SERVIA I: ANGLO-HELLENIC RESCUE EXCAVATIONS 1971-73 Author(s): CRESSIDA RIDLEY, K. A. WARDLE, CATHARINE A.

MOULD, Jill Carington Smith, Rupert Housely, Richard Hubbard, Jonathan Musgrave and Bill Phelps Reviewed work(s): Source: The British School at Athens. Supplementary Volumes, No. 32, SERVIA I: ANGLOHELLENIC RESCUE EXCAVATIONS 1971-73 (2000), pp. iii-xxx, 1-370, 85-87 Published by: British School at Athens Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40856111 . Accessed: 21/08/2012 03:50
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SERVIA I
ANGLO-HELLENIC RESCUE EXCAVATIONS 1971-73 directed by KATERINA RHOMIOPOULOU AND CRESSIDA RIDLEY by
CRESSIDA RIDLEY, K. A. WARDLE AND CATHARINE A. MOULD
additional contributions With by

Richard Smith, Hubbard, JillCarington Rupert Housely, and Bill Phelps Musgrave Jonathan

Production Editor: RaynaAndrew SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME NO. 32 THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ATHENS
2000

Published by

Published distributed and by The British Schoolat Athens SenateHouse, MaletStreet, LondonWC1E 7HU

The Council, The British Schoolat Athens ISBN 0 904887 33 2

at Printed AldenPressLimited, GreatBritain and Northampton, Oxford

CressidaRidley 1917-1998

late Cressida cametoarchaeology in work of relatively inlife through participatingthefield in near thelocal archaeological whena formal group Wiltshire herhome.Of a generation was education still considered for she higher exceptional, especially women, nevertheless of and had all theinstincts a scholar researcher an early from a age. A keenintellect,vorafor and ciousappetite information an outspoken of and couldall have advocacy truth logic, her directions. Timeand chancebrought to Greek her guided in anyone ofseveral prehisin via a distinction thePostgraduate inEuropean at tory Diploma Archaeology theInstitute ofArchaeology, under guidance Professor D. Evans.Awarded Scholarthe of a London, J. British the SchoolatAthens begin research theMacedonian to her into LateNeolithic, ship by hardtomaster modern sheworked Greek spending months Thessaloniki in under many of thetuition NikiHarissiades soonbecamea familiar and visitor themuseums collecto and tions northern of Greecewhere recorded drew she and hundreds examples thevaried of of oftheperiod. pottery Shejoinedinmany theexcavations theBritish of of School- Saliagos, Lefkandi, Sitagroi andMyrtos learning skills theexcavator the of whileapplying ownacutepowers her of and observation rigorous chainofargument problems stratigraphy. to of her to with then Chance, brought toServia, conduct Katerina too, Rhomiopoulou, incharge oftheIZ1Ephoria, rescue the excavations described this in which so volume, proved rewardmaterial years study evaluation. for of and Practical pragmatic, and ingthat they provided shesolved most theproblems of associated anyexcavation with without whether was it fuss, thefunds, a skilled team archaeologists, of out to raising gathering searching workmen whom excavation women and directors still novelty, organising study were a or the archaeological oflarge ofvaried material. quantities the Throughout excavationshe feltand acknowledgeda special debt to Yiannis who had learnt excavation with Bob Roddenand David Clark Papadopoulos techniques whenthey theearly neolithic nearhisvillage, site Nea Nikomedeia, became and explored foreman excavations Sitagroi, to at Assiros Knossos, wellas Servia. and as Kastritsa, Oncetheexcavations completed 1973,shemadean extended toGreece were in visit each summer autumn, and on theexcavations others at Assiros of and Lefkandi in helping and the and of and particular, continuing painstaking sorting classificationthepottery other finds from at there Servia, nowhousedin themuseum Fiorina. by Manyofus whoworked with remember great her with affection warmth herwelcome wellas thehours the of as of in work themuseum there often Spartan in conditions thecentral since hadhardly heating worked sincethemuseum built winter was and comesearly this to north western corner of Macedonia. much thetime For of this Cressida solitary undertaken a however, wasfor task, with determination single and mindedness.
V

of was as Little little work study completed, clearly the demonstrated theledgers of by by and of cards of counted weighed, registration in herdistinctive records sherds handspiky all of and indexed. 1990 thisrecord of was writing, files drawings negatives, carefully By of couldbegin:thepresent and compilation thereport volumeis thereal proper complete of labour. reward so much of this for to Itwasa privilege us tohelpherinthefinal stages preparing report, exchange different definitions interpretations, and tobenefit herexcelthe from toargue casefor views, the her on for lent consulting record andfrom insistence memory detail evenwithout in and we Her andconsistency. death June1998wasunexpected premature: couldnot logic character seeing job through. not the and She of conceive sucha determined indomitable corrected grammar helped the andapproved and section, however, discussed read, had, every and this and started maintained project, Her her choosetheillustrations. energy dedication it. has inspiration helpedus finish K. A. Wardle

for AtAntiparos theSaliagos excavations, 1965. July

Contents
ListofFigures ListofTables ListofPlates Listof Abbreviations Listofillustrations CD-ROM on Preface, K. A. Wardle by Chapteri The Excavation, C. A. Mould,CressidaRidleyand K. A. Wardle by 1.1 Introduction Site 1.2 The Prehistoric 1.3 InitialObservations A. J. B. Wace and by M. S. Thompson 1.4 A Research Campaignled by W. A. Heurtley The RescueExcavation 1971-73 of 1.5 1.6 Excavation and Recording Methods and 1.7 Comparative Absolute Chronology The Stratigraphy Phases,by A. Mould and K. A. Wardle and C. 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The MiddleNeolithic 2.2.1 Phase One 2.2.2 Phase Two 2.2.3 Phase Three I Stratum - 'en' 1-4 2.2.4 Heurtley's Phase Four 2.2.5 II Stratum - 'en' 5 2.2.6 Heurtley's Phase Five 2.2.7 2.3 The Late Neolithic 2.3.1 Phase Six 2.3.2 Phase Seven II Stratum - 'ln' 1 2.3.3 Heurtley's The EarlyBronzeAge 2.4 2.4.1 Phase Eight III Stratum - 'ln' 2, eba 2.4.2 Heurtley's 2.4.3 Phase Nine 2.4.4 PhaseTen Phase Eleven 2.5 from Phase ElevenPit, the 2.5.1 The HumanSkeleton F20/B-F20/D,by]. Musgrave Roman Occupation 2.6 PostThe Architectural Remains, C. A. Mould and K. A. Wardle by Introduction 3.1 Structures 3.2 MiddleNeolithic 3.2.1 The size ofbuildings of 3.2.2 The orientation buildings vii xi xv xvii xxi xxiii xxvii i i 5 5 7 10 14 14 17 17 22 23 25 30 33 34 42 42 44 44 47 54 54 55 58 58 61 62 64 69 71 71 71 72 72

Chapter2

3 Chapter

viii

CONTENTS 3.2.3 Locationofbuildings Structures 3.3 Late Neolithic and 3.3.1 The architecture size ofbuildings The orientation buildings of 3.3.2 3.3.3 Locationofbuildings 3.4 EarlyBronzeAge Structures 3.5 Building Techniques 3.5.1 Walls 3.5.2 Buttresses 3.5.3 Roofs 3.5.4 Floors Features 3.6 Ancillary 3.6.1 Yards Areas 3.6.2 Storage and Ovens Hearths 3.6.3 Pits 3.6.4 3.6.5 Ditches 3.7 Summary and Comparisons 3.8 Parallels 3.8.1 EarlyNeolithic 3.8.2 MiddleNeolithic 3.8.3 Late Neolithic 3.8.4 EarlyBronzeAge Features 3.8.5 Defensive The SmallFinds 4.1 Introduction, K. A. Wardle by C. 4.2 The StoneSmallFinds,by A. Mould,CressidaRidleyand K. A. Wardle axes and adzes tools- chisels, 4.2.1 Polished cutting * withshafthole stoneobjects Polished 4.2.2 tools and cutting 4.2.3 Groundstonetools- pestles 4.2.4 Querns 4.2.5 Othergrindstones/whetstones 4.2.6 Palettes 4.2.7 Pounders and 4.2.8 Polishers burnishers weights 4.2.9 Waisted of 4.2.10 Fragments stonevases 4.2.11 Ornaments Sockets 4.2.12 Pivots/ 4.2.13 Miscellaneous 4.3 The Clay SmallFinds by 4.3.1 The Figurines, W. W. Phelps Smith and The Spinning Weaving by]. Implements, Carington Sherddisks 4.3.2 4.3.3 Spindlewhorls 4.3.4 Pierceddisks 4.3.5 Ringweights 4.3.6 Spools 4.3.7 Loomweights 4.3.8 Mat impressions 75 75 75 76 77 77 79 79 86 86 86 91 91 91 92 95 97 97 98 98 99 102 103 104 107 107 112 112 137 139 146 151 155 157 159 162 171 173 182 182 191 192 207 207 214 222 223 227 233 240

4 Chapter

CONTENTS

ix

5 Chapter

248 4.3.9 Needlesand a button 4.3.10 Anchors 248 Additional 264 Clay SmallFinds,byC. A. Mould,CressidaRidley and K. A. Wardle 4.3.11 Ornaments 264 266 4.3.12 Slingbolts 266 4.3.13 Spoons 4.3.14 Stamp/burnisher 267 4.3.15 Disks 267 4.3.16 Plaques 271 4.3.17 The 'pillar-like' 271 objects smallfinds 4.3.18 Miscellaneous 272 smallfinds 4.3.19 Worked 274 in 4.3.20 Impressions daub 275 4.4 The Shell SmallFinds,byC. A. Mould,CressidaRidley 276 and K. A. Wardle 4.4.1 Beads 277 4.4.2 Bracelets 278 281 4.4.3 Pendants Polisher 4.4.4 284 shell 4.4.5 Unworked 285 of 4.5 Ornaments stone, clayand shell,byC. A. Mould,CressidaRidley 285 and K. A. Wardle The MetalSmallFinds,byC. A. Mould,CressidaRidley 288 4.6 and K. A. Wardle 4.7 The Glass SmallFinds,byC. A. Mould,CressidaRidley 290 and K. A. Wardle The Environment Agriculture and 293 The Environmental of Settlement, 5.1 293 Setting thePrehistoric byRichardHubbard 5.1.1 Introduction 293 5.1.2 Basic considerations 294 underlying palaeoecological reconstruction evidence 5.1.3 The palaeoecological 294 5.1.4 Clearances 295 Resources 5.1.5 HumanUse oftheNatural 296 The Carbonised PlantRemains, Rupert 5.2 301 by Housley 5.2.1 Introduction 301 remains 5.2.2 The botanical 302 5.2.3 Discussion 307 discussion thespeciesofplantsrecovered of 5.2.4 Botanical 316 of RichardHubbard Servia,by 5.3 The Agriculture Prehistoric 330 and Rupert Housley 5.3.1 Introduction 330 Considerations 5.3.2 Analytical 330 of Balkans 5.3.3 Neolithic 331 agricultures thesouthern of 5.3.4 Comparison en and mnagricultures 335 and 5.3.5 Local adaptations indigenous 335 origins or 5.3.6 Earlyagriculturalists: 336 primitive sophisticated? at Servia:a fool'serrand? 5.4 Malacological 337 investigations byRichardHubbard

CONTENTS 5.5 A Middle NeolithicDendrochronologicalSnippet, byRichard Hubbard The Archaeobotanyof Early NeolithicServia, 5.6 byRichard Hubbard Some general considerations 5.6.1 Archaeobotanical investigations 5.6.2 5.6.3 Analyticalresults Notes on certaintaxa 5.6.4 in 5.6.5 Early Neolithicagriculture Greece 5.7 Insect Remains, byRichard Hubbard 339 340 340 342 343 349 352 355 357

Bibliography

list ofFigures
i .i 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.1 1 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.1 1 3.12 3.13 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 The location of the prehistoric mound at Servia Location of Heurtley'sand 1971-73 excavationtrenches. sectionsof 1930s excavation. Stratigraphie Area of excavation, 1971-73. section: Phases One-Eleven. Stratigraphie Phase One, Area F, Structures 1-3. Phase Two, Area F, Structures 1-3. Phase Three, Area F, Structures 1-4. Phase Four, Area F, Structures 1-4. Phase Four, Area H, Structure 6. Phase Four,Area D, Structure 7 Phase Five, Area F, Structure 1. Phase Six, Area F, Structure 1. Phase Seven, Area F, Structure 1. Phase Seven, Area F, Structures 5-7. 2, Phase Seven, Area H, Structure 3. Phase Eight,ditchesin Areas D, E, F, G and H. Phase Nine, Areas F and G. Phase Ten, Areas F and G. Phase Eleven, Areas F and G. Heurtley'sexcavation (after Heurtley1939, fig.45). Reconstructions Phase Four,Structure of 7. Wall structure, based on preserveddaub impression, Phase Four Structure for 7. Wall structure, based on preserveddaub impression, Phase Four Structure for 7. Wall structure, based on preserveddaub impression, fromPhase Four F20/A. Wall structure, based on preserveddaub impression, fromPhase Seven Structure 5Wall structure, based on preserveddaub impression, fromPhase Seven Structure 2. Wall structure, based on preserveddaub impression, ln Phase Seven in area of for Structure 4. of material. Clay daub preserving impressions reeds (SF177) and otherroofing Phase Four destruction levels. Rafter, reeds, u/s fromF20/A. supporting Close-setreeds (Phragmites australis), packed withclay and thenfaced. Reconstruction the Phase Seven beamed floorin Structure of 2. Phase Four oven (?) to s of Structure (F20/C). 1 Phase Nine hearthfromF20/B. Haftingdiagram. The distribution axes and adzes by length. of Stone chiselsand chisel manufacture. Stone axes.
xi

2 8 9 12 13 24 26 31 35 38 39 43 45 48 49 51 57 59 63 65 70 73 80 81 82 83 84 85 87 88 88 90 94 ne IXa 116 118 1Xg

xii 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30 4.31 4.32 4.33 4.34 4.35 4.36 4.37 4.38 4.39 4.40 4.41 4.42 4.43 4.44 4.45 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5

LIST OF FIGURES Stoneaxes. Stoneadzes. Stoneadzes. Stoneadzes. axe Stoneshafthole objects: and macehead. tools. and pestles cutting Cylindrical and cutting tools. pestles Cylindrical Querns. Querns. Grindstones. Stonepalettes. Stonepounders. and Stonepolishers burnishers. of of The distributionthevarious weights. weights thewaisted Waisted weights. Stonevase fragments. Stonebeads. and Stonebracelets pendants. or stoneornaments 'blanks'. miscellaneous Selected Stonepivots/sockets. river tools; utilized stone Miscellaneous Disks;possible pebbles. objects: utilized stone Miscellaneous slab;pulley-shaped object;curiouslyobjects: conical truncated fragments. pebbles; shapedriver en figurines. en female figurine. mn of Figurines mnand stylistically type. LNand other figurines. Sherddisks. and whorls clayring weights. Spindle diskand pierced plaque. Claypierced Ringweights. Spools. Loomweights. Anchors. Clay beads. and burnisher disk. slingbolts; pendant; Clay bracelets; Clay 'pillars'. reusedsherd; Miscellaneous objects: (?); weight spoons. cylinder; clay Shellbeads. and of Shellbracelets Spondylus gaederopus Glycimeris. shells. and Shelldroppendants perforated and iron bronzeearring; earring bronzeneedle. Bronzeaxe fragment; and possible tree of The representationselected and shrub fruits, crop spices, a of in at Servia, theform presence against radiocarbon analyses, plotted plants time-scale. of remains cereals. The charred of remains legumes. The charred weeds. of The remains other fruit-bearing and selected plants crops, and chaff ofcerealgrain, therelative proportions showing diagram Triangular 120 121 122 123 137 141 142 147 148 152 156 158 159 162 164 172 175 178 180 183 186 187 194 195 199 204 210 219 222 225 229 238 261 265 268 271 273 277 279 283 290 299 319 322 326 327

LIST OF FIGURES 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 data weedsfortheethnographic from Amorgos. the of chaff and Triangular diagram showing relative proportions cerealgrain, weedsfor archaeobotanical from the data Servia. lowerstorage area in trench Planofthemnburnt Do/C showing the in relation theexcavated archaeobotanical to structures artefacts. and samples the of Serviawith Graphs components prehistoric comparing majoragricultural in se thoseofSitagroi-Photolivos Macedoniaand Bulgaria. en plant remains from Servia-Varytimides. Scatter ofIndicesofHeterogeneity Rubbish and Indicesfor Serviathe diagram Varytimides samples. cereals/chaff/weed graphoftheServia-Varytimides seeds Triangular analyses, the Error limits from sampling the statistics. showing 1 Standard arising

xiii 328 329 332 345 346 349

list ofTables
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 Charcoalsamples Museum 1974 and 1977. in processed theBritish by Charcoalsamples theBritish Museumin 1980-81. processed by C14determinations neolithic from Serviaand representative from dates other sites. Aegeanneolithic C14determinations eba Serviaand other from Aegeansites. Concordance phasing of 1930 and 1971-73. designations: of Dimensions theMNstructures. of Dimensions theLNstructures. Dimensions theeba structures. of Features defined ovensor hearths. as The maingroups objects material phase. of and by The maingroups thestoneobjects. of The maingroups theclayobjects. of Numbers sherddisks of found each phase. in Piercedsherddisksfrom Servia-Varytimides. Pierced sherddisks from mainsite. the Numbers fully of sherddisks from mainsitefound each phase. the in pierced Siteswhereanchors have been found. The shellobjects phase. by The distributionornaments each Phase. of in Neolithic Balkancharcoals: presence analyses. Carbonised from earliest and from mnlower the mn the plantremains areas. storage Carbonised from PhaseFourmndestruction the levels. plantremains Carbonised remains from post-destruction, mn ln levels,eba plant ditches PhaseElevenlevels. and location and phasing details thearchaeobotanical for Contextual, samples. Measurements cerealgrains. of Measurements Lathyrus of seeds. Measurements lentil of seeds. Measurements other of individual pulseseeds. Measurements thefruits flax. of of Measurements thegrapepips. of of at Synthesis agriculture Servia:presence analyses. Do/C Pinus beam annualincrements. Plantidentifications Servia-Varytimides. from en agricultures Servia-Varytimides: and presence analyses. Contextual details theinsect for remains. 16 16 19 20 21 74 76 78 93 111 113 191 207 208 209 209 250 276 286 298 303 304 308 310 g18 321 o2i 323 323 o24 333 340 347 354 355

xv

list ofPlates
1.1 1.2 settlement from (a) The prehistoric (foreground) nw. 1971. LimniPolyphytou fromnw withthe piers of the new bridgefromnw. 1974. (b) (a) Area F, froms. Excavationin progress, 1971. withpost-holes (b) Phase Five: Fio/D, F20/B fromn. Foundationtrenches 1. Structure Pillarsof new bridgein background(see fig. 2.7 and including
PLATE 2.6d).

6 11

2.1

2.2 2.3 2.4

2.5 2.6 2.7

2.8

2.9

4.1

4.2

(e) F20C. Photogrammetric recording Ian Morrison.1971. by trench e wall for (a) Phase One: Structure Fio/D, F20/C froms: foundation 3: 27 withcentralpost-holes cut centre) into subsoil. (righi) (left (b) Phases One, Two and Three. F30/A fromabove. Remains of Phase One wall of (centre); post-holes alignment probablybelongingto n wall of Phase Two Structure Phase Three post-pit 2; (above). 2: 28 (a) Phase Two: Structure F20/D froms. Stone footings (?). (b) Phase Three: Structure F10/D fromne. Wall showingdepth of cut forlower 3: storagearea. Phase Three: Structures and 4: Fio/D, F20/B froms (see fig. 2.3). 3 29 (a) Phase Four: Structure Area D fromse. Cut forlower storagearea and major 7: 40 roofsupports(see fig. 2.6). fallen (b) Phase Four: Structure Area D fromse. Burntdebrisrepresenting 7: upper floor(?). (a) Phase Four: Road section:hearthwithpostsforshelter(?) around it. From n. 41 (b) Phase Four: Road section:hearthwithpostsforshelter(?) around it. From s. 1: and post(a) Phase Five: Structure Fio/D, F20/B froms. Foundationtrenches 46 holes froma minimum fivestructures fig. 2.7 and plate 1.2b). of (see 1: s. trench(see fig. 2.8). (b) Phase Six: Structure F10/D from Wall foundation Phase Seven: Structure Fio/D, F20/B from Burntfloorof beams (distance) 52 s. 2: (a) and clay (foreground), Phase Nine hearth(centre (see figs. 2.10, 2.13). right) 2: (b) Phase Seven: Structure F20/B froms. Removal of clay surfaceof beamed floor. of wall. (a) Phase Seven: Structure Area H fromw. Large post-holes western 3: 53 (b) Phase Ten: Yard to s of Structure Fio/D, F20/B frome. Pebbled yard (left), 3: Phase Seven 3 marginbetweenyard and internal clay floorof Structure (centre), beamed floor(right lower at level). burial:F20/D fromabove. 66 (a) Phase Eleven: Byzantine excavation 1930: Complete photograph 'ln' burialused in partin of (b) Heurtley's anotherburialin a Heurtley1932 fig.4, but showingthe entirepit. Presumably II Byzantine not observeduntilStratum was reached. pit (a) Small polished stone tools. Fromleft, adze SF363, Phase Two; adze SF685, top: 124 Phase Four; axe SF771, Phase Four; bottom: adze SF131, Phase Four; adze SF669, Phase Four. (b) Small polished stone tools. Fromleft, chisel SF387, Phase Seven; adze SF287, top: Phase Eight;adze SF624, Phase Seven; bottom: SF127, Phase Seven; axe adze SF471, Phase Five/Seven. adze SF684, Phase Three; chisel SF789, (a) Small polished stone tools. Fromleft: 125 Phase u/s; adze, SF792, Phase Seven. xvii

xviii

LIST OF PLATES axe (b) Small polished stone tools. Fromleft: SF218, Phase u/s; sf8i, Phase Nine/ Ten/Eleven;axe SF73, Phase u/s. (a) Polished stonetools. Toprow from adze SF481, Phase One; adze SF308, left: row tool Phase Two; axe SF872, Phase Two; Bottom from cylindrical cutting left: SF321,Phase Two; axe SF368, Phase One. adze SF366, Phase Three; adze SF391, Phase (b) Polished stonetools. Fromleft: Two/Three;axe SF700, Phase Four; axe SF648, Phase Four. (a) Axe SF606, Phase Four, axe/adze SF702, Phase Three, adze SF113, Phase Eleven, adze SF390, Phase u/s. {b-c)SF769, stoneaxe splitto make chisel,Phase Eight. adze, SF237, Phase u/s; axe SF612, (a) Medium polished stonetools. Fromleft: Phase Eight;adze SF472, Phase One. (b) Adze SF1004, Phase u/s; axe SF1002, Phase u/s; axe SF916, Phase u/s. axe SF299, Phase Ten. (a) Shafthole (b) Macehead SF876, Phase Four. tool SF991; adze SF992; (c) Ground stone tools,u/s. Fromleft: cutting cylindrical tool SF990. cutting cylindrical SF862, Phase Four. (a) Fromtop:quern SF970, Phase en; grindstone SF941, Phase Nine. (b) Fromleft: SF879, Phase Seven; grindstone pivot/socket burnisher SF207, Phase Eight/Eleven; (a) Stone tools. Fromleft, burnisher top: Phase Four; polisherSF715, Phase Four; bottom: polisherSF673, Phase SF501, blank (?), SF149, Phase Seven; burnisher ornament Four; SF343, Phase Three. (b) A selectionof sphericalpounders. Phase Four: (a) sf6oo; () SF605; (e) SF607. Waistedweights, Phase en: {a) SF820; {b) SF979. Stone vase fragments, Phase Four: (a) bracelets:(left) Stone ornaments, SF758; pendant SF689; {righi} SF748; (b) beads. top: {a) Miscellaneous stone objects.Fromleft, grooved pebble SF649, Phase en; object SF760, Phase en; u/s 'trough'-like pebble SF281, Phase Seven; bottom: object. stopper-like tool (?) SF627, Phase Nine; worked (b) Miscellaneousstone objects.Fromleft: Phase Nine/Ten/Eleven. pyramid' SF109, human SF414, femaleSF736, male SF708, human leg SF705, en figurines: human SF367 (u/s),human (?) SF645, animal SF360, femaleSF716. mn SF216 and SF219, side views,u/s. {a) Stylistically figurines mnfigurines SF216 and SF219 frontal, joined, u/s. (b) Stylistically animal SF333, Phase Two; human head mn mnand stylistically figurines: SF1067, Phase Ten; femaleleg SF145, Phase Eleven; animal head SF750, Phase Eleven; animal head SF334, Phase Ten. Three; animal SF711, Phase Nine/Ten/ human sf6i6, Phase Six; femaleSF852, Phase ln LNand stylistically figurines: Seven; protomeSF3,u/s; leg of altaror pot (?) SF630, Phase Six/Seven;leg of pot (?) SF895,Phase Seven. top: pierced,SF457, SF944, SF657; partly (a) Sherd disks,en. Fromleft, fully pierced,SF1099, SF822. (b) Unpierced sherd disks. top: {a) Clay spindlewhorls,Phase Ten, top view. Fromleft, SF280, SF303, SF336, bottom: sfioo, SF319,SF27. top: (b) Clay spindlewhorls,Phase Ten, threequarterview. Fromleft, SF280, bottom: sfioo, SF319,SF27. SF303,SF336, SF362, SF922. top: (a) Clay spools, en. Fromleft, SF404, SF923, bottom:

4.3

126

4.4 4.5 4.6

127 128 138

4.7 4.8

153 160

4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12

166 171 181 188

4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18

197 200 201 206 211 220

4.19

230

LIST OF PLATES (b) Clay spools, en. From left,top: SF932, SF924, bottom: SF936, SF935. (c) Clay spool, en SF196. (a) Clay ring weights. From left,top: sf8o8, Phase Four; SF804, Phase u/s; SF807, Phase Four; bottom: SF803, Phase u/s; SF805, Phase Five; SF802, Phase u/s. (b) Clay loomweights. From left,top: SF92, Phase Nine/Ten/Eleven; SF238, Phase sf Ten; SF339, Phase Nine; bottom: 501, Phase Ten; SF340, Phase Nine. [a) Mat impressions, en. From left, top: P551, SF909, bottom: P552. (b) Mat impressions, en. Top: SF910, bottom: SF902. [a) Mat impressions, en. From left, top: P550, P558, bottom: P363, P537. Phase Five. (b) Mat impression: PS5s;6, Impression in daub of matting basket SF894, Phase Four: (a) impression; (b) cast. Examples of twill weave using cereal straw of the kind represented by the mat impressions. (a) Clay anchors. From left,top: SF348, Phase Nine; SF290, Phase Ten; SF394, Phase u/s; bottom: SF309, Phase Nine; sf6o, Phase u/s; SF623, Phase Nine. anchor fragments.From left, (b) Clay top: SF204, Phase u/s; SF529, Phase Nine; Phase Ten; centre: SF85 (part only), SF898, Phase Eleven; SF105, Phase Ten; Phase Nine; bottom:SF1107, Phase Nine; SF654, Phase Nine; SF1113, SF1108, Phase u/s; sf8i8, Phase u/s. (a) Clay objects. From left, top: sherd disk SF677, Phase en; pendant SF821, Phase en; sherd ornament SF683, Phase en; bottom: spindle whorl SF667, Phase en; bead SF767, Phase en; disk bead SF919, Phase en. (b) Clay ornaments. From left, top: bracelet SF536, Phase Two; bracelet SF403, Phase centre: bracelet sf88i, Phase Seven; bottom: Two; spindle whorl/bead sf6oi, Phase u/s; bead SF296, Phase Nine. {a) Clay stamp/burnisher,SF634, Phase Nine. (b) Clay disk SF107, Phase u/s. (c) Clay 'pillars', Phase Seven. Left:SF918; right: SF978. Shell bracelets: (a) Spondylus SF691B-D, Phase Four; gaederopus sf8 (b) Glycimeris: 16, Phase Four; (c) Glycimeris: SF400, Phase Seven;

xix

4.20

239

4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25

244 245 246 247 262

4.26

269

4.27 4.28

270 281

4.29 4.30 5.1

5.2

[d) Spondylus SF731 and SF732 (joined),Phase Four; (e) Spondylus gaederopus: SF850,Phase Four. gaederopus (a) Shell: Fromleft, Pectn top: jacobaeus pendantSF815, Phase Two; Margaritifera Cerastoderma SF24,Phase Ten; bottom: pendant glaucum pendantsSF258, Phase u/s; SF223, u/s; SF899, Phase One. Objects of bronze and iron: (a) needle of arsenicalbronze: SF345, Phase Nine; of (b) axe fragment arsenicalbronzeSF236,Phase u/s; (c) ironearring sf6ib, Phase Eleven; (d) 'bronze' earringsf6ia, Phase Eleven. of cf. in (a) Cast of impressions oak leaves (Quercus pedunculiflora) mndaub from the floorof Phase Four,Structure 3. of in (b) Cast of an impression a corianderseed (Coriandrum sativum) a ln sherd. The scale bar is one millimetre long. Cast of a daub impression a head of two row barley(Hordeum distichon). of d.

284 289 300

346

list ofAbbreviations
BA BridgeW e EBA eh eia em en en L en u LBA Bronze Age Bridge Works east Early Bronze Age Early Helladic Early Iron Age Early Minoan Early Neolithic Early Neolithiclower Eary Neolithicupper Late Bronze Age lc lg LH ln mba mh mn n R. section s w Late Cycladic Late Geometric Late Helladic Late Neolithic Middle Bronze Age Middle Helladic Middle Neolithic north Road section south west

Bibliographic Abbreviations AAA A. Delt AE AEM0 AJA Ancient Macedonia/ AqxcucxMaxeovta Ath. Mitt BAR BCH BSA CAH Jdl JAS JFA J. Forensic Sciences LAAA PAE TAP JRGZM PBSR PPS WA Z. hyg. Zool. vexTct 'A0t]vc5v e AQxaioXoyix Ae/rov QxaioXoyixv Q%aioXoyixT| *Ecpr||LieQ To AQ%aio,oyix gtt| Maxeova xai 0Qaxr| Egyo American Journalof Archaeology Thessaloniki:Institute Balkan Studies/ for MeXexcov 'IQUua X8Qoovt|goutoo Aiuou des Instituts. Athenische Mitteilungen DeutschenArchologischen Abteilung British ArchaeologicalReports Bulletinde CorrespondanceHellnique Annual of the British School at Athens Cambridge AncientHistory Instituts Jahrbuchdes DeutschenArchologischen Journalof ArchaeologicalScience Journalof Field Archaeology Journalof ForensicSciences Liverpool Annals of Archaeologyand Anthropology riQaxTixxfj v 'A0r|vai QxaioXoyixfj 'ExaiQea. xat 'Exoori too xaueou ctQxaioXoyixcov ttoqcv aTraAoTQicaecov des RmischGermanischenZentralmuseums Mainz Jahrbuch School at Rome Papers of the British Proceedingsof the Prehistoric Society World Archaeology Zeitschrift hygienische fr Zoologie und Schadlingsbekamfung
xxi

list ofIllustrations Frameon CD by

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 HaliakmonValleylookingne. Village of Nerada in foreground. Springbelow siteat edge of RiverHaliakmon n. Phase One, Structure F20/C from Post-holes i: and eba ditch[foreground); stubs wall and tracesof timber floor. (right background}; 1: w: Phase One, Structure F20/C from eba ditch(le; stubsof walls (foreground and floorremake(distance). righi}; pebble Phase One, Structure Fio/D, F20/C from beddingtrench e wall (righi} s: for central 3: centre). (le post-pits Phase One, Structure Fio/D, F20/C from foundation n: trench e wall (left for 3: centre}, central centre} (right post-pits e. Phase One, Structure F20/A from Patchof burnt timber floor. 3: Phases One, Two and Three. F30/A from Remains ofPhase One wall alignment n. of 2 (centre}; post-holes probablybelongingto n wall of Phase Two Structure (le; Phase Three post-pit (righi}. Phases One, Two and Three. F30/A from Remainsof Phase One wall alignment s. of post-holes to n wall of Phase Two Structure (le; Phase 2 (centre}; probablybelonging Three post pit (righi}. Phase Two, Structure F20/D from Stone footings s. 2: (?). Phase Two,Structure F20/C from Circularhearthbase. w. 2: Phase Three: Yard betweenStructures and 3: F20/C from Horseshoe-shaped 1 s. oven base. Phases Two/Three/Four: 1 Yard betweenStructures and 3 of Phase Three: F20/C from s. Sequence of hearthand ovens. Phases Three/Four: w. F20/C from Sectionof ovens showingpebble base and remakes. Phase Three,Structure F20/A from Post-pits w. 3: representing major roofsupports. Phase Four: Area of Structure F20/A from Burntbuildingdebris. w. 2: Phase Four: nw ofStructure F20/B from Stakesoffencepartition. n. 3: Phase Seven: Structure F10/D, F20/B, G20/A from Clay surfaced ne. 2: beamed floor, withlatereba hearth(Phase Nine). Phase Seven: Structure Fio/D, F20/B from Clay surfaced e. 2: beamed floor, withlater eba hearth(Phase Nine). Phase Seven, Structure F20/B from nw. Clay surfaced beamed floor. 2: Phase Seven, Structure F20/B. Beamed floor, 2: removedto reveal clay surface partly 'casts' in soft soil of the beam impressions. Phase Seven, Structure F20/B. Beamed floor, 2: removedto reveal clay surface partly 'casts' in soft soil of the beam impressions. Phase Seven, Structure F20/B. Beamed floor, 2: clay surface showingbeam impressions. Phase Seven, Structure Area H from Large post-holes western w. of wall. 3. Phase Eight,southern ditch:F20/A from Bottomof ditchcut (centre), w. V-shapedcutin section(distance), pitintosubsoil(left test distance). Phase Nine, piti: G20/A from s. Phase Ten,Structure G20/B from P3 in situ. se. 3: Phase Ten,Structure G20/B from P3 in situ. s. 3:
xxiii

xxiv 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ON CD-ROM e. Phase Ten,Yard to s of Structure F10/D from Pebbled yard (left), 3: margin Phase Seven Structure beamed floor betweenyardand clay floorof Structure (centre), 2 3 at lower level). (right w. Phase Ten,Yard to s of Structure F10/D from Pebbled yard(right), 3: margin betweenyardand clay floorofStructure (centre Phase Seven Structure beamed 2 3 left, at floor(left lower level). w. Phase Eleven,Byzantine F20/C from pit: w. defined(right). Phase Eleven,Byzantine F20/D from Partexcavated (left), pits: n. Phase Eleven, Byzantine F20/D from Partexcavated (foreground), excavated fully pits: to distance). (distance), expose burial(centre n. Phase Eleven,Byzantine and burial:F20/D from Cleaned sectionshowingpitprofile pit and burialinsitu. burial:F20/D fromabove. Burialpartly Phase Eleven, Byzantine exposed, ironearring ear. (sf6ib) by left burial:F20/D fromabove. Phase Eleven,Byzantine Small polishedstonetools: SF684 adze, Phase Three; SF789 chisel,u/s; SF792 adze, Phase Seven. Small polishedstonetools,all u/s: SF999, axe; sfiooi, adze; sfiooo, axe; SF1003, adze. Small polishedstonetools: SF387, chisel,Phase Seven; SF287, adze, Phase Eight; SF624,adze, Phase Seven; SF127, axe, Phase Seven; SF471, adze, Phase Five/Seven. Small polishedstonetools: SF73 axe, Phase u/s; sf8i adze, Phase Nine/Ten/Eleven; SF218 axe, Phase u/s. SF769,Stone axe splitto make chisel,Phase Eight. SF769,Stone axe splitto make chisel,Phase Eight. Medium polishedstonetools: SF237 adze, u/s; SF612 axe, Phase Eight;SF472 adze, Phase One. Medium polishedstonetools: SF366 adze, Phase Three; SF391 adze, Phase Two; SF700 axe, Phase Four; SF648 axe, Phase Four. tool. Ground stone,u/s: SF991 cylindrical tool; SF992 adze; SF990 cylindrical tools: SF383,Phase Three; SF412,u/s; SF321, Phase Two. Ground stone,cylindrical Ground stonetools: SF166 adze, Phase Nine/Ten/Eleven; axe, Phase SF299 shafthole Phase Eight. Ten; SF305 adze, Phase Four; Phase Eight/Eleven; Stone tools etc: SF207 burnisher, SF501 burnisher, blank (?), Phase Four; SF149 ornament Phase Four; SF673 polisher, SF715 polisher, Phase Three. Phase Seven; SF343 burnisher, Waistedweights. Stone vase fragment, SF979, Servia-Varytimides. Malachitependant,SF709, u/s. Stone: SF627 tool (?), Phase Nine; SF943 leg (?) of polvpod vase, Phase Six/Seven;SF109 Phase Nine/Ten/Eleven; workedpyramid, SF778 leg (?) of polypod vase, Phase Eight. en clay figurines: SF360; SF716; SF645. en clay figurine: SF716. MNclay figurines: SF750,Phase Three; SF216+29, u/s; SF145, Phase Eleven; SF333, Phase Two; SF334,Phase Ten. Two partmnclay figurine: SF216+SF219. SF852,Phase Seven; SF711, Phase sf6i6, Phase Six/ Seven/Eight; Clay figurines: Nine/Ten/Eleven; SF630, Phase Six/Seven;SF895, Phase Seven. Sherd disks:#2109,Phase Four; SF842,Phase u/s; SFiioi, Phase Ten; #3743, Phase Seven; SF311,Phase Two.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ON CD-ROM 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74

xxv

75 76 77 78 79

Sherd disks:#1704, Phase Ten; SF271, Phase Ten; #1000, Phase Ten; SF459, Phase Ten; SF79,Phase Eight;SF1100, Phase u/s; SF99,Phase Nine; #1223, Phase Ten (?); SF213, Phase Eleven. Phase Ten: SF280; SF303; SF336; sfioo; SF319; SF27. Clay spindlewhorls, Phase Ten: SF280; SF303; SF336; sfioo; SF319; SF27. Clay spindlewhorls, Phase Four: sf8ii; SF728; SF729; SF759; sf8io; SF727; SF809. Clay ringweights, en: SF930; SF927; SF929; SF939; SF935; SF933; SF931. Clay spools, SF92, Phase Nine/Ten/Eleven; SF238, Phase Ten; SF339, Phase Clay loomweights: Nine; SF301,Phase Ten; SF340,Phase Nine. in basketimpression daub: SF894, Phase Four. Matting Mat impressions pot bases, en: P558; P550; P363; P537. on Mat impression pot base: P226, Phase Five. on anchors:SF348, Phase Nine; SF290, Phase Ten; SF394, Phase u/s; SF309, Phase Clay Nine; sf6o, Phase u/s; SF623, Phase Nine. SF204, Phase u/s; SF529, Phase Nine; SF85 (partonly), Clay anchorfragments: Phase Ten; SF898, Phase Eleven; SF105,Phase Ten; SF1108, Phase Nine; SF1107, Phase Nine; SF654, Phase Nine; SF1113, Phase u/s; sf8i8, Phase u/s. Clay objects:SF677 sherddisk,Phase en; SF821 pendant,Phase en; SF683 sherd Phase en; SF667 spindlewhorl,Phase en; SF767 bead, Phase en; SF919 ornament, disk bead, Phase en. SF536 bracelet,Phase Two; SF403 braceletPhase Two; sf88i Clay ornaments: Phase u/s; SF296 bead, Phase bracelet,Phase Seven; sf6oi spindlewhorl/bead, Nine. SF634, Phase Nine. Clay stamp/burnisher, Clay 'pillars',Phase Seven: SF918; SF978. Ornamentsetc [topto bottom, to righi): 'bracelet',Phase Eight; SF192 glycimeris left SF285 clay spoon, Phase Eight;stone disc bead; shell disc bead; SF515 stone tubular bead, Phase Nine; SF298 stone disc bead, Phase Ten; SF504 shell pendant,Phase Four; SF300 stonependant,Phase Nine; SF332 stone 'toggle',Phase Four; SF123 stone core, Phase Seven. Ornaments:Phase Four: SF689 stonebracelet;SF748 stone pendant;SF691 shell bracelet;SF758 stonebracelet;SF717 shell pendant;SF850 shell bracelet. Arsenicalbronze: SF345 needle, Phase Nine; SF236 axe u/s. Phases Two-Four,F20/C, siteplan 12b, plan ofhearths1, 2, 3 and 3a. Phases Two-Four,F20/C, siteplan 12c, 'perspective' hearths1, 2, 3 and 3a. of Phase Four,Structure detailedfindsplot. 7,

