POLLUTION PREVENTION

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Pollution Prevention: A Win-Win Solution

P2 Hierarchy

DEFINITIONS OF POLLUTION
THE UK: A SUBSTANCE WHICH IS PRESENT

AT CONCENTRATIONS WHICH CAUSE HARM OR EXCEED AN ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARD. POLLUTION MAY ALSO BE REFERRED AS ANY HARMFUL CHANGE IN THE ENVIRONMENT DUE

TO HUMAN ACTIVITIES

ACCORDING TO THE 1996 EU DIRECTIVE ON

INTEGRATED POLLUTION PREVENTION & CONTROL, POLLUTION CAN BE DEFINED AS ANY DIRECT OR INDIRECT INTRODUCTION AS A RESULT OF HUMAN ACTIVITY, OF SUBSTANCES, VIBRATION, ETC. WHICH MAY BE HARMFUL TO THE QUALITY OF ENVIRONMENT
6

SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS: PESTICIDES, SOLVENTS, INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS AND PLASTICS, SOME EXAMPLES :

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP)

1) pesticides: aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirex and toxaphene 2) industrial chemicals: hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and polychlorinated biphenyls

(PCBs) and
3) unintended by-products: dioxins and furans

India signed the Stockholm convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) on 14 May 2002, to restrict the use of a dozen toxic chemicals.
8

India moves to eliminate the POP

India has to a large extend banned the use and manufacture of the 8 identified pesticides and HCB (listed in both categories of intentional and non-intentional POPs) and has been permitted as of now to use DDT only for its malaria control programme. The main objective of the convention is to protect the human health and the environment from the twelve of these toxic organic compounds or POPs, popularly known as the dirty dozen.
9

What is Pollution Prevention?

Reducing or eliminating toxic materials

replacing a material in the production line reformulating the product installing new or modifying existing process equipment

Closed loop (on-site) recycling Should involve a holistic approach

10

Pollution Prevention Policy

pollution should be prevented or reduced at the source whenever feasible; pollution that cannot be prevented should be recycled in an environmentally safe manner whenever feasible; pollution that cannot be prevented or recycled should be treated in an environmentally safe manner whenever feasible; and disposal or other release into the environment should be employed only as a last resort and should be conducted in an environmentally safe manner.
11

12

13

14

Source Reduction

Example: H2O2 as replacement oxidant for chlorine based oxidants: New cost effective benign manufacturing process makes this possible.

Pollution Reduction at Source

Reduce or eliminate the creation of pollutants through: increased efficiency in the use of raw materials, energy, water, or other resources, or protection of natural resources by conservation.

16

Define "source reduction" to mean any practice which:

reduces the amount of any hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant entering any waste stream or otherwise released into the environment (including fugitive emissions) prior to recycling, treatment, or disposal; and reduces the hazards to public health and the environment associated with the release of such substances, pollutants, or contaminants.

17

Pollution Reduction at Source

Reduce or eliminate the creation of pollutants through: increased efficiency in the use of raw materials, energy, water, or other resources, or protection of natural resources by conservation.

synthesis, processing and use of chemicals that reduces risks to human health and the environment synthetic chemistry designed to use and generate fewer hazardous substances aims at reducing the use of endangered resources by switching to more plentiful or renewable resources
18

Conventional H2O2 process: Catalytic hydrogenation followed by auto-oxidation of alkylated anthraquinone.

The autoxidation of 2-ethyl-9,10dihydroxyanthracene (C16H14O2) to 2ethylanthraquinone (C16H12O2) and hydrogen peroxide using oxygen from the air. In this reaction, the hydroxy groups on the middle ring of anthracene are deprotonated and are turned into ketones, while two double bonds are lost from the middle ring and are replaced as C=O double bonds in the ketone groups.
19

Conventional process: Catalytic hydrogenation followed by auto-oxidation of alkylated anthraquinone.

The anthraquinone derivative is then extracted out and reduced back to the dihydroxy compound using hydrogen gas in the presence of a metal catalyst. The overall equation for the process is deceptively simple: H2 + O2 H2O2 However the economics of the process depend on effective recycling of the quinone and extraction solvents, and of the hydrogenation catalyst.
20

H O2 manufacture by cleaner Technology:

2

Recent Development

Catalytic route to aqueous H2O2 by DUPONT Controlled oxidation of hydrogen. In 2009, a new process of producing hydrogen peroxide using gold-palladium nanoparticles has been reported. This process claims to be inexpensive, efficient, and environmental friendly. ^ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/0902 19141507.htm ". Science) 323 (5917): 103741. doi:10.1126/science.1168980. PMID 19229032.
21

Solvay is a fully integrated producer of hydrogen

peroxide using the Auto-Oxidation process to

combine the basic raw materials oxygen and hydrogen for manufacturing technical grades of hydrogen peroxide on a large scale.
22

RECYCLE

RECLAIM

Recycling paper by reusing paper as a raw material

Papers such as newspaper, magazines, cardboard, packaging, wrapping paper, etc. can be recycled. In Europe, an average of 50% of the paper is recovered for recycling. The first step in the recycling process is the cleaning of the used fibers. The fibers are made into a slush substance similar to the slurry used when the originally paper was made. Reused pulp is usually not sufficient in strength to be used alone, so new pulp must be added to the mixture of recycled pulp before the paper is made. Depending on the grade of paper desired, large or small quantities of new pulp must be added.
24

Under the US Pollution Prevention Act,

recycling, energy recovery, treatment, and disposal are not included within the definition of pollution prevention. Some practices commonly described as "in-process recycling" may qualify as pollution prevention. Recycling that is conducted in an environmentally sound manner shares many of the advantages of preventionit can reduce the need for treatment or disposal, and conserve energy and resources.

