British law. --Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, A Study in Scarlet At the very end of A Study in Scarlet itself, it is shown that Holmes knows Latin and needs no translation of Roman epigrams in the originalthough knowledge of the language would be of dubious direct utility for detective work; all university students were required to learn Latin at that time. Later stories also contradict the list. Despite Holmes's supposed ignorance of politics, in "A Scandal in Bohemia" he immediately recognises the true identity of the supposed "Count von Kramm". Regarding nonsensational literature, his speech is replete with references to the Bible, Shakespeare, even Goethe. He is able to quote from a letter of Flaubert to George Sand and in the original French.
Sherlock Holmes Moreover, in "The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans" Watson reports that in November 1895 "Holmes lost himself in a monograph which he had undertaken upon the Polyphonic Motets of Lassus"a most esoteric field, for which Holmes would have had to "clutter his memory" with an enormous amount of information which had absolutely nothing to do with crime-fightingknowledge so extensive that his monograph was regarded as "the last word" on the subject.[36] The later stories abandon the notion that Holmes did not want to know anything unless it had immediate relevance for his profession; in the second chapter of The Valley of Fear, Holmes instead declares that "all knowledge comes useful to the detective", and near the end of "The Adventure of the Lion's Mane" he describes himself as "an omnivorous reader with a strangely retentive memory for trifles". Holmes is also a competent cryptanalyst. He relates to Watson, "I am fairly familiar with all forms of secret writing, and am myself the author of a trifling monograph upon the subject, in which I analyse one hundred and sixty separate ciphers". One such scheme is solved using frequency analysis in "The Adventure of the Dancing Men". Holmes's analysis of physical evidence is both scientific and precise. His methods include the use of latent prints such as footprints, hoof prints and bicycle tracks to identify actions at a crime scene (A Study in Scarlet, "The Adventure of Silver Blaze", "The Adventure of the Priory School", The Hound of the Baskervilles, "The Boscombe Valley Mystery"), the use of tobacco ashes and cigarette butts to identify criminals ("The Adventure of the Resident Patient", The Hound of the Baskervilles), the comparison of typewritten letters to expose a fraud ("A Case of Identity"), the use of gunpowder residue to expose two murderers ("The Adventure of the Reigate Squire"), bullet comparison from two crime scenes ("The Adventure of the Empty House"), analysis of small pieces of human remains to expose two murders (The Adventure of the Cardboard Box) and even an early use of fingerprints ("The Norwood Builder"). Holmes also demonstrates knowledge of psychology in "A Scandal in Bohemia", luring Irene Adler into betraying where she had hidden a photograph based on the "premise" that an unmarried woman will seek her most valuable possession in case of fire, whereas a married woman will grab her baby instead. Despite the excitement of his life (or perhaps seeking to leave it behind), Holmes retired to the Sussex Downs to take up beekeeping ("The Second Stain") and wrote a book on the subject entitled "Practical Handbook of Bee Culture, with Some Observations upon the Segregation of the Queen".[37] His search for relaxation can also be seen in his love for music, notably in "The Red-Headed League", wherein Holmes takes an evening off from a case to listen to Pablo de Sarasate play violin. He also enjoys vocal music, particularly Wagner ("The Adventure of the Red Circle"). The film Young Sherlock Holmes (1985), which speculates about Holmes's youthful adventures, shows Holmes as a brilliant secondary school student, being mentored simultaneously by an eccentric professor/inventor and his dedicated fencing instructor.
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Sherlock Holmes
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Influence
Forensic science
Sherlock Holmes remains a great inspiration for forensic science, especially for the way his acute study of a crime scene yields small clues as to the precise sequence of events. He makes great use of trace evidence such as shoe and tire impressions, as well as fingerprints, ballistics and handwriting analysis, now known as questioned document examination. Such evidence is used to test theories conceived by the police, for example, or by the investigator himself. All of the techniques advocated by Holmes later became reality, but were generally in their infancy at the time Conan Doyle was writing. In many of his reported cases, Holmes frequently complains of the way the crime scene has been contaminated by others, especially by the police, emphasising the critical importance of maintaining its integrity, a now well-known feature of crime scene examination.
1852 microscope
Owing to the small scale of the trace evidence (such as tobacco ash, hair or fingerprints), he often uses a magnifying glass at the scene, and an optical microscope back at his lodgings in Baker Street. He uses analytical chemistry for blood residue analysis as well as toxicology examination and determination for poisons. Holmes seems to have maintained a small chemistry laboratory in his lodgings, presumably using simple wet chemical methods for detection of specific toxins, for example. Ballistics is used when spent bullets can be recovered, and their calibre measured and matched with a suspect murder weapon. Holmes was also very perceptive of the dress and attitude of his clients and suspects, noting style and state of wear of their clothes, any contamination (such as clay on boots), their state of mind and physical condition in order to infer their origin and recent history. Skin marks such as tattoos could reveal much about their past history. He applied the same method to personal items such as walking sticks (famously in The Hound of the Baskervilles) or hats (in the case of The Blue Carbuncle), with small details such as medallions, wear and contamination yielding vital indicators of their absent owners. An omission from the stories is the use of forensic photography. Even before Holmes' time, high quality photography was used to record accident scenes, as in the Tay Bridge disaster of 1879, murders in 1888. In 2002, the Royal Society of Chemistry bestowed an honorary fellowship of their organisation upon Sherlock Holmes,[38] for his use of forensic science and analytical chemistry in popular literature, making him the only (as of 2010) fictional character to be thus honoured.