Preface
Haliakmon thew ofthemedieval to of and modern town Servia The crossing theriver of a on the easiestroutefrom has been forcenturies major strategic point Thessalyto to thisimportance Macedonia.A.J. B. Wace was thefirst showthat reached backto the whenhe recognised thelow moundon theE side of the crossing that neolithic period freshwater the (f2),marked siteofa prehistoric (plate i, fi), closeto abundant springs out site The carried atthis byW.A. Heurtley Assistant settlement. excavations Director (as in the SchoolatAthens) 1930revealed earliest stratified known northern site in oftheBritish of Greece and untilthe excavation the en site of Nea Nikomedeia(1961-64) Servia theonlyexcavated neolithic in western site Macedonia. remained inThessaly Theocharis Milojcic ineastern made and and by By 1970thenewdiscoveries that and Macedoniaby Renfrew Gimbutas, excavation was suggested a supplementary if from keysitewereto be fully this The threat thesite desirable thefinds evaluated. to further to downstream, provide hydro-electric posedby theplansto dam theHaliakmon in work irrigation thecoastal plain,maderenewed powerand control particularly urgent. with great a with creation thenew The sitewas soonto be covered the of depthofwater lake- LimniPolyphytou and wouldbe lostto archaeological research (plate 1.1). drewCressidaRidley's the G. attention theneed to Fortunately, lateProfessor Bakalakis for a forurgent actionand theresponsibility mounting rescueexcavation was assumed Serviceand theBritish Schoolat Athens underthe by jointly theGreekArchaeological of and CressidaRidley. direction Katerina Threeseasonsof excavation Rhomiopoulou out the of further and left work werecarried in 1971-73,until closure thedamprevented unanswered. manyquestions confirmed longsequenceofoccupation identified Heurtley Excavation the first and, by in particular, enabledtheexploration no fewer of thanfivesuccessive levelsof building theMN werepreserved traces solidly the of constructed timber periodin which buildings, withhearths and a wide rangeof complete restorable or vesselsin the local together variant theThessalian of Sesklostyle. Some of the structures have had an upper must whilethemajorconflagration which had mistakenly to the storey Heurtley thought mark end of themnphase provided unusualarchitectural as well as a rangeof small detail, The overlying levelswithfineripple-decorated black-burnished ln and objectsin situ. oftheLarissastyle to succeedthemnlevelswithout cultural a break. The proved pottery EBA represented a series deep ditches an early was of in with floor levelsandpits by phase in a laterone. Despitethelack of good structural evidencein thisperiod,therangeof has invaluable linksbetween and central Greeceon theone pottery provided Thessaly handand central Macedoniaon theother. The onlyserious from disappointment (apart theimpossibility continuing of excavation longer) theextent which for was to someparts ofthesitehad been disturbed enormous (dubbed'rocket silos'by teammembers by pits
xxvii

xxviii

H. C. RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

on account their of to included size) dating theByzantine period.Otherkeydiscoveries en thelocation a separate site(Servia-Varytimides) m away. of 500 of excavations wereoutlined theAntiquaries in The results Heurtley's Journal (1932) and Fullpublication notattempted Heurtley thetime in Prehistoric Macedonia was (1939). by by of SchoolatJerusalem warintervened and he tookup thepostofDirector theBritish to work the further on it.Unfortunately excavation records nowmissing, are prevent though survive. present notesand sketches The volumeis thefirst twoto report someletters, of madeduring these seasons rescue of which incorporate, far will on thefinds as excavation, earlier work. as possible, results Heurtley's the of accounts thework of Preliminary appeared Annals Archaeology and Rhomiopoulou in theAthens 1972; 1973; 1974) and an of (Ridley in at School Athens and Wardle1979). interim of British (Ridley report theAnnual the was conducted a joint GreekThe 1971-73 excavation by Englishteam,and we are then to of for most Macedonia, grateful Katerina Rhomiopoulou, Curator Antiquities West and whojoined theteamas co-director, to hercolleagueDr. YiannisTouratsoglou who as the The teamwas based at worked a sitesupervisor throughout excavation. excavation of sitedin theHaliakmon thevillage Neradawhenitwas still on valleyfloor, theNbank the of the river.The village Proedrosand others,particularly SecretaryKosmas such accommodation Hatziioannides, valuable matters, as finding gave helpwith practical Yiannis ofNea Nikomedeia, Our andworkmen. foreman, nearthetown of Papadopoulos, in techniques excavation learnt of considerable first the Veria, expertise provided during directed Dr. R. J. Roddenat theen sitethere, and extended Sitagroi excavations at by and Colin Renfrew, skillin leadingand training teamof workmen the underProfessor drawn from villageofNerada.Yianniswas assisted twoskilled the workmen chiefly by NikosDaskalakis Andonis and Lambakis. Sitesupervisors from included Knossos, Crete, Bill Cavanagh(1972-73),RuthPadel (1971),BillPhelps Carineton Smith (1971-72), Jill (1971-72),YiannisTouratsoglou (1971-73) and Ken Wardle(1972-73). Ian Morrison, and who acted as site surveyor photographer the of (1971-73), introduced technique conducted geophysical a 1.2c).DenisMottofBradford (plate University photogrammetry in Richard Hubbardemployed water-sieve, a made in theUK by Dr. survey 1973,whilst for systematic the ofplant remains. Watson responsible was Legge, John Anthony recovery and of remains. Sara Patonled theteamrecording for recovery study faunal the finds in shewasjoinedbyFrances Halahan(1971),AngelaWardle thepotshed (1971-73); (1973) for and conservation. and Diana Wardle(1972-73) whowas responsible smallfinds The from British the SchoolatAthens, theexperienced assisted latePetros Petrakis, potmender and subsequently the at seasons, during during excavation post-excavation study Fiorina was Matthios from out Thessaloniki Museum. Somepotmending also carried byDemetrios on David Hardywas fullofresource theadministrative in 1971 and 1972 side Museum. and and battled on as wellas assisting site, thecooksPamelaButler Jo Lawriesuccessfully the odds in a villagewherethe supplyof waterwas to keep the teamwell-fed against from of and intermittent thelanguage manyoftheoldergeneration Christian refugees Hannah Aitken, assistants included Turkish. and finds Site Asia Minor- was still John GillianGabel, Rosemary Burke, Pipe, Nora Christopoulou, JohnChapman,Alexandra and ManolisVoutiras AlisonWatson. Peter Paul Smith, Skouteri, Smith, was led by CressidaRidley(H. C. R.) from at Fiorina Museum, 1971 onwards, Study Diana Wardle E. H. W.),ZillahPettit assistance from andKen Wardle A. W.),with (D. (K. to and RichardHubbard.We are grateful Dr. Ken Thomas foradvice on identifying

PREFACE

xxix

to for the sherds eba in remains, Dr. David French identifying Tatar malacological pottery to ascribed Heurtley theln; to Professor PhaseEight, PeterWarren first for by wrongly to for and our recognising drawing attention theparallels theeba baking plates;and toDr. IstvanEcsedy(Pecs Museum)who pointedout thatwhatappearedto be an enigmatic similarto one, alas unprovenanced, in lump of metal,was in factan axe fragment and Museum.Provenance technical studies pottery of Thessaloniki werecarried by out of Dr. Richard Jones(1986),as wellas analysis twometalobjects(1979). from British the Schoolat Athens, Besides werereceived from Greek the grants support the Mark Fitch The Craven FundofOxford Service, British Fund, Archaeological Academy, the and two the of individuals, Warden Wadham University, RussellTrust, from private the Sir Oxford, lateProfessor C. M. Bowra,and thelateLady (Edgar)Bonham College, which wouldneverhave been possibleto proceed.Funding support it without in Carter, has been provided the BaringTrust, of post-excavation Professor T Hall, E. study by INSTAP and SirAdam Ridleyas well as theBritish and theBritish Schoolat Academy Athens. Catharine Mould(C. A. M.) (University Birmingham Archaeology of Field Unit) joined team in 1991, to carryout a studyof the smallfinds the post-excavation whichwas as undertaken one partof her postgraduate at Diploma in Practical Archaeology the ofBirmingham, alsoassisted and with Cressida and University checking descriptions details atFiorina Museum 1991.Whilst in for she Unit, completed working theFieldArchaeology herM.Phil, dissertation thestratigraphy architecture, on and which forms coreofthe the in account this volume. She has also been responsible co-ordinating reports all for the of A thecontributorsthis to volume. further toFiorina visit Museum madein September was of to 1997 by K. A. W. and D. E. H. W. withtheassistance Nicola Wardle, checkthe illustrations the smallobjectsand to complete of theseas necessary. During1997-98 K. A. W. revisedChapters1-4 and added references otherGreekprehistoric to finds where and appropriate. possible of The present volume includes account thestratigraphyCatharine, the which revises by in and considerably theaccount our interim and Wardle1979), amplifies report (Ridley whilst in the with of and retaining phasing that together herstudy thearchitecture report, ofthesite. has Catharine alsoprepared, thehelpofRaynaAndrew C. A.), with (R. planning an overallaccountof the smallfinds, withthe catalogues, and has included together reference thesein thestratigraphie to account. studies individual of Specialist categories have been prepared JillCarington Smith(weaving and by equipment clay objects)and BillPhelps(figurines). The original of from mainsitewas entrusted the to study thecarbonised plantremains who to prepare detailed Renfrew invited the in included this Jane Rupert Housley study volume.Richard Hubbardhas contributed accountof theen plantremains an and the evidenceandjointly authored study theagriculture Serviawith a of of palaeoecological Rupert Housley. A skeletal on is here. burial, Jonathan report theByzantine by Musgrave, also included The secondvolume willcontain detailed the account theneolithic of based on pottery, thestudy notes H. C. R. The section themnpottery already and of on has beencompleted Vasiliki as an M.Phil, dissertation theUniversityBirmingham for of by Vlachodimitropoulou The report the eba pottery beingprepared Ken on is 1998). (Vlachodimitropoulou by Wardle. The volumewill also containthe accountof Servia-VarytimidesCatharine by

xxx

H. C. RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

of stoneand bone artefacts a petrological and Mould,studies thechipped report James by a work If it of which Powell. possible willinclude review newfield the helpsto complete in themiddleHaliakmon ofneolithic valley. occupation picture Smith(weaving for and by Drawings thisvolumehave been prepared JillCarington Dodds (University Birmingham of FieldArchaeology smallfinds), associated Unit, Nigel site and based on theworkof Ian Morrison, drawings Catharine's consolidated figures Hubbard(architectural It is howRichard reconstructions). to Diana Wardle, phaseplans), of with skilland sensitivity, the whohas prepared majority thesmallfind ever, drawings Her is of owe thegreatest thanks. work based on herownoriginal drawthat authors the Richard Heathman, Hubbard, Anagnostopoulou, by Philip ingsas wellas others Belisarios and Cressida Site here Bill Zillah Pettit, Phelps Ridley. photographs reproduced weretaken and Graham Norrie Ian Morrison K. A. W. and finds photographs by (Photographer, by and Archaeology, of of Richard History University Birmingham), Department Ancient to Hubbard and K. A. W. We are grateful all of them as well as to VasilikiVlawho the and Tournavitou helped complete bibliography. Rayna chodimitropoulou Iphigenia all and prepared final the has Andrew checkedand standardized the catalogueentries ofthis camera-ready-copy volume. whereone showcase at is contains All theServiamaterial nowstored Fiorina Museum, stone at are which stored is The a display. onlyexceptions present thechipped assemblage bone atThessaloniki Museum. Permission study and thehuman to the atDramaMuseum from IZfEphoriaof Prehistoric the in thisvolumeshouldbe sought material published and Classical Antiquities. H. C. R. K. A. W. May 1998 in a of of Sincecompletion thetext this volume, summary Greekhas appearedin AEM0 of a survey the mnpottery V. and Vlachodimitropoulou (Wardle 1998), including by in to thestaff Hi-SpeedPrint Moseleyfor of We Vlachodimitropoulou. are also grateful assistance with the withsetting platesand to Eddie Faberfortechnical assistance their the figure layouts. preparing smallfind a data on to we Originally had intended reproduce seriesof colourimagesand other for versionon CDhas now advancedsufficiently a digital but microfiche, technology to and I ROM to be preferable. am particularly grateful GrahamNorrieforscanning kinds sourcematerial to Trevor and of from different the Kingof editing imagesderived the CD-ROM includedat the end of this and preparing Bell and Howell forindexing material be addedwith can and of further colour I volume. hopethat images pottery other thesecondvolumein due course. K. A. W. October2000

Chapteri The Excavation

(fig.1.1) an to location, has, from earlystagein the Macedonia,thanks itsuniquegeographical an attractive area forresearchers the of Greekarchaeology, of provided study history and research have been directed a fewkey and excavation neolithic eba. However, by in and has distributed piecemealand unevenly personalities study tendedto be rather siteshave been a of timeand space. Although good number prehistoric archaeological therehas been little and usingtrialtrenching surface survey techniques, investigated drive.As a result, thosesiteswhich within co-ordinated a research excavation extensive In from another. addition, relatively one the tendto standisolated have been published a ofMacedonia'sneolithic and of sitesprevents coherent smallnumber published study for and the which be drawn Servia. can eba cultures limits parallels in settlement Servia included thecampaigns A.J. B. Waceand at was of The prehistoric Initialobservations and W. A. Heurtley. mounds M. S. Thompson regarding prehistoric soon after Wace and Thompson(Wace 1914), were made in 1911 and published by expanded by Heurtley'sexcavation season in 1930 (Heurtley1932; 1939). The modified the 1971-73 evidencerecovered from workwas further this by chronological rescue excavation. of moundsin Macedoniahad alreadybeen made by Initialexplorations prehistoric in Struck Traeger theearly1900s.Theseweresupplemented Wace and Leake,Kinch, by the of whosecampaign 'define limits theprehistoric to culture Thessaly' of andThompson, themto exploretheextent connections of between Macedoniaand Thessaly, prompted of mounds a determining as factor thedistributionprehistoric (WaceandThompson using of surface and trial ofmounds The results their nearThessaloniki, 1912). survey trenching and in and werepublished 1909 in the Palatitsa thePydnadistrict thePierian Pella, plain of three of steepand oval,40-50 feethighwitha flat types mound, whichtypeB (tall, madeup from debris successive the of was to settlements, mostsimilar thoseknown top), in Thessaly Wace and Thompson1909). Plainware,similar Thessalian to Ai, was (see withincisedand painted waresunlikeanyseen in Thessaly to that recovered, along up unknown taken with apparent the absence date.The presence this of pottery, previously or by Pydna, ofanyprehistoric mounds Macedonia'scoastalplain in Veriaor Pella,led a limit Thessalian for area represented geographical themto concludethattheir study a in to Macinfluence Macedonia. Wace and Thompson forward chronology connect put warerecovered from the based on thedating Thessalian of edoniaand Thessaly painted four was neolithic pottery dividedinto typesitesof Diminiand Sesklo.The Thessalian
1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

and Wace and Thompson were able to define AnnalsofAnthropology Archaeology. Liverpool

CATHARINEA. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

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at mound Servia. Fig. 1.1.The location theprehistoric of

THE EXCAVATION

characterised red-on-white ware.A secondneolithic was The first neolithic, by periods. ware. The third, chalcolithic a had was waby period, 'crusted' period characterised Dimini whichwas eba, was characterised monochrome res and thefourth wares.At period, by that WaceandThompson excavation wouldextend mothis or time, acknowledged further in influence Macedonia the limits placedonThessalian (WaceandThompson they 1912). dify did albeit within confines military the of investigation continue, Archaeological priorities, of and British withthestationing French within Macedoniain 1916. Antiquities troops were recovered and many prehistoricmounds were surveyed topographically, the and of complementing extending earlierresearch Wace and Thompson.Material of recovered thecourse these was in of investigations published a series papers throughout in theAnnual the British School Athens at Gardner Casson 1918-19) and (Picard1918-19; of wereinitiated the1920sbytheBritish in Moresystematic excavations SchoolatAthens. excavations theBronze at andIronAge siteofChauchitsa Cassondirected (Casson1923a Macedonia, (Casson 1926). In 1926 Cassonpublished 25) and at Kilindir, ba settlement herewereshortly Thrace Illyria theories and but of expressed superseded theresearch by W. A. Heurtley. launched co-ordinated a research whichfocused Macedonia's on Heurtley campaign mounds.In the period 1920-30 he conducted excavations Vardinaand at prehistoric in Mamas and Molyvopyrgos Chalkidike Saratse central in Macedonia,Kritsana, Agios Macedonia.Heurtley re-examined also and at Serviain western some of theprehistoric and recorded Wace and Thompson by Rey,and published study pottery mounds a of by in and recovered mounds theHaliakmon Axiosvalleys including at Boubousti from sites is andVardaroftsa in summarised Axiochori) 1.1).Hisresearch comprehensively (fig. (modern Here Heurtley Macedonia. that'Macedonian Prehistoric the argued beginswith prehistory in Macedoniaofa colony Thessalians had pushed across of establishmentwestern who up from south'(Heurtley the theSarandaporos that pass 1939, 128). He thensuggested this culture Neolithic' to was in (nowknown be mn) superseded theln bythemovement 'Early ofDanubianpeoples through Macedoniaand on intoThessaly theeba and that in these are in cultural and Theseviews, course, of changes reflected ceramic technology decoration. the of reflect rather until 1950s. the simplistic explanations culture change prevalent further isolated excavations conducted, little but Sincethe1930s, were between happened the of excavation seasons a neolithic at 1940-60.In 1961 R.J.Roddendirected first three settlement Nea Nikomedeia, at western Macedonia.Thisrepresented first the agricultural forlarge-scale excavation a neolithic which of site revealed large a practical opportunity with area ofthesettlement's contrasting earlier elsewhere which had investigations plan, been limited trial to trenches The presence Thessalian paintedwareat Nea of ln only. Nikomedeia Roddento arguethat siterepresented northernmost led this the known limit ofThessalian in influence ln Macedonia, viewwhich a earlier research supported Heurtley's (Rodden1962; 1964 c). D. H. French made a vitalcontribution understanding rangeof material his to the in Index Prehistoric inCentral Sites Macedonia with catalogue thematerial its of collected of (1967) and and in of by G. Bakalakis himself deposited thecollection theAristotelian University ofThessaloniki. eastern In Macedoniaexcavations wereconducted theneolithic at and eba sites DikiliTas in 1967,1969,1972,1974-75 and 1979 and atSitagroi 1968-69. of in Theseexcavations to the of that, Macedonia, population the suggested in contrast western DramaPlainhad stronger Balkanconnections theneolithic in period.
de and in the Bulletin Correspondance Hellnique (Rey 1916; Casson 1916).

CATHARINEA. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

at Since therenewed excavations Servia,described here,tookplace in 1971-73 the has accelerated with into Macedonian ofresearch early rapidly prehistory important pace in Dimitra Promachonas eastern and atDikili excavations neolithic Macedonia, Ta, period in Thermi and Vasilika central Limenaria Thasos,Mesimeriani on Toumba, Macedonia, as Macedonia, wellas Archontiko, MgaloNisiGalanisand Mandaloin western Dispelio, of Road at thevastexcavation Makrygialos, by prompted theimprovement theNational at on Excavations Skala Sotirou Thasos, and Katerini Thessaloniki. between and railway in Macedoniaas and ToumbaThessaloniki Polychrono central AgiosMamas,Kastanas, of increased knowledge theeba our Macedoniahavesimilarly wellas Mandaloinwestern period. to is fieldwork of The number final (Vol.I: publications stilllimited thoseof Sitagroi excavations theearlier and et A. C. Renfrew al 1986,Vol.II: Elster Renfrew forthcoming), Tas atDikili (Deshayes (Vol.I: Roddenand Wardle 1996;Vol.II: 1992),Nea Nikomedeia accounts Valuablepreliminary and in preparation) Dimitra(Grammenos have, 1997). Maxeovaxai 0cxr(AEM0) in ToAQ%aiooyix gtt] however, gyo regularly appeared held at the which surveys given theannualconference since1987.General publish reports and Sakellariou's Macedonia in that Hammond's include Macedonia, 4000 (1972) History of of and Years Greek (1992) whichbothprovidesummaries neolithic History Civilisation of Aslanis'H IJQOaroQa MaxeSovaI. H Neoiixij and eba Macedonia.In addition, t] finds. Grammenos of has proveda useful Enoxr' synthesis Macedonianneolithic (1992) Macedonia(1991). and sites ofneolithic in central eastern valuable hascompleted surveys of and was the years During twenty-five sincetheexcavation completed theclosure the the the dam flooded middlevalleyoftheHaliakmon scale ofarchaeological Polyphytou The Macedoniahas increased workin western considerably. IZ' Ephoriaof Prehistoric staff has and ClassicalAntiquities permanent in bothKozaniand Aianiwho have taken has Thiswork sites and to archaeological in theregion. every opportunity survey record an lake whenthe level of the artificial has droppedfollowing fruitful been especially sites of a to revealalongitsmargins wealth archaeological of many dry especially year, the It of action thewater. can nowbe seenthat neolithic exposedbythescouring periods, located. one it remains ofthelargest was farfrom of settlement Servia isolated, although have of and ofa number excavations, of theresults thissurvey of work, reports Regular in discoveries Vol. of a itis hopedto include survey theprincipal in appeared AEM0 and the so from of with II, together thestudy thepottery Servia that sitecanbe seenin context, and bothtemporally spatially 1993; (Hondroianni-Metoki 1995,Ziotaand Hondroianniincreased has of of Metoki 1997).Knowledge thehistory theregion alsobeensubstantially a fewkm to thenne (Photiadis Kitrini around and 1988; Limni, by survey excavation and and 1997),whileKokkinidou 1991,Ziotaetal 1993,Photiadis Hondroianni-Metoki in settlement western of valuable overview prehistoric have compileda Trantalidou of our knowledge recent to contribution updating Macedonia (1991). An important Greece and of review theneolithic ba ofnorthern recent in has discoveries beenprovided a and Wardlehas publisheda geographical Fotiadisand Kotsakis(1996) by Andreou, Greeceas a whole of of itsprehistory surveys neolithic (1997). Two recent perspective to finds be setin enableMacedonian 1996), (Alram-Stern 93, Papathanassopoulos 1996, wider their Aegeanperspective. and of sufficient fora provisional is The scale ofresearch still history settlement only outdated findsmore recently material have no choicebut to relyon the authors by both to of The but recovered, as yetunpublished. relationship Servia itsneighbours Nand

THE EXCAVATION

now be seen moreclearly, a s can,however, of reflectingchanging pattern connections In and influences. theen perioditstands between Thessalian Achilleion Macedonian and with to be Nea Nikomedeia, characteristics seenat boththesesites. themnitis still In the northernmost oftheThessalian outlier Sesklo with distinctive features. local culture, though In theshort moresimilarities be seen withsitesfurther can n, periodof ln occupation it the elements which With reoccupation a the after though is still Thessalian predominate. in the connections againstrictly are Thessalian longbreak early theeba (PhaseEight) direct have yetbeen made ofthedistinctive ofthisperiodfurther The and no reports ware n. later oftheeba,however, stand oncemore between Pefkakia Argissa Thessaly and in stages in and Kastanasor Kritsana Macedonia.Further at in afield, Mandalo or Armenochori western Macedoniaor at Sitagroi eastern in are Macedonia,theparallels moretenuous. as Serviaremains, bothWace and Heurtley a site the realised, crucial forunderstanding between tworegions. the relationships C. A. M. K. A. W. SITE (plate 1.1) The neolithic eba siteat Servia and survived until mound built on 1974 as a low-spreading a river c. 17 m above theRiverHaliakmon's twentieth level(plate i.i). terrace, century level had reducedthe appearance the of By 1930, a gradualdrop in the Haliakmon's moundtoa'... projection theplain,terminating theN and nwin steep of on prehistoric bluffs the over-hanging river' 1932,227). (Heurtley The sitelay 6 km to then of themodern townof Serviawhichis overlooked a by built command entrance theSarandaporos and theroute to the to s castle, Byzantine pass A toThessaly. natural usedfrom from siteand the ford, onwards, upstream prehistory lay was marked, until1974,by a Baileybridge the Macedoniainto carrying mainroadfrom Sincethecompletion thehydro-electric further of dam the downstream, valley Thessaly. hasbeenflooded Servia's and is settlementnowsubmerged belowtheartificial prehistoric Limni The route intoThessaly however, beenpreserved the with has, Polyphytou. historic construction thenewbridge of which nowspansthelake (plate 1.1). 1.3 INITIAL OBSERVATIONS BY A. J. B. WACE AND M. S. THOMPSON Itwasduring study Macedonian his of mounds Wacenoted . . a prehistoric that '. prehistoric settlement a bluff theright on on bankoftheHaliakmon above theSerjhe end ofthe just overtheriver theKozane-Serjhe on road' (Wace 1914, 123). bridge A surface conducted Servia 1911produced at in survey only plainhand-made prehistoric sherds whoselackofmarked characteristics precise made identification Wace impossible. andThompson usedthis in evidence Prehistoric 2) tosupport pieceofnegative (191 Thessaly their that of culture notyetreachedMacedonia, had argument theinfluence Thessalian the existence thisperiodofkeygeographical in routes the despite acknowledged linking tworegions. Wacemodified argument the whena further surface at Servia survey produced 1.2 THE PREHISTORIC

CATHARINEA. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

Plate 1.1. (a) The prehistoric settlement from from (foreground) nw. 1971; [b) LimniPolyphytou NW nw. 1974. withthepiersof thenew bridgefrom

THE EXCAVATION

sherdstypicalof the neolithicThessalian A and B types(Wace 1914, 123). This was the wares had been recoveredN of Elassona and their first time thatThessalian prehistoric Thessalian prehistoricculture had indeed discovery suggested that the characteristic extendedN to theHaliakmonbasin.Servianow represented primesiteforfurther a research intorelations betweenprehistoric Macedonia and Thessaly. 1.4 A RESEARCH CAMPAIGN LED BY W. A. HEURTLEY (figs. 1.2-1.3)

No further researchwas conducted at Servia until 1930 when W. A. Heurtley, Assistant Directorof the British School at Athenssince 1923, carriedout an excavationas a partof his campaign of researchinto Macedonian prehistoric mounds. It was hoped that this excavationwould also elucidatethe questionof inter-relationships betweenneolithicsites withinMacedonia itself. conductedhis own surfacesurveypriorto excavation, Heurtley whichagain produced both A and B varietiesof Thessalian ware. Only limitedtimeand resourceswere available to Heurtleyforexcavation at Servia and, althoughaware of the advantagesof area excavation,he was able to open only a small numberof trialtrenches wereexcellentforthattime,but as was usual,onlya selection (fig. 1.2). His sitesupervisors of pottery was collectedforfurther study. In an interim defined threestrata III) whichreflected (Ireport, Heurtley separateceramic severalsettlements He observedthatoccupationofServia 1932). phasesincluding (Heurtley with spanned two main periods,the 'Early' (now knownas Middle) and 'Late' Neolithic, in the eba (fig. 1.3). some further occupation In Prehistoric written whilehe was Directorofthe British School atJerusalem, Macedonia, this account and made some modifications. Referenceto three strata Heurtleyamplified was no longerexplicitand he identified five'Early',in fact, settlements, mn characterised and represented c. 2 m of continuousoccupationdebris. by ThessalianType A pottery by Of thesethe first fourequate to Stratum as previously I defined.The last 'Early' Neolithic settlement was seen as an extensivelayerof burntdebrisand can now be equated with (5) the burningand destruction the Phase Four mn settlement Servia as definedbelow of at dividedthe 'Late Neolithic'occupationintotwo settlements, whichthe of (2.2.4). Heurtley first was characterised black-burnished and grey-on-grey ware. The second, formerly by III assignedto Stratum and describedas eba in character, within1 m of the ground lay surfacebut was still recorded as includingsome eba potteryas well as the distinctive 'Varnished'ware now known to be eba in date. Heurtleyargued thatthis suggestedthe two cultural periodsoverlapped,as observedat Agios Mamas and Kritsana.However,this last 'Late Neolithic'settlement can now be identified eba occupation,belongingto a as and whichmarkedthereoccupation Servia (Phase Eight). of phase ofditchcutting terracing Withinone excavationseason Heurtleyhad successfully establishedthatoccupationat neolithicsite in Macedonia, spanned the Servia, at thattime the only known stratified neolithic theeba. The ceramicsand smallfinds to servedto demonstrate boththedistinctive local character the Servia neolithicassemblageand the extentof Thessalian influence. of the Unfortunately, site notebooksand recordsforthe 1930 excavation at Servia have been missing since1939. A numberofletters Taitand Skeat, exchangedbetweenHeurtley, are stillpreserved.These allow a valuable insight Heurtley'sinterpretation the site to of and itsphasing,together withsketchesand a photograph(see section2.1). C. A. M.

CATHARINEA. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

Fig. 1.2. Location of Heurtley's and 1971-73 excavationtrenches (after Heurtley1932 and Ridley and Wardle 1979).

THE EXCAVATION

fig. 1.3. Stratigraphie sections:Heurtley's'Early' Neolithic1-5 and Late Neolithic1 and 2 (afterHeurtley 1932, fig. 3; 1939, fig. 46).

io

CATHARINEA. MOULD AND CRESSIDA RIDLEY

1.5 THE RESCUE

EXCAVATION

OF 1971-73

(figs. 1.2, 1.4-1.5, plate 1.2)

of limitedexcavationand the key locationofthe siteitself The excellentresults Heurtley's on theborderoftheThessalianand Macedonian cultural provincesinvitedmoreextensive settlement became threatened theflooding When theprehistoric excavation and research. by the for worksand irrigation, responsibility a renewedof the valleyfora hydro-electric rescue excavationat Servia was jointlyassumed by the Greek ArchaeologicalService for School at Athens.KaterinaRhomiopoulou,thenCuratorofAntiquities and theBritish westernMacedonia, and Cressida Ridley of the BritishSchool at Athens,acted as cofor directors thisproject. of No securetimescaleforthe construction the dam had been agreed in 1971, and the was team had to maintaina flexibleapproach.A fundamental priority the archaeological excavation and preservation,by writtenand photographic record, of as wide and a archaeologicaldeposits as possible withinthe comprehensive sample of the surviving was the In timeconstraints. addition- forresearchpurposes- priority givento relating in thisexcavationto thoserecordedby Heurtley 1930 archaeological depositsexploredby in had poor contexts 1930 1932; 1939). eba artefacts onlybeen recoveredfrom (Heurtley the rescue could be retrieved and itwas hoped thata more comprehensive during sample excavation. It was also expected that this excavation would help to establisha firmer for chronology the neolithicand eba occupationof Servia. in season (1971), fourtrenches Area F (F20/A,B, C and D) (plate 1.20) thefirst During two open areas. wereexcavatedto a depthof 2.5 m and thebaulkswere removedto form An extensionto Area F was opened up to the nw (F30/A). In the second season (1972), mn and ln deposits withinArea F were excavated to sterilesoil, a naturalsilt which lay c. 4 m below the modern ground archaeologically The area ofexcavationwas extendeds (F10/D) and E (Area G) to exploresurviving surface. eba eba floorand yard deposits.Further in Area H, very fragmentary remainswere e, The lower,and removedby mechanicalexcavationto 0.80 m below the groundsurface. ln deposits were then excavated by hand. A separate trialarea, first betterpreserved, was of identified Rhomiopoulou in 1971 as a dense scatter sherdsand artefacts, also by and recordedas Servia the This area, named after land-owner, Varytimides, investigated. was located about 400 m downstreamfromthe main V in some preliminary reports, en excavation site and it was here that the first occupation deposits were recorded at as to will be referred throughout Servia-Varytimides. Servia.This trialarea of excavationin 1973 continuedwork on the en deposits and final,season The third, and at the main site. A new area, Area D, was opened to reveal a burntmn structure 7) (Phase Four Structure whose floorwas cut to a lower level and in addition,Area E to The large sectionexposed by workconnectedto the construction the s was investigated. of the new bridge across the Haliakmon basin was recorded,whilsta resistivity survey the mapped the area immediately surrounding excavated trenches. VV C. A. M. H. C. R.