25

26

Process Development And Design

Refinement of a process concept from early conceptual stages through preliminary engineering Waste generation can often be minimized through proper design and operation of the process system

27

Typical Environmental Design Constraints and Objectives

Constraints Compliance with all applicable environmental regulations Compliance with existing permit requirements for discharge and emissions Process loadings not to exceed existing treatment capacity Zero discharge of regulated wastes Objectives Minimal use of toxics in-process Minimize life-cycle impact within acceptable financial parameters Implement all pollution prevention options meeting investment hurdles Maximize use of recycled raw materials
28

Academic Award in 1999

Professor Terry Collins Carnegie Mellon University TAML Oxidant Activators:

General Activation of Hydrogen Peroxide for Green Chemistry: a series of environmentally friendly oxidant activators based on iron. These TAMLTM (tetraamido-macrocyclic ligand) activators catalyze the reactions of oxidants in general. Their activation properties with hydrogen peroxide in water are of greatest environmental significance.
29

TAML Oxidant Activators: General Activation of Hydrogen Peroxide for Green Chemistry: 1999 Award

Users of TAMLTM peroxide activators will range from huge primary extractiveprocessing industries to household consumers throughout the world. In laboratory tests, the Collins activators have shown this potential in the major industrial application of wood-pulp delignification and In the broad-based consumer process of laundry cleaning
30

totally chlorine free (TCF) bleaching.

It has been clearly demonstrated that TAMLTM activators can provide the Pulp and Paper Industry (P&PI) with the first low-temperature hydrogen peroxide-based delignification technology for treating pulp. The new process moves the elemental balance of pulp delignification closer to what Nature employs for degrading lignin, a strategy reflected in the industrys recent development of totally chlorine free (TCF) bleaching procedures.

31

What tasks enable Pollution Prevention?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

equipment or technology modifications, process or procedure modifications, reformulation or redesign or products, substitution of raw materials, and improvements in housekeeping,

maintenance, training, or inventory control.

32

LCA

Life-cycle analysis (LCA) is a sophisticated way of examining the total environmental impact of a product through every step of its

life -- from obtaining raw materials all the way

through making it in a factory, selling it in a

store, using it in the home, and disposing of

it.
33

What is LCA?

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a technique for assessing the potential environmental aspects associated with a product (or service), by: compiling an inventory of relevant inputs and outputs, evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated with those inputs and outputs, interpreting the results of the inventory and impact phases in relation to the objectives of the study.

34

What is LCA of a product?

A product: From

It asks three basic

obtaining raw materials

all the way through making it in a factory, selling it in a store, using it in the home, and disposing of it.

questions
Where does the

product come from ?

What is its effect on Environment ? Where does it go ?
35

Product Life Cycle

36

LCA and the Regulatory Process

LCA is voluntary in the U.S. At present

its use is limited, but expanding

LCA is mandatory in some European countries

used as the basis of packaging recovery and recycling targets

37

Benefits Of LCA

companies can claim one product is better than another on the basis of LCA LCA inventory process helps to narrow in on the area where the biggest reductions in environmental emissions can be made can be used to reduce production costs

38

Basis of Pollution Prevention Planning

requires a detailed understanding of how a company does business and how it makes its products the plan should provide a mechanism for comprehensive and continuous review of companys activities as they pertain to environmental issues

39

Major Elements of a Pollution Prevention Plan

building support for the plan throughout the company organizing the program setting goals and objectives performing a preliminary assessment of P2 opportunities identifying potential problems and solutions

40

Environmental Management Systems [EMS]

P2 planning procedures are now unified into a comprehensive system for managing environmental impacts by industry ISO 14000 standards establish benchmarks for environmental management performance, and describe the measures that must be taken by industry to conform to these standards

41

Examples of Bioprocesses in EMS:

1.Biological Wastewater Treatment systems; Solid and Sludge Disposal by Composting, and Landfills Technology; 2.Biodegradation of xeno - biotic compounds; 3.Bioremediation; 4. Bio-fuel Technology to provide supplements to fossil fuels; 5.Bio-fertilizers, Biopesticides and Plant Biotechnology for Agriculture; 6.Bio-leaching of ores.