Sherlock Holmes
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Scientific literature
Sherlock Holmes has occasionally been used in the scientific literature. John Radford (1999)[39] speculates on his intelligence. Using Conan Doyles stories as data, Radford applies three different methods to estimate Sherlock Holmess IQ, and concludes that his intelligence was very high indeed, estimated at approximately 190 points. Snyder (2004)[40] examines Holmes methods in the light of the science and the criminology of the mid to late 19th century. Kempster (2006)[41] compares neurologists skills with those displayed by Holmes. Finally, Didierjean and Gobet (2008)[42] review the literature on the psychology of expertise by taking as model a fictional expert: Sherlock Holmes. They highlight aspects of Doyles books that are in line with what is currently known about expertise, aspects that are implausible, and aspects that suggest further research.
Legacy
Fan speculation
The fifty-six short stories and four novels written by Conan Doyle are termed the "canon" by Sherlock Holmes fans. Early scholars of the canon included Ronald Knox[43] in Britain and Christopher Morley in New York,[44] the latter having founded the Baker Street Irregulars, the first society devoted exclusively to the canon of Holmes, in 1934.[45] Writers have produced many pop culture references to Sherlock Holmes, Conan Doyle, or characters from the stories in homage, to a greater or lesser degree. Such allusions can form a plot development, raise the intellectual level of the piece, or act as Easter eggs for an observant audience.[46] Some have been overt, introducing Holmes as a character in a new setting, or a more subtle allusion, such as making a logical character live in an apartment at number 221B. One well-known example of this is the character Gregory House on the show House M.D, whose name and apartment number are both references to Holmes. Often the simplest reference is to dress anybody who does some kind of detective work in a deerstalker and cape. However, throughout the entire novel series, Holmes is never explicitly described as wearing a "deerstalker hat". Holmes dons "his ear-flapped travelling cap" in "The Adventure of Silver Blaze". Sidney Paget first drew Holmes wearing the deerstalker cap and Inverness cape in "The Boscombe Valley Mystery" and subsequently in several other stories.
Sherlock Holmes "Elementary, my dear Watson" A third major reference is the oft-quoted but non-canonical catchphrase: "Elementary, my dear Watson". This phrase is never actually uttered by Holmes in any of the sixty Holmes stories written by Conan Doyle. In the stories, Holmes often remarks that his logical conclusions are "elementary", in that he considers them to be simple and obvious. He also, on occasion, refers to Dr. Watson as "my dear Watson". The two fragments, however, never appear together. One of the closest examples to this phrase appears in "The Adventure of the Crooked Man", when Holmes explains a deduction:
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The first known use of this phrase was in the 1915 novel, Psmith Journalist, by P. G. Wodehouse. It also appears at the very end of the 1929 film, The Return of Sherlock Holmes, the first Sherlock Holmes sound film. William Gillette, who played Holmes on stage and radio, had previously used the similar phrase, Oh, this is elementary, my dear fellow. The phrase might owe its household familiarity to its use in Edith Meiser's scripts for The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes radio series, broadcast from 1939 to 1947. The Great Hiatus Holmes aficionados refer to the period from 1891 to 1894the time between Holmes's disappearance and presumed death in "The Adventure of the Final Problem" and his reappearance in "The Adventure of the Empty House"as "the Great Hiatus".[47] It is notable, though, that one later story ("The Adventure of Wisteria Lodge") is described as taking place in 1892. Conan Doyle wrote the first set of stories over the course of a decade. Wanting to devote more time to his historical novels, he killed off Holmes in "The Final Problem," which appeared in print in 1893. After resisting public pressure for eight years, the author wrote The Hound of the Baskervilles, which appeared in 1901, implicitly setting it before Holmes's "death" (some theorise that it actually took place after "The Return" but with Watson planting clues to an earlier date).[48] [49] The public, while pleased with the story, was not satisfied with a posthumous Holmes, and so Conan Doyle revived Holmes two years later. Many have speculated on his motives for bringing Holmes back to life, notably writer-director Nicholas Meyer, who wrote an essay on Holmes and Moriarty fighting over the the subject in the 1970s entitled "The Great Man Takes a Walk". The Reichenbach Falls, by Sidney Paget. actual reasons are not known, other than the obvious: publishers offered to pay generously. For whatever reason, Conan Doyle continued to write Holmes stories for a quarter-century longer. Some writers have come up with other explanations for the hiatus. In Meyer's novel The Seven-Per-Cent Solution, the hiatus is depicted as a secret sabbatical following Holmes's treatment for cocaine addiction at the hands of Sigmund Freud, and presents Holmes making the light-hearted suggestion that Watson write a fictitious account claiming he had been killed by Moriarty, saying of the public: "They'll never believe you in any case". In his memoirs, Conan Doyle quotes a reader, who judged the later stories inferior to the earlier ones, to the effect that when Holmes went over the Reichenbach Falls, he may not have been killed, but was never quite the same man. The differences in the pre- and post-Hiatus Holmes have in fact created speculation among those who play "The
Sherlock Holmes Great Game" (making believe Sherlock Holmes was a historical person). Among the more fanciful theories, the story "The Case of the Detective's Smile" by Mark Bourne, published in the anthology Sherlock Holmes in Orbit, posits that one of the places Holmes visited during his hiatus was Alice's Wonderland. While there, he solved the case of the stolen tarts, and his experiences there contributed to his kicking the cocaine addiction.