THE EXCAVATION

11

Plate 1.2. (a) Area F, froms. Excavationin progress, 1971; [b) Phase Five: Fio/D, F20/B from N. Foundation trenches withpost-holes 1 Structure . Pillarsof new bridgein background including (see fig. 2.7 and plate 2.60); (e) F20C. Photogrammetric recording Ian Morrison.1971. by

12

CATHARINEA. MOULD AND CRESSIDA RIDLEY

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THE EXCAVATION

13

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i4

CATHARINEA. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

(figs.1.2, 1.4) in of to Thelocation the1971-73excavation excavated Heurtley trenches, relation those by in fig. 1.2. The individual and size ofeach trench shown in 1930 is shown is in position fig.1.4. In thefirst seasonofexcavation, of 1971,a stratigraphie wasusedas thebasicunit layer into of collection A excavation. was subdivided a number zembilia This baskets). (pottery was of method that to as review this with, itdid suggested thelayer toobroada unit work in and subsequent not allow sufficient studyof the recovered accuracy the collection used the material. secondand third The seasons, 1972 and 1973,therefore, thezmbilzs Each zembil allocated levelnumber was a and which basicunitofexcavation recording. in a to layer. corresponded a stratigraphie The use ofthezembil&ssubdivision 1971,allowed in to features excavated in to be applied, retrospect, thearchaeological therevised system that year. to in was trench 1971of numbers allocated each excavation A uniquesequence zembil in and notebook Each zembil recorded a trench was with fewexceptions. a supervisor's 73 in was accompanied, mostcases,by a accountof thatunit'sappearance a descriptive for co-ordinates individual and three-dimensional location registered and pots diagram All finds. thematerial, bone,shell, including registered specialfinds, pots, pottery, special was collected, sortedand studiedwith and daub impressions environmental samples, wherepossible, into werethengrouped, The zembilia number. to reference the zembil ofactivity. phases separate in will A list thestratified of zembilia appear Vol.II. Additional cross-referencing, according or from Unstratified will and structures features also be given. to individual zembilia those mixed were ofzembilia from will mixed levels notbe included. 50% phases Approximately the of to in 1971 thanks theinitial pits difficulty separating manyintrusive and ditches of werecut.A better which from levelsthrough the understandingthesiteand these they ofthelevelsin 1972 and 1973. moreaccurate facilitated separation problems C. A. M. H. C. R.

1.6 EXCAVATION AND RECORDING

METHODS

1.7 COMPARATIVE

AND ABSOLUTE

CHRONOLOGY

strata of of account therelationships thedifferent at Serviato sitesin other A definitive with will of discussion relative Greeceand a full ofnorthern chronology be included parts to the in of thepublication thepottery VolumeII. Comparison, however, appropriate in sites be can and remains thesmallfinds, already made with ofthearchitectural study limited number a while and such theneighbouring Macedonia, districts, as Thessaly central eastern to enable widercomparisons includethe Ploponnse, of C14determinations in whichare especially Macedoniaand Thrace,regions period important the neolithic Sfriads 1983,673-5). (Hourmouziadis 1979,57-297; is roughly shownthat contemporary Servia-Varytimides study Preliminary has already of the at ofen pottery Sesklo(Wijnen with third the occupation the 1982)while first phase The mnPhasesOne to Five equateto all buttheearliest later. mainsitebegansomewhat

THE EXCAVATION

15

whilethepresence grey-on-grey and fine of wares of stages theSeskloperiodin Thessaly, that black-burnished of suggests PhasesSix and Sevenbelongto thebeginning the pottery ln of waresfrom Macedoniain the same e Thessalian sequence.Imports red-on-black with suchsites Sitagroi DikiliTa,closeto thebeginning as and strata of suggest equation there. exactcorrelation Sitagroi andII, DikiliTaI, Dimitra and The of I theln sequence I sites with II in E Macedoniaas wellas other material theVeselinovo Culture of (~ cognate with transition mnto ln in Thessaly the from se Bulgaria) remains unresolved. Some set of are termed in theBalkanterminology before mat thestart these phases- which often theendoftheSeskloculture (Aslanis 1992, 129,260-5; Grammenos 1991,54-8). Others them no earlier thantheThessalian (Alram as ln Stern1996,93; Dmoule 1993 regard - whosetstheThessalian neolithic theBalkanframework that in so Seskloand Servia mn are includedin the 'Nolithiqueancien'- , 373 table 2; Hauptmann1986, 19-30; Sfriads 1983,673-5). Neither C14datesnorthelevelofcultural the between twoareascan yet the exchange these Thereis no signat Serviaoftheclassic Dimini clarify relationships beyond question. no spiral meander or brown-on-cream decoration a fewexamples and wares, onlyofthe common thelaterln and thesitewas clearly in abandonedearlyin theln polychromy period. did were (PhaseEight) Reoccupation nottakeplace untiltheeba, whendeep ditches intothesiteto protect separate or whichdid not survive laterPhase the dug buildings of Ninelevelling thesite.The pottery from theseditches with suggests contemporaneity in ditches atArgissa Thessaly theuse ofsimple similar and bowlshapesis reminiscent dug from ofpottery Sitagroi PhaseVa. Evidence from wouldindicate earlier that Argissa phases oftheeba existed there which notpresent Servia. secondstageoftheeba at Servia are at A is represented thepottery foundon floors whichran acrossthe,by now,backfilled by or the This pottery, itsincurving bowlsand with rim ditches, in largepitswithin yards. be with material from Kastanas and other sites Kritsana, ledgelugs,can readily matched in central from and in and in Eutresis central Macedonia, Argissa Pefkakia Thessaly from Greece(see discussion Aslanis1985, 203-94, esp. 276-8). It is generally in that thought this Greek northern ceramic was contemporary thelater with ofeh ii and assemblage part thebeginning eh hi in thePloponnse. of This assumption reinforced Servia, is for at of of ware and least, thepresence sherds botheh ii yellow-mottled sauceboats ofeh hi by smear ware. The remains charred of wood werenot commonat Serviaeven in the levelswhere destruction fire was evident. The technique accelerator of massspectrometry not was by availablein the early1970s forsuchsmallcharcoalsamplesas wererecovered, widely somebone samples havesubsequently processed. been Thustheelevensamples although submitted notprovidea particularly do to represent sucha longtime satisfactory group and certainly notjustify do detailedstatistical treatment any attempt precise or at span calibration. for omitted Serviadatesfrom discussion the his Manning, example, (Manning on that wereobtained from 1995, 162 n. 5) ofAegeaneba chronology thegrounds they Nevertheless thedates plotted when are bone,notcharcoal samples. (uncalibrated) alongside the broader others, (tables 1.3-1.4) they well,and provide basisfor compare reasonably cultural Absolute dates(i.e.calibrated) harder establish, must are to and be comparisons. from larger the from other sites. presumed groups Of theelevensamples which for dateshave been obtained, initial an groupofsixwere in 1974, by theBritish MuseumResearch In 1977, one sample processed, Laboratory.

16

A. CATHARINE MOULDANDK. A.WARDLE

(BM 1108) was givena reviseddate, and a further sample (BM 1157) was processed.The whichwere publishedin the preliminary values of all theseseven samples, report(Ridley and Wardle 1979), are listedin table 1.1. Values are uncalibratedand are based on the It (Burleighand Hewson 5,568 year half-life. should be noted here thatin Radiocarbon describedas a 1979) and Ridley and Wardle 1979 the sample BM 1105 was incorrectly MNsample. Museum in 1974 and 1977. Table 1.1. Charcoal samplesprocessedby the British
Charcoal Sample BM 1103 BM 1104 BM 1105 BM 1106 BM1107 BM1108 BM 1157 Values (uncalibrated) 493o4gbc 47975ibc 475653bc 474o63bc 45655bc i744g8bc 495587bc Zembil 1111 1114 3110 1369 1025 1447 Trench Phase Early mn Early mn ln mn ln eba en

Two F20/A Two F20/A Six F20/B One F30/A Seven F10/D Nine G20/A Servia-Varytimides

Three of the samples (BM 1103, 1104, 1106) were taken from levels dated, in ceramic

in to progression termsof the terms, the mn.Althoughthese did not forma satisfactory in at Servia,theydo conform generaltermsto those fromthe Sesklo culture stratigraphy in Thessaly.The ln dates (BM 1105, 1107) were somewhatolder than expected while datesfortheen (BM 1157) and eba (BM 1108) seemed muchyoungerthanwas probable, levels and Both, however,were fromsuperficial by c. 900 and 500 years respectively. were less than ideal samples (see discussionbelow by Hubbard, section 5.6.1). The eba for withthe suggestedchronology the period in seemed incompatible date, in particular, otherpartsof Greece. foursamples (table 1.2). It was Museum processed a further In 1980-81, the British that these would help to clarifythe sequence suggested by the initial seven hoped et of dates.The results thesesampleswere publishedby Radiocarbon radiocarbon (Burleigh these fourServia samples were among a group affected an al 1982). Unfortunately by in Museum ResearchLaboratory 1987 (Tite etal 1987) and error by reported the British the dates were recalculatedadding c. 200 yearsto the age of each (Bowman etal 1990). Museum in 1980-81. Table 1.2. Charcoal samplesprocessedby the British
Originalvalues BM BM BM BM 1885 1886 1887 1888 44ioi9obc 2O9o5obc 447oi2obc i6io7obc BM BM BM BM Revised values 1885R 1886R 1887R 1888R 4640+2 obc 232onobc 49Oi5obc i84Oi2obc Zembil 3644 1228 2118 34o8/9 Phase Eight Seven Nine en eba ln EBA

recent,while the ln and eba The second en date (BM 1885R) also remainsremarkably In the case oftheeba datesfor datescorrespond quitewell withtheearlierdeterminations. calibrateddates seem rather Phase Nine, even the resultant young.

THE EXCAVATION

17

from Servia with radiocarbon for dates Sitagroi The eleven 29 compare samples processed At in and 16 forNea Nikomedeia. thetimewhenthesesiteswerebeingexcavated, the few wererelatively radiocarbon datesavailablefor late 1960sand early1970s,there the therewas no agreedsampling and the contribution which policy period, prehistoric the couldmaketo reconstructing chronology theprehistoric of radiocarbon dating period The consequent variation quantity quality thesamples in in and of was still dispute. and a informed of theabsolute datesprecluded fully resultant of neolithic study chronology and cultural of andEBA recovered from groups, wasin no wayassisted thequality those by Serviaitself. of A clearer in in began to developwiththe excavation Achilleion Thessaly picture and 1974, whereeach stratigraphie was sampled.At least one, and more 1973 layer dateswereobtained eachcultural three morediscrete or radiocarbon for commonly phase. as The totalof 42 datesrepresent yetthe mostcomprehensive sequenceavailablefor As it neolithic which to against occupation. such, maybe used as theprincipal 'yardstick' the for test Serviadatesas wellas thoseavailablefrom sites theen and mnphases.An the DikiliTas,Kitsos, number datesfrom of increased and sites has Pefkakia, Pentapolis other forServiawas completed. been made availablesince 1978 whenthepreliminary report in of of This has resulted some refining our evaluation the significance the dates of as in butthis shouldcertainly be taken final either advanceofthefull not determined, of of of of groups dates publication thepottery each phase,or in anticipation additional availablefrom Archontiko Iannitsa. near contexts suchas thoserecently from good evidence Wijnen(1982) suggested en Achilleion, that of The study theen ceramic by cultures. Nea Nikomedeia More specifically, observed Serviaand she represent parallel en and can that Nea Nikomedeia Servia bothbe equatedtoSeskloStage3. The twoServia datesand their widerangedo notfit picture this well:onlyone fits en radiocarbon with the thantheServia (BM 1885R) is later Wijnen's proposal(BM 1157). In contrast, other be as and mndates.It shouldtherefore treated unsatisfactory greater reliance placed on datesfrom Achilleion elsewhere and On theceramic the parallels. thebasisofcalibrated en and at (Wijnen's occupation Servia-Varytimides othersiteswithcomparable pottery bc. millennium It shouldalso be SeskloStage3), shouldfallat the end of the seventh at in with Macedoniaand contemporary en occupation Nea Nikomedeia western roughly la at Anza (Anzabegovo) and Ib in former YugoslavMacedonia(table 1.3). that with assemblage the of Initial study themnat Serviasuggested it was comparable has Achilleion Radiocarbon IV. that from recovered dating confirmed themnServiadates and established Achilleion Sesklo, for noneis as early within date-range the as fall though mn in It is also broadly with levelsat Franchthi of thebeginning that range. contemporary of and Achilleion an thePloponnse Anza II and III. Calibration datesfrom suggests half the millennium bc. absolute datefor mnin thefirst ofthesixth the the levelsat Sitagroi DikiliTas in and With twoexceptions, C14datesfrom earliest thattheyare eastern Macedonia,falllaterthanthe Thessalianmnrangeand suggest withthestart the ln periodat Serviaand in Thessaly. of Unfortunately, contemporary there little is with which compare them. from twoServialn dates, the to apart 100 later for Twoofthedatesobtained theln periodat Serviaare approximately years the and evidence for from mn the period, fit and wellwith stratigraphie ceramic than those mn additional for from toln. Thisprovides grounds rejecting Heurtley's opinion, continuity level (PhaseFourin the 1971-73 excavation), there that was a based on themnburnt break.Following burnt the destruction theend of theln (PhaseSeven), at stratigraphie

18

CATHARINEA. MOULD AND K. A. WARD LE

to was a millennium there clearly very bc, longbreakin occupation theend ofthethird in Thessaly e Macedoniawhich and cultural tothenumerous recognised stages equivalent ln arenowtermed and fnor ln and chalcolithic (Alram-Stern 1996,90-8; Aslanis1992, et 1991, 102-05; 1997, 276-9; A. C. Renfrew al 1986, 151-222; 1993; Grammenos 1983,71-100). 477-82; Treuil different cultural two The datesfortheeba at Serviacome from rather phaseswhose Greeceis still the datedeh ii and eh hi sitesof southern with better relationship precise too seemedrather late fortheexpected to difficult establish. Although theyhad at first in and Wardle1979, 226), it is clearthattheyare fully accordance (Ridley chronology whencalibrated, form from Creteto theTroadwhich, sites from datesnowavailable with Phase Eightdate coherent a reasonably (table 1.4). The single 1995) (Manning picture 1 datesto IV laterthanSitagroi and Lake Vouliagmeni (which (BM 1886R) is slightly I MandaloIII, Pentapolis and theTroy with eh ii),butcontemporary thosefrom I, early eh em earlier thanthosefrom ii Myrtos, ii Lernaand levelsat BesikTepe.It is slightly PhaseNine are laterthanthosefrom II The twodatesfrom D Koruutepe (Troy early). This eba levels camefrom which culturally containing equivalent hipottery. material Argissa, to to is likely correspond theend ofeh ii and thefirst ofeh hi,and theServiadates part and LernaIII (final) Lake Vouliagmeni (bothlateeh ii) and are laterthanthosefrom 3 II Vb thandatesfrom later Lefkandi hi).Theyare also a little Pentapolis and Sitagroi (eh Phases 1 and 2. They Archontiko from obtained with consistent thoserecently butfully VID (=Troy with are also contemporary datesfrom II/IH), and thesequence Arslantepe to ascribed Troy (seeManning itself from ofdates 1995,189).Manning's Ilg originally Troy thatServiaPhase Eightshouldfallat the of calibration theseeba datessuggests fresh and millennium ServiaPhase Nine shouldfallin the of, beginning or earlyin thethird the towards end. of secondhalf thethird millennium, perhaps well can themajority nowbe seento fit from arefar theServia ideal, samples Although and for is which developing theneolithic eba. framework intothechronological C. A. M K. A. W
Notes to tables 1.3 and 1.4 Data in table 1.3 is drawnas follows: et Gimbutas al 1989,table3.1. Achilleion Gimbutas Anza 1976,29-32. Sfriads Tas Dikili 1983,639-41. Lawn 1971; 1974. Franchthi et Delibrias al 1974,54-6. Kitsos and NisiGalanis Photiadis Hondroianni-Metoki 1997. Mgalo Roddenand Wardle Nea Nikomedeia 1996. Lawn 1973. Sesklo et A. C. Renfrew al 1986, 169-73. Sitagroi Data in table 1.4 is drawnfrom Manning 1995, withthe additionof: and Archontiko 1997, Pilali-Papasteriou Papaefthimiou-Papanthimoui47t5-

THE EXCAVATION
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2 Chapter The Stratigraphy Phases and

2.1 INTRODUCTION in The stratigraphie and Wardle1979) phasing presented thePreliminary Report (Ridley someindividual remains features beenrephased. have here, unchanged although essentially wherever Thisis notedin thetext appropriate. in Therecanbe no exactcorrelation between excavation 1930 and that 1971-73, the in itis possible suggest following to the of concordance phasing: however, Table 2.1. Concordance phasing of 1930 and 1971-73. designations: Heurtley
!932

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1939

Date
!97!-73 Eleven Ten Nine Eight Seven Six Five Four One Servia-Varytimides Byzantine EBA EBA EBA ln LN MN MN Early mn en

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- Destruction Horizon II I en 5 en 1

the horizondescribedby Heurtley 1932 and 1939 directly in Although destruction with1971-73 mnPhaseFour,his description Stratum also includes of II an corresponds ofln. Thisoverlap reflected theconcordance is in section above. overlying In 1932,Heurtley III identified Stratum as eba in character. this However, was correctly redefined 1939 as ln 2. This division in in corresponds partwith1971-73 eba Phase also within Stratum fragmentary floors, III, Eight. Heurtley recorded, clay pebbleyards and hearths, which 1971-73 eba PhasesNine and Ten. represent
21

22

CATHARINE A. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

in excavation 1930willbe referred evidence The archaeological by produced Heurtley's wherever and into of this tothroughout chapter willbe incorporated, possible, a discussion for sections It is summarised each majorstageas separate eachstratigraphie (2.2.4, phase. 2.2.6, 2.3.3, 2.4.2). Details which Heurtleypublished in 1932 and 1939 will be within between contained himself and here correspondence complemented byinformation of is theyears1931-38. Thiscollection letters particularly G. A. T. Tait, valuable, during withhis laterinterpretation on contrast as Heurtley which, occasion, opinions expresses doubtconcerning phasing the of in also (correctly) expresses published 1939. Heurtley now one features ofthesiteas a whole.The letters form partoftheServia and individual archive. have been sealed contexts smallfinds and pots (p) from Detailsof theregistered (sf) the their account the within stratigraphie included givenbelow.Whenlisting smallfinds, with to has and material objecttype beenincluded allowcross-referencing thecatalogues elements in of in studies Chapter Registered and specialist 4. impressions architectural decorated are thanmatimpressions, catalogued daub,other (4.3.20). The term separately will of other forms decoration be explicitly hasbeenusedtodenote pottery; paint-decorated for or mixedzembilia phasesarereserved from which wererecovered Smallfinds defined. in will mixedcontexts be included VolumeII. A from whilst 4, registered pots Chapter II. will artefacts also appearin Volume stone of study thebone and chipped an facilitates understanding account and finds registered inthis of Theinclusion small pots of and ofthe and oftheir context, an interpretation character function individual stratigraphie for reserved Volume where of consideration theseissuesis,however, A structures.full II, will and stone bone assemblages allowa and of of results thestudy thepottery thechipped of distribution. at settlementServia, of discussion theprehistoric full including aspects spatial and of structures features; consolidated This accountincludes however, phase plans arepresented for been have dimensions normally reserved Chapter where structural 3, they tables 3.1-3.3. in tabular form, for tothe the In the1979preliminary report, planswerecross-referenced text, simplicity, trench theoriginal which X and Y). In thefullaccount letters with follows, (A-E, single are and the usedthroughout excavation study, retained. (e.g. designations F20/A), (figs.2.1-2.7,plates 2.1-2.60,F3-17) in in was of evidence en activity recorded theServiavicinity 1971-73 (ServiaAlthough bothin 1930 and 1971-73 was first theareaexcavated occupiedin themn. Varytimides) to in 1939,attributed theen period which settlements thefive As already noted, Heurtley, as phasesofmnoccupation. can nowbe identified but in Thessalian appearance, is mn of The pottery theearliest phaseat Servia markedly out carried in and are The motifs linearstripes bands,usually of apparently local origin. from this whether or body.To distinguish indigenous style slip background, red-on-light morestrongly soliddesigns, with 'Sesklo' of that theassumed contrasting pottery, imported and as it its with creamor yellow ground, has been described the'Serviastyle'(Ridley levels In warein Thessaly. later called'scraped' to Wardle1979),equivalent thecategory are and designs morevaried, is including theimported locally, pottery imitated painted at Sesklois distinguished an increase final bands.The and toothed fringed by phase zigzag decoration a linear of and style in monochrome by pottery thedisplacement redon cream at In contrast, Serviaa widerangeof and which techniques. blurring wiping incorporates 2.2 THE MIDDLE NEOLITHIC

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND PHASES

23

and are the of colours, styles techniques used from beginning themnto theend,and patterns, the the linearstyle,are presentthroughout mnperiod of occupation (Ridley and such as Wardle 1979). Althougha frill analysisof the pottery assemblage is not yet complete,a a within the report(by Ridley) has identified numberof phases ofproduction preliminary mnperiod.An earlyphase is characterised the dominanceoffinemonochrome by pottery; is paintedpottery dominantin the middle phase, whilsta late phase is characterised an by and in the productionof largervessels,specifically increasein plain pottery storage jars. The end ofthemnis markedby a decline in the qualityofproduction, variety shape the of and a termination the Servia linearstyle(Ridleyand Wardle 1979). of and pattern In stratigraphie terms,five phases of occupation can be identified.These roughly withthe changesin ceramicwares and styles detailed above and withthe five correspond in identified Heurtley 1930 (Heurtley1939). Heurtley'srecordofhis 'en' 1 settlements by settlement in exactlywiththe mnPhase One occupationidentified 1971-73. corresponds it is impossibleto provide a directcorrelation betweenhis 'en' 2-4 settlements However, and the 1971-73 Phase Two and Three occupation deposits. The 'en' 5 settlement, in horizon,correspondswithmn Phase Four activity. represented 1930 by a destruction as Phase Five of the mnwas not identified a separatelevel by Heurtley. The earliestmn occupation,Phases One-Three, was recorded only in Area F during 1971 and 1972. In thelargerareas of excavationopened in 1972 and 1973, Phases Three, in Four and Five were identified Area H, and Phases Four and Five in Area D. 2.2.1 Phase One (fig. 2.1, plate 2.1, F3-9) In 1979 it was suggestedthatonly two Phase One structures were recorded (Ridley and now indicates thatpartsofthreestructures, contemporary with Wardle 1979). Further study The mostcompleteground-plan and hearths, survived. was located in F30/A,F20/C yards was recorded in F20/D and a and extended E to F20/D. Part of a second ground-plan in third F20/A,F20/B and F10/D. All threebuildingswere aligned nw-se. structure The first 1) (Structure was located at the N end of Area F and was cut at its centreby an eba Phase Eight ditch (F3). All fourwalls of the structure survivedas a and foundation trenches. The N wall, whichwas represented combination post-holes of by a line of post-holes,also incorporatedtwo querns (SF465 and SF463), the s wall was trench and post-holes, w and E by post-holes the only.A 'redrepresented a foundation by brown' deposit,which was mentionedin the archive as markingthe w and s wall-lines, trenchfill.A trampled construction materialor the remainsof foundation may represent clay surfacewas recordedin the N half of the building.Survivalwas betterin the s half where tracesof a burntwooden floorwere preservedas impressions beams (F3). The of beams ran parallelto the w and E walls and the floorwas cut at the centreby a large claywhichwould have held a roofsupport. linedpost-hole of Occupation and maintenance the buildingwas represented a pebble floorremake (F4),recordedas a burntpebble layer, by and by a habitation depositwhichextendedover the whole of the beamed floor. An adze (SF472), a stone 'palette' (SF651), and a decorated shallow open bowl (P135) two querns (SF456 and SF976), an were also recoveredfromStructure with a further 1, adze (SF481),a stonewaistedweight(SF410),a clay spindlewhorl(SF405) and a bone tool (SF483) comingfromthe habitation deposit. The structure bounded to the N by a roughyard surfaceand to the e by a pebble was A the yardwitha hearth. shellpendant(SF899)was recoveredfrom yard.The sw cornerof

24

fig.2.1. PhaseOne, AreaF, Structures 1-3.

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND PHASES

25

a second building (Structure2) was also recorded to the E. The w and s walls were only by post-holes, althougha faintdeposit in between the post-holesmay represented have represented fillof foundation the An interior trenches. floorwas represented a by covered by habitation debris. clay surface, trampled partially The pebble yard separated Structure froma third(Structure (plate 2.1a, F5-6), 2 3) located 2 m to thes. Only threewalls were recorded.The N and w were each seen as a line of yellow clay, representing wall make-up.The E wall was represented a seriesof the by whichwere cut into a foundation A trench. burnttimberfloorsurvivedwell in post-holes the w half (F7), but was severelytruncated ln pits in the E half.Two lines of central by and a hearthwere also recorded.This buildingmeasured at least c. supporting post-holes 10 x 5.5 m, but may have been longer. Structure revealed a surprising number of small findsof different kinds,including 3 a cache of 'precious' items which had become scattered. suggesting, jewellery perhaps, These included a piece of worked marble,possibly an ornamentblank (SF775), a shell (SF828) which pendant (SF953), a clay spool (SF849) and a bone double-ended artefact were foundin the debrisof Structure an additionalfiveshell beads (SF520-SF524),two 3; bone points(SF317 and SF331),a chippedstoneartefact (SF315),an unusually-shaped piece of marble(SF316) and a small decoratedovoid cup (p8s) were foundon itsfloor. Structure was bounded to thew by a yardand hearth, and to thee by a yardand some 3 formof lighter 'lean-to' structure, a line of small post-holesaligned N-s, by represented whichextendedfromthe E wall of the building. A period of structural decay marked the end of Phase One. Wall debris covered the 1 of Structures and 2. In the area of Structure the debriswas sealed by a 1, ground-plans surface. This yardand partof Structure continuedin use to Phase Two. 3 trampled yard 2.2.2 Phase Two (fig. 2.2, plates 2.1b, 2.20, f8-h) latermnand ln occupationtruncated muchoftheevidenceforPhase Two activity Although in Area F, remainsof threestructures, did thoughnot theirground-plans, survive.The locationofthesesuggests thatsome shifting takenplace in the settlement had plan, though whetherthis was general,or confinedto 'household' territories, individualbuildings as decayed and were replaced,is not clear. The most northern structure (Structure (plate 2.i, F8-9) respectedthe Phase One 1) sw-NEalignment and re-usedtheN wall of Phase One as itss wall. The structure built was over the top of the earlierPhase One yard.In turn, now levelled Phase One structure the was covered in F30/A by a Phase Two yard. This was covered with ash and charcoal, whichis thought originate to froma hearthwhichlay outsideArea F. One stoneadze (SF363) was foundin Structure A stoneaxe (sfiio6) was foundin the 1. witha quern (SF454),a marblependant(SF365),a clay bracelet(SF403),a bone yard,along point (SF1034), a worked scapula blade (SF540) and threevessels: a small medium ware neck (?) (pi76) and a globularcollaredjar (p88), a decoratedglobularjar withcylindrical decoratedflaring bowl (pi8o). In F20/C, thePhase One structural debriswas sealed by a yellowclay floorbelongingto Structure A circularhearth(fu) was associated withthe floor.The floorand hearth 2. were remade and at a later date were burnt,resulting the preservation strawand in of wood impressions thefloorsurface. on Two stonefootings, forwalls oftimber and perhaps the daub, to the E, in F20/D, may represent easternlimitof thisbuilding.A trench plan,

26

fig. 2.2. Phase Two, Area F, Structures 1-3.

THE STRATIGRAPHYAND PHASES

27

lis
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28

CATHARINE A. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

Plate 2.2. {a) Phase Two: Structure F20/D froms. Stone footings (b) Phase Three: 2, (?); Structure F10/D fromne. Wall showingdepthof cut forlower storagearea. 3,

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND PHASES

29

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3O

CATHARINE A. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

which included the Phase Two floorand hearth,also recorded a w and a rathermore s wall (included fig.2.2 as wellas twopost-holes(f8,9) whichmayrepresent on fragmentary plate 2. 1b,f8, 9). However,it is not clear whether thesewalls belong to thenorthern wall, the uppermost Phase One deposits. or thisPhase Two structure, whether theyrepresent A stoneadze (SF391),a stoneaxe (SF397)and a bone point(SF402)werefoundin Structure 2. In addition,a stoneaxe (SF482),threestonewaistedweights(SF380,SF381 and SF393), a quern (SF1065), a clay animal figurine (SF333), a clay bracelet (SF536) and two bone A clay floor. stoneaxe (SF476),a points(SF401 and SF408) werefoundlyingon the earliest stonetoolwith blade (SF480),a stonewaistedweight (SF205),a sherddisk(SF214), cylindrical a bone point(SF477),a bone pointedartefact (SF202) (SF964),and a chipped stoneartefact werefoundon the later,burntfloor. 2 2 A yardwitha hearthseparatedthe remainsof Structure froma third, m to the s. A stone adze (SF308), a sherd disk (SF311), two shell beads (SF525 and SF526), a chipped stone artefact (SF431), a bone tool (SF965) and a utilized boulder (SF1025) were found of within immediate the vicinity thehearth. in to Structure ofPhase One continued be used in Phase Two,although a morerestricted 3 form.The N, w and E limitsremainedthe same, but a yard markeda new s limitto the floor of Phase One was building,which measured c. 6 x 5.5 m. The charcoal-covered stone tools with remade. One butt end of a stone axe or adze (SF752), two cylindrical blades (SF776 and SF321),a stonechisel (SF871),a grindstone (sf86o), a quern (SF1022),a blank (SF773),a sherddisk(SF455), stonewaistedweight (SF307),a possiblestoneornament fourbone points(SF3 SF314, SF408 and SF834), a chipped stone artefact 12, (SF430) and a were foundon thisfloor. decorated juglet (P229) were used Pebble yardsextendedE and s fromthe buildingand lightlean-tostructures withthe yards.Finds recordedhere included threestone waistedweights in conjunction stone disk (SF796),a stone (SF799,sf8oi and SF846), a stone chisel (SF871),a perforated slab (SF1104),a workedstone (SF1130),two sherddisks (SF754 and SF780), a clay plaque (SF985),a shell bracelet(SF878),a shell pendant (SF815),a bone tool (SF1052),fourbone points(SF824,SF825, SF832 and SF884), two workedribs (SF859 and SF1049), a chipped stoneartefact (SF785),and a coarse ware deep bowl (P246). debriswhichmay The e sectionof a yardin F10/D was covered,in part,by structural Phase Two building.However, truncation Phase Three structures fourth a by represent A identification. stoneadze (SF790),twoshellbracelets (SF814and SF817), any prevents firm thisdebris. were foundwithin and a chippedstoneartefact a workedtooth(SF836) (SF786) 2.2.3 Phase Three (fig. 2.3, plates 2.1b, 2.2b, 2.3, F8-9, 12-15) Phase Three occupationdepositswererecordedin Areas F and H. Activity appeared more were excavated: these were built much of intensiveand the ground-plans six structures closer togetherthan in the two previous phases and they did not adhere to any one was noted in thisphase. The buildingfoundations innovation An alignment. architectural These areas have and floorswere cut down into earlierdepositsto createa sunkenfloor. to been referred as 'basements'(Ridleyand Wardle 1979), a termwhichimplies previously than thatrecordedon site.The areas in questionwere cut to an average a greater depth to refer these simplyas sunken to depthof 0.50 m and it may be more appropriate now The of fora discussion their floors function). presenceofsuch a lowerfloorspace (see 3.6.2 internal the of introduction substantial and thesimultaneous postsagainst wall lineproviding

31

fig.2.3. PhaseThree, AreaF, Structures 1-4.

