Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by Alberto Bianco
Fullerne
Nanotube de carbone
Armchair direction
MWNT
0.1 m
200 nm 250 nm
SWNT
= 0.4 - 2 nm L = 20 - 1000 nm Bundles = 10 - 30 nm L = 1 - 50 m
MWNT
= 1.4 - 100 nm L = 1 - several m
HUMAN HAIR 10 m
H HO H HO HO H H H OH OH O
Glucose
Virus
Cancer cell
Tennis ball
Water
Antibody
Bacteria
10-1
10
102
103
104
105 106
107
108
Nanometers
Nanodevices: Nanoparticles
Dendrimers Quantum Dots Carbon nanotubes
- Carbon nanotubes as substrates for neuronal and cell growth - Carbon nanotubes for tissue engineering and implants - Carbon nanotubes as biosensors for sugars, antigens, proteins, antibodies - Carbon nanotubes as substrates for engineered cell membrane surfaces - Carbon nanotube cell uptake - Carbon nanotubes for the delivery of therapeutic molecules
Since carbon nanotubes are metallic or semi-conductors, can they help to connect neurons which do not communicate because damaged?
Neuronal network
MWNT remain adherent to the glass surface in the condition of cell culture Neonatal hyppocampal neurons grow on the dispersed MWNT, with dendrites and axons extended across the tubes Neurites travel in close contact with the nanotubes
Spontaneous postsynaptic current (PSC) shows the formation of functional synapses and it is indicative of neuronal network efficiency: neurons grown on the CNT display a 6-fold increase on the frequency of spontaneous PSC Growing neuronal circuits on CNT grids promote an increase in the network operation
Lovat V et al. Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 1107
CNT
Control
Cell morphology (A-D, G, H) does not present differences when the cell are cultured on glass or on CNT
Density of neurons (E) and the number of neurite/cell (F) are equal when the cells are cultured on glass or on CNT
Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes - Composite materials - Reinforced fibers - Collagen matrix with embedded CNT Why collagen (Type I)? - Important physical and biochemical functions - Promise as matrix for regenerative medicine Applications as scaffold for - Tissue engineering - Biosensor components - Useful medical devices (to provide electrical signal for cardiac muscle)
SEM analysis of collagen-CNT matrices (0.4 wt% SWNT) : presence of fine fibers (arrowed) distinct from the typical banded fibers of collagen. CNT strongly interact with collagen forming intersections and blends.
Proteins simply adsorb onto carbon nanotubes via hydrophobic interactions Verification via AFM Demonstration of irreversibility using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) (a decrease of resonance frequency indicates mass uptake by CNT surface; level of detection down to 10 nM) Similarly, conductance changes (FET) allow to detect protein absorption with a level of detection down to 100 pM
Approach to avoid non-specific binding (NSB) of proteins No change detected with QCM
Proteins do NOT adsorb onto carbon nanotubes coated with polyethylene (PEO) chains
Carbon nanotubes coated with PEO chains form stable water suspensions No change on conductance
QCM detection
Electric detection
Mechanism of internalization depends on the temperature and consists on the typical macrophage phagocytosis (active ingestion of 1 nanotube of ~1 m per second per cell) After the incubation with the cell NIR light emission is localized into intracellular regions probably corresponding to small phagosomes CNT can be used as fluorophores for the selective detection, imaging and biodistribution studies
Cherukuri P et al. JACS 2004, 126, 15638
CNT are photostable like Qdots (absence of photobleaching) and less cytotoxic
Integration of carbon nanotubes into physiological conditions Improvement of biocompatibilty Receptor-mediated cell-cell recognition studies
Chen X et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 6112
Do CNT coated with -GalNAc interact with the receptor at the cell surface? HPA is a hexavalent lectin capable of cross-linking cells and glycoproteins
Chen X et al. JACS 2006, 128, 6292
Specificity of the interaction between CNT coated with mucin mimetics and the cell receptors Cytotoxic effect of the complexes on the cell growth
Strategy to probe for biological process Monitoring the variation in a cells local environment by following the changes in the electrical, mechanical and optical properties of CNT