42

ISO 14000 EMS Model Principles

ISO 14000:

Commitment and Environmental Policy Environmental Management Plan

Implementation
Measurement and Evaluation Continual Review and Improvement

43

44

Green Design

term coined by Office of Technology Assessment-USA signifies a design process in which environmental attributes of a product are treated as design opportunities, rather than design constraints incorporates environmental objectives with minimum loss to product, useful life or functionality
45

Dual Goals of Green Design

46

Product Design

47

Product Design example: milk satchet

48

Green Chemistry

synthesis, processing and use of chemicals that reduces risks to human health and the environment synthetic chemistry designed to use and generate fewer hazardous substances aims at reducing the use of endangered resources by switching to more plentiful or renewable resources

49

Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own

needs
50

POLLUTION PREVENTION APPROACH

APPLICATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN INDIA

Pollution prevention approaches can be applied to all pollution-generating activities:

In the energy, agriculture, consumer, as well as industrial sectors. The impairment of wetlands, ground water sources, and other critical resources constitutes pollution, and prevention practices may be essential for preserving these resources. These practices may include conservation techniques and changes in management practices to prevent harm to sensitive ecosystems.
52

In the agricultural sector, pollution prevention approaches include:

reducing the use of water and chemical inputs;

adoption of less environmentally harmful pesticides or cultivation of crop strains with natural resistance to pests; and

protection of sensitive areas.

53

In the energy sector, pollution prevention can

reduce environmental damages from extraction,

processing, transport, and combustion of fuels.

Pollution prevention approaches include:

increasing efficiency in energy use; substituting environmentally benign fuel sources; and design changes that reduce the demand for energy.
54

Environmental Protection in India-1

Particularly in urban slums and rural areas, problems emerge in the supply of safe drinking and service water. At the same time, sewage disposal from private households and industries is not ensured. An environmentally sound communal waste disposal system and proper treatment of industrial residuals are still not in place. Rivers are burdened with effluents and wastes to a large extent.

55

Environmental Protection in India-2

Urban traffic, wood-burning and firing plants of numerous small industries lead to air pollution, frequently exceeding the stipulated limits. Urban industrial conglomerations are responsible for severe pollution of the environment. Several enterprises in rural areas also contribute to considerable contamination.

56

Environmental Protection in India-3

Even though the statutory organization of the Indian Government, i.e. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), was constituted in September, 1974, the awareness of environmental protection and pollution control in India came into sharp focus only in the aftermath of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy in 1984
57

Ministry of Environment and Forests

At Bhopal, on 2-3 December 1984, thousands died due to a leakage of over 40 tonnes of highly poisonous methylisocyanate gas from the pesticide factory of Union Carbide in Bhopal.

Thereafter, the environment industry received formal recognition in the year 1985 when a full fledged Ministry of Environment and Forests was constituted at the federal level.

58

In 1986, following the tragedy of Bhopal, THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT was enacted. Under this measure, the central government has responsibility for deciding standards, restricting industrial sites, laying down procedures and safeguards for accident prevention and handling of hazardous waste, oversight of investigations.
59

THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT-2

Central Govt has also responsibility for research on pollution issues, on-site inspections, establishment of laboratories, and collection and dissemination of information. Samples collected by central government officials can be admissible in court. The Department of Environment, Forests and Wildlife, which is within the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, was designated as the lead agency for administration and enforcement.
60

Biomethanation Technology in Industry 2000

Industries

Existing plants

Biomethanation units

Distilleries

254

145

Paper & Pulp 347

Starch 13

5
1

61

Questions-A

1. Discuss hydrogen peroxide as an alternative clean oxidizing agent in organic synthesis and as replacement of chlorine based oxidizing agent. Describe alternate processes that can make H2O2 production less expensive. 2. Discuss the general powers under the Environment (Protection) Act 1986 and subsequent notification of Rules, to take measures to protect and improve environment?
62

Questions-B

3. What are the parameters mentioned and the

standards for control of emissions or discharge of environmental pollutants for Thermal Power Plants? 4. Explain the pollution problems associated with large application of Pesticides and alternatives that are available/ being developed. 5. Distinguish between industrial pollution 'control and 'prevention'. Explain end of pipe emission control. Give examples

63

Wood-pulp delignification has traditionally relied on chlorine-based processes that produce chlorinated pollutants. It has been clearly demonstrated that TAMLTM activators can provide the Pulp and Paper Industry (P&PI) with the first low-temperature hydrogen peroxidebased delignification technology for treating pulp.
64

65

66

Text books

Green Engineering , D. T. Allen and D. R. Shonnard,2002, Prentice-Hall PTR New York T.K. Roy, (Editor), Chemical Technology for better Environment, Allied publishers Ltd, Chennai 1998 Bishop P., Pollution Prevention: Fundamentals and Practice, McGraw-Hill International Edition, McGraw-Hill book Co, Singapore, 2000

67

Reference books; El Halwagy, M. M, Pollution Prevention through

Process Integration : Systematic Design Tools,

Academic Press, N.Y. (1997) P.T. Anastas and J.C. Warner, Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, Oxford University Press. N.Y. 1998

68