32

CATHARINE A. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

buttresses may suggest the use of 'two-storied' buildings in this phase. The durability of does not appear, however, to be any greater than those in Phases One and these structures Two. Structurei was located in the N half of Area F. A s wall, aligned ne-sw, was represented by a thin line of yellow daub which separated the interiorlower surface from the exterior yard. A burnishing pebble (SF343) was recovered from the wall make-up. The building interiorwas covered by a trampled clay surface, overlaid by ash and charcoal flecks. A large post-hole would have held a support for the upper structure.The building was later destroyed by a firewhich caused structuraldebris to collapse into the sunken floor area. Finds recovered from Structure 1 include a butt end of a cylindrical stone tool (SF379) and a stone adze (SF382) which were lying on the clay surface,a grindstone (SF1093) and a chipped stone artefact(SF434) fromthe packing of a post-hole; and a cylindrical stone tool with blade (SF383), a stone adze (SF366), a possible stone tool (SF972), a bone tool (SF378) and a white-on-reddecorated open bowl (pg6) fromits structuraldebris. The partial remains of Structure2 were recorded 4 m to the se in F20/D. The evidence The building here was extremelyfragmentary owing to later neolithic and Byzantine activity. was represented by a sunken floor, cut on a nw-se alignment. A yellow-brown clay floor, with two post-holes, defined the structure's western limit. It was covered by a dark and burnt debris occupation deposit. A firewas responsible forthe collapse of the structure filledthe lower area. Finds recovered fromthe floor and post-hole fillinclude a bone point (SF191) and a decorated concave-sided bowl (?) (P29). Finds from the debris comprised a stone axe (SF1095), a stone adze (?) (SF155), the butt end of a stone axe or adze (SF157), a cylindrical stone tool with blade (SF144), a stone chisel (SF143), two bone points (SF1070 and SF1072), an antler splinter (SF1071), a chipped stone artefact (SF172), a coarse ware decorated jar (P23), a decorated bowl (P27) and a medium ware globular jar (P42). The largest,and most complete, Phase Three building was recorded immediately to the s (Structure3). Despite being truncated by an eba ditch, it was possible to reconstructthe whole ground-plan for this building measuring c. 8 x 5.5 m. The northern extent was represented only by a square cut filled with a build-up of habitation deposits. No wall survived. The w wall was represented by clay debris and two large post-holes which may represent internal buttresses. The E wall was seen as a line of small post-holes. This wall was bonded togetherwith clay and further supported by three larger post-holes which may internalbuttresses(the post-holes were recorded in the archive, but were not also represent cut in its base planned). The s wall was represented by a foundation trenchwith post-holes and stones provided packing within the foundation trench (plate 2. 2 b). Five large clay No interior centrally placed post-holes would have provided additional roof support. were recorded. A habitation deposit of softearth, flecked with charcoal and ash, divisions accumulated before a later clay floor, with some preserved mat impressions, covered the whole building area. A concentration of burnt wheat and barley was recovered from the sw corner of the building, providing some indication of the structure'suse. Debris fromthe Some building's collapse filled the sunken floor area and covered the surrounding yards. in the debris from the area of the sunken floor, but it was more burning was apparent extensive in the yards. A burnishing pebble (sF2ii), a cylindrical stone pounding tool (SF823), a bone point bowl with flaring (SF831), a decorated flaringbowl (P241) and a decorated semi-globular fromStructure3. A buttend of a cylindricalstone tool (SF171), collar (P262) were recovered two stone waisted weights (SF174 and SF175), a chipped stone artefact (SF187), a large

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND PHASES

33

burnished withringfoot (P26) and a small decorated globularjar (P34) were jar roughly recoveredfromthe habitationdeposit. Three stone waisted weights(SF209, SF210 and (SF863and SF864),a marblebracelet(SF755),a clay cylinder SF243),twogrindstones (SF891), a worked rib (SF1031) and two chipped stone artefacts a bone point (SF712), (SF719 and debris included a SF1009) were found on the later clay floor.Finds fromthe structural stone adze (SF684), a stone 'palette' (SF1014), a shell bracelet (SF704), a clay ringweight (sf888) and a broken,possiblyused, boar's tusk(SF1039). A series of occupation deposits and a horseshoe-shapedoven (fi 2, 13, 77, 78) were recordedto the N of Structure Yards lay to the w, E and s. A clay spindle whorl (SF733) 3. was foundin theE yard.A pebble yardwithtracesofburntdebris,wherea decorateddeep bowl (P390) was found,housed a numberof lightstructures and separated semi-globular Structure froma nw-se aligned structure (Structure in F10/D. 3 4) This buildingwas again cut to a level lower than the contemporary surrounding yards. The N and w walls were represented a singleline ofpost-holes(notplanned) - a lower by stonecourse survivedforthe N wall. A hard yellow clay floor, burntin places, was sealed structural debris.A clay figurine burnt and a bone point (SF753) were foundon (SF750) by An the floor. axe or adze (SF702),a stone chisel (SF873),a stone waistedweight(SF742),a bone point (SF701),an antlerpoint (SF693),a decoratedmug (P253) and a large decorated plate (P311) were recoveredfromthe debris. A seriesof yellow clay floorsextended over part of Area H, each covered by an ashy these represent Structure (not illustrated here). A large post-holewas 5 deposit.Together, also recorded.The floorswere not cut to a lower level. Finds recoveredfromStructure 5 were a quern (SF450), a grindstone (SF537) and a decoratedglobularjar (P179). 2.2.4 Heurtley's Stratum I - 'en' 1-4. Heurtleyexcavated to virginsoil and the remains of his first phase may reasonablybe was observed in pit F, a large equated to Phase One (1939, 45-9). The principalfeature ditchcut 2 m intothenaturalsubsoilwhichcurvedas thoughenclosingsome feature the to NWoutsidethistrench. The w face was verticaland the ditchwas presumablyfilledwith debrissoon after was cut.Traces of structures it assignedto the same phase partlyoverlay the ditchand the pebble spread of one of the familiar hearthbases is also reportedat this level. It is not possible to correlateHeurtley's'en' 2-4 withPhases Two-Three as definedin the 1971-73 excavations.The second phase (1939, 49-51) contained the remains of a stonewall footing builtover the earlierditchand tracesofpost-framed structures. neat The circlesof two hearthbases were found as well as tracesof pebble paving. In the pebble third level (1939, 51) twoparallelrowsofpostsabout 2.8 m apartindicatedthe positionof a 'rectangular house' over 4 m in length.Anotherpebble hearthwas found not faraway outsideit.Singlerowsofstonesin thefourth level (1939, 51-2) defineda room measuring whichused stonesin 5.6 m N-s by 3 m e-w - the best example discoveredof a structure thisway,perhaps to reinforce footof the timberand clay wall, ratherthan to provide the an actual foundation. Immediatelyto the E was an area of cobbling while a small area of of pebbles to thew witha brokencookingpot setintothemand a scatter [burnt] grainwas as Anotherroughstonewall was found5 m to the E ofthisbuilding interpreted a 'kitchen'. and twomorepebble hearths were notedat thislevel. Post-holes were recordedthroughout thesethreelevels.

34

A. CATHARINE MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

2.2.5 Phase Four (figs. 2.4-2.6, plates 2.4-2.5, F13, 14, 16, 17) debriswas levelledand a new building Phase Threestructural The fire-damaged programme Some subsidencedid occur over the earliersunkenfloors. was undertaken. Amongstthe debris(fi6) whichmarkedthe end of Phase Four,owingto a spread of burntdestruction the fire whichappearsto have sweptrapidlvthrough settlement, one structural only groundand in could be identified Area D (fig. 2.6), Structure where the preservation 7, plan evidence was verygood. of Phase Four architectural quality The debris fromone building (Structure1) was identifiedat the N end of Area F. detail can be given,as the buildingwas destroyed an earlier no by Unfortunately further for had been levelledto providea foundation a and thecollapsed material Phase Fourfire, and SF286) and a marblebead (SF259)were found Two stonewaistedweights (SF284 yard. in thedebris,whilenine stonebeads (SF489-492, SF494-498), one shellbead (SF493),two blank (SF534),a burnishing shellpendants(SF504 and SF942), a marble ornament pebble a stone object resemblinga 'pulley' (SF1019), a (SF501), a stone waistedweight(SF502), A of sherddisk (SF507),and a fragment a clay object (SF508) were foundin theyarditself. in the yard before the surfacewas softcarbon-flecked occupation deposit accumulated debris which structural renewed.The later surfacewas again covered by fire-damaged material(Ridleypers. comm.) for to includedstonesthought be weights securingroofing were thislateryardsurface and therimofa decoratedbowl (?) (P36). Findsrecoveredfrom stonetools (SF322and SF325),twostonewaistedweights twobuttends ofcylindrical (SF506 and SF1094),a stonebead (SF499),a shellbead (SF1083),a stone'toggle'(SF332),a chipped stone artefact (SF423) and fourvessels: a medium ware open rounded bowl (p8i), a fine matimpressions carinated or mug(P368),a base with monochrome (P372) and a medium cup bowl withevertedrim(P400). ware semi-globular debriswhichoverlaidtheyardand occupationdepositin F30/A may also The structural recordedat thesouthern to Structure immediately thes. A post-hole, from have originated 2, the of F30/A,may represent remainsof a wall whichbounded a seriesof clay extremity burntand extended floorremakesto the s. The surfaceof the latestfloorwas intensely overthewhole ofF20/C, intoF20/A,and E to F20/D. A numberofunfired clay slingbolts (SF1066) and a quern (SF184) lay adjacentto a possible oven in F20/C (fig.3.12, F77-78). Phase Three thisoven whichoverlaida similar from in Ash and burning F20/D originated Structure may also have served as a storagearea. A wall in F20/A, 2 example (fi3, 14). but not planned),createda discrete alignednnw-sse (whichwas describedin the archive, of area which containeda concentration grain.The floorand possible oven (in F20/C) the after fireand continuedin use to Phase Five. were remade immediately 2 Finds recoveredfromthe clay floorsof Structure were a stone adze (SF165),a stone waistedweight(SF140), a sherd disk (SF154), one bone point (sfio68), a bone doubleincluded floor the dish(P28).Findsfrom latest monochrome endedpoint (SF1069)and a fine two stone waisted weights(SF137 and SF142), a grindstone(SF179), a clay ringweight a fine of (SF159), a bone point (sfi88), fourjoining fragments boar's tusk (SF1078) and bowl (P32). Finds fromthe oven and ash depositsincluded a monochromesemi-globular stoneadze (SF131),a stoneaxe (SF364) and threestonewaistedweights(SF369,SF370 and
SF1120)

in associated A secondstructure storage space,was identified F20/B (Structure with 3) covered and overthetwotrenches was itself extended floor F10/D.A yellow by and clay of and with flecked charcoal patches burnt Thiswascovered a loosehabitation clay. deposit, of collapse. by a layer structural

35

fig.2.4. PhaseFour, AreaF, Structures 1-4.

36

CATHARINE MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE A.

The habitationdeposit containeda stone axe (?) (SF664), two stone adzes (SF669 and SF685),threestonewaistedweights(SF672,SF695 and SF697), a bone tool (SF674),a clay ringweight(sf668), a bone point (SF658), a bone tool (sf68o), a chipped stone artefact ovoid collaredjar (P213) and a decoratedS-profile bowl (P268). (SF679),a finemonochrome and SF662),twogrindstones A stoneadze (SF641),twostonewaistedweights (sf86i (SF665 and SF862) and a shell bracelet (SF676) were recovered fromthe collapsed materialof Structure 3. To the NWof Structure a deep pit (not illustrated here),whichcontainedburntseeds 3, was sealed by a semi-circular area of burnt and a stone waistedweight(SF687) in its fill, intothis clay and pebbles. A second stonewaistedweight(sf666) had been incorporated scatterand a quern (SF464) lay on its surface.The stonyarea was enclosed by a stony as in surrounded whichhad burnt situ 7) and whichsurvived charred woodenfence (fi stumps seeds lay adjacentto thefenceand itis possible of daub. A concentration charred with burnt thatthisconjectural grain. may have been used forstoring lightlean-tostructure was recordedin F10/D. Here, a veryclean clay floorwas sealed Further storagespace of and a concentration carbonised clay layerwhichwas coveredwithpotsherds by a burnt lentilsand barley.Almostall the sherdsfroma veryfinelarge pedestal seeds, including bowl were collected fromthe burntfloorsurfaceof the s end of F10/D or in levels of above (P22i, Ridley and Wardle 1979, fig.1 1:37)- A quern was disturbance immediately intoa hearthfloor(SF887). incorporated The structural 4) collapse in F20/B was levelled and a new building (Structure was A established. beamed floorran at right by angles to the E wall, whichwas represented a aided the N-s aligned foundationtrench.The burning and collapse of the structure and seeds, and the floorwas covered of preservation carbonisedwood, daub impressions of concentrations charcoalmixed withcarbonised daub and beam impressions, withburnt stonepoundingtool (SF419),a decoratedfunnel-necked wood and seeds. A cylindrical jar (P143) and a bowl (P190) were foundon the floor. A burntclay floorwithpotsherdslyingon its surfacewas recorded 2 m to the E and Structure The floorwas bounded to the s and w by walls whichwere burnt 5. represents The walls were represented a line of posts with not the interior, the exterior. by only on all preservedin situ. branchesand daub, vertical limitwas represented a clay wall, was In Area H a yellowclay floorwhose western by centralsupportsforthis structure which may represent associatedwiththreepost-holes debris covered the clay floorand also extended over the 6). (Structure Burntstructural H (fig. 2.5). of remainder Area 6 Finds recoveredfromStructure included: a stone adze (SF469), threequerns (SF448, blank (SF409),a split a stonewaistedweight(SF418),a marbleornament SF460 and SF462), bowl (P136),a decoratedrounded vessels:a decoratedflaring and three boar's tusk(SF1026) pedestalbowl (pi74) and a decoratedglobularcollaredbowl (pi88). (fig. Of all the buildingremainsat Servia,those of Structure are the mostintelligible 7 fire 2.6, plate 2.4). The destruction had baked partofthewalls and thefallendebrishelped The whole lengthof the w and preservethe evidence of the upper structure its supports. had could be tracedwherethisstructure been cut down wall and partsoftheN and s walls levels. The E side of the buildinghad been cut away by a 50-60 cm into the preceding was and no attempt made to excavatebeyondthisin 1973. It was originally Phase Eightditch season of excavationin 1974 but the hoped thatthiscould be one of the aims of a fourth The further of 1973-74 prevented the of closure thedam during winter exploration. structure

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND PHASES

37

measured 8 m nw-se and well over 3.30 m sw-ne to judge by the cut made into the E of baulk ofthe trench. Large postswere set along thewalls and in the interior the building to supportthe roofand a presumedupper floor.If these were centralposts theirposition a suggests widthof 3.50 m but,iftherewere two rows of internal posts,as in Phase Three Structure a widthof c. 5.20 m is indicated. 3, The outerwalls were of small closely set posts packed over withclay which had been A baked hard in the destruction. ridgeon the floorin the E centralpartof the structure (A) while another(B) indicateda sw-ne divisionabout one third a nw-se partition of suggests the way fromthe sw corner.In this cornertherewere large blocks of fallen burntclay of (plate 2.4)bearingparallel impressions close set timbers aligned nw-se in theirlower as side,whichmay bestbe interpreted partofthefallenfloorofan upper storey. Fragments of charredwood were foundin severalplaces whichwere identified Richard Hubbard by of as representing buildingtimbers oak, pine and poplar. Structure also containeda largenumberofartefacts in 7 lyingon thefloorand others the debriswhich had fallenfromabove. The latterhad presumablyeitherbeen hangingin the some way from ceilingor werein theupper storey. Two particular concentrations were in theN end and in thes centreoftheroom (F79).These objectsincluded one ofthe found, fromany Greek neolithicsettlement bestgroupsof pottery context, totalling17 complete vessels. (Several of thesehave alreadybeen illustrated Ridley and Wardle or restorable in numbersare indicatedbelow.) There were also over 50 small 1979 and therelevantfigure itemsofjewelleryand adornment well as a cluster twelvering as of many objectsincluding in the N end of the room. The charredremainsof different food crops were also weights foundscattered the floor,withconcentrations several places, which have provided on in information about crop husbandry and processing(5.2.3). The most significant important of these were of two-seededeinkorn(sample 63), of lentils(sample 62) and of Lathyrus sativus (sample 64) in the southern partof the room (fig. 5.7). Finds on or veryclose to the floorin the N end of the room included twelve clay ring weights(SF727-729, SF737-740, SF759, SF779, SF809, sf8io and sf8ii) and one more at a distance (sf8o6), two stone axes (SF771 and SF700 inside P222), and anotherpossible stone axe (SF794), a stone ring (SF1058), a stone ball (SF853), a stone macehead (SF876), two marblebracelets(SF689 and SF758), a stone pendant (SF748), a stone bead (SF751), a burnishing pebble (SF819), two almostcompleteshell bracelets(SF731 joining SF732 and SF691),and partsof threeothers(SF749,sf8i6 and SF850) a shell pendant (SF717),a shell bracelet (SF782), a clay ball (SF889), a clay cylinder(SF890), a bone point (SF1041) and workedantler(SF757). from floorat thisend of theroom included a decoratedpedestal bowl (P273, the Pottery and Wardle 1979, fig.9:25), a large decoratedglobularjar withcollar neck (P265, Ridley ibid., fig.11:38), a medium globularjar (P266), the base of a largejar (P222) and a small turnedneck (P223). In the debrisjust above were a miniaturedecorated pithoswithoutfruitstand sided mug (P219, ibid.,fig.9:28), a (P2i6, ibid.,fig.9:2), a decorated flaring smallunpaintedsemi-globular (P215) and a small coarse globularjar (P224). jar Finds lyingon, or veryclose to, the floorin the s end included a stone waisted weight (sf886), the buttend of a stone axe or adze (SF793),a polishingpebble (SF715),two stone waistedweights (sf8oo and sf886), two querns(sf866 and sf868), a stone 'palette' (SF908), a stoneslab (SF629),threemore clay ringweights(SF805,SF807 and sf8o8), a bone point (SF839), an antlerartefact (SF840), worked antler (SF1053) and a chipped stone artefact (SF787).

38

A. CATHARINE MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

Two pots lay on thefloorat thes end. One was a coarse hole-mouthed (P283),which jar in sativus foundcharred and aroundit.The otherwas a had containedtheseeds ofLathyrus decoratedpedestalbowl (P264),upside down close to thew wall. Anotherfourwerefound in the fallendebris:a decoratedpedestal bowl (P279), a decoratedglobularjar (P272), a bowl (P276) and a mediumfunnel-necked (P279). Two morecomplete finemonochrome jar vesselsfoundin theupper debrisprobablybelong to thisgroup:a decoratedglobularmug sided mug (P257, ibid., 9:27). fig. fig. (P252, ibid., 9:29) and a decoratedflaring - all The findsfromthis structure suggesta varietyof activitiestook place there to group,thoughno valid estimateof the numberof appropriate the daily lifeof a family who 'lived' in this'house' is possible. The processingof crops is demonstrated by people sativus two quernsand the storageof grainand lentils. P283 containing Lathyrus probably storedunder waterto detoxify a priorto cooking. represents stage in food preparation, loom (see 4.3.5). theuse ofa warp-weighted of The concentration clayringweights suggests could be personal of to In addition a smallcollection stonetools,theexamplesofornaments The recoveryof a burnishing in manufacture the vicinity. itemsor represent pebble may of while the discoveryof the impression a of be linkedto the finishing ceramicproducts, of intothe surface one of the pots (P265, see section5.7) indicates weevilburnished grain thatunfinished may well have been storedin the structure. pottery in almosteverywhere the level ofthisphase could be identified The markeddestruction for sectioncut forthe new road and otherworkin preparation the new bridgeacross the several examples of the Haliakmon. Althoughindividualbuildingswere not identified, a circularpebble-based hearthswere observed, includingone with,apparently, typical structure timber (plate 2.5). surrounding

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THE STRATIGRAPHY AND PHASES

39

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CATHARINE A. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

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THE STRATIGRAPHY AND PHASES

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42

A. CATHARINE MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

2.2.6 Heurtley's Stratum II - 'en' 5 This Village was destroyed fire:fusedmasses of wall lay in confusionover the thick by framework the roofshavingfallenfirst of and been followed layerof charcoal,the timber wall' (Heurtley1939, 52-3). Charredposts were foundwitha 'storejar' the crumbling by - a decoratedcollar-necked burnt globularjar (ibid.,137, no. 10) - in situcontaining in thecuttings thedebris(BB and GG in fig. 2.4) to represent the grain.Heurtley supposed where the walls of the buildingswere located but the experience of the 1971-73 gaps trenches one ofthe for thatthesemay well have been thefoundation excavationsuggested whichwas also tracedin pitsD and E, can without This firedestruction, following phases. mud bricks(Heurtley1932, 228) questionbe equated to Phase Four.The mentionofburnt been removedfromthe 1939 report. is probablyerroneousand has almostentirely

2.2.7 Phase Five (fig. 2.7, plate 2.60) in As alreadynoted above, thewidespreaddestruction Phase Four did not signalan end to MNoccupationat Servia.The laterPhase Fourfloorin F20/C and F20/D continuedin use seems to have changed,and some building in Phase Five. However,the focusof activity vacant. With only one exception,the buildingsin have been lefttemporarily plots may evidence more sparse and occupation less intense.The Phase Five were less substantial, of the of combination thesefactors prevented identification Phase Five as a separatelevel was more in F20/Aand Area H. At thislevel thedamage done by thelaterpitsand ditches extensive. vacant at the end ofPhase Four.A The N end ofArea F may have been left temporarily levelbefore overthedestruction soil sterile depositaccumulated almostarchaeologically soft, a yard and hearthwere establishedand two pits were cut. The two pits were used for and burntclay; the otheralso contained domesticwaste disposal; one containedpottery withsome burnt to survived thesw as a burnt bones. The hearth cattle roughly pebble floor bones and chipped stone waste flakeswere made mn sherds on its surface.Potsherds, across the yard. Catalogued findscompriseda sherd disk (SF984) and the ring scattered whichextended to base ofa decorated (P67).Immediately thes, thePhase Fourclayfloor pot Findscomprised overF20/C and F20/D was coveredwitha Phase Five habitation deposit. bowl withupright burnished a stonewaistedweight(SF150),a quern (SF185)and a roughly sides (P30). in remainswere concentrated F20/B and F10/D. It appears thata minimum Structural all of four,and perhaps temporary, buildings were constructed, on slightlydifferent a clay floor,was erected. beforea more substantial by building,represented alignments, The clay floorextendedover F20/B and F10/D and continueds to F10/B. One interior wall, aligned N-s, was indicatedby fourpost-holes.A stone waisted weight(SF411) was foundon the floorsurface. structure This buildingwas replaced by anothersubstantial 1) (Structure measuringc. 8 The N,w and e walls were each and floorsurvived. x 3.5 m, whose completeground-plan withpost-holescut into itsbase. The s wall survived trench, by represented a foundation included burntfragments trench.Clay packingwithinthe trenches only as a foundation Post-holes reeds and chaff. of the belongingto the w, E and s walls preserving impressions

43

1. fig. 2.7. Phase Five, Area F, Structure

44

A. CATHARINE MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

of in Fio/D are shown in plate 2.6a. A stone 'palette' (SF893), a fragment shell (SF633) 1. and a bone tool (SF659) were foundin Structure evidence was recordedin Areas D and E (not illustrated More fragmentary here). PostA a structure. pit filledwithpottery holes recordedin Area D may represent temporary debris to was fragments located immediately thew. Six pitsand smallpatchesof structural were recordedin Area E. a did As alreadynoted,Heurtley notidentify settlement equivalentto themnPhase Five. whichmarkedthe end of the mnand the a transitional He did, however,recognise phase of beginning the ln. This is discussedbelow. 2.3 THE LATE NEOLITHIC (figs. 2.8-2.11, plates 2.6-2.8a, fi 8-24)

The beginningof the ln at Servia was signalled by a transitional period designatedas to mnpottery was graduallybrought a of Phase Six. During thisperiod the manufacture increased.A second period finepottery of haltand theproduction a new diagnostic steadily of ofoccupation(Phase Seven) can be definedin ceramicterms themanufacture a fully by ln ware in characteristically shapes: sub-carinated fineblack-burnished bowls, developed fromthe mn different bowls and raresmall handled cups. This ware is completely flaring A none of the earlierinfluences. number decorationand shapes reflect its pottery: fabric, traditions of thepaintedln styles, however,do look back to the mnThessalian-influenced in can and a numberofotherinfluences also be detected.The matt-painted styleoriginates and southern Greece, whilstthe straw-impressed black-toppedtechniqueshave more in of commonwiththepottery areas to the N. betweenmnand ln occupationat Serviahad been recognised Heurtley, The transition by who recordedthe appearance of fournew typesof pottery (incised,black-polished, greylevel (Heurtley1932, 232-5; 1939, 55, 66and painted)at the same stratigraphie on-grey which did replace the older styles, 77). Heurtleyalso noted thatthispottery not entirely continuedto be produced duringthe ln. in betweenmnand ln was clearlyrepresented ceramicand stratigraphie The transition the 1971-73 excavation,especiallyin F20/B and Fio/D. Separatephases of terms during in ln occupationcould not be identified F20/C, F20/D, Areas D or H, and the deposits below. theseareas willbe describedwiththe Phase Seven stratigraphy from 2.3.1 Phase Six (fig. 2.8, plate 2.6e) The mnPhase Five structure 1) (Structure recordedin Fio/D and F20/B continuedin use trench(plate 2.6) was cut by a The Phase Five foundation to the ln transitional phase. mn whichwere packed witha clay depositcontaining and ln Phase Six seriesofpost-holes otherthanthatdated to The buildingmeasuredc. 8 x 3.5 m but no floorsurface, pottery. erased evidence of any the mnPhase Five, survived.Later Phase Seven structural activity earlieroccupationdeposits. was cut by fell The structure out of use duringPhase Six and itssurviving ground-plan located at the se cornerof Fio/ laterPhase Six pits.One of thesepits, two,possiblythree, cut A trench. second pit,and possiblya third, the the truncated e armofthefoundation D, Six and were sealed by a Phase w arm in F20/B. The pitswere filledby the end of Phase Seven floor.

45

fig. 2.8. Phase Six, Area F, Structure i.

46

CATHARINE A. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

Plate 2.6. (a) Phase Five: Structure Fio/D, F20/B froms. Foundationtrenches 1: and post-holes a 1: from minimum fivestructures fig. 2.7 and plate i.2); () Phase Six: Structure F10/D of (see from Wall foundation s. trench (see fig. 2.8).

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND PHASES

47

stone tool withblade (sf68i), a Finds fromthe fillsof thesepits included a cylindrical stone waisted weight (SF765), a quern (SF865), four fragments different of grindstones a (SF869A-D), shell bracelet(SF670),a shell pendant (SF966),a clay weight(SF892),a clay (SF714),a bone point (SF694) and a bone pointedtool (SF646). loomweight Three more pits,one located in F30/A, one in F30/A-F20/C, and one in F20/A,were two of recorded.The first were filledmainlywithash and fragments burntdaub withreed on their surfaces. The third cut at thecentreofF20/A, and daub impressions preserved pit, burntdaub withpreservedwood impressions. was filledwithstructural debriscomprising truncated an eba Phase Eightditch. It was partially by Finds fromthe fillof the pit in F30/A were a stone axe (SF276), threestone waisted (SF264,SF268 and SF269),fivechipped stoneartefacts (SF147,SF248,SF249,SF261 weights and SF274),and a largepartof a conical bowl in an unusualpale crimsonfabric decorated withthinbrownishpaint (P79, Ridley and Wardle 1979, fig. 13:65). Other fragments of in ofthe site- including piece which a thesame bowl werefoundscattered different parts to had been trimmed a roughcirclereadyto make a sherddisk.A sherddisk (SF441) and a bone point (SF353) were recoveredfromthe pit in F30/A-F30/C. withthepitswere recorded.However,the domesticnature No structures contemporary bones and charredseeds, suggests whichincludedfish thatoccupationofthe ofthepitfills, debrisfoundin theupperpitfills The indicates that sitedid notterminate. structural structures were being maintainedand modifiedin thisphase. 2.3.2 Phase Seven (figs. 2.9-2.11, plates 2.7-2.80, F18-24) and of The preservation distribution Phase Seven depositsproved more extensivethanfor Phase Six. The best evidence was again recorded in F10/D and the earliertransitional of F20/B. This was supplemented thesurvival partialstructural by plans in Areas E and H. floorswere associated withpost-holes, but no coherentbuilding Elsewhere,fragmentary plan could be discernedin theseareas. of in The ground-plan the mnPhase Five and ln Phase Six structure F10/D and F20/B in 1 and 2). This suggests structures was re-used Phase Seven fortwoconsecutive (Structures trenches musthave stillbeen visible on the thattracesof the earlierPhase Six foundation Phase Six pits.Only twoexterior wallsofStructure ground, despitehavingbeen cutby three 1 were recorded,althoughthe line of the N wall may be represented the limitof the by clay surfaceand associatedpost-holein F20/B. The s wall was represented a trampled by The w wall was represented a singlerow of double row ofirregularly spaced post-holes. by whichmay have originally extendedne into F20/B. The structure divided was post-holes into two areas, or rooms,by a line of irregularly This spatial arrangement spaced posts. was supersededby a similardivisionfurther the E. The buildingwas supportedand to further strengthened fivepairs of posts and two centralposts side by side, indicatedby by a double post-hole.Althoughno distinctive floor surfacesurvived,discretepatches of at theN and centreofF10/D, and in F20/B may represent originalfloor the trampled clay level (fig. 2.9). 1 Finds fromStructure were a quern (SF458), a marble pendant (SF385), a clay plaque a fragment a clay object (SF625), a chipped stone artefact of (SF1013), (SF948) and large bowl (p6). of a conical black-burnished parts After structure out of use, the southern the fell halfwas sealed by a stonyyard whose includedlumpsof burntclay,sherdsand workedstone (notillustrated). Partof a make-up

48

CATHARINE A. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

i i

I I I I
I
I 1

I | I - 1

r
;

_ _-Clay Surface v

i
|

^Trampled

I Structure 1

I I

/ *

.; ; | ! ' ;;;
i J
0 1 2 3 4m

Area Structure 1. fig. Phase F, Seven, 2.9. The northern was half bowl (P2ii) was foundon theyardsurface. smallundecorated as andmayhavebeenleft an openspace.A of a deposit build-up earth or covered only by from layer. this wererecovered waisted stone (SF614)and a shellbracelet (SF619) weight didnotsurvive. PhaseSevenbuilding wallsofa later The external However, 2) (Structure whichwas laid on top ofthe beamedfloor, a remarkably,largepartof itsclay-covered fire in did,burnt thedestruction (fig.3.4, plate 2.7, F18-23).The preserved stony yard, 8 measured m N-sand 2.5 m e-w (fig.2.10). The beams, areaofthefloor ne-sw, aligned and with werecovered a claydeposit straw, weresealedby a layerofmud tempered by axe see survived Two (sfi6o andSF176, section 4.3.8) anda stone plaster. matimpressions on werefound thefloor. a (SF400)and a bonepoint(SF1077) (SF613), shellbracelet N-s In AreaH (fig.2.11),a rowoflarge aligned represented spacedpost-holes regularly had somesurviving The wall,which wall thew exterior ofStructure (plate 2.80,F24). 3 weredefined Two a of with series clayfloors. areasor rooms was daubpacking, associated in wasfound Structure waisted A row 3. (SF396) weight byan irregular ofpost-holes. stone It and with brown earth bone,wascut4 m tothew ofthebuilding. wassealed A pit, filled stone tool end a from of surfaces, which butt ofa cylindrical pebbledyard bya series three A hearth an ovenwere and wererecovered. stoneartefact (SF407) (SF413)and a chipped witha stonechisel as is locatedin theyard.The hearth recorded havinga clay floor, with as closeby.The oven survived a rimofhardclay, pebblessetintoa (SF387)found

49

fig.2.io. PhaseSeven, AreaF, Structures 5-7. 2,

5o

A. CATHARINE MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

An clay floor. oval-shapedarea adjacentto the oven's entrancewas markedby a number a shelter. ofpost-holes, perhapsrepresenting lightprotective oval hearth(c. 1.5 m in A clay floor,c. 3.5 m in length,and a large,well-preserved, Structure (not illustrated were recorded in Area E, representing here). The diameter) 4 the floor. The hearth base of a thinclay wall surrounded hearth'sclay and pebble-layered A outerwall foundation. singlepot base was found in situ was enclosed withina thicker The structure underwent some changein to thew ofthehearth. subsequently immediately whichmay represent w wall, aligned N-s, a trench, plan. This is shown by a foundation and by a pit whichcut the clay floor. whichcut the hearth, A bone ring(SF826) and two bone points(SF858 and SF1056) were recoveredfromthe stone tool (SF906), a stone 'palette' while a buttend of a cylindrical foundation trench, (SF946),a clay bracelet(sf88i), a clay spoon (SF874),a bone point (SF1040),a bone tool black(SF875) and a large piece of a ripple-decorated (SF1055),a chipped stone artefact burnished (P275, Ridleyand Wardle 1979, fig.12:45) were foundin the fillofthepit. cup A numberof scattered lay pebbles or stoneson troddenclay yardsurfaces immediately of to thes. These yardsappear to have provideda focusforactivity some kind,since each surfacewas covered withbones, worked stone and sherds.Two large post-holes(one in a lean-to E10/A and one in E10/B) and a line ofthreesmallpost-holes may represent light to in similar construction the typerecordedin mnPhase Four (F20/B). structure include a buttend of a cylindrical the Finds recoveredfrom yardsand lean-tostructure stone tool (SF777), a stone adze (SF792), a stone axe (SF791), fourstone waistedweights blank (SF770),a clay disk (SF845),a (SF743>SF745>SF797 and SF798), a marbleornament a piece of workedbone (SF1037),a bone a clay figurine (SF852), clay disk/plaque(SF945), fromthis area included many tool (SF1029) and a chipped stone blade (SF763). Pottery bowls withrippledecoration(P230-P232, Ridley and of fineblack-burnished largepieces Rhomiopoulou 1973, figs.9:3, 9:5, 9:2). Other shapes representedincluded a rippledecoratedblack-burnished (P483, Ridley and Wardle 1979, fig.12:52). jar The ln The remaining Phase Seven depositswere more fragmentary. westernthirdof line was definedby a contrasting of was coveredby a clay floorwhose easternlimit F30/A and by a line offourpostthe whichmay represent fillof a foundation softer trench, earth, beneath thisclay floorsurface. holes (Structure The archiverecordsplank impressions 5). floorwas divided into two areas by a line of post-holesand collapsed clay packing The located in the nw corner of the trench.The clay floorcontinueds to F20/C where a a and daub packingformed second divisionwithin withthreepost-holes trench foundation floor. the A stoneadze (SF169),a stonevase fragment (SF940),a stonewaisted (SF242),a grindstone a stone ornamentblank (SF149), a clay spindle whorl (SF528), an antler weight(SF510), haft(SF1074) and two chipped stoneartefacts (SF83 and SF247) were foundon thefloorof Structure 5. Two stoneaxes (SF127 and SF164),a stoneaxe or adze (SF1126),a stonewaistedweight pebble (SF281),a clay spindlewhorl(sFin), (SF240),a stonetool (?) (SF89),an ornamental and threechipped stone artefacts a workedtooth(sfio8i) (SF119,SF146 and SF168) were in the fourpost-holes F30/A. Two stonewaistedweights(SF132 of the recoveredfrom fills in and SF141) and an impression daub (SF1097) were recoveredfromthose in F20/C. wererecordedat thesouthern Discretepatchesofclay floorand twopost-holes extremity was dividedintotwo areas by a wall,aligned ofF20/C. In F20/D a clay floor(Structure 6) spaced post-holes.A second wall, aligned NE-sw,which survivedas a line of regularly

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND PHASES

51

feature burnt of daubwhich off E continued toArea slightly E-w,was seenonlyas a linear and SF978),and a chippedstoneartefact Twocurious G. (SF918 (SF42)were clay'pillars' on found thefloor. in wererecorded F20/A(Structure A stonecore (?) (SF123), Tracesof clayfloor a 7). a shellpendant bone (SF124)were (SF152), clayfigurine (SF895)and a piece of worked surface. Parts twopots,a plainburnished of on floor bowl (P2i) and a lid with found this in decoration vessels use in this area. (pi8),mayrepresent straw-impressed was recovered from D. limited evidence Trench A clayfloor, whoselimits were Only extended overD10/A and D10/B (Structure notillustrated). notfully Post8, explored, A with wererecorded. hearth in holescontemporary thisfloor survived these corner of in and werealsorecorded Do/C,butbecauseoftime D10/B.A clayfloor hearth constraints it to in thelastseasonofexcavation, was notpossible establish whether these to belonged a to theN,or whether representedseparate thestructure immediately they contemporary A with domestic sherds boneswas also recorded, itis and structure. pit,filled but debris, this the whether was sealedby,or cutinto, floor. unclear ln endedrather In It is clearthat Phase Sevenoccupation area ofthe abruptly. every structures suffered and 1970sexcavations, extensive damage fire before collapsed. 1930 they beamfloor F10/D and F20/B,werecompletely in the including clay-covered Clayfloors, debris which becamecompacted as overthem. The number of burnt, was thestructural foundin situon thesefloors some indication thespeed at and smallfinds of gives pots The in and destruction occurred. yards AreasE and H showed which fire the spread more with from adjacent but debris limited ofburning, werecovered the structures. signs

fig. 2.1 1. Phase Seven, Area H, Structure 3.

52

CATHARINE A. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

Plate 2.7. (a) Phase Seven: Structure Fio/D, F20/B from Burnt s. and floorofbeams (distance) 2, Phase Nine hearth(centre (see figs.2.10, 2.13); (b) Phase Seven: Structure right) clay (foreground), s. of 2, F20/B from Removal of clay surface beamed floor.

THE STRATIGRAPHYAND PHASES

53

Plate 2.8. (a) Phase Seven: Structure Area H from Large post-holes w wall; (b) Phase Ten: w. of 3, Yard to s of Structure Fio/D, F20/B from Pebbled yard (left' marginbetweenyardand E. 3, interior Phase Seven beamed floor(right lower at level). 3 clay floorof Structure (centr),

54

CATHARINE MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE A.

