Digital signal processing I

Measuring frequency of sinusoidal signals using DFT

DFT analysis of a continuous time signal

Example sampling of a continuous time signal

(a) Original spectrum (b) Anti-aliasing filter This is an analog filter

3

Example sampling of a continuous time signal

(c) FT of input to A/D converter. (d) Fourier transform (DTFT) of sampled signal
4

(e) Fourier transform of window function. (f) Fourier transform of windowed signal.
5

Magnitude of Fourier transform of rectangular window

Example: Sum of two sinusoids

x(t)=A 0 cos(0t + 0 ) + A1 cos(1t + 1 ) x(n) = A 0 cos(0t + 0 ) + A1 cos(1t + 1 ) Fs =10 kHz w(n) is a rectangular window of length 64. A0 = 1 A1 = 0.75

0 = 1 = 0
7

Frequency resolution
V (e jw )

0 = 2 3200 , 1 = 2 1600
8

Frequency resolution
V (e jw )

0 = 2 3200 , 1 = 2 2600
9

Frequency resolution
V (e jw )

0 = 2 3200 , 1 = 2 3000
10

Frequency resolution
V (e jw )

0 = 2 3200 , 1 = 2 3100
11

Measuring small signals

x(t)=A 0 cos(0t + 0 ) + A1 cos(1t + 1 ) x(n) = A 0 cos(0t + 0 ) + A1 cos(1t + 1 ) Fs=10 kHz w(n) is a rectangular window of length 64. 0 = 2 3200 0 = 2 1650

0 = 1 = 0
12

Frequency resolution
V (e jw )

A0 = 1 , A1 = 0.45
13

Frequency resolution
V (e jw )

A0 = 1 , A1 = 0.15
14

Frequency resolution
V (e jw )

A0 = 1 , A1 = 0.05
15

Rectangular windows for various window lengths

16

Hann window (idea)

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

17

Hann window (idea)

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

18

Types of windows (N=51)

1 Rectangular Hann Hamming Blackman Bartlett

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

10

15

20

25 n

30

35

40

45

50

19

0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80

Types of windows (N=51)

Rectangular Hann Hamming Blackman Bartlett

Magnitude [dB]

0.5

1.5

20

M = N- 1
21

Kaiser-Bessel windows M=20

(a) Window in time domain. (b) Fourier transform of window.

22

Kaiser-Bessel window for

=6

23

Example: Spectral analysis with windows

2

1 Amplitude

-1

-2

10

20

30 n

40

50

60

70

Amplitude of the signal

cos ( 2n ) + 0.75cos ( 2.15n ) +0.05cos(1.07n)
24

30

DFT with rectangular window N=64 Real & Imaginary

20 Amplitude

10

-10

10

20

30 k

40

50

60

70

30 20 Amplitude 10 0 -10 -20 -30 0 10 20 30 k 40 50 60 70

25

30 25 Amplitude 20 15 10 5 0 0 10

DFT with rectangular window N=64 Absolute value & phase

20

30 k

40

50

60

70

3 2 1 Phase 0 -1 -2 -3 0 10 20 30 k 40 50 60 70

26

Kaiser window N=64, =0

1 Amplitude

-1

-2

10

20

30 n

40

50

60

70

30 25 Amplitude 20 15 10 5 0 0 10 20 30 k 40 50 60 70

27

Kaiser window N=64, =1.5

1 Amplitude

-1

-2

10

20

30 n

40

50

60

70

25 20 Amplitude 15 10 5 0

10

20

30 k

40

50

60

70

28

Kaiser window N=64, =3

1 Amplitude

-1

-2

10

20

30 n

40

50

60

70

20

15 Amplitude

10

10

20

30 k

40

50

60

70

29

Kaiser window N=256, =0

1 Amplitude

-1

-2

50

100

150 n

200

250

300

100 80 Amplitude 60 40 20 0

50

100

150 k

200

250

300

30

Kaiser window N=256, =3

1 Amplitude

-1

-2

50

100

150 n

200

250

300

80

60 Amplitude

40

20

50

100

150 k

200

250

300

31

Kaiser window N=256, =3

1 Amplitude

-1

-2

50

100

150 n

200

250

300

50 40 30 20 10 0

Amplitude [dB+10]

50

100

150 k

200

250

300

32