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Societies
In 1934, the Sherlock Holmes Society, in London, and the Baker Street Irregulars, in New York were founded. Both are still active (though the Sherlock Holmes Society was dissolved in 1937 to be resuscitated only in 1951). The London-based society is one of many worldwide who arrange visits to the scenes of the Sherlock Holmes adventures, such as the Reichenbach Falls in the Swiss Alps. The two initial societies founded in 1934 were followed by many more Holmesians circles, first of all in America (where they are called "scion societies"offshootsof the Baker Street Irregulars), then in England and Denmark. Nowadays, there are Sherlockian societies in many countries, such as India and Japan.[50]
Museums
During the 1951 Festival of Britain, Sherlock Holmes's sitting-room was reconstructed as the masterpiece of a Sherlock Holmes Exhibition, displaying a unique collection of original material. After the 1951 Statue of Sherlock Holmes on Picardy Place in exhibition closed, items were transferred to the Sherlock Holmes Pub, Edinburgh, Conan Doyle's birthplace in London, and to the Conan Doyle Collection in Lucens (Switzerland). Both exhibitions, each including its own Baker Street Sitting-Room reconstruction, are still open to the public. In 1990, the Sherlock Holmes Museum opened in Baker Street London and the following year in Meiringen, Switzerland another museum opened; naturally, they include less historical material about Conan Doyle than about Sherlock Holmes himself. The Sherlock Holmes Museum in Baker Street, London was the first Museum in the world to be dedicated to a fictional character. A private collection of Conan Doyle is also housed in the Portsmouth City Museum which has a permanent exhibit, due to his importance in the city where he lived and worked for many years.
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Ronald Howard starred in 39 episodes of the Sherlock Holmes 1954 American TV series with Howard Marion Crawford as Watson. The storylines deviated from the books of Conan Doyle, changing characters and other details.
Sherlock Holmes Baffled, the first screen portrayal of Holmes from 1900.
Fritz Weaver appeared as Sherlock Holmes in the musical Baker Street, which ran on Broadway between 16 February and 14 November 1965. Peter Sallis portrayed Dr. Watson, Inga Swenson appeared as The Woman, Irene Adler, and Martin Gabel played Moriarty. Virginia Vestoff, Tommy Tune, and Christopher Walken were also members of the original cast.[59] Acclaimed director Billy Wilder had long planned a roadshow motion picture about Holmes, in which he planned to have Peter O'Toole as Holmes and Peter Sellers as Watson. However, when The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes finally reached the screen in 1970, the roles had been given to Robert Stephens and Colin Blakely. The film was heavily edited after its release and parts of it are now lost. Though not a success at the time of release it is now widely praised as one of Wilder's late masterpieces. In The Return Of Sherlock Holmes, a TV movie aired in 1987, Margaret Colin stars as Dr. Watson's great-granddaughter Jane Watson, a Boston private eye, who stumbles upon Sherlock Holmes' (played by Michael Pennington) body in frozen suspension and restores the Victorian sleuth to life in the 1980s. The film was intended as a pilot for a TV series which never materialised. A similar plot line was used in Sherlock Holmes Returns: 1994 Baker Street where Dr Amy Winslow (played by Debrah Farentino) discovers Sherlock Holmes frozen in the cellar
Sherlock Holmes of house in San Francisco owned by a descendant of Mrs Hudson. Holmes (played by Anthony Higgins) froze himself in the hopes that crimes in the future would be less dull. He discovers that consulting detectives have been replaced by the police department's forensic science lab and that the Moriarty family are still the Napoleons of crime. Jeremy Brett is generally considered the definitive Holmes,[60] having played the role in four series of Sherlock Holmes, created by John Hawkesworth for Britain's Granada Television, from 1984 through to 1994, as well as depicting Holmes on stage. Brett's Dr Watson was played by David Burke (pre-hiatus) and Edward Hardwicke (post-hiatus) in the series. Jeremy Brett wished to be the best Sherlock Holmes the world had ever seen and conducted extensive research into the character and the author that created him. He strove to bring passion and life to the role and in his obituary it was said, "Mr. Brett was regarded as the quintessential Holmes: breathtakingly analytical, given to outrageous disguises and the blackest moods and relentless in his enthusiasm for solving the most intricate crimes." Nicol Williamson portrayed Holmes in The Seven-Per-Cent Solution with Robert Duvall playing Watson and featuring Alan Arkin as Sigmund Freud. The 1976 adaption was written by Nicholas Meyer from his 1974 book of the same name, and directed by Herbert Ross. Between 1979 and 1986, Soviet television broadcast a series of five made-for-TV films in a total of eleven parts, The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, starring Vasily Livanov as Holmes and Vitaly Solomin as Watson. In 2002 made-for-television movie Sherlock: Case of Evil, James D'Arcy starred as Holmes in his 20s. The story noticeably departs from the style and backstory of the canon and D'Arcy's portrayal of Holmes is slightly different from prior incarnations of the character, psychologically disturbed, an absinthe addicted, a heavy drinker and a ladies' man. The Fox television series House contains numerous similarities and references to Holmes. Show creator David Shore has acknowledged this "subtle homage".[61]