2.3.3 Heurtley's Stratum II - 'ln' i In the first reportthe mn and succeedingln levels were not clearlyseparated.By 1939 a (54-5) Heurtleyhad distinguished separatelevel markedby the appearance of blackHe and notedthepresenceofareas ofpebble floors. also makesa possible burnished pottery and thecutintotheunderlying burnt debris(GG in betweenone ofthesefloors connection the fig. 2.4) whichreinforces beliefthatthewalls consideredby him to be mnin date (see 2.2.6) actuallybelong to the ln period. In 1932 and 1939, Heurtley assigneda largecircular witha humanburialat itsbase pit to the ln. This can now be identifiedas a Byzantine (Phase Eleven) pit and burial, withone excavated in 1971-73 (see section2.5 and plate 2.8 below). The contemporary and vases' has no connection of ofgreyash with fragments black-polished grey-on-grey 'layer were allowed withthisburialbut is more probablya shallowrefuse in whichashes etc. pit to to accumulate.Its exact relationship the circularpebble hearth'placed immediately above the burntdebris'can no longerbe established. from,and probably Heurtleybelieved thateba occupation followed on immediately the He interpreted widespread at ln occupation Servia(Heurtley with, 1939, 55). overlapped as evidence for of eba Tatarpottery and (Phase Eight) destruction, subsequentappearance of an influx new people at Servia,who were responsibleforburningand levellingthe ln theirown settlement. beforeimmediately Phase Seven structures, Although establishing in the eba, thisdid not take place a in was correct identifying policy of levelling Heurtley thatat least 2,500 yearspassed C14 the after destruction. datinghas suggested immediately beforeoccupationresumedat Servia in the eba (see section 1.7).

2.4 THE EARLY

BRONZE

AGE (figs. 2.12-2.14, plate 2.8,F25-30)

ceramicphases, whichcould in 1971The eba at Servia is represented two distinctive by of report 73 be assigned to successive stages in the history the site. In his preliminary this (HI), and correctly assignedthepottery 227) treated as a singlestratum (1932, Heurtley the without it from to theeba, though By distinguishing twotypes. thetimehe had published he Macedonia had begun to recognizethe two ceramicclasses,callingthe earlier Prehistoric to it 'Varnished'ware and regarding as a neolithicformin contrast 'otherforms. . . some from well knownEB form'(1939, 73). These are clearlythe the to be distinguished hardly warestypicalofthelaterstagesofthe Macedonian eba. The coated and burnished familiar of mixture thetwotypeswas regardedby him as the 'overlapping'of two cultures, though is thatthe 'stratification confused'(1939, 55). he recognised fromThessalyand Macedonia, of in D. H. French, his classification prehistoric pottery the as 'Varnished'pottery 'TatarWare' after sitenear Larissa where Heurtley's designated Tatar pottery it was especiallyfrequent(French 1968, 69-70). The vegetable-tempered fromthe precedingln black-burnished ware, is thick whichcan be readilydistinguished coloursincludeorange,red and and fairly glossyslip on both surfaces; heavy,witha thick brown,withblack being dominant.Forms are limited,the most common being a wide handle vertical open bowl witha shortcarinatedupper body, some ofwhichhave a small betweentherimand carination (Ridleyand Wardle1979, fig.14). This wareis thehallmark of the Phase Eightditchesof the 1971-73 excavations.

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND PHASES

55

The second eba ceramic phase was not found as a separate level in 1930. The most of distinctive pottery thisphase is a coated and burnishedware made froma thin,gritty surface is witha blackslipon theexternal uncoated. fabric, only;theinterior wipedbutis left rimand two or fourledge form a wide open bowl withinturned is The mostcharacteristic lugsbelow the rim,foundwithunslippedwares of the same fabricand in the same forms. This second ceramicphase is here divided intotwo stratigraphie phases, Phases Nine and Ten. In 1979 it was statedthat'phases 9 [Nine] and 10 [Ten]were separatedby the series of house floorsfound in almost every area' (Ridley and Wardle 1979, 218). This now as appears to be an oversimplification the Phase Nine pitswere sealed by Phase Ten clay to or floors yardsand in one area (F20/D) a Phase Nine pitcontinued be used in conjunction witha Phase Ten floor.It can now be statedthatthe Phase Nine pits antedateonly the not Phase Ten floors, the eba floorsin general. The area of eba depositsexcavated in 1971-73 was smallerthan those of the ln. The mechanicalexcavationoftheupper levels in Areas D, E and H in orderto reachtheintact meantthatno eba levels were recordedin these areas. ln stratigraphy 2.4.1 Phase Eight (fig. 2.12, F25) the of and The siteat Serviawas abandonedfollowing destruction theln settlement remained uninhabitedfor a minimumperiod of 2500 years (see section 1.7). The ln destruction brownsoil whichvariedin depthfrom depositsbecame sealed by an accumulationof soft in resumedat Servia in the eba and is represented the 1971-73 excavationsby Activity ditches.One ditchcutacrossthene cornerofArea D. It curved or four, possiblyfive, large in slightly thissectionand continuedits course nw and se beyond Area D. A stone chisel (SF769),a shell bracelet(SF621) and a bone tool (SF784) were recoveredfromitsfill. A second ditch, E-w,cutacrossTrenches F30/A and F20/C. This section alignedroughly of the ditchwas fullyexcavated and two post-holes,c. 2.2 m apart,were recordedat its stone axe (SF162) and a cylindrical base. Finds foundwithinitsfillinclude an unfinished stone tool withblade (SF324), a stone adze (?) (SF305), a clay spindle whorl (SF295), and two chipped stone artefacts (SF47 and SF163). mechanicalexcavationin Area H, but A third ditch, alignednw-se,was recordedduring was not fullyexcavated. A stone waisted weight(SF398) and a sherd disk (SF461) were A the of recoveredfrom surface itsfill. fourth ditch, alignedN-s,may also have cutArea H. and recentplough damage prevented more a LaterPhase Nine and Phase Ten disturbance identification. certain The largestof the ditches,and most productivein termsof small findsand registered recorded in E10/C. It continuedne to E10/D where it may have cut a pots, was first s. smaller'trench'whichwas recordedonly in itsw section,2 m further The ditch,which in more constricted E20/S and F20/A (F25),had twopost-holes, m apart,cut 0.5 appeared at the base of itss side. The ditchcontinuedE to F20/B and F20/D whereit widened and in curvedroundto assume a more southerly alignment Area G. Finds recoveredfromthe fillof thisditchwere: a stone adze (SF287), a stone waisted (SF231),a stone tool (?) (SF222),a stone slab (SF235),a stone weight(SF905),a grindstone stone tool (sFim), a stone vase fragment ornament(sF2oo), a buttend of a cylindrical stone beads (sf86, SF318, SF341, SF512, SF513, SF517, SF519 and SF527), (SF778), eight two shell beads (SF516 and SF518), a shell polisher(?) (SF136), a shell bracelet (SF192),a
10-40 cm.

56

A. CATHARINE MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

of fragment shell (SF283), a sherd disk (SF79), a clay loomweight(sfio6), a clay spoon two bone points (SF1079 and SF1087), two bone tools (SF1032 and SF1046), a (SF285), bone point/cutting (sFiogo), threepieces ofworkedbone (SF297,SF1042 and SF1080), edge a worked epiphysis(sfio88), an antlertool (SF199), a worked antlertine (SF190), five in (SF13,SF158, SF275, SF427 and SF428) and an impression daub chipped stone artefacts (SF177). of of fromthisditchprovidesa cross-section the history the site The registered pottery the and illustrates mixingof materialas the sides collapsed and in the eventualeba fill. These include an unusual burnishedbowl withapplied pellets (P49, Ridley and Wardle bowl (P303). LN 1979, fig.3:12) whichis en in style,and much of a mnflame-patterned bowl (P51, bowl (P44),a conical black-burnished includeda smallorange-burnished pieces lid the base of a 'black topped' jar (p8i), a straw-impressed (pi66, ibid., ibid., fig.12:48), rim fig.3:63). One typicaleba wide bowl withincurving in Tatarware withlugsbelow the in of the rim (pi2O, ibid.,fig. 14:67) illustrates character the pottery use beforethe ditch filled. was finally a of The widthat thetop oftheditchesrangedfrom minimum 2.20 m to a maximumof wherefully of m. The profiles all four, excavated,were almostidenticaland in all cases 5 The the truncated earliermnand ln stratigraphy. ditchsides were cut steeplydown to the a cut riversilt(c. 3.5 m) and thebase was narrowly to form 'V shape (c. 25-40 cm natural mixedwith structural a soft matrix was remarkably The fill consistent, wide) (F25). comprising of and smallfinds precedingphases,as well and unburnt burnt daub, stone,pottery debris, Ditcheswerealso recorded m to thesw ofthesettlement Tatarpotsherds. as thedistinctive 50 that this complex of the construction the Limni Polyphytoubridge, suggesting during area thanthatexcavated in 1930 and 1971-73. extendedover a much greater originally as The ditcheswere originally interpreted a double concentricdefensivesystemand It enclosureboundariesforseparategroupsofstructures. is possiblethattheditches thenas one cornerof a square enclosure. and Area H could extendto form F20/A-F20/C cutting Four post-holesat the base of ditchesin F20/C and F20/A would lend supportto an of withthe cutting the but enclosuretheory, thereis no evidence to relatethemdirectly combined withthe mn Phase One deposits.This uncertainty, ditchesor withthe earlier of and failure the ditchesto followany regularplan, means that lack of overallalignment can be assigned to them. A geophysicalsurveyof the area adjacent to the no function since the trenches excavationwas carriedout by Dennis Mottin 1973 withmixed results and was to trace the ditchesfurther withthe signals.The hope already open interfered the presence of otherditchesin indeed some anomalies were recordedwhich suggested was undetectable perhapsbecause ofthe 50 cm+ of but thevicinity, the overallpattern withthe presenceof ditches eba levelswhichoverlaythe top of the ditches.This,together of the same period in the Bridge Works,as already noted, makes us sceptical of the of reconstruction a double-ditched proposed square enclosurewithtwo or fourentrances, Aslanisin his studyof 'defensive'works(Aslanis 1990, 45, fig.11). by Tatarpottery with whiteclaylevel associated and a Apartfrom veryfragmentary disturbed no contemporary in a trialtrench(E50) close to the 1930 excavation area, occupation of were recordedin 1971-73. The largeportions twoTatarpots recoveredduring deposits the mechanical removal of the upper levels in area H20, pi 16, a carinatedbowl with unusualverticalribs (Ridleyand Wardle 1979, fig.14:6a) and pi 13, a typicalwide bowl with incurving rim,may suggestthat intactlevels were presentin this area, but close the of inspection the sectionof the cutfailedto reveal any trace.Otherwise only surviving

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND PHASES

57

fe"

ci

"I
-

co (D

I
ci

58

CATHARINE A. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

with from 1971-73 excavation the of evidence a settlement is contemporary theditches themselves. Threelevels domestic of debris accumulated theVhad of at thefill theditches which that remained a (F20/A) suggests theditches openduring shapedbase ofone ditch of occupation. an E-w section forF20/Adoes Although drawing period contemporary of above the domestic two contexts backfill the debris, excavation distinguish separate section record suchseparation. this no On and it notebooks remaining basis, can drawings ofthePhaseEight or settlement must area here levelling terracing onlybe suggested that of and the were backfilled havetaken deliberately period time that ditches placeovera short erasedany evidenceof Phase This of withtheremains damagedstructures. effectively in a for and Eight occupation created levelsurface rebuilding PhaseNine.Itwasnotpossible and to detectany tracesof the banks whichmusthave accompaniedtheseditches, werebackfilled. concentration The whentheditches of weredemolished they presumably survival contemporary of and within ditches in thepatchy the Tatar occupation pottery in understood this context. area in deposits the1930 excavation can be moreeasily 2.4.2 Heurtley's Stratum III - W 2, eba ware(nowclassified the how described all ofthedeposits containing 'Varnished' Heurtley to and 0.80 m of thesurface how it was impossible discern as 'Tatar'ware)lay within to sincetheyweresubject quiteextensive structural ploughdamage.Occupation plans of laid with hard survived as areasofirregular beatenfloor evidence patches roughly only in with cooking two werefound situ The hearths. hearths and cobbles twosemi-circular pot that to led floors Heurtley conclude and asheson thesurviving bases.Tracesofcharcoal had settlement beendestroyed fire this 1932,227; 1939,55). It is,however, (Heurtley by dateorbelongto PhasesNine are these ofPhaseEight whether to notpossible determine and Ten. of ditches thisdate,but the recovery him of largely did by Heurtley not encounter that warevessels Tatar (1932,XLL2; 1939,pl.VIII,65, 76) suggests someofthe complete of theoccupation this excavated levelhe period. represented 2.4.3 Phase Nine (fig.2.13,F26) of survival to and of A number floors pitscan be assigned PhaseNine.The fragmentary the and with pits possible their to it makes difficultdefine thefloors relationship stratigraphie for to identify twopartial ground-plans thisphase. All the pits,excepttwo,were only the One pitin AreaG was sealedbefore end of or sealedby PhaseTenyards clayfloors. in use to PhaseTen. PhaseNineand one in F20/D continued to to of The proximity eba deposits thesurface 0.50 m) inevitably (c. exposedthem later weretruncated ten thedeposits to In disturbance. addition modern by ploughdamage, and coherent surfaces, The pits, comprising floor yard stratigraphy, pits. most large Byzantine in in was preserved Area F, withless discernible deposits AreasE and G. Phase Nine level in Area D, or in F20/C. These as could stratigraphy notbe identified a separate PhaseTen. with willbe described deposits structural with and of Twotypes shallow irregular wererecorded: type 1 was filled pits are sections recorded waste.Onlyprofile and domestic soft and debris type 2 with earth the for pits.

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND PHASES

59

fig. 2.13. Phase Nine, Areas F and G.

6o

A. CATHARINE MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

Sixteen pits of type i were recorded.The pits were loosely filledwithunburntand and bones. Large wood and reed debrismixed withash, stones,potsherds burnt structural werepreserved thedaub. One ofthepits(Piti) in G20/A containeda large on impressions whichincludedseveralalmostcompletevessels.All but one ofthetype amountofpottery One pit,in G20/C, was filledand were sealed by a Phase Ten flooror yardsurface. 1 pits end of Phase Nine. sealed beforethe Finds recordedin the fillof Pit i were a stone bead (SF515),a sphericalstonepounder (SF954),six clay anchors(SF309, (SF622),a stonewaistedweight(SF1092),a clay figurine (SF339,SF340 and SF900), SF310,SF348,SF349,SF1107 and SF1108),threeclayloomweights twoclay spindlewhorls(SF350 and SF538),a copper needle (SF345),two bone hafts (SF533 and SF1047),a bone tool (SF1048),a chippedstoneartefact (SF347) and largepartsofeight at the pots illustrating range of the latereba pottery Servia. These included coated and rim bowlswithincurving and tubular handles (P76,Ridleyand Wardle 1979, burnished lug fig.15:81), ajar witha straphandle, tubularlug and fig.15:82) or ledge lugs (P122, ibid., ibid.,fig.15:92), the neck of a talljug withribbon handle (P77, cf.ibid.,fig. spout (pi 23, 15:90). Vessels in uncoated ware included a lid withtubularlug handle at highestpoint rim,tubularlug handles and (P2oi, ibid.,fig.16:96), partsof a storage withincurving jar rows of incisionsat the rim and top of handles (P485, ibid.,fig. 16:97) wit^ tubularlug cordon at the base of the neck (pi 28, ibid., handlesbelow a finger-impressed fig.17:112). of findwas themajority a restorable A particularly (pi 24, ibid,fig. bakingplate important the by 17:1 13) of a kind represented rimsherdsthroughout eba levels. and is represented one withtwofloors, stonyand one trampled, Type 2 is contemporary a singleexample in the e baulk of F20/D and in G20/C. The eba Phase Eightditch, by debristo createa withPhase Eightstructural the whichcut through area, was backfilled and partially ditchwas sealed partially a hard stonysurface The backfilled level surface. by a trampledfloorwhich was seen only in section.The trampledfloorwas cut by a by shallow,but wide, pit whichextendedE fromF20/D baulk to G20/C and also relatively the Phase Eight ditchfill.The pit did not contain structural cut debris,but was instead A and bone fragments. lateryellow mixed withstone,pottery witha greymatrix, filled continuedin 1 to Structure respectedthe pit's limitsand thisfeature clay floorbelonging the laterPhase Ten settlement. use throughout were recorded.The w wall was represented a band of Three walls of thisstructure by the whilst E wall of by yellowclay.The s wall was represented a clearreturn theflooritself; fourpost-holes,one of which,in G20/C, was cut into a was represented a line of by was limitof thisstructure not found,but it was at least c. The northern trench. foundation floorcovered the ne cornerof F20/B and extendedE to trampled 7.5 m long. A further debris,and N to F20/D and G20/C. G20/A,whereit was coveredby habitation a stoneadze (SF615),two stonewaistedweights A stoneaxe fragment (SF326 and (sfi6), and SF351),two clay anchors(sfii and SF1018), a (SF338 SF344),twostonepivots/sockets sherddisk (SF99),two bone points(SF62 and SF1027),two chipped stoneblades (SF14 and 1, (SF15) were foundin Structure whilstthreemore SF82) and one chipped stone artefact and SF72) as well as anotherthreechipped stoneblades stone artefacts (SF7,SF9 chipped debris. the (sf8,sfio and SF96),were recoveredfrom habitation thew. A 2 m E-w by 3.5 m n-s hardfloorwas bounded Structure was recorded3 m to 2 the two walls in F20/A.The s wall was represented a daub and clay ridge,whilst w by by A pebble-linedhearthis recordedclose to wall was also markedby threelargepost-holes. the sw corner.

AND PHASES THE STRATIGRAPHY

61

stonetool withblade (SF91),a stoneaxe (sfio8), a sherddisk (SF112),a One cylindrical of stoneblade (SF97) and a fragment glass (SF220) whichis likelyto be intrusive, chipped foundin Structure were 2. A third structure (Structure was recordedin F10/D. A clay floorwas cutby a seriesof 3) of fourshallowpost-holes impressions reeds and daub, whichmay separatedby surviving identified a hearth, as division.A horse-shoe an was built shaped feature, represent interior surrounded a clay intothefloor(plate 2.7 0, fi 8, 19). The hearthhad itsown clay floor, by It filledwithpebbles and definedby two associatedpost-holes. was mostly lip and further The floorwas burntin places and was covered witha withsome daub and pottery. stones, habitation charcoal-flecked soft layer. A stonependant(SF300),a marblecylindrical poundingtool (SF323) and twobone tools and SF1098) were foundon the floorand in the habitation (SF1085 layerof Structure 3. A laterstructure (not illustrated here). A yellow clay floor (Structure was identified 4) located in the nw whichextendedover the whole of F20/B was associatedwitha hearth, cornerof F20/B. The hearthsurvivedas a burntclay floorwhose limitswere markedby Ash had been rakedout to theE wherea largecoarse ware storage fivesmallpost-holes. jar was found in situ,set into the floor.A pit, located in the ne cornerof F20/B, was also withthe clay floor. contemporary To thes, in F10/D, theclay floorwas sealed by a pebble yardwhichextendedE to G 10/ withthisyard.The yardsurface was contemporary was subsequently C - a hearth remade s. and extendedat least 1 m further A bone point (sfio6o), an antlerhaft(SF1084) and a chippedstonearrowhead(SF440) were foundin the yard. 2.4.4 Phase Ten (fig. 2.14, plate 2.8e, F27-30) of The effect plough damage on thelatereba Phase Ten deposits,mostofwhichlay within was considerable.Structural cm of the surface, debris,floormaterialand potsherds 5-40 of were churnedup and redistributed, identification structural distribution preventing any a sequence ofwhiteclay floors forthisphase. The mostcoherent archaeology, comprising withyardsand collapsed daub walls,was limitedto F30/A,F20/C, G20/A and G20/C. thirdof F30/A was covered with a loose stonydeposit, fromwhich a The northern and a fragment chipped stone (SF54) were recovered.The deposit was of quern (sfi8i) limitwas definedby an edge overlaidby a burntclay floor(Structure whose southern 1) daub. Large partsof a bakingplate (p8) came and a line ofburnt markedby four post-holes wall. A laterhard-packedclay floorextended a further froma post-holeof the southern a of ms. Althoughthe laterfloorwas veryfragmentary,concentration whiteclay flecks 3 in the lower plough soil may represent originalsurface.A stone adze (sf8o), a stone its waistedweight(SF58),fourquerns(SF226,SF227,SF228 and SF230), a whetstone (sfi8o), a a clay anchor(sfi8), twosherddisks(SF35and SF36),a shellpendant (SF1067), clayfigurine of (SF24),a fragment shell (SF22) and fourchipped stone artefacts (SF23, SF25, SF56 and were foundon the floorof Structure 1. SF57) A well-laid, whiteclay floorat the centreof F20/C was bounded by two sections burnt, of wall, aligned nw-se and ne-sw. These represent Structure Each was marked by a 2. foundation trench which had one post-holecut at its base. The floorwas remade, rather less well, and extendeds to F20/A. Debris fromthe collapse of thisstructure covered the floor.

62

A. CATHARINE MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

A similarsequence was recordedin F20/B and G20/A where a thinwhiteclay floor, Structure Finds recorded whichwas overlaidby a hard-packed 3. clay layer,represented were a marblebead (SF298),a clay figurine on the floorof thisstructure (SF980),two clay whorls(SF27 and SF239),a sherddisk (SF271),a bone pipe (SF958),a bone point spindle (SF28, SF29, SF30, SF31, SF32, SF78, SF87, SF102, (SF1076), ten chipped stone artefacts rim bowl withincurving (P4),and a largecoarse SF103 and SF272),a coated and burnished floor (F27, 28). A later,and larger, jar withtubularlug handles (P3) set in the flooritself extended over F20/B, F20/D, and F10/D. The e edge of both floorswas marked by A collapsed daub wall material. stone axe (?) (SF84),a stonewaistedweight(SF77),a clay anchor(SF85),two clay spindlewhorls(SF70 and SFioo), threesherddisks(SF64,SF76 and (sF2, SF41 SF443), a bone point (SF40),a bone tool (SF289),threechipped stone artefacts ware (P71, Ridley and Wardle 1979, fig. and SF98) and a talljug in coated and burnished 15:90) were recordedon the laterfloor. Pebble yardsextended4 m to theE and to thes in F10/D (plate 2.8,F29, 30). Another sequence of two clay floorsand a hearthmade solely of clay,where a bone haft(SF1038) were again bounded to theE by a pebble wererecordedin G20/C. Both floors was found, From the E yard,a stone waistedweight(SF302), a workedriverpebble (SF342), a yard. (SF301),a clay spindlewhorl(SF336),a clay spool (SF337), quern(SF466),a clayloomweight a sherddisk (SF459),a bone haft(SF961),threechipped stone artefacts (SF273,SF435 and and a small clay scoop in uncoatedware (P98,Ridleyand Wardle 1979, fig.16:98) SF438) of were recovered,and fromthe habitationdeposits above the yard came a fragment sauceboat spout in ne Peloponnesianyellow mottledware (P78); whilstfromthe s yard therewere fourclay anchors(SF105,SF290,SF292 and SF335), a clay loomweight (SF238), twoclay spindlewhorls(SF280 and SF319),threesherddisks(SF244,SF451 and SF1101), a bone point (SF962),two pieces of workedbone (SF293 and SF535) and six chipped stone artefacts vessels, (SF254,SF246, SF263, SF266, SF433 and SF436). Large pieces of pottery in use in thisarea, included the upper partsof a small coated and burnished jar perhaps withpiercedledge lugs (P69,Ridleyand Wardle 1979, fig.16:93) and a largecoarse collarneckedjar withtwo handles (P70, ibid.,fig. 16:111). An unusual shallow bowl in coarse handle may have been used as a stopper(p8o, ibid., ware withan internal fig.16:109). for minimum dimensions a structure In 1979 the (Structure here)whichcoveredG20/A, 3 F10/D and F20/B were suggested(Ridley and Wardle 1979). An eastern edge to the definedby is structure clearlydelineatedby a collapsed daub wall in G20/A and is further E fromthe wall and which continueds to F10/D. However, the a yard which extended the of extent ploughdamage,whichis clearlydescribedin thesitearchive, prevents certain to the structure. of identification any otherlimits On the basis of the surviving archaeologydetailed above, it is not possible to suggest dimensionsforindividualstructures. minimum However, the large area of the surviving and of in thisphase. The recording fragmentary depositsdoes suggesta large settlement and F20/D indicatesthatthis settlement rough clay surfacesin Areas D and E, F20/A have extended over an area at least as great as that inhabitedby the would originally precedingmnand ln population. 2.5 PHASE ELEVEN (fig. 2.15, plate 2.9, F31-36) Ten large pitswere encountered, ad) (F31period (12th century datingto the Byzantine These were cut well over 2.5 m deep and 2.05 m wide, and caused considerable 34).

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND PHASES

63

fig. 2.14. Phase Ten, Areas F and G.

64

A. CATHARINE MOULD,K. A. WARDLE ANDJONATHAN MUSGRAVE

to and eba deposits,sometimes disturbance theprecedingneolithic the penetrating natural subsoil. Nine of the pits were filledwithdomesticwaste, comprising loose and mixed ashy a of withconcentrations bones,potsherds, river of pebbles and fragments tile.Much deposit, in almostexclusivelyso. The tenthpit,located in was prehistoric originand the pottery F20/B and F20/D, containeda human burial (plate 2.90, F33-36). The femaleskeleton one was foundin a crouchedpositionand had two ear-rings, iron and one bronze (sf6i). and tile,sealed by layers witha layerofsoft The pitwas backfilled soil,mixed withpottery its werefurther soil. Once thepithad been backfilled, limits defined ofclay,stonesand soft whichcut into the pit wall. These may a line of stonesand a seriesof deep post-holes by over the burialpit. have originally supporteda structure A stone adze (SF113), a sphericalstone pounder (SF94), a clay anchor (SF898), a clay disk (SF215),a chippedstoneblade spindlewhorl(SF193),a clay spool (SF196),a terracotta and a piece of iron wire (SF194) were recoveredfromthe fillof the burialpit. A (SF115) technique(P62) suggeststhatall these pits large piece of a glazed sherd in the 'scraffito' ad. shouldbe dated to the 12thcentury In 1930, Heurtleyexcavated a large circularpit with a human burial at its base. He assignedthisto the ln (Heurtley1932, 230; 1939, 54). Moreover,Hammond (1967, 94) whichprecede it interpreted as an earlytumulusburial.However, in a numberof letters some doubtas to thephasingof of thepublication Prehistoric Macedonia, Heurtley expressed of the burial.Further studyof the completephotograph, which only part was originally by Heurtley1932, fig.4; 1939, fig.58), and of sitenoteswritten published(plate 2.9,cf. and doubtwas well-founded thatthis and Skeatin 1930, indicatesthatHeurtley's Heurtley as burial was at the base of a large pit which can now be identified Byzantine(Phase with the one recorded in 1971. Heurtleyalso reportedanother Eleven), contemporary burial,dated to the Byzantine period,in his TrenchD (1939, 55 n. 1) C. A. M. K. A. W

2.5.1 The Human Skeleton from the Phase Eleven Pit, F20/B-F20/D. Summary This skeleton belonged to a woman,perhaps30-40 yearsold at death,and between 157cm tall. 64
Cranium Mandible vertebrae1 7 cervical column the > vertebraerepresenting vertebral 12 thoracic complete vertebrae J 5 lumbar 12 24 ribs(12 right, left) Sternum, complete

Catalogue

of Skeletal

Remains Recovered

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND PHASES

65

Fig. 2.15. Phase Eleven, Areas F and G.

66

CATHARINE A. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

Plate 2.9. {a) Phase Eleven: Byzantine excavation burial,F20/D fromabove; (b) Heurtley's of 'ln' burialused in partin Heurtley1932 fig.4, but showingthe 1930: Completephotograph II anotherburialin a Byzantine not observeduntilStratum was completepit. Presumably pit reached.

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND PHASES Both: Scapulae Clavicles Humeri Radii Ulnae Hands,virtually complete Innominate bones Femora Tibiae(left damaged) Fibulae(left damaged) but Feet, incomplete wellrepresented The onlymissing bonesare one or twosmallbonesofthehandand foot, bothpatellae. and

67

Sex a bone possessed widesciatic notch and a preauricular Female.Each innominate sulcus. of a mathematical to certain measurements devisedby Gilesand technique Application this Elliot(1962) confirmed diagnosis. Age from microscopic the evidenceavailable.The Age could not be determined precisely condition herteeth of theonsetofmiddleage,at least.However, the suggested appalling of ofonlyvery traces degenerative diseaseon hervertebrae indicated slight joint presence to estimate. can do little halttheremorseless We of a lower but progress degeneration, we in our Some people are morefastidious thematter thanothers. can look after teeth. It be reasonable, to postulate thatshe was no morethan40 yearsold at therefore, might death. Stature from lengths her right the of femur and tibia by means of the This was determined devised Trotter a Thisyielded scoreof 160.51 (1970). regression equation by appropriate 3.55 cm. Jaws and Teeth
DentalChart:
Right S A ?A 876543211234567 8 Left C C

876543211234567 8

68

JONATHAN MUSGRAVE

Dentition onMaxillary Comments Present. Wearstage5. 8: at Tooth Socket Absent. probably present deathor lostshortly present. 7: Abscess before. buccally. Abscess Dentine 6: buccally. stump. worn. Present. Very 5: death.Sockets lost All absent. Teeth after present. 4321 1 2 : healed. death.Sockets lost Teeth before All absent. 5678: a Cariesmesially: largelesion. Worn. Present. 4: in with lesionon 4. the Carieson neckdistally: contact Worn. Present. 3: Dentition onMandibular Comments Present. Wearstage5. 8: healed. Sockets death. lost Teeth before Bothabsent. 6: 7 Dentine stump. 5: but Bothpresent. Worn, lessso than3 4. 4 3: Sockets death. lost Teeth after Bothabsent. 2 1: present. lesionmesially. Wearstage4 to 4+. Smallcarious Present. 8: but at Toothperhaps Absent. present deathin verypoor condition, it 7: and incipient of to have been shedwith healing its consequent appears socket. death. lost left. One rootstump Restoftooth before 6: healed. Socket death. Tooth before lost Absent. 5: Sockets death. lost Teeth after All absent. present. 234: healed. Socket death. Tooth before lost Absent. 1:

Pathology as dentallesionslistedabove, the skeleton a whole was the Apartfrom widespread For example,therewas verylittleevidenceof freeof pathological signs. remarkably in wereobserved theroofof either orbitalia eye joint degenerative diseaseand no cribra socket. Miscellaneous Points and a supratrochlear an uncommon bearsa greenstain, mastoid The right spur, process humrus. on is anomaly, present theleft Skull Measurements for and on were of A largenumber measurements taken boththecranium mandible the owner's abouttheir information further in of benefit anyoneinterested seeking genetic are of and of Definitions landmarks explanations abbreviations givenin fullin affinities. Howells(1973) and Brothwell Morant (1981). These data are held in theServia (1936), Archive.

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND PHASES POSTCRANIAL MEASUREMENTS

69

measurements takenand theresults held were A representative are sampleofpostcranial are Mostofthem self-explanatory, definitions manyofthem but of in theServia Archive. from Brothwell (1981). maybe obtained Acknowledgements CressidaRidleyforinviting to study me thisskeleton, Ioulia I shouldlike to thank Dr. me to forgiving permission do so, and theRoyalSociety granting for me Vokotopoulou of to Macedoniain thesummer 1983. thefunds visit

J.M.

2.6 POST-ROMAN

OCCUPATION

ditch acrossG20/A, cut A NE-sw The ditch flat-bottomed G20/Cand G30/A. was aligned cutsidesandwasfilled with soft a with mixedwith vertically grey-black deposit, fragments one of oftile, Helladicredwarerarely found including example an Early glassandpottery, in Macedonia.It is notimpossible, thehistory recent of at Servia, given military activity the reflects suchepisode. one that ditch C. A. M.

7O

CATHARINE A. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

Fig. 2.16. Heurtley's excavation(after Heurtley1939, fig.45).

3 Chapter The Architectural Remains

3.1 INTRODUCTION for features themnand ln is particularly at Servia of The preservation architectural good of and destruction thesettlements fire thesubsequent to thefrequent by collapseof owing withcarbonised timber in Foundation thebuildings. trenches, (some post-holes stumps hearths storage and areaswereall preserved and timber floors, ovens, situ), yards, clay Smallerdetailsof thematerials debris. used were of a beneath deep build-up structural which notsurvive do under most were reedsand straw, also preserved. conditions, Wood, the some and thensealed beneath structural carbonised thefires collapse.Although by in of settlements was of element levelling practised themnand ln, actualclearance earlier wasinstead levelstructural to until eba PhaseNine.The normal the didnotoccur practice created foundation level. from previous the debris periodand tobuildon topofthenewly ofthearchitectural enableda detailed of and The highquality extent preservation study in which occurred themn of features an examination thearchitectural and developments will first an overallaccountof the in the eba. This chapter and ln and also present of for architectural size and orientation structures each phase,referring where back, style, a to appropriate, the Phase plans (figs.2.1-2.15), and will thenoffer more detailed architectural features for on types study focusing thedifferent ofsurviving by comparative in themnand ln and theeba. Evidencerecorded Heurtley 1930 willalso be drawn by 1932; 1939). upon(Heurtley weretraced, thepartial but fivecomplete thirty plans of another ground-plans Only foundation trenches postand Thesewereidentified were structures recorded. usingtheir floorsurfaces a as of and holes as key features, the survival well-laid clay and timber feature. secondary

(figs.2.1-2.7,3.1, table 3.1) of were recordedforthe mnperiod.The majority theseused a Nineteenstructures a and to Stone of trenches post-holes support wooden frame. combination foundation of were usedin PhasesThreeand Five,butthelocal availability foundations occasionally Smaller branches reedswereattached and the overrode use ofstone. wood,especially oak, to with are frame werethencovered and to this clay.The roofs likely havebeen pitched reedswhichwereweighted downwith coveredwithmud-plastered woodenrafters with 3.2 MIDDLE NEOLITHIC STRUCTURES 71

72

CATHARINE A. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

locally available river stones. Internal divisions were noted in situ only in Phase Five, although several daub fragments carried impressions of closely-set reeds (fig. 3.3) appropriate forlightpartitionwalls. The walls of lighter,perhaps less permanent, structures built in MNFour and Five yards used only posts set into individual holes, not into foundation trenches. The method of constructionremained constant in all aspects but one during the mn. An innovation in style was introduced in Phase Three and was repeated in Phase Four. This involved the cutting of building foundations and interior floors to a lower level than contemporary yard surfaces. These areas have previously been referredto as 'basements' (Ridley and Wardle 1979, 198), a term which implies a greater depth and more substantial constructionthan that recorded on site (average depth 0.50 m, see 2.2.3 above), and are here referred to as lower storage areas (see below). The innovation of lower floors in Phase Three was accompanied by the introduction of internal buttressing.Wall buttresses were only used at Servia in association with the lower storage areas (Phase Three Structure 3, and Phase Four Structure 7) and were not associated with any other type of structure. which theywould have given to the wooden house-framewould certainly The extra strength to have been sufficient support two floor levels, creating a 'two-storied' building (figs. 2.3, and 2.6). Independent evidence of the existence of two-storiedhouses is provided by 2.4 a model of this formin the Larissa Museum (Gallis 1992, 165 fig. 30; Toufexis 1996, 328 no. 264) and by other models from the Balkans.

