MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE GWALIOR F:\Themes\mitsmono.

jpg By: Abhay Kumar Chauhan Satish Kumar Lodhi Dheeraj Shukla

Applications of laminar flow in the flight research of aircraft.

Laminar flow Laminar flow occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between the layers. At low velocities the fluid tends to flow without lateral mixing, and there are no cross currents perpendicular to the direction of flow, nor eddies or swirls of fluids, flow is also known as streamline flow.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cigarette_laminar_flow. jpg/150px-Cigarette_laminar_flow.jpg Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow Reynolds number .The Reynolds number can be used to determine if a flow is laminar, transient or turbulent .Laminar when Re < 2300 .Turbulent when Re > 4000 .Transient when 2300 < Re < 4000

Streamlining Streamlining reduces drag by reducing FD,pressure, at the cost of increasing wetted surface area and FD,friction. Goal is to eliminate flow separation and minimize total drag FD Also improves structural acoustics since separation and vortex shedding can excite structural modes.

:Streamlining: streamline

Supersonic Laminar flow over an aircraft s Wings As air flows over a wing, a thin layer of air normally clings to the wing surface, called the boundary layer, and it exists in one of two conditions: turbulent or laminar. When the boundary layer is laminar (smooth) and without turbulence, irregularities, or cross flows, drag is reduced and less energy is needed to move the wing through the air. AirflowNum11.gif

Fluid Dynamic Forces and Moments fig_28-05 Airplane in level steady flight: drag = thrust and lift = weight.

Drag and Lift Fluid dynamic forces are due to pressure and viscous forces acting on the body surface. Drag: component parallel to flow direction. Lift: component normal to flow direction. cen72367_11005 cen72367_11039 cen72367_11005

Drag and Lift In addition to geometry, lift FL and drag FD forces are a function of density . and velocity V. Dimensional analysis gives 2 dimensionless parameters: Lift and Drag coefficients. Area A is the area of platform area of wing. latex-image-1 latex-image-1

Calculating Laminar Flow 0005.0Re328.1.0032.0)144.01(Re)(log455.065.0258.210 .. . . . ffCFlowLamMCTurbulent 60% 100% Laminar Turbulent Wing & Tail Fuselage Laminar Turbulent 40% 100%

Benefits of laminar flow over an aircraft s wings Increased range Improved fuel economy Reduced aircraft weight. Improved economic conditions for those operating the aircraft Reduce the impact of exhaust emissions in the upper atmosphere where a supersonic transport would normally operate. Reduced sonic boom signature at ground level due to weight reduction. Reduction in airport takeoff noise levels.

Techniques involved in Aerodynamics Laminar flow is an unstable condition , easily upset to turbulent from various sources: Increase in distance of boundary layer from surface Increase in speed of airfoil Laminar conditions are hard to achieve and maintain for designing aircraft. But there are two basic techniques to achieve laminar conditions: Passive (without mechanical devices) Active (using suction devices)

Passive Laminar Flow Control naca0012_0 naca2412_0 s1223 roncz .Passive laminar flow can be achieved in the wing design process, .can be obtained passively over the forward part of wings by designing the surface cross sectional contour then local pressure decreases. .can also be created on an existing wing by altering the cross-sectional contour of the lifting surface to change the pressure gradient. Both of these laminar conditions are called natural laminar flow.

Active Laminar Flow Control leading edge x (ft) trailing edge0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0required suction vel ocity - vw (ft/s) -0.4-0.3-0.2-0.10.0NACA 23012cruise CL = 0.410,000 ft. 180 kts (303.6 ft/s) adverse pressure gradient 1). Leading Edge Protection 2). Distributed Suction (perforated skin or slots) 3). Hybrid Laminar Flow Control suction2 leprotect1

Sonic Boom Sonic boom is an impulsive noise similar to thunder. It is caused by an object moving faster than sound, about 750 miles per hour at sea level. An aircraft traveling through the atmosphere continuously produces air-pressure waves similar to the water waves caused by a ship s bow. When the aircraft exceeds the speed of sound, these pressure waves combine and form shock waves which travel forward from the generation or "release" point. 800px-Sonic_boom

Figure 1 Sonic Boom Formation Mach Cone 050808_soundbarrier Sonic Boom (Continued)

PRECAUTIONS FOR SONIC BOOM The Air Force continues to expand its knowledge of sonic boom. Continuing research specifically addresses modeling the generation of a sonic boom and its impact on the environment people, domestic animals, wildlife, and historical, unconventional and conventional structures. This research provides the Air Force with tools to mitigate sonic boom disturbances through flight operations planning and land use compatibility planning.

Noise of a typical 1960s engine Turbine & Jet Compressor Turbine & Combustor Noise of a typical 1990s engine Compressor Turbine & Turbine & Combustor Fan Jet High Bypass Engines Have Altered The Size and Contribution of Engine Source Noise

Conclusion The aim of this paper presentation is to calibrate potential benefits of supersonic laminar flow over an aircraft s wings. Its benefits add up to improved economic conditions like improved fuel economy, and reduced aircraft weight. The reduction of sonic boom in an important aspect of environmental interest . The supersonic heating can be reduced using either of the two techniques, Active or Passive laminar flow control.

References: Laminar Flow Control John E. Green

(American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics) Flow over bodies; Lift and Drag Eric G. Paterson

Department of Mechanical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar_flow http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/reynolds-numberd_237.html http//www.flightglobal.com/ http//www.boeing.com/aircrafts Lanchester, F.W. Aerodynamics, constable & Co LTD, London

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