Sculpture of Holmes and Watson, as portrayed in the Soviet series, at the UK embassy in Moscow
17
In the 2009 film Sherlock Holmes, based on a story by Lionel Wigram and images by John Watkiss,[62] directed by Guy Ritchie, the role of Holmes is performed by Robert Downey, Jr. with Jude Law portraying Watson. It is a reinterpretation which heavily focuses on Holmes's more anti-social personality traits as an unkempt eccentric with a brilliant analytical mind and formidable martial abilities, making this the most cynical incarnation of Holmes. Robert Downey Jr. won the Golden Globe Award for his portrayal.[63] Downey Jr. will return in the 2011 sequel Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows. Independent film company The Asylum released the direct-to-DVD film Sherlock Holmes in January 2010. In the film, Holmes and Watson battle a criminal mastermind dubbed "Spring-Heeled Jack", who controls several mechanical creatures to commit crimes across London. Holmes (Ben Syder) is portrayed as considerably younger than most actors who have played him, and his disapproval of Scotland Yard is undertoned, though things like his drug additction remain mostly unchanged. The film features a brother of Holmes's called Thorpe, who was invented by the producers of the film out of creative liberty. His companion Watson is played by Torchwood actor Gareth David-Lloyd. Benedict Cumberbatch plays a modern-day version of the detective in the BBC One TV series Sherlock, which premiered on 25 July 2010. The series changes the books' original Victorian setting to the shady and violent present-day London. The show was created by Mark Gatiss and Steven Moffat, best-known as writers for the BBC television series Doctor Who. Says Moffat, "Conan Doyle's stories were never about frock coats and gas light;
Sherlock Holmes they're about brilliant detection, dreadful villains and blood-curdling crimes and frankly, to hell with the crinoline. Other detectives have cases, Sherlock Holmes has adventures, and that's what matters." Cumberbatch's Holmes was described by the BBC as brilliant, aloof and almost entirely lacking in social graces. Sherlock is a unique young man with a mind like a 'racing engine'. Without problems to solve, it will tear itself to pieces. And the more bizarre and baffling the problems the better. He has set himself up as the world's only consulting detective, whom the police grudgingly accept as their superior.[64] He also uses modern technology, such as texting and internet blogging, to solve the crimes,[65] and in a nod towards changing social attitudes and broadcasting regulations, he has replaced his pipe with multiple nicotine patches.[66]
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Sherlock Holmes by Adler's companion, Penelope Huxleigh, in a role similar to that of Dr. Watson. The film They Might Be Giants is a 1971 romantic comedy based on the 1961 play of the same name (both written by James Goldman) in which the character Justin Playfair, played by George C. Scott, is convinced he is Sherlock Holmes, and manages to convince many others of same, including the psychiatrist Dr. Watson, played by Joanne Woodward, who is assigned to evaluate him so he can be committed to a mental institution. The film Young Sherlock Holmes (1985) explores adventures of Holmes and Watson as boarding school pupils.[68] The Japanese anime series "Detective Conan", also called "Case Closed" in English, is an homage to Doyle's work. The 2002 film The Case of the Whitechapel Vampire is loosely based on Doyle's story "The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire". In the 1980s Ben Kingsley played Dr. Watson in Without a Clue. Dr. Watson hired an actor to be Sherlock Holmes (Michael Caine) because the cases he has been writing about are his own. Moriarty is said to know that Sherlock Holmes is an idiot. The novel A Dog About Town by J. F. Englert makes reference to Sherlock Holmes, comparing the black Labrador retriever narrator, Randolph, to Doyle's detective as well as naming a fictitious spirit guide after him.