3.2.1

The Size of Buildings

This was dictated by the technology available at that time, so that the width and to some extent, the length, of mn buildings was limited by the level of carpentry skills. The dimensions of each mn structureare presented in table 3.1. Of the five reconstructed ground-plans four were 5.50 m wide and one was only 3.50 m wide. These widths were dictated by the strongest structuralsupport needed for a pitched roof. A wooden wall frame,even with the aid of a double line of central post-holes, can support only a limited roof weight. Maximum size might be dictated by technology, but variations below this function.Two buildings, one each in maximum and in the shape could be due to differing in Phases One and Two, measured 5.5 x 6 m and the two largest mn structures Phases One and Three measured 5.5 x 10 m and 5.5 x 8 m, respectively (figs. 2.1-2.3). The largest buildings may reflectstructuresof higher status,or a communal function.

of Buildings The Orientation This varied slightlyduring the mn. All Phase One and Phase Two buildings, and two of the Phase Three buildings followed a nnw-sse alignment. Two other Phase Three buildings were angled nne-ssw and N-s respectively. The orientation of only one out of the six Phase Four structurescould be determined - this followed a nnw-sse alignment. Two of the Phase Five structureswere aligned ne-sw, whilst the latest building was aligned N-s. The orientation of these, and of later ln and eba structures, may have been determined by the prevailing weather conditions. 3.2.2

THE ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS

73

as a) Room and contents seen from pointofview ofmnoccupant east level at 1.55m) standing against hypothetical side ofroom. (eye

as b) Stereopair showingroom and contents seen from pointofview ofmnoccupant level at 1.55m) standing east against hypothetical side ofroom. (eye

Staircaseshownas dottedplane. c) Stereopair showingbird'seye view ofroom and contents.

Fig. 3.1 a-c. Reconstructions Phase Four Structure by RichardHubbard of 7

74

CATHARINE A. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE Table 3.1: Dimensions(m) of the mnstructures. = preservedlength. (P)

Phase One

Walls/ Plan 1 N s w E Plan 4-20(P) 5.65 3-oo(P) 2.OO (P) 5.5x6 Square 123 N s w e Plan 4.20 (P) 12345 N s w E Plan 4.20 (P) 4.20 (P) 2.50 (P) 2.20 (P) 2 0.50 (P) 0.40 (P) -

Structures 3 O.9O (P) 3.55 (P) 8.4O (P) 5.5 x 10 Rectangle

Two

O.75 (P) 3-6o(P) 3.85 (P) 5.5x6 Square (Floor only) 3.IO (P) O.95 (P) 6.50 (P) 1.00 (P) 2.20 (P) 5.70 (P) 5.5x8 Rectangle 6 7

Three

Four

1 2 4.5 3 Debris only Floor only Floor only 1 wall not planned
-

s w E Five n s

4.2O (P)

0.95 (P) 0.85 (P) -

1.85 (P) -

LOO (P)

3.30 (P) 8

were recorded:the only coherentplan is thatof the latest) of (A minimum 5 structures

1

w E Plan

3.50 3-65

8.00 8.30 8 x 3.5 Rectangle

THE ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS

75

3.2.3 Location of Buildings the of A gradual shifting buildingsoccurredthroughout mn.There were also plots which were used forspecifictypesof buildingin successivephases. 1 The N wall of Structure Phase One, became the s wall forStructure in Phase Two. 1, The plot was reused in Phases Three The originalPhase One plot became a yardsurface. and Four, but was leftvacant in Phase Five. In F20/D, building was limited to the in in northeastern quarter Phases One and Two,whilst Phases Two,Four and Five building extended over the whole trench.The buildingplot which spanned F20/A, F20/B and use Phase One to Phase Three. The buildinghere F10/D appeared to be in constant from was the largestin all threephases, perhaps indicatingthatthe location itself held some formof status.Two successivePhase Four buildingswere also housed on thisplot. The laterone had a timberfloorand was used forthe storageof grainamong otherfonctions. the extensive shifted The focus of settlement away fromthe excavated area following thePhase Foursettlement. Features wererestricted and destruction whichsweptthrough fire to to pits,and recognisablesurfaces yards and isolated clay floors.Architectural activity was confinedto F20/B and F10/D. A rapid succession of at least five structures was thatlarger recorded;the latestof whichmeasured 8 x 3 m. This supportsthe suggestion were only builton specificplots. structures

3.3 LATE NEOLITHIC

STRUCTURES

(figs. 2.8-2.11, table 3.2)

Phase were recorded,only one of whichwas dated to the transitional Nine LNstructures trenches and clay Six (F10/D). Freshposts were insertedinto the Phase Five foundation was packed around the posts to provide extrasupport.The rectangular x 8 m Phase 3.5 were adhered to. The lack of any other 1 and itsn-s alignment Five Structure ground-plan thatthe the evidencewithin excavated area, except in thefillofpits,suggests architectural shift occupationaway fromthisarea, which began in Phase Five, continuedin Phase of to Six. The focusof occupationreverted the whole area of the excavationin Phase Seven. eitheron theirown, were recordedand were mainlyrepresented floors, Nine buildings by or withone or two walls (figs. 2.9-2.1 1). 3.3.1 The Architecture and Size of Buildings walls were recorded,theywere represented Where the only by a single,or sometimesa was recorded (Area trench of post-holes.Only one example of a foundation double, row in the ln. Althoughonly 'clay packing'was recorded, were not used E). Stone foundations is wall construction likelyto have followedthe same method as used in the mn.Internal areas was practisedin theln, and in one case four, divisionofa buildingintotwo or three, Internalwalls were represented in occurring fourout of the nine Phase Seven structures. by a singleline of irregularly spaced small post-holes.Clay packingfromthesewalls was 6 also recordedforStructure and Structure in Phase Seven. 3 was recordedin two Phase Seven buildings. and Evidenceforimprovement maintenance to Structure1 was moved further the E and a new wall The internaldivision within ofStructure was also changed The internal the so constructed, altering spatiallayout. 4 plan

76

CATHARINE A. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

and weretruncated a later PhaseSevenfoundation whentheoriginal floor hearth by clay trench. of makesthereconstructionanyone of survival ln architecture The morefragmentary as there wereno obviousadvances architectural in Nevertheless, impossible. ground-plan the is the to to during ln, itis possible saythat sizeofbuildings likely remain development of the within mnrange 5.5 x 6 m to 5.5 x 10 m. 3.3.2 The Orientation of Buildings aroundN-s seen in themn.The orientation of the reflects samefluctuations Orientation can and thePhase Six structure sevenof thePhase Seven structures be gauged.Three a follow N-salignment 1, (PhaseSix,Structure PhaseSeven,Structuresand 6), twoare 3 1 nne-ssw(PhaseSeven,Structures and 2), one is alignedne-sw (PhaseSeven, aligned follows nnw-ssealignment a structure Structure and the remaining (Phase Seven, 7) Structure 4).

Table 3.2: Dimensions(m) of the ln structures. = preservedlength. (P)

Phase Six Walls/ Plan

1

Structures

s
W E

3.5O

3.65
8.OO 8.3O

Plan

3.5 x 8 Rectangle

Phase Seven Walls 123 (Floor only) N s w

E

7 (Floor only)

8 (Floor only)

3-45 (P) 3.30 (P)

"----

O.95 (P)
"

3-oo(P)

2.25 (P)

1.50 (P)

"-

THE ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS

77

3.3.3 Location of Buildings in markedby construction Otherthanthe mostobviousshift ln occupation, activity there very area is little movement thelocation in totheexcavation inPhaseSeven, reverting which moreoften is ofstructures. Instead, occupiedby a structure plotsare continuously to that is modified thanallowedto deteriorate suchan extent another built.

3.4 EARLY BRONZE AGE STRUCTURES

(figs.2.12-2.14,table 3.3)

at the of Despitethelongbreakin settlement Serviaafter destruction PhaseSeven,house had notchanged andconstruction techniques substantially theeba.The traditions by plans and and on ofcourse, localconditions materials maywellhavebeenmaintained depended, sites of Valleywhichwereoccupied by theinhabitants neighbouring in theHaliakmon this interval. during for which markedly is were lower thanfor Sevenstructures recorded theeba,a number The is two Thisis due totwofactors. first thegenerally thepreceding periods. fragmentary due of nature theupperdeposits to ploughdamage.The secondis thecomplete levelling in structuresadvanceofthePhaseNinebuilding of andclearance PhaseEight programme. detailsavailableforPhase Eightcome from fillof four, the or The onlyarchitectural and a veryfragmentary disturbed level in a 1971 testfive, largeditches, clay possibly in references made by Heurtley 1932. The ditches wereall filled with and trench from most included burnt unburnt and the debris which structural daub, probably representing daub in thelowerfillmaywell some burnt of fire-damaged remains structures, though from collapseof theditchsideswheretheyexposedthemnand ln the have originated in is to a recorded the 1971 test-pit likely represent The destructions. white claysurface hardclayfloors recorded Heurtley was to floor levelsimilar the (1932, 227). Heurtley by of cannot unableto identify structural and so dimensions PhaseEight buildings plans any that is likely resemble ofPhase Nine and Ten,in that to The settlement be given. layout and would have been separatedby yards.Heurtley wooden-framed daub structures which laid wereassociated with hearths. theseas areasof'roughly cobbles', described for were Fourstructures recorded Phase Nine and threeforPhase Ten. These were on was identified clayfloors, as own,theexception beingone which recorded usually their walls with three 1). surviving (PhaseNine,Structure The PhaseNinewallswererepresented withpost-holes. One of by a combination clay and daub lineswhichwere associated withfourpost-holes intoits base. The Phase Ten cut trench was recorded, foundation with daubwith as wallswererecorded linesofdaub associated post-holes, collapsed postcut trenches witha post-hole into each. It is possiblethat holes and two foundation were used forall Phase Nine and Ten structures, fillbeing their trenches foundation daub.The cutsmaynothavebeenidentified to due by represented linesofclayandburnt was for Phase and later erosion plough damage.Evidence wallmaterial found onlywithin of that The impressions wood and reedson burnt Ninepitfills. suggested clayfragments the at and were architecture Servia. wooden-framed daub structures still normal The partialground-plan one Phase Nine structure of (Structure was identified, 1) of are in 3.5 measuring m wideby a minimum 8 m long.Thesedimensions similar sizeto

78

CATHARINE A. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

in was either suggest to ruleoutthe to or buildings themnand theln. No evidence found or widespread MainlandGreecein the known from in kindofapsidalbuildings Sitagroi, eh in period. The lackofanycentral a structural as suggests simple post-holes design the foundation could not have supported complex wallsalone,withor without a trenches, One of division recorded. clayfloor was A superstructure. example a PhaseNineinterior shallow whilefragments claypacking in Fio/D was cutby a series four of of post-holes, in were from between post-holes. reedand straw the bearing impressions recovered and three of PhaseTen structures The orientation twoPhaseNine structures couldbe Three followed ne-swalignment a identified. 1, (PhaseNineStructure PhaseTenStructures a 2 and 3) and twofollowed N-salignment 2, (PhaseNine Structure PhaseTenStructure for to Individual building plotsare difficult identify theeba. No Phase Nine structure in an was identified F30/A, areafrequently phases.In contrast occupiedin thepreceding for is with mn, the there lessevidence structures upgraded. with ln,butincommon the being in structures F20/B and in F20/C suggests in of shift location twosuccessive The slight maintained. rather being than and to wereallowed deteriorate then that replaced buildings
1).

eba Table3.3:Dimensions ofthe structures. preserved (P)= (m) length.

Phase

Walls/ Plan

Structures for phase. were No structures recorded this

Eight

Nine
N

1234 s
w E

(Flooronly)(Flooronly) 3-75(p)
2.80 (P)

3-5
1.95 (P) 7.5O (P)

Ten N S w E

123 2.85 (P) -

2.80 (P) 1.45 (P) -

2.7O (P)

REMAINS THE ARCHITECTURAL

79

1 fell case Structure , withitsthreedefinedwalls and whiteclay floor, out ofuse In thefirst a extended c. 2 m further and a new clay floor,representing laterstructural ground-plan, Phase Ten clay floorin F20/C was laterremade in w than the earlierbuilding.The first this an Phase Ten and extendeds intoF20/A.It is notclearwhether represents enlargement or whetherthe earlierfloordid not survivein F20/A. Excavation in of the first building Area G and in an extensionto F10/D showed thatPhase Nine and Ten activity continued and thatno limithad been foundforthese settlements. to spread eastwards

3.5 BUILDING

TECHNIQUES

little the buildingsthemselves of survivesabove floorlevel, the destruction fires Although of MNPhase Four and ln Phase Six caused large parts of the clay packing around the of timbers walls and roofsto be burnthard and thuspreservesome tracesof the upper in as structure impressions the burntlumps,thoughit is not always clear whichbelong to to the walls and which to the roof. We are particularly grateful Richard Hubbard for so a selectionof these in drawingswhich illustrate well the varietyof building recording withthe information about pits,foundation trenches techniques(figs.3.2-3.1 1). Together clear pictureof construction and post-holesbelow floorlevel, these enable a relatively techniquesto be deduced. 3.5.1 Walls (figs. 3.2-3.7) exterior In areas of maximumpreservation walls were represented below floorlevel by 'rows of closely set stakes or small post-holesplaced in a narrowbedding (foundation) were also recordedin Phases trench'(Ridley and Wardle 1979, 195). Stone foundations Three and Five, and in Heurtley'sStratumI (Heurtley1932, 230), 'en' 2 and 4 (now known to be mn: Heurtley1939, 49-59)- In the more disturbedareas walls were more or oftenrepresented only by segmentsof foundationtrenches, where the cut could no the fill. trench Where therewas be identified, materialrepresenting foundation by longer no evidence fora foundationtrench,single,and sometimesdouble, lines of post-holes the and in Phase represented wall. The carbonisedremainsof posts were also identified walls were represented Four carbonisedstumpswere recorded in situ.Interiorpartition trenches were not used forthese. onlyby lines of small post-holes;foundation In the sides of the cut forPhase Four Structure the uprights had normallypoles c. 7, cm in diameterset little more than 1 cm apart,thoughtherewere tracesof splitor even 4 used in the same way (fig. 3.2). Clear impressions theseuprights of were squared timbers retainedin the clay packed around them.The wall surface was thenfinished witha 2 cm thickcoat of relatively coarse daub mixed withstrawand chaff and a second finer coat of thickness. There was no signof any horizontal similar branchesor reeds in the 30-40 cm of the heightof thesewalls,but perhaps these were not thought necessarybelow ground level. Even in the cases wherea second row of poles was used to give greater (fig. solidity to and 3.4) some bondingwill have been necessaryto give rigidity the structure prevent the naturalmovementof the poles whichwould otherwise cause the clay packingto split and fall away. It is likelythathorizontalbranches (fig. 3.5) or reeds were used forthis

8o

A. CATHARINE MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

were preservedof true 'wattling', thatis the weaving of purpose but no impressions basket fashion.AlthoughHeurtley(among other branchesbetween the uprights, pliant thathe excavators)uses the term'wattleand daub' frequently (1939, 52, 65) it is unlikely intendedthisprecise form.He too (1939, 53) found lumps of clay withimpressions of

for daubimpression, PhaseFourStructure Closely based Fig.3.2. Wallstructure, on preserved 7. of Twolayers coating. setuprights clay. piece,packedwith including squared

THE ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS

81

for suitable tying theuprights for too to beamsor ofreedsofa type rigid weaving, though them overwith or a clayand chaff to daubing mixture. in bundles clay, (plastering) prior of thattruebricks the were It is clear,despite captioning one of theselumpsas 'brick', material Servia. at usedas a building never

Fig. 3.3. Wall structure, based on preserveddaub impression, Phase Four Structure for 7. solid clay matrix, cm thick. Partition walling,closelypacked reeds [Phragmites 6 (?) Australia),

82

CATHARINE A. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

of wall PhaseFourStructurealso produced made 7 impressions a lighter structure, from used forpartitions similar that setvertical reeds(fig.3.3), perhaps to detected in closely in suchas thatobserved theyardarea to thenw of 'fences' Phase Five,or forexterior of internal were as PhaseFourStructure(fi7). Traces possible 3 partitions observed ridges timbers of ofclayon thefloor PhaseFourStructure(fig.2.6). In bothmnandln periods, 7 beams.The 'wastage' thin or thicker from wereregularly toproduce planks, squared split, whilethe and beamswas used in place ofunsplit theseplanks poles (fig.3.5), preparing to be (fig.3.7) or even as cladding(fig.3.6) fastened planksmight used foruprights structure. polesin a lighter upright

o Four F20/A. from daubimpression, PhaseFour, based Fig.3.4. Wallstructure, on preserved face2-3 cmofdaub. outer sizes. ofdifferent Solidclaymatrix, uprights

THE ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS

83

from Phase Seven Structure Major Fig. 3.5. Wall structure, daub impression, based on preserved 5. Solid clay of 14 upright cm in diameter. Splitsegments poles. Horizontalpole 2.5 cm in diameter. matrix.

84

CATHARINE A. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

/ i

I I

^m//^/X^'-'

'/'

1 :^i

'

daubimpression, ln PhaseSevenStructure for Fig.3.6. Wallstructure, on preserved based 2. and interior with cmin diameter. Horizontal planks clayas Upright 4 post overlapping packed revetment.

THE ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS

85

CO

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xn
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86

CATHARINE MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE A.

3.5.2 Buttresses was wall buttressing recordedonlyin Phases Three and Four,in associationwith Internal were represented substantial the lower storageareas. The buttresses by post-holesin the wall-lineof western and easternwall line of Phase Three, Structure and in the southern 3 are Phase Four,Structure (figs. 2.3, 2.6). Their main functions likelyto have been the 7 for of of reinforcement wallsand theprovision extrasupport thewooden roofsuperstructure, whatappears to have been a 'two-storied' within building.

3.5.3 Roofs (figs. 3.8-3.10) oftenmeasuring25-35 cm *n diameterset The roofswere supportedby stoutuprights recorded formn Phases One-Four and ln Phase Seven. The in centrally the buildings additionaluprights buildingswill also have placed close to the wall line in the two-storied These posts were set in large pits served to supportthe roof as well as an upper floor. measuring to 1 m in diameterand which could be cut as much as 1.80 m into the up in the case of the two storied buildings, though1.50 m was more normal.The use ground Greece withthe evidence of house models fromnorthern of centralpost-holes, together that and adjacentareas (Toufexis 1996, 161-2, 327-9; Marangou 1992, 179-80) suggests the roofsat Servia were normally pitched. which supportedthe coveringof the roof have long the beams and rafters Naturally firesor reused in other buildings since disappeared - eitherburntin the destruction firedclay has preservedsome beforeeventualdecay. As withthe walls, the accidentally and tracesof both the roofstructure of its covering.Reeds and brancheswere clearlythe to withclay, or clay mixed withchaff, materialforcoveringbeforeplastering favourite which were especially Some of the fragments, make them waterproof (figs. 3.8-3.10). whichsupportedthe commonin the debrisof Phase Four,preserveddetailsof the rafters whilein his account tracesoftheroofs similar encountered reeds(fig.3.9). Heurtley clearly and of he of the 'en' 5 settlement, records'the timberframework roofshavingfallenfirst of wall' and 'other fragments poles were found,but their been followedby crumbling smallersize and positionsuggestedthattheyhad fallenfromthe roof (Heurtley1939, 53)as a without clay covering, suggested fromthatch roofsmay have been formed Lighter as ashypatchesin a number from of finds phytoliths, straw, preserved probablyderiving by the of places. Sometimes,as in F30/A in particular, debris included large fallenstones roofs. for as whichmay plausiblybe interpreted weights holdingdown such lighter 3.5.4 Floors (fig.3.11, plate 2.7, F3, F18-23) used to identify one of the key features In the absence of exterior walls,floorsrepresent werecoveredwitha habitation of The majority floors structural theremaining ground-plans. were repairedand The floors and smallfinds lyingon the surface. depositand had pottery occurred on established top ofthehabitation surfaces fresh deposits.Optimumpreservation were baked hard and sealed by had been destroyed fireand the floors when structures by material.Only one example of an upper storeyfloorsurfacesurvived.It fallenstructural

THE ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS

87

material. Phase Four of Fig. 3.8. Clay daub preserving impressions reeds (SF177) and otherroofing destruction levels.

88

CATHARINE A. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

reeds,u/s from Fig. 3.9. Rafter, cm in diameter, F20/A. 2 supporting

1-2 Fig. 3.10. Close-setreeds [Phragmites australis), cm in diameter, packed withclay and then FromPhase Four or use of faced.Lateralcompression thesereeds suggests horizontally as roofing. area in F20/B. burnt pebble

THE ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS

89

was recorded in Phase Four Structure as a 'large slab of clay fallen intactonto the 7, of in (lower)floor'.The archivealso noted that'the impressions timbers thisslab did not matchthoseoftheadjacentwalls' (Ridleyand Wardle 1979, 202). This mismatch timbers, of should indicatethe construction combinedwithlarge centralpost-holesforthe structure of a two-storey building. floorsurfacewere recorded: trampled,laid clay, and timber. Three types of interior were recordedin Phases One, Three,Seven and Nine. The termtrampled Trampledfloors hardened by use and is more a by-product frequent of use impliesa roughclay surface, A constructed feature. trampledfloorcould implylow statusof rather thana deliberately functional or, more simply, transitory use but a building, could equally suggest the nature of a building. In contrast, clay floorcomprisesdeliberately a laid depositsof clay whichare intended the to createa level,durablesurface. Clay floors represent normthroughout occupationat Servia. A freshclay floorsurfacewas oftenlaid once a habitationdeposit had built up In over the originalfloor. Structure of Phase Three the clay floorwas also covered with 3 occurred Whiteclayfloors 1 matimpressions. onlyin Phase Ten,Structures and 3. Heurtley, withTait (1930), commentson hard 'plaster'floorsfound in the last in correspondence These are likelyto correspondwiththe whiteclay floorsrecordedin the EBAsettlement. 1971-73 excavation. Five timberfloorswere recorded,two in Phase One, one in Phase Four and two in 1 Phase Seven. The beamed floorin Phase One, Structure , was first recordedas a 19 x 18 x 6 cm piece of clay whichbore the impression a 14 cm wide flatsplitplank. Once the of fullextentof the floorwas uncovered 'burntimpressionsof beams or perhaps planks, morewidelyspaced thanthosein these cornerofF20/A'were noted. 'They are parallelto Wall C and thereare six ... The beams seem to be 10-12 cm wide' (F3). The longest beam measured2.10 m. The partialsurvivalof a beamed floorwas recordedfor surviving and were sealed by a yellowclay deposit. Structure The beams were 5-6 cm in diameter 3. The only Phase Four timberfloorwas recorded in Structure where a small patch of 4, timbers, alignedE-w, were sealed by a layerof clay. The techniqueforconstructing splitplank and beamed floorsdid not change fromthe MNto the LN. The best example of a beamed floorwas found in the ln Phase Seven Structure whereparallelbeams covered a 3 m e-w x 7 m n-s area (fig. 3.1 1, plate 2.7, 2, F18-23). The beams, or poles, were between6-8 cm in diameterand set side by side. At a intervals slendertransverse and pole had been used to hold this substructure together the whole was covered witha layer of clay which filledany gaps in between the wood. The clay was temperedwithstrawand sealed by a layer of what is called in the archive, 'mud plaster'.As suggestedin the Preliminary Report (Ridley and Wardle 1979, 213), it seems unlikelythat this or other floorsat Servia were deliberatelyfiredto preservea durablesurface. is in Instead,the burning the consequence of accidentalfire, resulting the and destruction the whole building. of collapse A second floorrecordedin Phase Seven Structure was formedof splitplankscovered 5 withclay.It is difficult judge how widespreadthe use of timber to floorsof different kinds have been, eitherat Servia or othersites,since the wood may frequently have been may in Even when it has been left positiondecay may have salvaged forreuse or forfirewood. been almosttotal,leavinglittle traceforthe excavator.Thus no conclusionscan safelybe drawnfrom presenceor absence of timberfloorsabout eitherthe statusor function the of buildings. particular

go

CATHARINE A. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE 2

CO

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CO

ts

i il
Oh t

-a 2"H ? E *T3
fri cti

Vi a; u

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l'i
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S

'S

o
lo O u

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THE ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS

91

3.6 ANCILLARY FEATURES

3.6.1 Yards domestic structures. served Yardsweremulti-functional areaswhich separated They open and of bothas a wastedisposalarea and as a work-place, houseda number features, structures pits. and Yardswererecorded all in ovensand hearths (3.6.3),storage including The term PhasesSix and Eight. ofoccupation yardis usedhereto describe except phases of of was an areawhosesurface represented a layer river by pebblesor by 'a thick deposit and bone' (Ridley and Wardle1979, earth... richin charcoal, brown-black soft pottery was overtheyard that'refuse allowedto accumulate rapidly' 97). In 1979 it was stated in N extent PhaseThree, ofStructureand PhaseSeven, to which true a certain is surfaces 3 werekeptscrupulously areasin yards AreaE. It shouldalso be notedthat clean, storage or refuse, the in e habitation of suchas that PhaseFour, ofStructure and that 4 deposits, river levelled and a fresh wereoften established, Phase e.g. pebblesurface larger expanses In Phase Ten theyardto thes of Structure was marked stonesand Four,F30/A. 3 by as of (F29,30). fragments pottery wellas bone and charcoal 3.6.2 Storage Areas werekeptin reserve, wereusually reflected at consumable areas,where products Storage seemedtobe too concentrated be to and pulseswhich of Servia finds carbonised grain by in rake-out. Thesewererecorded defined or of the disposal hearth simply product rubbish wererecorded: outside buildings, the in of areas structural and pits.Threetypes storage in insidethebuildings, lowerstorage of within confines yards; the structures areas; light that area.In 1979 itwas stated 'unfired from mainliving the areasisolated and in defined which was recorded a claybin as one However, feature claybins'wereused forstorage. is as has nowbeen identified a hearth table 3.4). Storage also indicated (see (PhaseNine) in II. will which be presented Volume evidence by ceramic had but is possible unproved. whenfound, been use The primary ofpitsfor All, storage which havebeenlined as in thecase ofa PhaseFourpit, for reused rubbish may disposal within fill. its The pitwas and a loomweight someburnt contained with grain clay,which structure below). timber sealedby a light (see in of Discrete areaswerecommon PhasesOne-Four themn. built structures inyard Light werekept cleanandwere domestic to a roofed close areasofa yard, building, very usually A wooden structure enclosedby a light by represented linesof smallpost-holes. clear in E of was for storage grain recorded PhaseFour, the of example suchan areabeingused and pebbleswas defined a area of burnt of Structure Here, a semi-circular by clay 4. A with burnt straw. concentration of as which survived carbonised woodenfence stumps the Closebywasa fragment within area,'stacked against fence. this seedslay carbonised up' is The foodpreparation. PhaseFourevidence equally usedfor ofa quern(SF887), perhaps was covered sealedby burnt area ofyard, clean clay, good in F10/D and F20/B.A very withbrokenpottery (fromstoragejars?) and carbonisedseeds. These included a of cereal of concentration lentils a separate crop- and a mixture barleyand other woodenfencerepresented smallpost-holes The area was enclosedby a light by grains. were in walledstructure recorded Phases defined a light cleanyardareas, (fi7). Similar by were structures roofed left the or One, Twoand Three.It is notclearwhether light open,

92

A. CATHARINE MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

materialwas specifically associated withthese areas. It seems likelythat but no roofing of the crop was stored in ceramic containers and that the carbonised grain part clean area. concentrations scrupulously represent spillagein an otherwise were limitedto Phases Three and Four.Clay floors Lower storageareas insidebuildings werenotrecordedin theseareas,perhaps ofthetypefoundinsideroofeddomestic buildings a function otherthan domesticoccupation.Althoughno grain concentrations indicating clusterwas recorded in Phase were recorded in Phase Three lower areas, a significant in Area D. Here, a numberofpots,pithoiand small findswere foundon Four Structure 7 of the lower floorarea, withan unusuallylarge concentration carbonisedgrainin the sw for These lowerareas would have providedcool, dark conditions, corner. perfect storage. Richard Hubbard suggeststhat some storagemay also have taken place in the roof possiblysuggesting spaces, or hangingin bags or skinsfromthe upper floorin quantities such He rather thana foodsupply. notesthatsome concentrations, as theLathyrus seed-corn food preparation rather associatedwithP283 (see also section5.2.3), may represent crop thanstorage. Defined storageareas withinbuildingsand on the same level as domesticoccupation wall division were also recordedelsewherein Phase Four. In F20/A, a nnw-sse interior of createda small area whichcontaineda concentration carbonisedgrain. was recordedforPhases Five-Seven.Pitswerea commonfeature No evidenceforstorage evidence to suggestthattheywere in Phases Six and Nine, but therewas littlesurviving used forstorage.It is likelythatmore pitswere used forthispurpose and the presenceof carbonisedseed mixed withdomesticwaste in the pits may suggestformer storageuse. of in can the latestfunction be identified the majority cases, and this only Unfortunately, debris.The lack of evidence tendedto be forthe disposal of domesticwaste or structural forPhases Five to Seven may be due to consumablesbeing keptin portable jars or pithoi, not thattheywere storedaway fromthe centreof occupationand were therefore seen or excavationlimits.A storage (P3) recorded in situin an interior withinthe clay floor, jar the Phase Ten, Structure supports former option. 3, recordedin are withlightstructures consistently It is noticeablethatclean yardsurfaces mn and it is possible thatareas were set aside forspecific the trenchF10/D throughout evidencefortheln and in purposes,such as storage, thisperiod.The lack of any structural became moreportablein theselaterperiods. facilities thatstorage theEBA perhapssuggests

3.6.3 Hearths and Ovens (figs.3.12-13, table 3.4, plate 2.5, F13, 77-78) associatedwithyardsat Servia was a hearthor oven. An oven The mostcommonfeature with an entrance,whilsta hearthis positively is termedhere as a roofed construction area ofclayand pebbles,blackened a as identified an unroofed structure, comprising discrete surrounded a ridgeof firedclay.It is also negatively withash and charcoal,sometimes by for in definedas any feature thisclass whichdoes not meetthe criteria an oven. Table 3.4 whichhave been identified. liststhosefeatures one intoa yardand one intoan occupation Of thethreeovens,one was set intoa floor, werelocated in yardareas,seven were associated Of theseventeenhearths, eight build-up. but one withfloorsurfaces, cannotbe relatedto any otherfeature, one more was certainly of located withina roofedstructure One, F10/D). The identification this hearth (Phase

THE ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS Table 3.4: Featuresdefinedas Ovens or Hearths.

93

Current definition Oven

1971-73

Phase

Trench

Archiveevidence

Hearth

Three

n of Structure 3

entrancefaces e ... lumps of orange burntmudbrick may have been a ... roof. collapsed pebble and clay floor,enclosed by a 'wall'. entranceto the se. outlineplan only. removal of hearthfloor. construction typical. . . pebbles and clay. no evidence of walling. two layersof riverpebbles set in a burntclay floor. pebble and clay floor. none. less well constructed,pebble layer mixed withroughsherds. no wall evidence. no wall evidence. none. clay floor. pebbles and clay base surrounded by clay lip. none. no wall evidence. clay floor.

Oven (?) Oven Hearth Hearth Hearth Hearth Hearth Hearth Hearth Hearth Hearth Hearth Hearth Hearth Hearth Hearth Hearth Hearth

Oven Hearth Hearth Hearth Hearth Oven Hearth Hearth Hearth Hearth (?) Hearth/ Oven Hearth Hearth Hearth Clay Bin/ Hearth Hearth Hearth

Four Seven One One One Two Two Four Four Five Seven Seven Seven Seven Nine Nine

1 s of Structure w of Structure 3 w of Structure 3 1 BetweenStructures & 2 Inside Structure 3 1 s of Structure N of Structure 3 s of Structure 3 Road Section F30/A Area E w of Structure 3 Area D Area D 1 s of Structure s of Structure 3 F20/B G20/C

Oven/Hearth Nine Ten

wereplaced insideany 'there no proofthathearths is statement meansthatan interim and Wardle1979, 198) shouldbe modified. roofed building' (Ridley from mnto theln. the for The construction technique ovensdoes notappearto change covered a fired and havepebblefloors, thepebblesare often All theovens claylayer. by

94

CATHARINEA. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

1 Fig. 3.12. Phase Four oven (?) to s of Structure (F20/C): cross-section {top);plan after partial sectionto w (bottom (c) bird'seye view (bottom right). left);

REMAINS THE ARCHITECTURAL

95

from Fig.3.13. PhaseNinehearth F20/B.

In In contrast, technique hearths the for does change. themnhearths represented are by of setintoa claybase and coveredwitha layerof claywhose twolayers river pebbles has are surface been smoothed. theln hearths represented by clayfloors. This By only is tradition carried intotheeba - although on hereone of the hearths recorded is as also recorded eba hearth an lined'.Heurtley of one or more being'pebble 'consisting of 1932, 227). layers smallriver pebblesbeddedin clay'(Heurtley also Heurtley notedthatone of his mnhearths may have been protected a light by 'en' settlement The onlymnexamplerecorded 1971-73 in shelter 2). 1939,49, (Heurtley a wasin theRoad Section (plate2.5),butone was notedfor ln PhaseSevenovenand cut In onefor eba PhaseNinehearth. thecase ofPhaseSeven, oval-shaped adjacent an an area of to theoven'sentrance marked a number post-holes was whilea hearth floor which by was boundedby a claylip with twoassociated was recorded PhaseNine. for post-holes 3.6.4 Pits the of of and of During longhistory occupation themound exploitation itsstrategic position, seemsto have been a regular as partof the construction methods, activity pit digging for this or (although is hardto demonstrate) rubbish possible provision storage disposal.

96

CATHARINE A. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

The largepitsof the Byzantine like function, periodremainenigmatic unlesstheir wasmilitary defensive. already of or As those at thebeginning this the noted, century, dug of in and disturbance manyparts thesite, excavation refilling pitscausedconsiderable of features redepositing and contexts, when,as objectsin misleading truncating especially thesepitswerenot detected thearchaeological was often case, the immediately during these to excavation. impediments understanding Fortunately, errors provedonlyminor one majorexception, 'ln' burial of the and thehistory character thesite- with reported as of (above 2.5). This can now be recognised another the seriesof large by Heurtley founded it aboutthecharacter ln burials on of must be pits Byzantine whilethetheories reconsidered. used the and trenches post-pits in construction ofcourse, primary The foundation are, as methods for evidence theplan and scaleofeach building, wellas fortheconstruction whether central the rowsofthe foreach.In thecase ofall thelarger timbers, employed (PhaseOne Structure PhaseSevenStructure orthose 3, 3), placedat buildings rectangular of the thewallsand across interior thetwo-storied intervals squarebuildings along regular 7), (PhaseThreeStructure Phase FourStructure deep,moreor less cylindrical c. 3, pits the These werethensimply had 0.80-1.00 m in diameter been cutto support uprights. in to no in filled with additional firmly place.The sizeand depth packing holdthetimbers of the evidence theweight timbers someofthemost ofthese provides supported striking pits thetimbers longsince had withtwostoreys. of and theprobability buildings Although few as rotted level,their away,or werepreserved charcoalin thefirst cm below floor two clear.Occasionally postscouldbe seento of at thecentre thepitwas usually position the their be sharea single The postscouldsometimes traced through cavities decay pit. subsoil of the time notpermit excavation thepitsintothenatural did behind. left Though and weretested the of which 3, supported timbers Phase ThreeStructure thesecavities of a reached depth wellover1.5 m. set the formed wallswereusually in relatively which timbers The smaller polesor split have been rammed in somecases they foundation shallow trenches, maysimply though thesewere levelswherecharcoalsurvived, intothe ground. Exceptin the destruction couldbe in wherea difference colouror texture withdifficulty to be traced often only detected. for of does notappeartohavebeen a feature themnphaseat Servia, Pitdigging except a or with bottle other In theln, however, construction shapeirregular pits, purposes. is function unclear themouth weredug,buttheir at wider thebase than rather primary the and cut 2.5 m through of (2.3.1). The largest thesewas about 1.2 m in diameter and couldhavebeenlined werecarefully The shaped pits deposits. cylindrical underlying whileone at leasthad been linedin partwith for with clay.No purposes, basketry storage of a was generally mixture building and thefill use traceoftheir other original survives suchas ash and domestic daub withreed impressions, burnt rubbish, debris, including or ornaments. tools of bone,and a variety broken in in Pitswereagaina feature theeba, whentwodifferent couldbe recognised types haveserved and and wereshallow irregular, couldpossibly PhaseNine(2.4.3).^ot^ tyPes with to earth coverthewalls.One groupwas filled as pits'fordigging initially 'borrow One reedimpressions. ofthese ofdaub with hardburnt debris lumps including building vessels, also contained perhapsthe debrisof some largepartsof eightbrokenpottery and earth rubbish, contained ofpitssimply The accident. secondgroup domestic localised ofthisevent. not and werepresumably openat thetime

THE ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS

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The large Byzantine levels,were all pits,which caused such damage to the prehistoric to and cut right the base of the mound. Their slightly or less circular more swellingshape but leftopen long enough forslippage to theywere intendedto be cylindrical suggests the level. Clearly occur,especiallywhere theywere cut through unstablemn destruction otherthan rubbishdisposal (even if we include the two human theyhad some function about other 12th century ad skeletonsunder thisheading) but withoutany information conclusionsare possible. beside the riveror on the mound at Servia,no further activity 3.6.5 Ditches of The perimeter themound at Servia has hardlybeen explored,and thereis thusnothing in to it showwhether was delimited any way,either marktheboundaryofthesettlement to kind of defensible The ditcheswhichwere foundare all in or to providesome perimeter. is the centralarea of the site and theirfunction obscure. They represent, however,some on as considerableeffort the part of individual familygroups or by the community a whole, since some of themreach a depth of 3.5 m and similarwidthat the top. One of 'en' 1), but was out theseditchesbelonged to the earliestphase of occupation (Heurtley's the of use by his 'en' 2, underlying floorsof thatphase (1939, 49; fig. 1.3). A series of was cutin theeba Phase Eight,and one at leastwas reut.Whatevertheir ditches purpose, of to have become filledin beforethe start Phase Nine, since no examples of theyappear of the pottery the new typesin use in thatphase was foundin the ditchfill. With the exception of the west side of the mn ditch found by Heurtley,which was the vertical, ditchsides were cut at a steep angle of c. 6o witha narrowslotat remarkably the thebase. Although fillat thebase seems to have been theproductofthe erosionofthe sides,theupperpartofthe fillappeared to be buildingdebris.This clearlyaccumulatedin foundin thefilland in one case large stagessince therewere a numberoftroddensurfaces of animal bones. No tracesurvivedof the banks whichmusthave been created fragments of it thatthespoil would have been removed though is unlikely by thecutting theseditches, fromthe eba ditchesreflected the stratathrough all to any distance.The pottery which have been cut and in many cases it is not possible to be sure which of the small they objectsfoundin themshould be treatedas eba in date.