E. coli
Gal-SWNT
OH OH
E. coli
H HO H
H O H OH H O N H
= D-galactose-binding protein
Green E. coli
Red Ab-CNT
Yellow overlapping
Immuno-CNT-E. Coli interactions are specific and through the antibody bound to the nanotubes and the antigens on the cell surface
Control Elkin T. et al. ChemBioChem 2005, 6, 640
Potential development of CNT devices for rapid and ultrasensitive detection of pathogens
NH O N O
O HN HN O N O S CO2H O
CO2H H N NH S
MOD-K
H N
HN S HO2C
OH O HO O OH OH
OH
OH OH O O HO H2N O OH
OH H N O O O
HO2C O O OH
N
HN H N S O O NH O
Jurkat
HO2C O
S HN N H O O
NH
C. neoformans
N O O NH3+Cl-
OH
Cells Incubated at 4C
NH3+ClO O N
CELL MEDIUM
NH3+ClO N O
nuclear membrane
CYTOPLASM
Cell
Cell
Cell
A rotating magnetic field drives the carbon nanotubes (containing Ni particles) to spear the cells A static field pulls the carbon nanotubes into the cells The spearing action induces the nanopenetration of the cell membrane
Cai D et al. Nature Methods 2005, 2, 449
Control
500 nm
1 m
O OH
O N H
HO
O O O N H HN NH
COOH
Carbon nanotubes (100-1000 nm) conjugated to FITC (a) or fluorescent streptavidin (60 kD) via biotin (b) The protein-CNT non covalent complexes are uptaken by the cells and they are localized into the endosomes (c) The protein-CNT do not penetrate at 4 C (d) The free protein does not penetrate Penetration is time dependent (after 4 h the fluorescence reaches the maximum) and dose dependent The penetration is independent of the cell type and it is via endocytosis leading to the accumulation into the cytoplasm
Kam NWS et al. JACS 2004, 126, 6850
spA
Cyt-c
37C
4C
Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes as New Vectors for the Delivery of Therapeutic Molecules
Functionalization of carbon nanotubes with nucleic acids and proteins Application on bio-macromolecule delivery
Functionalization of carbon nanotubes with small bioactive molecules Application on drug delivery
Carbon nanotubes (~150 nm) functionalized with a 15-mer ssDNA labeled with Cy3 green dye
Irradiation by applying repeated, short (few secondes) laser NIR pulses provokes the release of DNA from the endosomes and DNA nuclear translocation (yellow color indicates co-localization into the nucleus) Increase of fluorescence is an indicative of DNA unwrapping and release due to endosomal break Continuous NIR pulses (808 nm) increase the temperature of the solution eventually triggering cell death
Cell death provoked by NIR irradiation is exploited for cancer therapy Carbon nanotubes are functionalized with specific ligands that recognize and target cancer cells Folate receptors (FR) are markers of cancer cells
Irradiation of overexpressing FR cells = cell dead Irradiation of normal cells = cell alive Cancer cells internalize the fluorescente tubes functionalized with folic acid Normal cells shows minimal internalization because of PEG effect (inertness or blocking of non specific binding)
Carbon Nanotubes as Suitable Scaffold for the Presentation of Antigens to the Immune System
Development of vaccines based on synthetic peptides
nm
1.45
- Peptide antigens are poorly immunogenic - Conjugation to protein carriers (BSA) are necessary to improve the Abs production - The carrier presents the peptide to the immune system in the correct conformation - Protein carrier are intrinsically immunogenic - Generated Abs present low specificity - Inert carriers system are ideal
0.45 nm
1.34 nm
1.36 nm
N O O
O O O N O O O N O N
1)
(4) in DMF, 3h
6
Ac-Cys-FMDV O HN N O O S
NH2 O O N
O N H N O
S Ac-Cys-FMDV
O N O
3)
Pantarotto et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 6160 Pantarotto et al. Chem. Biol. 2003, 2003, 10, 961
Antigenicity is the capacity of a peptide antigen to be specifically recognized by an antibody The peptide antigen should adopt the correct conformation when bound to the carrier system The conformation should be the same as in the case of the native structure present in the protein, which contains the peptide epitope
Molecular model of the complex between a helical peptide-CNT conjugate and an antibody fragment (Fab: Fragment antigen binding)
80 RU
Bis FMDV-NT 7
40
0 0 200 400
Carbon nanotubes are a good multi-presentation system since they are able to present the peptide antigen with the correct conformation for the antibody recognition Carbon nanotubes do not perturb the secondary structure of the peptide