[69] The Final Solution is a 2004 novel by Michael Chabon. The story, set in 1944, revolves around an 89-year-old long-retired detective who may or may not be Sherlock Holmes but is always called just "the old man", now interested mostly in beekeeping, and his quest to find a missing parrot, the only friend of a mute Jewish boy. The title references both Doyle's story "The Final Problem" and the Final Solution, the Nazis' plan for the genocide of the Jewish people. In 2006, a southern California "vaudeville-nouveau" group known as Sound & Fury began performing a theatre in the round parody show entitled "Sherlock Holmes & The Saline Solution" which depicts Holmes as a bumbling figure guided by a slightly less clueless Watson. The show ran in Los Angeles as well as the Edinburgh and Adelaide Fringe Festivals through 2009. In a novella "The Prisoner of the Tower, or A Short But Beautiful Journey of Three Wise Men" by Boris Akunin published in 2008 in Russia as the conclusion of "Jade Rosary Beads" book, Sherlock Holmes and Erast Fandorin oppose Arsne Lupin on 31 December 1899. In June 2010 it was announced that Franklin Watts books, a part of Hachette Children's Books are to release a series of four children's graphic novels by writer Tony Lee and artist Dan Boultwood in spring 2011 based around the Baker Street Irregulars during the three years that Sherlock Holmes was believed dead, between The Adventure of the Final Problem and The Adventure of the Empty House. Although not specifying whether Sherlock Holmes actually appears in the books, the early reports include appearances by Doctor Watson, Inspector Lestrade and Irene Adler. On 17 January 2011, it was announced that the Conan Doyle estate had commissioned Anthony Horowitz, author of the Alex Rider novels, The Power of Five and TV's Foyle's War, to write a brand new, authorised Sherlock Holmes novel to be published by Orion Books in September 2011. "The content of the new tale and indeed the title remain a closely guarded secret."[70] [71]
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Sherlock Holmes
20
Novels
A Study in Scarlet (published 1887, in Beeton's Christmas Annual) The Sign of the Four (published 1890, Lippincott's Monthly Magazine) The Hound of the Baskervilles (serialised 19011902 in The Strand) The Valley of Fear (serialised 19141915 in The Strand)
Short stories
For more detail see List of Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes short stories. The short stories, originally published in periodicals, were later gathered into five anthologies: The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (contains stories published 18911892 in The Strand) The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes (contains stories published 18921893 in The Strand as further episodes of the Adventures) The Return of Sherlock Holmes (contains stories published 19031904 in The Strand) The Reminiscences of Sherlock Holmes (including His Last Bow) (contains stories published 19081913 and 1917) The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes (contains stories published 19211927)
References
[1] "Holmesian". The Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989. [2] Lycett, Andrew (2007). The Man Who Created Sherlock Holmes: The Life and Times of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Free Press. pp.5354, 190. ISBN978-0-7432-7523-1. [3] Doyle, A. Conan (1961). The Boys' Sherlock Holmes, New & Enlarged Edition. Harper & Row. p.88. [4] Klinger, Leslie (2005). The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes. New York: W.W. Norton. p.xlii. ISBN0-393-05916-2. [5] "LRK on: Sherlock Holmes : Laurie R. King: Mystery Writer" (http:/ / www. laurierking. com/ ?page_id=769#chronology). Laurie R. King. . Retrieved 10 January 2011. [6] Dorothy L. Sayers, "Holmes College Career," for the Baker Street Studies, edited by H.W. Bell, 1934. Sayers's analysis was somewhat tongue-in-cheek. In the foreword to Unpopular Opinions, in which her essay appeared, Sayers says that the "game of applying the methods of the Higher Criticism to the Sherlock Holmes canon... has become a hobby among a select set of jesters here and in America." [7] Doyle, Arthur Conan (1893). The Original illustrated 'Strand' Sherlock Holmes (1989 ed.). Ware, England: Wordsworth. pp.354355. ISBN9781853268960. [8] "The Adventure of the Gloria Scott" [9] "The Greek Interpreter", "The Final Problem" and "The Bruce-Partington Plans"; [10] "The Empty House". [11] "The Sign of the Four; Chapter 1 The Science of Deduction; p. 90; Copyright Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle; Edition published in 1992 Barnes & Noble, Inc.". [12] "The Adventure of the Veiled Lodger". [13] Conan Doyle, Arthur (1903). "The Adventure of the Norwood Builder", Strand Magazine. [14] "The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton"; "The Adventure of the Illustrious Client" [15] "The Hound of the Baskervilles" [16] "The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans"; "The Adventure of the Naval Treaty". [17] In The Adventure of the Naval Treaty, Holmes remarks that, of his last fifty-three cases, the police have had all the credit in forty-nine. [18] See, for example, Inspector Lestrade at the end of "The Adventure of the Norwood Builder". [19] Lisa Sanders M.D. (4 December 2009). "Hidden Clues" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 12/ 06/ magazine/ 06diagnosis-t. html?_r=2& scp=2& sq=sherlock holmes& st=cse). The New York Times. . Retrieved 7 March 2011. [20] Dalby, J.T. (1991). "Sherlock Holmes's Cocaine Habit" (http:/ / bakerstreetdozen. com/ coca. html). Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 8: 7374. . [21] "The Sign of Four"