3.7 SUMMARY style Despite thelapse of 2500 yearsin occupationat Servia (see Chapter 2), architectural fromthe mnto the eba. The use of lower storageareas in Phases Three and changedlittle in Fourstandsoutas an isolatedinnovation fluctuations thecombination alongsidetheslight of foundation trenches and post-holeswhich were recorded fromone phase to another. in The lattermay be related more to fluctuations survivalthan in architectural style.If the anything, settlement appeared more cohesivein themnthanin theln and the eba, but thismay be due to more comprehensive survivalof the earlierand deeper depositsrather thanto actual organisation the community. of of could be Continuity spatial organisation detectedthroughout occupation at Servia in the reuse of specificbuildingplots,the the of withexpansesofyardand thepossibility hearths of separation buildings beingassociated

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A. CATHARINE MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

Where it was possible to identify withspecific buildings. shape, the buildingsin all phases and were oftendivided into two or threeareas. Size were eithersquare or rectangular in remaineduniform themn,ln and eba, being limitedto a widthof 3.5 or 5.5 m and to a remainedremarkably constant. of either6, 8 or 10 m, and orientation length thuswalls were usuallybuilt used were dictatedby theirlocal availability, The materials of wood, especially oak, reeds and clay. Clay was also used for floorsand yards were withriverpebbles. Althoughthe riverbed provided a ready source of rounded surfaced stonesfortools such as poundersand querns,thereare no convenient outcropsof angular stonesuitableforconstruction. to in The size ofthesettlement each Phase is difficult estimate, althougheach musthave extendedwell beyond thebounds ofthe combinedareas excavatedin 1930 and in 1971by 73. This is supported the survivalof depositsalong the line of the bridgefoundations extendsover 150 m whichnow supportthe Limni Polyphytou bridge.The mound itself NE-swand nearlyas farnw-se givingan area of over 2 hectares.

3.8 PARALLELS

AND

COMPARISONS

ThessalianAchilleion, numberofsitesforcomparison: to itself a limited confines This study Macedonian Nea Nikomedeiaand Makrygialos, Diminiand Otzaki;western Sesklo,Tsangli, easternMacedonian Sitagroiand Dikili Ta and Balkan Anza. in Architectural yardstick styleof construction techniquecannotbe used as a cultural thanto of is contexts due moreto thelocal availability naturalresources earlierprehistoric of influences. of theeffect cultural However,theestablishment a broad relative chronology a section 1.7) does facilitate comparativestudyof architectural techniqueswhich,in (see turn,highlightsa number of structuralsimilaritiesbetween neolithic and eba sites withServia. contemporary

3.8.1 Early Neolithic at A recentstudyof the en structures Nea Nikomedeia (Pyke 1994; Rodden and Wardle in at whichcannotbe much earlierthanthe first Servia,suggests similarity 1996, 39-53), At the available naturalresources. Nea Nikomedeia,as at mn-ebaServia,thisis expressed with pitched roofs.In addition,smaller for in a preference wooden-framed structures, branchesand reeds withclay coveringare used as wall fabricon both sites(Rodden and were Wardle 1996, 42). In general,dimensionsfor the en Nea Nikomedeia structures of dimensions thelargest at thanthoserecordedforbuildings Servia.The preserved greater with3.5 x 10 m for buildingat Nea Nikomedeia were 11.78 x 13.64 m, whichcontrasts in was variety thesize ofbuildings there recordedat Servia.In addition, structure thelargest the constant at Nea Nikomedeia,whereasat Serviasize remainedfairly throughout phases. of in be seen, however,in the use of internal Similarities buttressing, the orientation may and remainedconstant, in a respectforestablished at bothsites, 'property which, buildings whichis represented thereuseofindividualbuildingplotsfora succession boundaries', by of structures.

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3.8.2 Middle Neolithic III In ThessalyAchilleion and IV are characterised thepresenceofclassicSesklopottery by while radiocarbondatingindicatesthatPhase IVb is directly comparable withthe mnat in this phase is not extensivein the Servia. The discussion of architectural technique of publication(Gimbutasetal. 1989, 63-6), but a consideration the earlierPhases III and a IVa does facilitate comparisonof the two sites.While the area of excavationwas more a at was extensive Serviathanthatat Achilleion, fullplan ofthemnsettlement not exposed the at eithersite and in both cases it is unclearhow representative excavated evidence is as difference between Thessalian sites and of the settlements a whole. One important indeed those of Macedonia in general,is the widespread use of mudbrickas a Servia, buildingmaterial,usually on a stone footing(see also Treuil 1983, 268, carte 5). The and mudbrickinfillis likelyforthe upper partsof combinationof a timberframework whereonlythe stonewalls are preserved. centralMacedonia mudbrick In manystructures tell does not come intogeneraluse untilthe lba when it is typicalof the steep-sided sites such as Assiros,Axiochori,Kastanas and Toumba Thessalonikis. evidence was recorded for Phase Ilia, a comparisonwith Althoughno architectural Servia Phases Five and Six can be made, as at each site there was a marked shiftin occupationaway fromthe area of excavation.At Achilleion,occupation revertedto the which is again parallelled at Servia, althoughhere it excavationarea in Illb, a situation occursin ln Phase Seven. The utilisation naturalresourcesat Servia and Achilleionresulted differentiation of in in used at each site.However,thetechniqueand styleofconstruction a number materials and in features Servia Phases One-Five are comparable with Achilleion of the architectural in Phase Illb and IV. Walls were represented AchilleionIllb by post-holesor large fallen were not recorded.The wall fabricwas most commonly trenches stones,and foundation of clay plasteredover branchesand the use of 'wattleand daub', a techniquewhichwas not employedat Servia,is also reported(Gimbutasetal. 1989, 39). However,in common withServia,the structures Achilleiondid incorporate centralline of post-holes, at a which theuse ofa pitchedroof.The preservation roofmaterial of was of a higherquality suggests of than at Servia,and allowed a detailed reconstruction the roofdesign to be attempted etal. 1989, fig.4.36). The provisionof sheltered areas adjacentto the domestic (Gimbutas is These are represented Servia by small lines of poststructures also a shared feature. at to The holes,whichare thought represent lightlean-tostructures. lean-toswere builton to the largerbuildingand acted as storagefacilities. Achilleion,the shelters At were more into substantial. wereincorporated thedesignofthelarger and their function structure, They was solely forthe protection a cooking hearth.At Servia, the hearthswere located a of shortdistanceaway fromthe domesticbuildingsand only a small numberwere protected by lightwooden shelters. Changes in architecture may be seen in mn Phase IV at Achilleion.This phase has a house withstonefoundations, whose advantagesare likelyto have included strength and combinedwiththefirst offoundation use trenches Achilleion, at which, durability provided The re-adoptionof stone as a buildingmaterialmay have been greaterlateralstability. of The accompaniedby an advance in the carpentry the roofstructure. absence of central thatgreaterdistancescould now be spanned, an advance supporting post-holessuggests which is likelyto have been made possible by the fellingand workingof large beams. These could have been incorporated intoa flatroofdesign (Gimbutasetal. 1989 fig.4.43.

loo

CATHARINE A. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

in is of wallsbuilt theroof the to the drawing stone Although impression given this height, that is normal). and diagram p. 33 indicates a pis superstructure on text of and daub' housesside by side at Achilleion The construction stoneand of 'wattle in of The stonebuildings variations status thebuildings. werethought to may suggest in No suchdistinction status be made,on thebasisof can shrines cultcentres. or represent role was due moreto thelocal abundance where limited ofstone the at materials, Servia, skills. Somedistinction however, than anylackofmasonry to oftimber, andreeds, may, clay and in the be indicated variations thesizeofstructures, in therepeated throughout use, by the structure. of MN, a building in thes ofAreaF for largest plot in of at to Thereappears havebeen moremovement thelocation structuresAchilleion at structuresServia weremore at than Servia, to 3.5 m,as opposedto 1-2 m. Whereas up so did fire Achilleion not seem to suffer muchfrom often thannot destroyed fire, by of to the wooden which surprising is considering proximity hearths thedomestic damage, a and to whilst new were Structures allowedto deteriorate left standin ruins structures. became was structure built in the immediatearea. Only when the later structure The settlement was uninhabitable theoriginal organisation appears building reused. plot which include are at to be comparable. Structures,bothsites, separated yardsurfaces by of at The orientation buildings for a focus domestic and hearths which activity. provide with e-w the within later from to n-s (PhaseIVb). Thiscontrasts Achilleion mn, changed to from mnthrough the the around and nnw-sse N-s fluctuated orientation Serviawhere in is feature theregularity theplan of building At mnSesklothemoststriking plots. it over20-25 acres,although is not which extends a has Excavation revealed settlement at a This may reflect conscious this how fully was 'built-up'. certain attempt whatwe wouldnow term 1987, 65-149, planche (Theocharis 1973, 65; Pyrgaki town-planning follow similar a are squareorrectangular, 1996,52). The structures either 22-30; Kotsakis with was form construction ofstone of The standard and areregularly orientation spaced. construction thetimber to Thisseems havecompletely a mudbrick replaced superstructure. for recorded theen atthesamesite(Pyrgaki impressions 1987,221-4). Herethesurviving and woodenpostsand reeds,and the use of central of smaller post-holes supporting to similar foundation notincorporating a style, buttresses trenches, very although suggest at recorded Servia. that is of clearevidence settlement contains site Another which Here, organisation Tsangli. the with bondedtogether mud or clay,whilst thelowerhalfof a wall comprised stone, of The superstructuretheroofappearsto have been of upperhalfconsisted mudbrick. one of and buttresses, or post-holes by a system internal supporting by supported central were recorded structures The four twoto eachwall(Waceand Thompson 1912, 115-17). a all observed T measuring size builtsquareto a standard (House 7.75x6.75111). They The superimposition restricted a within very and orientation werecontained similar space. and boundaries itis for a structures ofthesefour property suggests respect neighbouring of Thisis supported evidence on a 'private' are that by plot. possible thebuildings located to 1912, 117). repairs House P (Waceand Thompson of a of The excavation themnlevelsat Otzaki(Milojcic1983 a) revealed series closely theseweregenerally housesofmudbrick, slightly Although packedsquareor rectangular thanat Tsangli smaller single(FlcheI, Planum6, Haus employed (6.00 x 5.00 m) they on 8, I, C2,d2; PlanIII) ordouble(Flche Planum Haus C2;PlanIV) buttresses eachwall. withthe 'two-storied' in association was wall buttressing used at Serviaonly Internal
EBA.

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It 7 3 buildings StructureinPhaseThreeand StructureinPhaseFour. wasnotassociated The incorporation buttresses of within structures Otzaki, at with buildings. single-storied Nea and SeskloandTsangli possibly Nikomedeia on (Roddenand Wardle1996,40) may, the of at it this basis,suggest presence two-storied However, should buildings thesesites. are that of the be remembered themainfunctions a buttress to support roof superstructure the The of with to and/or reinforce wallsofa building. association buttresses two-storied to transferred theseother to at sites, buildings Serviais not,therefore, be automatically are housemodelsfrom bothGreeceand the there two-storied as already noted, though, Balkans (section 3.2). recorded mn at Servia thus is with recorded The settlement organisation comparable that In were closetogether, same Seskloand Tsangli. all casesstructures built the atAchilleion, of were was used and themajority structures builtin the same style, a to building plot in thecase ofAchilleion and observed, standard orientation. IVb, a standard size; except recorded Servia, at to were and Sesklo, Tsangli at Otzaki. Repairs structures also frequently whichrepeatedly structures the limits neighbouring of This repair individual of respect that as plotswereowned,or regarded private buildings suggests building piecesofland. in turn, in boundaries overa periodoftime indicate The continuity property may, socially Within climate, existence a socialhierarchy hinted by this the of is at stable surroundings. theassociation hearths ovenswith of and and thesize ofdomestic communal structures, within areasofthe buildings building particular plotsand of largecommunal particular this from mn the through theln. The evidence to In settlement.thecase ofServia, occurred the and thesesites be usedtopromote idea ofa socially economically can from recovered in and Macedonia- evidence from Anza suggests that stableenvironment mnThessaly for also be true theBalkans. this may that Anza II and III are partofa central Balkanculture are and has Gimbutas argued different fromthe late mnSesklo culture Thessaly in and stylistically architecturally of atAnzahasbeenpublished (Gimbutas 1976,415-16). No detailed study thearchitecture based on information the 1976 publication in and anycontrasting to date interpretation remain tentative. None theless,a study an account thestratigraphy of of therefore, must, in 1976, does suggest in architectural and chronology terms least, at that, published exist Anza II and III and ServiaPhasesOne-Five. similarities between it here In terms mnarchitectural of Anza (Phases and III) II technique, is suggested that to a whichis due, moreprobably, most to is thesettlement comparable Servia, likeness than of materials to anycultural interaction. at Servia, As the thelocal availability similar were of Anza PhasesII and III structures builtusinga frame woodenpostsand thewall whether posts the fabric daubedwith was It wereinserted foundation into clay. is notstated which beenusedin AnzaPhaseI, was notrecorded PhasesII had trenches. for Mudbrick, were and III. Stonefoundations recorded did the but,as at Servia, notrepresent normal are The thoseat Anzameasuring 8-10 m longand 4 m practice. sizeofstructures similar, with No to wide, compared 8-10 m longx 3.5 or5.5 m wideatServia. reference orientation is madein 1976,other orspatial distribution than intra-settlement that distribution changed from AnzaI (en)toAnza II. However Gimbutas does maketheassumption theAnza that II and III structures were separated by yards and workingareas, and were not as interconnected in Anza I. If so, thesocialorganisation suggested structural by design in and respect property for boundaries sites Macedoniaand Thessaly, also present at is in theBalkans.

1O2

CATHARINE A. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

3.8.3 Late Neolithic In terms the absolutechronology of dates,no suggested the availableradiocarbon by in Thessaly, Balkans, in the remains or ln site,witharchitectural preserved, published in to Servia,but it is clear from variety the Macedoniais directly eastern comparable that of Greece anything andhouseform theln culture northern was settlement organisation in as butuniform, indeedthewiderangeofceramic periodindicates. products this truncated were unfortunately at The ln deposits Nea Nikomedeia severely priorto werecutaroundthecontour the of ditches in of excavation 1961. A number 'defensive' survived. is unlikely, It with ditches the butno structures however, mound, contemporary since available wouldhave changed resources of that supply natural the drastically theen wouldhave wattle and daub structures and it is probablethatwooden-framed, period, at ln Nea Nikomedeia. thenormal practice represented and at since1993 (Besios Pappa 1997 conducted Makrygialos excavations The extensive of in Instead dense kind a different ofsettlement theln period. haverevealed very etseq.) in or in thekindofmoundseenat Servia, Thessaly in a limited area,resulting occupation in overan areaofsome28 hectares themanner werespread thehouses eastern Macedonia, In Macedoniaand theStrymon in nowrecognized central ofmanysites Valley. Phase 1, not and therefore too farin date of Larissa-type characterized thepresence pottery, by had different although themselves a very the Six Phases andSeven, houses Servia from form, and The materials. houseswerecircular building postsand clay werealso the normal level (Besiosand Pappa 1997, below ground set semi-subterranean,in shallowcuttings were built with two AtOlynthus phasesofstructure stone Although footings discovered. evidence is levelthere no positive above a mudbrick superstructure this suggested Mylonas of of forit (Mylonas1929, 8). The building the second phase seemed to consist an N unknown ofDiminiand otherwise ofrooms(loc.cit., 9) in a manner fig. agglomeration Sesklo. from mn the at material Sesklodidnotchange Architectural and choiceofbuilding style remained the shifted of the totheln. Although orientation thesettlement slightly, buildings which define thick is in walls, by rectangular shape.The one differencerepresented large, fortifications. and limit thesettlement which of thewestern mayrepresent wheretotalexcavation at is for Evidence defensive building moreconvincing Dimini, wall of a ofthesiterevealed series concentric fortifications (Hourmouziadis 1979; Pyrgaki in size from m widex 6 m longto which Domestic structures, 3 ranged 1987, 151-210). orientation wallsand their these werebuilt against respected up 4.5 m widex 12 m long, of space is suggested the A strict fortifications. thatof thesurrounding by organisation closeto one another Thesearebuilt the outside central ofstructures very courtyard. plan The fortifications. and the between courtyard one wall oftheinner and are sandwiched the wereessentially sameas thoseused at Sesklo. materials building Anza is the of in of The survey mnsitessuggested that, terms architectural technique, seems which is Thissimilarityalso seenin theln period, to sitemostcomparable Servia. at laterthanat Servia.The ln structures Anza IVb werebuiltmore to start 150 years now in those themnPhasesII and III. The wallframework incorporated than split solidly in 0.20 m thick places.Evidence of a with layer tempered werecovered which mud, planks were as their at which, at Servia, the for use ofsplit impressions planks Anza comesfrom as recorded partofthe wereoccasionally debris. structural in fallen planks Split preserved
217)

THE ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS

103

at and theywereused in theconstruction floors mnPhase of in wallframework Servia, was thanfor mn, the One and ln PhaseSeven.The size oftheAnza ln structures smaller 8 measuring m longx 3 or 4 m wide,as opposedto 10 m longx 4 m wide.Thiscontrasts remained consistent from mn the withServia,wherethe size of structures remarkably in can of to theln and againin theeba. A similarity be seen,however, theextent through covered larger a areathan which bothsites at thetwoln settlements, previously occupied. to in at according availableradiocarbon Occupation Sitagroi theDrama Plainstarted, for hundred as the at dates, approximately sametime theln at Serviaand endured several in identifying situ in structures this for I- III). The difficulties experienced years(Sitagroi in Recent excavations ln evena general ofoccupation study. comparative prevents phase for time haveuncovered, die first at this the levelsat DikiliTa,25 kmfrom site, Sitagroi, wallsofposts daubedwith which houses with of remains four clay compare longrectangular etai thoseat Servia(Koukouli-Chrysanthaki 1997, 689-96, figs. 6, pl. 13), wellwith 5, will full discussion needto waitfor publication. butanydetailed 3.8.4 Early Bronze Age et evidenceforeba Sitagroi Va and Vb was well preserved Structural IV, (Renfrew al withServiaPhasesEight, Nine and Ten is possible. and a comparison 1986, 177-212) remains of to at for Evidence Phase Eightarchitecture Serviais limited thefragmentary or identified within fills four, possibly the of wood and daub structures five, fire-damaged made floor ofa disturbed levelandtoreferences, byHeurtley the ditches, identification very with The of associated hearths. survival Sitagroi floors pebbleyards and in 1932,tobeaten better. is remains a little IV architectural and to couldbe certainly assigned Phase IV at Sitagroi one other Onlytwostructures floors wererepresented burnt structure belongto PhaseIV or Va. The buildings by may and by wall foundation whether thesewereclay or trampled is not stated surfaces), (it closetogether werealigned and an set trenches with nnw-ese, Theywerebuilt post-holes. in a limited oftheeba orientation which also followed PhaseVa. Although was only plan that of was its does was settlement revealed, regularity suggest someform planning being practised. One was PhaseVa at Sitagroi represented twoapsidalstructures. survived onlyas a by the was theexterior whilst other seenas discrete lineofpost-holes wall, single representing linesofpost-holes claytumble. and defined wallswhich areasofclayfloor by comprised of at theapsidalend.The survival plaster the on A foundation trench recorded was only to fallen ofthesewallsis similar ServiaPhasesNine and Ten,where interior faces plaster with to to the but was recorded, at Serviaitproveddifficult attribute plaster anycertainty the to be of a similar size at bothsites:at Sitagroi thefloor walls.Structures or appear dimensions Phase Nine for 8 Burnt House measured x 5.3 m, whereasthe preserved 1 were7.50 x 3.5 m. Phase Vb was represented a singleapsidalstructure, Structure by with trenches post-holes, some and was whoseground-plan defined wall foundation by No floors timber frame. couldbe central for support thebuilding's post-holes providing x 5.2 m. this which measured associated with structure, 15.5 of Renfrew mentions possibility mudbrick the beingused in Phase V, the Although and of evidenceis represented largetimbers, in one case flat by majority architectural for The was usually whichprovideda framework the structures. wall material planks,

1O4

CATHARINE A. MOULD AND K. A. WARDLE

in of by represented smaller piecesofwood,mud and daub,found thelayers structural thepossible ofwattle daubis discussed theroof use and for construction Although collapse. of is themethod wallconstructionnotspecified. use as Despitetheincreasing ofmudbrick in Macedoniatimber material Southern in with a building mudplastering Greece, framing with exception Skala Sotirou Thasos,wherestoneconstructed was still the of on normal, an rather a mainland, than connection. Kritsana At wallsindicate Aegean, 1939, (Heurtley 21-2) and Kastanas(Aslanis1985, 18-68) the wallsused postsand clay in the same in as Similarities technique represented theuse oftimber are manner at Servia. frames by the of walls and the use of set in foundation trenches, incorporation internal dividing This within buildings. comparison theeba settlementsSitagroi Servia, the of at and plaster rather has as restricted, suggested that, in the mnand ln periods, although necessarily built a standard style orientation. separation structures to and The of structures being are size, for ownedbuilding which in a respect individually plots, mayagainrepresent by yards eba a stableenvironment within Macedonia. can turn be usedto infer socially 3.8.5 Defensive Features in no communities Greecefound needto that been assumed It had generally agricultural to the or with settlements ditches palisadesuntil ln period.The exceptions their protect to revealed Nea Nikomedeia, at thisincludea ditch probably be datedto theen period in mn (Roddenand Wardle1996, 34, 52), and thatnotedby Heurtley thefirst level at to a can neither be seen as forming boundary the siteas a Servia(1939, 49), though whole. at has Another MagoulanearLarissaand itseemsthat deep ditch been reported Soufli not are this viewshouldnowbe modified Kotsakis though Servia, 1996,52). ln sites, [cf. the werecutthrough en Parallelditches witha protective perimeter. regularly provided at levelsat the outeredge of the ln settlement Nea Nikomedeia (Roddenand Wardle Phase I (Besiosand at been reported Makrygialos an^ have recently 52> 199 % 3-3> in was of 2 16).A section ditch also encountered thesmallareaofexcavation Pappa 1997, ditches different three at and atArapi-Magoula 1969,3),while Otzaki (Hauptmann Milojcic thanroundthesettlement rather ran through b932-5). Roughstonewalls (Milojcic1983 and havebeen notedat Mandalo (Pilali-Papasteriou Papaefthemiou-Papanthemou 1986, whilebothDiminiand Sesklohavewallswhich 451-65; 1990,411-21; 1993, 1207-16) At at define leastthe central basin,a partof the ln settlements. Maliq in the Koritsa set wascreated a palisadeofclosely posts(MaliqIla: Prendi defensive 1966, by perimeter 3). 257 fig. of a remains matter debate.Boundaries of The function these'defensive' arrangements is of and functions knowledge neolithic as havesymbolic wellas practical society still may if betweenthesefunctions, indeedthosewho lived to insufficient allow differentiation This of had the within perimeter themselves perception a difference. is discussed any in Aslanis1990, 17-64. et in Andreou al 1996,534-44 and at greater length briefly like at ditches Serviaare,in form, The PhaseEight (Hanschmann very thoseat Argissa of from The pottery theearliest them andMilojcic (Graben 2/3)alsomatches 1976,12-19). to similar of an contain admixture later ditches but at found Servia, thelater that pottery that this It in found PhasesNineand Tenat Servia. is notyetclearwhether indicates that at the or at came intouse earlier Argissa whether ditch this systems Serviawent pottery in At outofuse earlier. Mandalotheln wallmayhaveremained use intotheeba (Pilali-

THE ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS

105

and Papaefthemiou-Papanthemou 144), but fewothereba sitesin 1997, Papasteriou to knowwhether weregenerally Macedoniahavebeen explored fortified sufficiently they at this One oftheexceptions SkalaSotiros is in theSouthern on likemany Aegean period. eba a substantial stone wallhavebeenexplored of Thasoswhere (Koukouliperimeter parts 1993). Chrysanthaki C. A. M. K. A. W.

4 Chapter The SmallFinds

4.1

INTRODUCTION

The thousandsmall findsfromServia forma moderately large and diversegroup at thesite, all theprehistoric the number though, periods naturally, greatest representing of mn The is arefrom contexts. significance manyoftheseobjects still understood poorly is and There sincetherangeofcomparanda limited unrepresentative. is, in general, still other thanpottery specific information abouttypeartefacts for little consistent of stages of can Thusouraccount theseobjects often no morethanfactual, be theGreekneolithic. material and dimensions, whiledescriptions type of detailsof provenance, often giving It rather thanfunctional. is hoped,however, this that report add will remain conventional and sum aboutneolithic eba toolsand ornaments provide and tothepresent ofknowledge where a basisfor further study appropriate. in sites and detailed on Few Greekneolithic have been published full reports thefinds - the'smallfinds' manyexcavation of are onlyavailable other than for registers, pottery of oftheexcavations neolithic Knossos(Evans1964),ln Saliagos some.Theseinclude part in theCyclades, and Franchthi the in (Evansand Renfrew 1968),palaeolithic neolithic Perls1987, 1990),en Achilleion et (Gimbutas al 1989) and (Talalay1993; Ploponnse in initiated V. Milojcic Thessaly, et theexcavations by Argissa especially (Milojcic al. 1962) and Pefkakia(Weisshaar1989). There is also publishedmaterialfromOlynthus in Chalkidike (Grammenos 1991, 108-14; 1997, 48-57, pl. 34, (Mylonas1929), Dimitra 36-41) and Dikili Ta (Treuil1992) in EasternMacedonia,Paradimi(Bakalakisand material Sakellariou has (Hellstrm 1987) in Thrace.Comparable 1981) and Paradeisos the sector theStarcevo Vinca-Plocnic of also been published from American and periods of at Anza in theformer sur1976). Important YugoslavRepublic Macedonia(Gimbutas of ornament figurine and including equipment, examples thetools, types veysofmaterial in use in Thessaly(Tsountas 1908; Wace and Thompson1912), Macedonia (Heurtley (Theocharis 1939; Grammenos 1991; 1997; Aslanis1992) ormoregenerally 1973; Papathe of 1996) helpto complete picture lifein theneolithic thanassopoulos periodas do insuch stone studies specific of tools(Christopoulou 1979,1992), categories as polished depth or shellornaments to we 1992) relevant thisvolume.In addition, (Kiparissi-Apostoliki with material from Nea Nikomedeia en havebeen able tomakecomparisons unpublished the of publication Sitagroi, kindly (Pyke1994) and datafrom forthcoming supplied E. by Elster and (Elster Renfrew, forthcoming). Similar occurwith discussion theeba finds, which comparable of for few any problems accounts available, are suchas that theeba levelsat Argissa of and (Hanschmann Milojcic
107

io8

K. A. WARDLE

in Kastanas Macedonia(Aslanis (Christmann 1994)inThessaly, 1976)andPefkakia 1985) etal. 1979).Someparallels in or Ezeroin Bulgaria with sites the (Georgiev maybe drawn Brea 1964, 1972),Thermi ne Aegeansuchas Poliochni (Bernab (Lamb 1936),Emborio ofcourse, etal 1950; 1951).Parallels southern with (Hood 1982,623-78) and, (Biegen Troy eba are sincethey so different character. are in Greek assemblages lessrelevant Therethe come from withprestige itemsof valuablematerials requiring finds or graves generally Whereastheseassemblages considerable contain new 'exotic' inputof labour. regularly of eba the of its items, continuity thepredominantly agricultural culture Macedoniafrom can be seen clearlyat Servia,through rangeof tools and the neolithic predecessors which served needs.Onlya few suchas theclay'anchors' items, (section age-old equipment of mark profound the and a fewscraps metal, Weisshaar 1980) changes 4.3.10, cf. taking of placein all parts theAegean. with thosefrom Serviaseemcomparable The smallfinds from but manyofthesesites, in and of richness bothnumber variety theassemblage from with contrast theexceptional from mnlevels,while the a Nea Nikomedeia (315) originate (Pyke1994). Nearly third in of ln are there fewerfrom (144) and eba (253) contexts partas a natural consequence from havebeen The en smallfinds themoredisturbed (108) Servia-Varytimides deposits. excavation disturbed and nature but herefor included convenience, thesmallscaleofthat In division thematerial. of or seemsto preclude spatial chronological ofthedeposits any to finds from mainareaarelikely be residual that items the casessmall is, brought many ln trenches pits, those and or of mn lower levelsin theprocess digging foundation up from These and ditches in thelarge in found theeba PhaseEight (PhaseEleven)pits. Byzantine a their backfill contained wide of and as a result this, all cutthrough earlier deposits pits of the all from earlier Apartfrom improbability periods(75 objects). rangeof material of to assign manufacture such the it stoneaxes forexample, is rarely possible Byzantine from the was material collected Further a them items orpreclude from, specific to, period. has Some ofthis acrosstheHaliakmon. forthenewbridge works siteoftheengineering while somepiecescould of in useful goodexamples a type, typologicallysupplying proved levels(PhasesFouror Six), destruction theburnt withone of associated be specifically area- in thesection hereas wellas in theexcavated couldbe observed which provided by theworks. of Table 4.1 showsthedistribution thefinds majortypeand period.Objectsfrom by Phasein to been assigned thelater contexts PhaseFive/ mixed Seven)have normally (e.g. in of in thediscussion provenance thetext. but tables arenotincluded and this subsequent in the to Thesetablesmakeno attempt identify typologically manypiecessurviving late eba and u/s The contexts. percentages ln, givenforeach of thebroadperiods(en,mn, of number registered arebasedon thetotal and (unstratified),PhaseEleven, post-prehistoric) the bone- although final andworked stone of those chipped smallfinds, study including to has ofthese yettobe completed and are intended allowsomebroader comparisons sites. other with reflects at of thatthedistribution finds Serviadirectly be of It cannot course assumed in thanspatialdifferences rather of thepopularity different periods, typesat different the worthwhile different within function highlighting partsof the site.It is, however, in or occurrence absenceofcertain types each majorphase. smallfinds, 1 which In theen levelsat Servia-Varytimides, contain 1% oftheregistered as wellas a quantity in are which almost are there clayspools, periods unrepresentedlater whilethe the until eba. Stonevasesarepresent which notrecur do disks sherd ofpierced

THE SMALL FINDS: INTRODUCTION

109

and toolsrather thanfinepolishedaxes and of cutting pounding prevalence cylindrical a Nea adzesmayindicate different ofsitefrom contemporary Nikomedeia say type (Pyke mn one orlater Servia, where fine is RoddenandWardle 1994; forthcoming carpentrynot in than later Stone'waisted aremorecommon weights', Figurines periods. being practiced. absentwhilequernstones and and clay ringweights shellobjectsare all conspicuously there no claysling are boltsor stone'studs'. UnlikeNea Nikomedeia, bonetoolsarerare. of the MN levelscontain majority thefinds (31%). This periodsaw theloss of stone whilewaisted of vases,clay spoolsand themajority the sherddisks, weights, ring clay withshell make theirappearancetogether or and smallburnishers polishers weights in are also bracelets, manufacturedstoneand clay.Axesand querns ornaments, especially stonemaceheadas well as a is whilethere the sole exampleof an unfinished frequent PhaseFour. boltsfrom single groupofclaysling do ln The shallow deposits, (11% ofthe verymanyfinds unsurprisingly,notcontain to of thecontinuity of andthesimilaritytheassemblage that themn total) period emphasises form largest the Stonewaisted at the between twoperiods Servia. weights category. an in no from increase with The EBA ditches, 7% ofthefinds, apart provide innovations ofobsidian. becauseoftheregular stone of thenumber chipped tools, availability perhaps in fill found their are actually of what It is debatable contemporary proportion theobjects of shellobjectsmayreflect this The presence several thanresidual. use with their rather levels(PhasesNine and Ten) are bothsuperficial theeba occupation situation. Although was recovered a and relatively shallow, largerangeofobjects (19% ofthetotal) including residual. Innovations include presence the which suchas clayfigurines, areapparently some, and a shafthole clay'anchors' pyramidal weights, bronze ofarsenical axe, clay objects, stone and of disks. of whorls a recurrence sherd numbers spindle with first the large together of ditches thecollection good unstratified and of The disturbance thesite theByzantine by in of this are the Works reflected thenumber objects(22%) with from Bridge examples oftheneolithic period. mostly typical provenance, at it to excavations Servia, is difficultassessaccurately on a Without full report Heurtley's the The with those from 1971-73 excavations. brief madeby himcompare finds howthe includes him(1939,64-5, figs. account 6-7, 77-8, figs. 34-3, 86-7, fig. 65) only by given illustrated of suchas thebonecombsand claypintaderas number additional a small types, where will in hisfig. Reference be made to hisfinds 35. helpful. in distribution different classesoffinds, relation and of of The study thecontexts spatial in in or totheir orstorage structures,their use particular frequency yardareasand rubbish of stoneweights, for concentrations. Numbers waisted has particular deposits highlighted in withthe Phase Two Structures and 3, whilefinds the can be associated 2 example, that Structuresand 3 mayhave been a 2 level destruction ofPhaseFourhelpto indicate an of area. The deep level of debrisin Structure preserved unusualnumber 7 working of that took with to objects, querns suggest cropprocessing place in thearea,a group clay whichhad possibly been from loom,and a rangeof ornaments a ringweights perhaps for stored together safety. and the objectsof of Withtheexception the chippedstonetoolsof varioussilicates will in account which be presented Volume this from andeba levels, ln boneand antler II, artefacts wereutilized. or Someitems which wereclearly all small finds includes registered found be natural, did notshow to or were which wereoriginally registered subsequently have been omitted from to sufficient ofuse foranyutilisation be certain traces and,thus, this account.

no

K. A. WARDLE

in havebeen classified material thefirst The smallfinds by place (stone, clay,shelland of materials have servedsimilar but in severalcases,smallfinds different metal), may or for are Thus whether weaving, functions. weights, fishing other purposes, madeofclay a of are The while ornaments madefrom widevariety materials. term andstone, 'clay'has to those sometimes for torefer allfired objects, elsewhere beenused, brevity, (including clay unbaked. whileunfired Dimensions as described terracotta), clay objectswillbe termed A keytotheabbreviations stated otherwise. are unless in used given thecatalogues extant, of of of the for dimensions each category objectis givenat thebeginning each catalogue. have been retained both numbers The original throughout, in this registration chapter as wellas in theillustrations. and that stratigraphy, on adzes and The accountof over400 itemsof polishedand workedstone, including items and andornaments other axes,querns, (4.2)hasbeenprepared C. A. M. by pounders substantial contributions R. C. A. and D. E. H. W. on thebasisof and K. A. W. with by visit K.A.W. andD. E. H.W. data by by original checked H. C. R. and C. A. M. and a final the and W. W. Phelpshas catalogued discussed smallgroupofclay in September 1997. ofnorthern Greece(4.3.1),whilethe from other with reference parallels to parts figurines havebeendiscussed with seemtobe connected weaving of which number clayitems large of Smith witha fullcatalogue parallels(4.3.2-10). The accountof the byJ. Carington has by remaining objects been completed H. C. R., C.A. M. and K. A.W. (4.3.11). clay items shellhas been presented C. A. M. of and of The smallnumber ornaments other by of witha discussion all the ornament and K. A. W. (4.4) together typessuchas beads, number items of of limited material their whatever and (4.5).The very pendants bracelets date ofhistoric (4.7), and ofglass, contexts the metal from eba and later (4.6) presumably the for C. of the completes account thesmallobjects. A. M. has provided, each group, theseseemsignificant. where and of details context associations in of or after are Outline catalogues presented thediscussion eachgroup type numerical of with details phaseand zembil numbers smallfind theoriginal order registration using as classified Upper(en u), Middle are timides sometimes from finds Notethat Servia-Vary of or of A largeselection typical interesting examples each group (en m)or Lower(en l). can in Colourphotographs section. can alsobe found this or inlinedrawings photographs is printed pp. on colour The indexto these on be found CD-ROM frames images F38-76. xxiii-v. on orderwillbe provided CD-ROM with in Copies of thefullcatalogue numerical it School at Athens, filedat theBritish VolumeII in due courseand willbe (where is at withtheIZ! Ephoria, the in due course), willbe deposited thatthearchive expected Further in the and of Museum). copies (currentlyFiorina UniversityBirmingham, with finds K. from A. Wardle. in digital at format, maybe obtained, cost,on paperor K. A. W.