Coating antigens
FMDV(141-159)-BSA Control-peptide-BSA CNT
- High antibody (Ab) responses - Bis-conjugate generates higher levels of Abs than the mono-conjugate - Carbon nanotubes devoid of the peptide are non immunogenic (no antibody production)
Carbon nanotubes for the delivery of DNA, plasmid DNA, RNA - Gene transfer applications - Genetic vaccination
Cationic macromolecules, such as peptides, dendrimers and liposomes in general achieve effective delivery of DNA leading to pronounced toxic effects at cellular level
II
10 nm
50 nm
Plasmid DNA condenses on the surface of the cationic carbon nanotubes forming supercoiled and globular-like structures
Pantarotto et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 5242 Singh et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 4388
A. SWNT-NH3+ 1 2 3 4
B. SWNT-Lys-NH3+ 1 2 3 4
C. MWNT-NH3+ 1 2 3 4
OC SC
OC SC
OC SC
+/-
Control 1:1
2:1
10:1
Control 1:1
2:1
10:1
Control 1:1
2:1
10:1
- A shift in the gel is indicative of the formation of the complex and of its stability - A strong decrease in the fluorescence intensity and an increase in the upward shift of the free DNA bands is correlated to an increase of the +/- charge ratio - Cationic single-walled CNT are not able to fully condense DNA - Cationic multi-walled CNT are most efficient in condensing DNA
8.0E+04
6.0E+04
4.0E+04
2.0E+04
0.0E+00 Nave DNA only SWNT:DNA SWNT:DNA SWNT:DNA SWNT:DNA SWNT:DNA SWNT:DNA 1:1 2:1 4:1 6:1 8:1 10:1
- The charge ratio between NH3+ at the SWNT surface and the phosphates of the DNA backbone is a determinant factor of the resulting levels of gene expression - SWNT:DNA +/- charge ratios between 2:1 and 6:1 offer 5 to 10 times higher levels of gene expression compared to DNA alone - This first generation of functionalized carbon nanotubes is less effective for transfection in vitro than lipid:DNA system
Cationic carbon nanotubes are able to transfect the cells although less efficiently than lipofectamine The level of transfection is dependent on the +/charge ratio Cationic carbon nanotubes display a reduced cellular toxicity in comparison to other transfection systems
PEI functionalized carbon nanotubes are uptaken via endocytosis and display a reduced cellular toxicity in comparison to PEI
N3
Me
CNT o-DCB
N Me
NaOH EtOH
H Na+ H N Me EtO
Saline solution
DMSO
The conjugation of a drug to carbon nanotubes might have several advantages: i) ii) iii) iv) Increase of the solubility of the molecule Decrease of the aggregation phenomena Improvement of the efficacy owing to the internalization capacity of CNT Modulation of the drug activity against different types of cells (mammalian, bacterial, fungal) Reduction of the amount of drug administered
v)
O S HN N H O O NH
AmB
HO2C O O OH
FITC
OH OH
O O N
O O O OH OH NH2
HO H N
OH O
OH O OH OH O OH
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
g /m l) g /m l) g /m l) l) l) tro l) g /m g /m Co n g /m g /m (1 0 Am B l) l
O S HN N H O O NH
HO2C O O OH
(1
(2
(5
(1 0
(2 0
NT
NT
NT
M W
M W
M W
NT
NT
The conjugation of AmB to carbon nanotubes clearly reduces the toxic affect of the antifungal agent on mammalian cells (Jurkat cells)
M W
M W
M W
NT
(4 0
*The MIC corresponds to the lowest concentration of compound that inhibited visible growth of the organism. Results given are mean values of two independent determinations performed in duplicate. C.i.: clinical isolate. In this table, the MIC values for MWNT-AmB and SWNT-AmB refer to the concentration of AmB in the conjugates (approximately one third by weight).
AmB-CNT preserve a high antifungal activity When equal amount of free and conjugated AmB are administered the CNT conjugates are more potent against certain strains The reduced mammalian cell cytotoxicity and the increased antimycotic activity can be explained with: i) ii) iii) iv) Rapid internalization of AmB into the cytoplasm by the CNT reduces the possibility of disruption of the cell membrane Prevention of aggregation Increased solubility of the drug Binding to CNT and the presence of multiple copies of AMB per CNT favor the interaction of the drug with the fungal membrane
An appropriate conjugation increases the effectiveness of a drug (i.e. AmB) decreasing its cytotoxicity