Sherlock Holmes
[22] "The Adventure of the Missing Three-Quarter" [23] "The Problem of Thor Bridge" [24] The Critical Thinking Co. Staff. "Sherlock Holmes: The Skill That Made Him Famous!" (http:/ / www. criticalthinking. com/ company/ articles/ deductive-reasoning-skills. jsp). October, 2005. 10 November 2009. [25] A Study In Scarlet. [26] Alexander Bird (27 June 2006). "Abductive Knowledge and Holmesian Inference" (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=yMDWLq2FdrIC). In Tamar Szabo Gendler and John Hawthorne. Oxford studies in epistemology. p.11. ISBN9780199285907. . [27] Matthew Bunson (19 October 1994). Encyclopedia Sherlockiana (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=aSgfAQAAIAAJ). p.50. ISBN9780671798260. . [28] Jonathan Smith (1994). Fact and feeling: Baconian science and the nineteenth-Century literary imagination (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=hFn1Zx_desIC). p.214. ISBN9780299143541. . [29] "The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle". [30] "The Adventure of the Yellow Face" [31] The Hound of the Baskervilles. [32] In The Sign of the Four, they both fire at the Andaman Islander. In The Hound of the Baskervilles, both Holmes and Watson fire. In "The Adventure of the Copper Beeches", Watson fires at and kills the mastiff. In "The Adventure of the Empty House", Watson pistol-whips Colonel Sebastian Moran. In "The Adventure of the Three Garridebs", Holmes pistol-whips Killer Evans after Watson is shot. In "The Musgrave Ritual", it is revealed that Holmes decorated the wall of their flat with a patriotic "V.R." done in bullet marks. In "The Problem of Thor Bridge", Holmes uses Watson's revolver in a reconstruction of the crime. [33] See "The Red-Headed League" and "The Adventure of the Illustrious Client". [34] However, in the Granada TV version of "The Adventure of the Naval Treaty" Holmes uses a sword cane to force Joseph Harrison to give up the stolen treaty. [35] Inter alia "The Adventure of the Solitary Cyclist" and "The Adventure of the Naval Treaty". [36] Klinger, Leslie (1999). "Lost in Lassus: The missing monograph" (http:/ / webpages. charter. net/ lklinger/ lassus. htm). . Retrieved 20 October 2008. [37] His Last Bow. [38] "NI chemist honours Sherlock Holmes" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ uk_news/ northern_ireland/ 2332461. stm). BBC News. 16 October 2002. . Retrieved 19 June 2011. [39] Radford, John (1999). The Intelligence of Sherlock Holmes and Other Three-pipe Problems. Sigma Forlag. ISBN82-7916-004-3. [40] Snyder LJ (2004). "Sherlock Holmes: Scientific detective". Endeavour 28 (3): 104108. doi:10.1016/j.endeavour.2004.07.007. PMID15350761. [41] Kempster PA (2006). "Looking for clues". Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 13 (2): 178180. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2005.03.021. PMID16459091. [42] Didierjean, A & Gobet, F (2008). "Sherlock Holmes An experts view of expertise" (http:/ / bura. brunel. ac. uk/ handle/ 2438/ 854). British Journal of Psychology 99 (Pt 1): 109125. doi:10.1348/000712607X224469. PMID17621416. . [43] "Ronald Arbuthnott Knox (18881957)" (http:/ / www. kirjasto. sci. fi/ knox. htm). . Retrieved 13 February 2011. [44] "Christopher Morley" (http:/ / www. online-literature. com/ morley/ ). . Retrieved 13 February 2010. [45] "Sherlockian.Net: Societies" (http:/ / www. sherlockian. net/ societies/ index. html). . Retrieved 13 February 2011. [46] "Sherlock Holmes Review" (http:/ / www. filmofilia. com/ 2009/ 12/ 24/ sherlock-holmes-review/ ). . Retrieved 13 February 2011. [47] "Author Profile: Laurie R. King" (http:/ / www. bookreporter. com/ authors/ au-king-laurie. asp). Bookreporter.com. . Retrieved 10 January 2011. [48] Dakin, D. Martin (1972). A Sherlock Holmes Commentary. David & Charles, Newton Abbot. ISBN0-7153-5493-0. [49] McQueen, Ian (1974). Sherlock Holmes Detected. David & Charles, Newton Abbot. ISBN0-7153-6453-7. [50] "Sherlockian Who's Who" (http:/ / www. sh-whoswho. com/ index. php). sh-whoswho.com. . Retrieved 27 July 2011. [51] Itzkoff, Dave (19 January 2010). "For the Heirs to Holmes, a Tangled Web" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2010/ 01/ 19/ books/ 19sherlock. html?pagewanted=all). The New York Times. . [52] "Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States" (http:/ / copyright. cornell. edu/ resources/ publicdomain. cfm). Copyright.cornell.edu. . Retrieved 10 January 2011. [53] Itzkoff, Dave (19 January 2010). "For the Heirs to Holmes, a Tangled Web" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2010/ 01/ 19/ books/ 19sherlock. html?pagewanted=all). The New York Times. . [54] "Techdirt article" (http:/ / www. techdirt. com/ blog. php?tag=sherlock+ holmes& edition=techdirt). Techdirt article. . Retrieved 10 January 2011. [55] "Elementary My Dear Watson...It's Called the Public Domain...Or is It?" (http:/ / www. techdirt. com/ articles/ 20091223/ 1120407488. shtml). Techdirt.com. 24 December 2009. . Retrieved 10 January 2011. [56] Sherlock Holmes: pipe dreams (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ culture/ film/ 6789921/ Sherlock-Holmes-pipe-dreams. html), Daily Telegraph 15 December 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2010. [57] Tuska, Jon (1978). The Detective in Hollywood. New York: Doubleday. p.1. ISBN978-0-385-12093-7. [58] Robert W. Pohle, Douglas C. Hart, Sherlock Holmes on the screen: the motion picture adventures of the world's most popular detective (A. S. Barnes, 1977), pp. 54, 56, 57
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[59] Internet Broadway Data Base Baker Street (http:/ / www. ibdb. com/ production. php?id=3227). Retrieved 31 May 2010. [60] Wolfreys, Julian (1996). Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. Ware, England: Wordworth Editions. p.ix. ISBN1-85326-033-9. "Holmes was reinvented definitively by Jeremy Brett...It is Brett's Holmes...which comes closest to Conan Doyle's original intentions." [61] "House and Holmes parallels Radio Times, January 2006" (http:/ / www. radiotimes. com/ content/ show-features/ house/ house-and-holmes-parallels/ ). Radio Times. 12 July 2011. . Retrieved 27 July 2011. [62] "Sherlock Holmes Mystery Solved" (http:/ / blog. newsarama. com/ 2009/ 05/ 07/ sherlock-holmes-mystery-solved/ ). Blog.newsarama.com. 7 May 2009. . Retrieved 10 January 2011. [63] "HFPA Nominations and Winners" (http:/ / www. goldenglobes. org/ nominations/ year/ 2009/ ). Goldenglobes.org. . Retrieved 10 January 2011. [64] "BBC 1: Sherlock" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ programmes/ b00t4pgh). . [65] Thorpe, Vanessa (18 July 2010). "The Guardian. Sherlock Holmes is back... sending texts and using nicotine patches" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ tv-and-radio/ 2010/ jul/ 18/ sherlock-holmes-is-back-bbc). London. . [66] "The Herald Scotland. Times have changed but crimes are the same for new Sherlock Holmes" (http:/ / www. heraldscotland. com/ news/ home-news/ times-have-changed-but-crimes-are-the-same-for-new-sherlock-holmes-1. 1042129). . [67] Nordberg, Nils: Dden i kiosken. Knut Gribb og andre heftedetektiver. [68] "film menu" (http:/ / www. levinson. com/ bl/ ysherlock/ index. htm). Levinson.com. . Retrieved 10 January 2011. [69] "Bluestalking: Two Cozies Featuring Bookish Sleuths, One Human and One... Not" (http:/ / bluestalking. typepad. com/ the_bluestalking_reader/ 2007/ 06/ two-cozies-feat. html). Bluestalking.typepad.com. 25 June 2007. . Retrieved 10 January 2011. [70] Anthony Horowitz to Write New Sherlock Holmes Novel (http:/ / www. orionbooks. co. uk/ news/ anthony-horowitz-to-write-new-sherlock-holmes-novel), News release, Orion Publishing Group, 17 January 2011. (Retrieved 20 January 2011.) [71] Alex Rider Author, Anthony Horowitz to write new Sherlock Holmes novel (http:/ / anthonyhorowitz. com/ newscentre/ alexrider/ alex-rider-author-anthony-horowitz-to-write-new-sherlock-holmes-novel/ 203/ ), News release, AnthonyHorowitz.com, 17 January 2011. (Retrieved 20 January 2011.)
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Further reading
Accardo, Pasquale J. (1987). Diagnosis and Detection: Medical Iconography of Sherlock Holmes. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN0-517-50291-7. Baring-Gould, William (1967). The Annotated Sherlock Holmes. New York: Clarkson N. Potter. ISBN0-517-50291-7. Baring-Gould, William (1962). Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street: The Life of the World's First Consulting Detective. New York: Clarkson N. Potter. OCLC63103488. Blakeney, T.S. (1994). Sherlock Holmes: Fact or Fiction?. London: Prentice Hall & IBD. ISBN1-883402-10-7. Bradley, Alan (2004). Ms Holmes of Baker Street: The Truth About Sherlock. Alberta: University of Alberta Press. ISBN0-88864-415-9. Campbell, Mark (2007). Sherlock Holmes. London: Pocket Essentials. ISBN978-0-470-12823-7. Dakin, David (1972). A Sherlock Holmes Commentary. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN0-7153-5493-0. Duncan, Alistair (2008). Eliminate the Impossible: An Examination of the World of Sherlock Holmes on Page and Screen. London: MX Publishing. ISBN978-1-904312-31-4. Duncan, Alistair (2009). Close to Holmes: A Look at the Connections Between Historical London, Sherlock Holmes and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. London: MX Publishing. ISBN978-1-904312-50-5. Duncan, Alistair (2010). The Norwood Author: Arthur Conan Doyle and the Norwood Years (18911894). London: MX Publishing. ISBN978-1904312697. Fenoli Marc, Qui a tu Sherlock Holmes ? [Who shot Sherlock Holmes ?], Review LAlpe 45, Glnat-Muse Dauphinois, Grenoble-France, 2009. ISBN 978-2-7234-6902-9 Green, Richard Lancelyn (1987). The Sherlock Holmes Letters. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. ISBN0-87745-161-3. Hall, Trevor (1969). Sherlock Holmes: Ten Literary Studies. London: Duckworth. ISBN0-7156-0469-4. Hammer, David (1995). The Before-Breakfast Pipe of Mr. Sherlock Holmes. London: Wessex Pr.. ISBN0-938501-21-6. Harrison, Michael (1973). The World of Sherlock Holmes. London: Frederick Muller Ltd..
Sherlock Holmes Jones, Kelvin (1987). Sherlock Holmes and the Kent Railways. Sittingborne, Kent: Meresborough Books. ISBN0-948193-25-5. Keating, H. R. F. (2006). Sherlock Holmes: The Man and His World. Edison, NJ: Castle. ISBN0-7858-2112-0. Kestner, Joseph (1997). Sherlock's Men: Masculinity, Conan Doyle and Cultural History. Farnham: Ashgate. ISBN1-85928-394-2. King, Joseph A. (1996). Sherlock Holmes: From Victorian Sleuth to Modern Hero. Lanham, US: Scarecrow Press. ISBN0-8108-3180-5. Klinger, Leslie (2005). The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN0-393-05916-2. Klinger, Leslie (1998). The Sherlock Holmes Reference Library. Indianapolis: Gasogene Books. ISBN0-938501-26-7. Lester, Paul (1992). Sherlock Holmes in the Midlands. Studley, Warwickshire: Brewin Books. ISBN0-947731-85-7. Lieboe, Eli. Doctor Joe Bell: Model for Sherlock Holmes. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green University Popular Press, 1982; Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-87972-198-5 Mitchelson, Austin (1994). The Baker Street Irregular: Unauthorised Biography of Sherlock Holmes. Romford: Ian Henry Publications Ltd. ISBN0-8021-4325-3. Payne, David S. (1992). Myth and Modern Man in Sherlock Holmes: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and the Uses of Nostalgia. Bloomington, Ind: Gaslight's Publications. ISBN0-934468-29-X. Redmond, Christopher (1987). In Bed with Sherlock Holmes: Sexual Elements in Conan Doyle's Stories. London: Players Press. ISBN0-8021-4325-3. Redmond, Donald (1983). Sherlock Holmes: A Study in Sources. Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN0-7735-0391-9. Rennison, Nick (2007). Sherlock Holmes. The Unauthorized Biography. London: Grove Press. ISBN978-0-8021-4325-9. Richards, Anthony John (1998). Holmes, Chemistry and the Royal Institution: A Survey of the Scientific Works of Sherlock Holmes and His Relationship with the Royal Institution of Great Britain. London: Irregulars Special Press. ISBN0-7607-7156-1. Riley, Dick (2005). The Bedside Companion to Sherlock Holmes. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN0-7607-7156-1. Riley, Peter (2005). The Highways and Byways of Sherlock Holmes. London: P.&D. Riley. ISBN978-1-874712-78-7. Roy, Pinaki (Department of English, Malda College) (2008). The Manichean Investigators: A Postcolonial and Cultural Rereading of the Sherlock Holmes and Byomkesh Bakshi Stories. New Delhi: Sarup and Sons. ISBN978-81-7625-849-4. Shaw, John B. (1995). Encyclopedia of Sherlock Holmes: A Complete Guide to the World of the Great Detective. London: Pavillion Books. ISBN1-85793-502-0. Smith, Daniel (2009). The Sherlock Holmes Companion: An Elementary Guide. London: Aurum Press. ISBN978-1845134587. Starrett, Vincent (1993). The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes. London: Prentice Hall & IBD. ISBN978-1-883402-05-1. Tracy, Jack (1988). The Sherlock Holmes Encyclopedia: Universal Dictionary of Sherlock Holmes. London: Crescent Books. ISBN0-517-65444-X. Tracy, Jack (1996). Subcutaneously, My Dear Watson: Sherlock Holmes and the Cocaine Habit. Bloomington, Ind.: Gaslight Publications. ISBN0-934468-25-7. Wagner, E.J. (2007). La Scienza di Sherlock Holmes. Torino: Bollati Boringheri. ISBN978-0-470-12823-7. Weller, Philip (1993). The Life and Times of Sherlock Holmes. Simsbury: Bracken Books. ISBN1-85891-106-0.
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Sherlock Holmes Wexler, Bruce (2008). The Mysterious World of Sherlock Holmes. London: Running Press. ISBN978-0-7624-3252-3.
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External links
"For the Heirs to Holmes, a Tangled Web" (http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/19/books/19sherlock. html?partner=rss&emc=rss&pagewanted=all) - New York Times article "The Burden of Holmes" (http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704240504574585840677394758. html)- Wall Street Journal article The Sherlock Holmes Museum (http://www.sherlock-holmes.co.uk/) 221b Baker Street, London England. The Sherlock Holmes Society of London (http://www.sherlock-holmes.org.uk/) London society founded 1951 Bert Coules' website (BBC Radio 4 canonical and original stories, 19892004) (http://www.bertcoules.co.uk/ sh-home.htm) Discovering Sherlock Holmes (http://sherlockholmes.stanford.edu/index.html) at Stanford University Sherlock Holmes Special Collections (http://www.westminster.gov.uk/libraries/special/sherlock.cfm) The Sherlock Holmes Collections (http://special.lib.umn.edu/rare/holmes.phtml) at the University of Minnesota Special Collections and Rare Books Chess and Sherlock Holmes (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/holmes.html) essay by Edward Winter, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle audio books (http://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/author/d/doyle.html) by Lit2Go from the University of South Florida.
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License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported http:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/