THE SMALL FINDS: INTRODUCTION

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112

CATHARINE A. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

4.2 THE STONE SMALL FINDS

wererecorded Servia,whichrepresents highest at A totalof 416 stonesmallfinds the at thesite. of Thesefallintoa number broadgroups: of number anyone material polished toolswith flat a cross-section as axes and adzes (4.2.1); polishedstone such stonecutting with shafthole or tools a cross-section pecked and (4.2.2);pestles cutting with circular objects finish rather polished than of food (4.2.3);quernstones moreor lesssaddleshapeusedfor stones/whetstones and palettes a variety of (4.2.4)and smaller grinding (4.2.5) preparation of ofshapes kinds (4.2.6).Smallnumbers spherical (4.2.7)anddifferent ofpolishing pounders andburnishing stones wereclearly usedfor variety purposes a of whilethewaisted (4.2.8) one and uniform Otherartefacts of (4.2.9)form ofthelargest most pebbleweights groups. ofstone distinct include vases(4.2.10),a range stone of bracelets, fragments type pendants and other ornaments (4.2.11) and a groupof pivotsor sockets (4.2.12). Thereis also a collection objects of from sitewhich miscellaneous the as appeartohavebeenutilized they or werefound modified use without to anyidentifiable during belonging morphological stone whosestudy still is will in tools, (4.2.13).The chipped type incomplete, be included II. Volume Although twostonefigurines Heurtley reported (1939, fig.34f,g), onlyclay in werefound the1971-73 excavations. examples The rawmaterials almost thesetoolsand objectsare likely have been found for all to in thebed of theriver Haliakmon whosecoursecutsthrough vast a locally, especially ofgeological formations. Examination theriver upstream of bed from sitebefore the variety thevalley floor flooded was revealed marble stones deriving not from pebblesand other thegeology theimmediate of area.A study thepetrology thetoolswillbe included of of in II. Volume 4.2.1Polished Cutting Tools with Flat or Flattened Cross-section Chisels, Axes and Adzes (figs. 4.1-8, plates4.2-5, F37-45,47) Typology The distinction between category flattened this with cross-section that thetoolswith and of circular cross-section clearone, on thebasis ofsize and quality of (4.2.3) is a reasonably as The are to finish, wellas theshapeofthecross-section. functions also likely have been rather different also Moundrea-Agrafioti 104). Without micro wearstudies such (see 1996, as thoseconducted Christopoulou thepolishedstonetoolsfrom on SeskloA (1977; by of Serviais based on simplemorphological criteria 1992),the classification thosefrom which function some extent. to The 104 toolsin thiscategory form the maywellreflect of a of havebeen classified under three largest group stone objects, quarter thetotal. They adzesand axes. chisels, types: more-or-less tools used for small, Eight parallel-sided below 2.5 cm in width, probably have delicate of (fig. woodworking, beenclassedas chisels 4.3). Thesearesometimes softer stones suchas serpentinite are highly and witha sharpcutting polished edge.Theymay for used with woodenorbone mount a havebeenhafted striking, in thehandorprovided if use. to facilitate In many, notall,cases chisels weremade by splitting or adzes in axes finished grinding remove traces theprocess, to all half. Mostare completely of by except for often the distinctive which be can asymmetrical SF873)or a cross-section shape(SF789, almosttrapezoidal (SF769).Unfinished exampleslike SF769 (which, freshly snapped,

THE SMALL FINDS: STONE

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114

CATHARINE A. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

demonstrates technique the are morerarely. polished which A axe employed) found may or maynotalready damagedis first be on bothsidesby usingan abrasive and grooved withthe aid of a cord or a bone, antler even wooden tool. This grooving water or is continued around cutting the the in edge as wellas on each sideuntil axe can be broken The twowith is simple pressure. scarleft snapping then by ground 4.3). Evidence away(fig. hasalsobeenpublished ofthis from the Sesklo, manufacturing process showing preparatory chisel(Tsountas (Tsountas 1908,pl. 39:2, 40:16) as wellas an unfinished grooving 1908, in 310, fig.234). The distinctive shapeofa chiselmanufactured thisway can be seen in illustrations many from sites Tsountas (e.g. 1908,pl.40:1,3,4; Moundrea-Agrafioti 239, 1996, no.64c,d). Another axe from grooved is illustrated RinibyWaceandThompson (1912,fig. of can 79a). The same technique manufacture be seen on the marbletool,SF222 (see 4.2.13). The terms and axedenotedifferent methods hafting of to adze appropriate theintended use: axesarehafted with bladeparallel thehandleforcutting, adzes arehafted the to while with blade at right the ox timber size (fig.4.1). to anglesto thehandleforshaping dressing The cross-sectionan adze is likely be asymmetrical, a muchmoremarked of to with bevel on theone side thantheother, whilethecutting shouldideallybe straight at and edge to of without marked right angles theaxis.The cross-sectionan axe willbe symmetrical any while cutting maywellbe morecurved one sidethan other. the on the Someof bevel, edge these toolsmayhavebeen modified after after initial as an axe use manufacture, polished tobecomean adze or vice versa. havechosen classify itemon thefinal The We to each use. distinction somecasesis uncertain shown theaddition a '?' to thedescription in as of in by

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THE SMALL FINDS: STONE

115

Some seem to have ceased to be usefulas cutting the catalogue. tools and been used stones grinding or as hammer tools. subsequently of In broadterms group toolsconforms Tsountas' this to B categories and A (1908,309from Servia hiscategory with circular oval crossThe few of A a or 14). complete examples which themostcommon bothDiminiand Sesklo, was at section havebeen (ibid., 307-9), in included section 4.2.3. of axes and adzes by length plotted fig.4.2. Each type The distribution complete is in size which intothree ranges to falls used and the'finish' broadly correspond thematerial between twotypes this to the on basisis notvery marked: the given each.The distinction moresharply of defined thanthat theadzes.Thesegroups of group smallaxes is perhaps reflect choiceofsuitably the sizedtoolsfor variety functions. a of Some areso presumably so and it served no small, wellfinished showso little signofuse that is possiblethat they Smallexamples than5 cm longare generally 'softer' less of stoneand practical purpose. have a superbpolishand sharpblades; functionally groupmay overlapwiththose this defined chisels. as Indeed,one axe (SF771)and twoadzes (SF615and sf66q) are lessthan but are Medium tools(from size 6-10 cm)are 2.5 cmwide, all three markedly trapezoidal. ofharder suchas andsite, or metaquartzite, wellpolished and stone, basalt, microgranite butwith blunter blades.The largest 1 (from 1-20 cm in thecase ofadze SF169) examples areoften similar of stone thelast, mayonlybe wellpolished theblade area.Some to but in ofthetoolsofthis mayhavebeenusedagriculturally size as hoesorpick-axes wellas for as or shaping timbers. felling building The illustrations beenarranged thebasisofsizewhilethecatalogue follows have on that forchisels, axes and adzes is in numerical orderwitheach itemheaded 'axe' 'adze' or 'chisel'to denotesuggested function. ends and broken Butt are but fragments included, cannot be assigned further. largest The tools with bladeall havea circular a naturally always cross-section are included thediscussion 'cylindrical' and in of tools(4.2.3) though they havebeenusedin a similar fashion. may Thereis no obvious variation time selected therangeofsize or through in thematerials ortype, oneimportant with two exception. Servia-Varytimides produced only ofthepolished stone with of of so from mnlevels the axes,together fragmentstwoothers, thetype familiar atthemainsite, from or other sites en suchas Achilleion Nea Nikomedeia. remainder or The ofthepolished tools from were Servia-Varytimides ofthe'cylindrical' Thismayindicate type. some basic difference the nature the activity in of carried at thatsitewhichwillbe on discussed further thefull with of and of in publication thestratigraphy contexts thefinds Volume On thewholetheassemblage cutting doesnotseemtobe very II. of tools different from those found other at neolithic sites. Fourunstratified provideevidencethatstonetoolswerebeingmanufactured finds at Servia. stone A flake from AreaD, had beenremoved from stonecoreduring a the (sf68), whilst from roughing-out process, SF178andSF252appeartobe fragments thesameprocess. It is harder be surehowfar toolsofthis to the found eba levelsarerepresentative in type of thatperiod.Severalwerefoundin the ditches and could come from earlier periods, while those from PhasesNineand Tenmayalso be upcasts reused. or The onlyinnovation to be seenat this in axe, periodis thepiece ofa shafthole SF299(4.2.2),found thedebris abovethePhaseTenfloors thesouthern oftheexcavated at end area.Axesofthis are type first known eba contexts. fragment a bronzeaxe blade,SF236(4.6),from mixed in A of a context a form presumably and similar date. representstoolofsimilar

ii6

CATHARINEA. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE Distribution axes by length of Totalnumberofaxes = 27

Distribution adzes by length of Totalnumberofadzes = 33

cm

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Fig. 4.2. The distribution axes and adzes by length. of

THE SMALL FINDS: STONE

117

at timides with (SF229,SF643),together Onlytwodamagedaxes werefound Servia-Vary in contrast fragments twelve broken to twomore of tools. pieces, cylindrical a PhaseOne levelsincluded single (SF368)found axe above theclaysubsoil in directly which couldhavebeenusedtoprepare materials Structure A complete F20/A for building 3. adze (SF472)with the surface, polished apartfrom area close to thebuttend whichmay have been left was Structure A second complete, 1. roughto aid hafting, foundwithin adze with faceted sides(SF481), found thedebris Structure was in of 2. polished highly PhaseTwolevelscontained elevenaxes or adzes.An unfinished (sfiio6) was found axe in a yardarea to thes of Structure. Its edgesshowedevidenceof 'roughing and 1 out' Twoaxes (SF397and SF482)werefound Structure whilean axe (SF476) in and 2, battering. twoadzes (SF363, wereincorporated itswalls.An axe (SF872)and a butt into end SF391) werefound thefloor Structureand an adze (SF308)closeto a hearth the on of to (SF752) 3 N.A chisel in adze (SF790) was (sf8si) wasfound theyardto theE ofStructure Another 3. found within structural debris theE ofthelean-to to in structures F10/D. from PhaseThreewas a secondunfinished (SF1095)which axe Amongnineexamples was foundin the debrisof Structure It had probably 2. been abandonedwhen a split Two adzes (SF366,SF382)werefoundin Structure while developedduring grinding. 1, of twomorecame from Structure (SF155, 2 fragments SF157).The debrisof Structure 4 an tool and in Of produced indeterminate (SF702) thecollapse F10/D an adze (SF684). two in chisels found thisPhase,one camefrom debris associated withStructure 2 occupation and theother on thefloor Structure (SF873). was of (SF143) 5 Phase Fourlevelsincluded fifteen and adzes. An axe (SF165)and a broken axes adze were discovered Structure and a fragment an axe (SF364) had been in 2 of (SF131) into in An structure. axe (SF648), adzes (SF641, two incorporated theovenfloor this SF685) and a very smalladze (SF669)werefound thefloor Structure Two medium-sized on of 3. axes (SF700, SF794)and one verysmallaxe (SF771)as well as thebuttend of an axe or adze (SF793) wererecorded from debris Structure Twomorecomplete the of axes were 7. recovered oftheexcavation theBridge of Works during monitoring (sf6o2,sf6o6). The shallow of no flake deposits PhaseFive revealed axes or adzes,and onlya single camefrom pitsofPhaseSix. the (SF276) In Phase Seventhere weretwelve toolsofwhichtwowereunfinished. surface The of an weartraces thebutt blade ends:polish on and waspresent SF169, adze,waspeckedwith on one side only. on and SF1126,an axe, had pecking thesurface a partly blade. ground Twocomplete polished and axes (SF127, in SF164)werealso found Structure An almost 5. adze (SF792) with faceted a surface found theyardin AreaE as was in complete, polished wasan axe (SF791). Another from burnt adze the stratum this of w^s phase(SF624) collected the of Works. chisel(SF387)was found AreaH. A in during monitoring theBridge The PhaseEight ditches included one certain (SF287)and one possible(SF305)adze as wellas three axes (sf6o8, the sf6i2, SF162)ofwhich lastmayhavebeenunfinished, a and chisel formed from split a axe. (SF769) The PhaseNinelevelscontained very a smalladze (SF615) into of incorporated thefill a for of 1, post-hole Structure whilean axe (sfio8) lay on thefloor thesame structure. The disturbed levelsof Phase Ten included adze (sf8o)from fillof a post-hole the an the in southern ofStructure a fragment axe (SF84)from wall of above thefloor Structure of 1, 3, as wellas twosmallflakes which the for mayreflect production process axes or chisels.

Provenance

118

CATHARINE A. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

Fig. 4.3. Stone chiselsand chiselmanufacture: SF882,Phase u/s; SF387,Phase Seven; SF871,Phase Two; SF789,Phase u/s; SF769,Phase Eight;SF873,Phase Three. 1:2.

THE SMALL FINDS: STONE

119

Fig. 4.4. Stone axes: SF602,Phase Four; SF218,Phase u/s; SF791,Phase Seven; SF73,Phase u/s; SF613,Phase Seven; SF994,Phase u/s; SF643, Phase en; SF164,Phase Seven. 1:2.

120

CATHARINE A. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

Fig. 4.5. Stone axes: SF612,Phase Eight;SF916,Phase u/s; SF648,Phase Four. 1:2.

THE SMALL FINDS: STONE

121

Fig. 4.6. Stone adzes: SF615,Phase Nine; sf8i, Phase Nine/Ten/Eleven; SF669, Phase Four; SF790, Phase Two, SF363, Phase Two; SF792,Phase Seven; SF684,Phase Three; SF624, Phase Seven; SF471,Phase Five/Seven.1:2.

122

CATHARINE A. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

Fig. 4.7. Stone adzes: SF287,Phase Eight;sfiooi, Phase u/s;SF391,Phase Two; SF237,Phase u/s; SF995,Phase u/s; SF390,Phase u/s; SF996, Phase u/s. 1:2.

THE SMALL FINDS: STONE

123

Fig. 4.8. Stone adzes: sf6ii, Phase Five/Six;SF472, Phase One; SF992, Phase u/s; SF113, Phase Eleven; SF165,Phase Four. 1:2.

124

CATHARINEA. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

Plate 4.1. Small polished stonetools: (a) Toprow from adze SF363,Phase Two; adze SF685, left: row Phase Four; axe SF771,Phase Four; Bottom from adze SF131,Phase Four; adze SF669, left: Phase Four; (b) Toprow from chiselSF387,Phase Seven; adze SF287,Phase Eight;adze SF624, left: Phase Seven; Bottom from axe SF127,Phase Seven; adze SF471,Phase Five/Seven. row left:

THE SMALL FINDS: STONE

125

adze SF684,Phase Three; chiselSF789, Plate 4.2. Small polished stonetools: (a) Fromleft: axe Phase u/s; adze, SF792,Phase Seven; (b) Fromleft: SF218,Phase u/s; axe sf8i, Phase Nine/Ten/ Eleven; axe SF73,Phase u/s.

126

CATHARINEA. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

Plate 4.3. Polishedstonetools: (a) Toprow from adze SF481,Phase One; adze SF308,Phase left: tool SF321,Phase Two; Axe row Two; axe SF872,Phase Two; Bottom from cylindrical cutting left: adze SF366,Phase Three; adze SF391, Phase Two/Three; axe SF368,Phase One; (b) Fromleft: SF700,Phase Four; axe SF648,Phase Four.

THE SMALL FINDS: STONE

127

Plate 4.4. Polishedstonetools: (a) axe sf6o6, Phase Four,axe/adze SF702, Phase Three, adze SF113,Phase Eleven, adze SF390, Phase u/s; [b-cjSF769, stoneaxe splitto make chisel,Phase Eight.

128

CATHARINEA. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

Plate 4.5. (a) Medium polished stonetools. Fromleft: adze, SF237,Phase u/s; axe SF612,Phase adze SF472,Phase One; (b)from adze SF1004, Phase u/s; axe SF1002, Phase u/s; axe Eight; left SF916, Phase u/s.

THE SMALL FINDS: STONE

12g

adzesand axes Catalogue thechisels, of

in buttto blade; W.= L. = max. length cm from maximum Th. from width; = thickness faceto face; = in recorded. Wt. weight g where
SFl6

Nine Zembil: Phase: 109; L. of 28 4.9; fragment W.1.8; Th.1.2; Wt. Axe Small fragment only. 'Groove' fromworking remaining. No original surface preserved. basaltic (?). Serpentinized sf68
Area D; Phase:u/s Zembil:

SF93 Zembil: Phase: Nine/Ten/Eleven 60; .8.5; W3.9; Th.2.1; Wt.115 Axe mostof blade. Trapezoidaland Broken, missing with cross-section slightly and symmetrical, elliptical butt. all over, worn but squared Originally polished andrough. dunite (?). Partially serpentinized
SF108 Zembil: Phase:Nine 9;

L. 5.9; W4.2; Th.1.4 Flake From production Irregular axe Unworked. (?). shape with broken two edgesand surface damaged. SF73
Zembil:1; Phase:u/s

L. 7.8; W2.6; Th.1.9; Wt. 104 Axe Almost complete, damaged alongonesideandalong bladeandbutt. with butt Parallel-sided, rounded and blade. on and symmetrical Well polished upper lower but Basaltic. surfaces, sidesworn.
SFl 13 Zembil:196; Phase:Eleven FIG. 4.8, PLATE 4.4a

FIG. 4.4, PLATE 4.2, F40

L. 6.8; W4.2; Th.1.9; Wt. 76 Axe Complete except for slight damage to butt. and with pointed Trapezoidal symmetrical, tapering, Polished over.Mylonitic all oval cross-section. butt; (?). serpentinite sf8o L. 8.4; W4.3; Th.1.5; Wt. 87 Adze with Plano-convex, Triangular-trapezoidal. Complete. blade.Dacite(?). flattened Faceted butt. tapering, fig. 4.6, plate 4.2^, F40 sf8i Nine/Ten/Eleven Zembil: ; Phase: 301 20 L. 3.9; W..'' Th.1.3; W7. Adze for Trapezoidal. chipon butt. Complete except small faceted cross-section, blade; Plano-convex, elliptical (?). Mylonitic serpentinite SF84
Zembil: 102; Phase: Ten .5.8; W.4.7; Th. 2.2- Wt. 119

L. 13; W5; Th.2.7; Wt. 251 Adze on Complete exceptforslight chipping blade and convexface.Elongated trapezoidal. Slightly planoblade. Polished with convex,withfaceted surface, abrasions. Olivine basalt(?).
SF127 Zembil: 354; Phase:Seven PLATE4.1b, F39

Zembil: 100; Phase:Ten

Z.6.5; W3.9;Th. 1.8; M.59 Axe almost in Complete. Slightly asymmetrical, triangular with surface one flattened oblique and shape, cutting but edge. Plano-convex. Highlypolishedsurface, in badly pitted a few places.Mylonitic serpentinite.
SFI31 Zembil: 274; Phase:Four PLATE4.1a

L.5.7; W.2,;Th.1.3; M.39 Adze Almost with damagedsidesand chipped complete, blade.Trapezoidal. faceted blade.Polished on Sharp, and surface upperand lowersurfaces on remaining ofsides.Mylonitic (?). serpentinite SF143

Zembil: 288; Phase:Three L. 5.9; PK2.3; Th. 1; Wt.16 Chisel Axe(?) buttand blade. Rectangular with Almost complete,large chip at buttend and badly Broken, missing cross-section. Polished over,surviving damagedsurfaces. all formed from axe, elliptical Rectangular, split overmost undamaged of surface. cross-section. Faceted blade fine-grained with almost triangular Very extrusive withno wear traces.Polished.Basalt (?). (?). igneous

i3o

CATHARINE A. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

SF178 Zembil: F20/B; Phase:Ten

SF155 Zembil: 292; Phase:Three

28 L. 2.6; W3.3; Th.0.6; Wt. Adze(?) surface one and with of Fragment, part blade,upper on with Rectangular faceting the edge remaining. forblade. Polished. surface, remaining probably silica(?). Chalcedonic SF157
Zembil: 293; Phase:Three

L. 2; W0.9; Th.0.6 L. 2; W 1.4; Th.0.7 Fragments Twoflakes, worked polished. and Possibly by-products ofmanufacturing process.
FIG. 4.4, PLATE SF218 4-2, F40 Zembil: Baulk A/C; Phase:u/s

L. 6.8; W4.4; Th.2.3; Wt.108 end Butt ofaxe or adze and polished. Roundedbuttand sides.Smoothed Basalt (non-porphyritic).
SF162 Zembil: 356; Phase:Eight

L.4.5; K4.1; m 1.5; m. 35 Axe Almost blade.Trapezoidal. Subcomplete; chipped cross-section symmetrical Use and blade. rectangular on Traces traces blade,wornbutt. Highly polished. on ofdrilling one side.Mylonitic (?). serpentinite
SF229 Zembil: 3530; Phase:en

81 .8.4; W4; Th.2; Wt. Axe with Unfinished. Slightly plano-convex asymmetrical butt Polished. cross-section. Damagedsurfaces, and bladeends. SF164
Zembil: 355; Phase:Seven

FIG.4.4

L. 10; W3.7; 7%.2.9; W.162 Axe circular Narrow Almost butt, triangular. Complete. blade edge. fine symmetrical in cross-section; basalt. Polished. Porphyritic SF165
Zembil: 258; Phase:Four L- 7-9; W5.5; Th-1-7' WtlS5

L. 17; PK7; Th.4.8; Wt.1105 Adze(?) broken blade.Slightly traAlmost complete; partly Butt with irregular profile. end plano-convex pezoidal almost and squarein cross-section. tapering blunt, Butt with Bladeblunt, missing. endpolished, mostly microdiorite. marks. wearor hafting Quartz SF237
Zembil: F20 C/A; Phase:u/s

FIG. 4.7, PLATE 4.5a, F43

fig. 4.8

Adze Flat bladechipped. Broken, squared Rectangular. with of on use on one SF241 blade; traces edge blasides; facet blunt u/s Zembil: BaulkD; Phase: F20 Metacarbonate/metalimestone. nosurviving de; polish. 54 L.4.1; W4.3; Th.1.5; Wt. Adze SF166 F47 Planobutt.Possibly Eleven Nine/Ten/ Zembil: Phase: Broken, rectangular. missing 60; withone faceton blade. Blade has slight L. 8.4; W3.5; Th.2.2; Wt.138 convex, Polished natural. with Adze edge,possibly groove parallel on weartraces blade. and surface blade.No visible Planodamageonly.Triangular. slight Complete, or andsite basalt. traces Wear in worn parts. all with convex polish over, Porphyritic on blade.Serpentinite. SF169 L. 20; W7.6; Th.4.1; Wt.1194 Adze and Unfinished Trapezoidal. profile (?). Elliptical on Marksof working striking one cross-section. by on Polished one of on end,andpecking rest surface. microdiorite side.Quartz (?).
Zembil: 308; Phase:Seven SF252 Zembil:1300; Phase:u/s

L. 7.8; W4.1; Th.1.5; Wt. 98 Adze with Trapezoidal rounded chipped. slightly Complete, uneven wear bladewith faceted butt; tapering sharply crosstraces; slightly squaredsides;sub-rectangular wornalongsideand butt. Polished section. surface, dolerite. Serpentinized

L. 1.8; W.0.8; Th.0.75 Fragment smoothed from Flake Worked, manufacturing process. surface. SF265 Seven/ Zembil: Eight 1003; Phase:

THE SMALL FINDS: STONE L. 13.2; W7.2; Th.1.7; Wt. 366 Axe for Thin flaring Complete except slight chipping. with blade and roundedbutt.Smooth,flatsurfaces. natural river Worn blade. Polished, possibly polish. Olivine basalt. SF276
Zembil: 1307; Phase:Six

13 1 PLATE 4.3,F44

SF366

L. 14; W4.8; Th.2; Wt.194 Adze Almost with and damaged complete badlychipped surface.Elongated trapezoidal. Plano-convex. Cataclasite mylonite) ultrabasic of rock/ (or igneous (?). serpentinite SF368
Zembil:1 130; Phase:One

Zembil:1360; Phase:Three

L. 4.25; W.1.1; Th.0.6 Axe Rakeonly. of Longandnarrow fragmentblade.Polish on surviving surface. Chalcedonic silica(?). SF287
1 Zembil: 101; Phase:Eight

plate 4.3a

FIG. 4.7, PLATE 4.1, F39

L. 7; W4.5; Th.1; Wt. 98 Adze Almost with crosstriangular plano-convex Complete. with section. bladeandrounded Symmetrical bevelled butt. Polished. (?). Mylonitic serpentinite SF305
Zembil:123 1; Phase:Eight

L. 14; W5.5; Th.2; Wt. 261 Axe Almost complete but with badly chipped and surface. Crush breccia damaged Originally polished. ofaltered ultrabasic rock or igneous (dunite peridotite) or serpentinite (?). SF382
Zembil:1362; Phase:Three

F47

L. 7; W4.9; 2%.2.2; Wt.192 Adze(?) with Broken,missingbutt.Almostrectangular in sides. Sub-rectangular squaredand smoothed with convexupperand lower cross-section, slightly surfaces.Faceted, sharp blade. Well polished. Crushbrecciaor cataclasite ultrabasic of igneous rock(?). SF308
Zembil: 1 1 1 1 ; Phase: Two

.7.5; W3.3; Th.1.5; Wt.b6 Adze Completeexceptforsmallchipsand damage to surface. with Trapezoidal. Slightly plano-convex one side.Resharpened, faceted blade.Cataclastic squared (?). serpentinite SF387
Zembil: 103; Phase:Seven 2 L. 3.6; Wi.i' Th.0.8; Wt.5

FIG. 4.3, PLATE b, F39 4.1

PLATE 4.3a

Chisel Almost c. with complete, 90%.Elongated trapezoidal butt. Ovoid in cross-section. Faceted blade. squared (?). Mylonitic serpentinite SF388
Zembil: Area H; Phase:u/s

L. 8.9; W3.6; Th.1.7; Wt. 91 Adze Almost with Rectangular complete, slight inbutt. chip with curved profile. Doubly faceted blade. traces surface. on working Unpolished; Serpentinite (ordunite). SF363
Zembil:1355; Phase:Two

FIG.4.6, PLATE 4.1a

L. 5.4; W 1.8; Th.1.4; Wt. 21 Chisel c. chisel missing. Incomplete, 90%. Butt Rectangular formed from splitadze. Facetedblade. Oval-subin Basalt rectangular cross-section. (?). L. 9; W4.9; Th.2.7; Wt.166 Adze Almostcomplete,c. 90%. Trapezoidal.Slightly rounded in cross-section. butt, oval-sub-rectangular Broken faceted both on sides. blade, Highly polished. or Basalt, serpentinite (?). SF391 L. 8.3; PK4.3; Th.2; Wt.101 Adze
Zembil:1206; Phase:Two SF390 Zembil: Area H; Phase:u/s FIG. 4.7, PLATE 4.4

L 4.7; W.3; Th.1.2; Wt. 27 Adze Almost buttdamaged.Trapezoidal with complete, doublyfacetedblade. Fullypolished.Mylonitic serpentinite. SF364
1 Zembil: 200; Phase:Four

L.3.8; W3.1; Th.0.4 Axe of with surfaces flat and Thin, Fragment bladeonly. blade.Chalcedonic silica(?). symmetrical

FIG. 4.7, PLATE 4.3*, F44

132

CATHARINE A. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE Almost complete, blade chipped and part of butt withrounded possiblymissing.Almost rectangular butt; oval cross-section; blade badly damaged. Polished.Serpentinite (?). plate 4.3a SF481 Zembil:1263; Phase:One L. 8.7; W5.1; Th. 2; Wt.121 Adze Complete with slight damage. Trapezoidal and with facetedblade and sides; highly asymmetrical withsignsof wear. Basalt (?). polished SF482 Zembil:1204; Phase.Two L. 6.6; W4.5; Th. 1.5; Wt.67 Axe Almostcomplete,withbadly chipped haft. Straightsided with symmetrical,faceted blade and flat surfaces. Polishon undamagedsurfaces. Serpentinite (?). SF505 Zembil: 213; Phase:Nine/Ten L. 6.4; W4.2; Th. 2.2; Wt.84 Buttend of adze or axe roundedbutt,wideningtowards(missing) Tapering, blade. Elliptical section. Partly damaged surface, Basalt. polishedover mostof surface. SF602 fig. 4.4 Zembil: 3207; Phase:Four 3-3; W3.3; Th.o.b-,Wt.13 Axe Almostcomplete,slightly chipped on buttand one in side. Trapezoidal and slightly asymmetrical plan, cross-section and sub-rectangular-elliptical (?). symmetrical profile. Mylonitic serpentinite plate 4.4a sf6o6 Zembil: 3206; Phase:Four Z.7.4; W 4.4; Th.2.5; Wt.138 Axe Complete.Trapezoidalwithblunt,roundedbuttand Buttand blade both worn blade. Ellipticalin profile. use. Andsite. and abraded and bluntthrough SF608 Zembil: 3209; Phase:Eight L. 6; W4.7; Th. 1.7; Wt.78 Axe Complete, with slightchippingon butt. Irregular, and profile faceted symmetrical shapewith trapezoidal blade. Originally polishedall over (?), now wornand in surviving small areas only. Deformedmudstone (?). (argillaceous)

Complete,withslightdamage to butt.TrapezoidalBoth convexwith rounded triangular. surfaces slightly butt and tapering, faceted blade. No visible weartraces on blade. Highly polishedall over.Basalt/serpentinite (?) SF397 Zembil: 1206; Phase:Two 3-9; W34; Th. 1.2; Wt.17 Axe Broken, blade end only. Slightly squared sides, cross-section.Polish on elliptical-sub-rectangular surface. Pelite(pelitic schist ?). surviving Lightweight. SF468 Zembil: 2124; Phase:Five/Seven I.5.9; W4.5; 7. 3.7; W. 138 Adze Broken; butt missing. Faceted blade, polished. basalt. (Porphyritic) SF469 Zembil: 2128; Phase:Four .5.9; W.s.^JTi. 1.1; Wf.57 Adze buttmissing. with faceted blade. Broken, Rectangular Polished,withabraded sides Basalt (?). SF470 Zembil: 2124; Phase:Five/Seven Z. 4.1; W3.5; Th. 1.2; Wt.>32 Adze (?) c. withone facet Incomplete, halfonly.Symmetrical on blade. Polished. Very fine-grainedextrusive igneous. FIG. 4.6, PLATE 4.1^, F39 SF471 Zembil: 2124; Phase:Five/Seven 1.5; Wt.49 I.5.1; W.^Th. Adze Complete. Slightlyflaringrectangularshape with reworked, squared butt.Doubly faceted.Mylonitic (?). serpentinite FIG. 4.8, PLATE 4.5, F43 SF472 Zembil: 1255; Phase:One L. 12.3; W4.9; Th. 2.7; Wt.268 Adze Complete,except forvery slightchippingon butt. withroundedbuttand Convex surfaces Rectangular. facetedblade. Polished,exceptforbutt. tapering, SF476 Zembil: 1253; Phase:Two L. 8.3; W4.9; Th. 2.8; Wt.221 Axe

THE SMALL FINDS: STONE sf6ii fig. 4.8 Zembil: Section; R. Phase: Five/Six L. 9.3; W4.7; Th.2.4; Wt.135 Adze Convexsurfaces with rounded buttand Complete. faceted blade.Polished. Andsite. flared, sf6i2
Zembil: 3203; Phase:Eight

! 33

in shape.Thin, alongside.Trapezoidal-rectangular almost in withslightly rounded rectangular profile butt.Squared'blade' chipped, or maybe broken unfinished. polish. AllochemicallimestoneNo calcarenite (intramicrite ?). SF648
Zembil: 1; Phase:Four 302

fig. 4.5, plate 4.5a, F43

FIG. 4.5, PLATE 4.3*, F44

L. 10.7; PK4.6; Th.2 Axe withslight damageon sides.Elongated Complete, with trapezoidal shape symmetrical andblade. profile butt weartraces. Polished. Slightly pointed with SF613
Zembil: 3000; Phase:Seven

L. 16.5; W5.6; Th.2.7; Wt. 364 Axe with rounded butt, Complete. Triangular tapering, crossblade; elliptical-sub-rectangular symmetrical section. Andsite. SF655
Zembil: F10/D; Phase:u/s

L. 5.8; W3.3; Th.1.2; Wt. 36 L. 7.4; W3.7; Th.2.4; Wt.119 Adze Axe Almost withchipsat edges and corner. complete, thick Almost in Complete. Slightly trapezoidal, axe with squared Trapezoidal. plano-concaveprofile, possibly buttand symmetrical blade. Polished. manufacture. Faceted Porphyritic broken alongsurface during basalt. blade.Polished; weartraces blade. no on SF615
Zembil: 3403; Phase:Nine

FIG. 4.4

FIG. 4.6

SF663

L. 3.9; W2.3; Th.1; Wt.14 Adze for Complete, except tiny chipon blade.Triangular. Smallwith butt and sharply faceted blade. pointed Polished, no visible wear marks. (Mylonitic) (?). serpentinite SF624
Zembil: 3220; Phase:Seven

Z.5.5; W3.6; Th.1.4; Wt.6 Butt ofaxe or adze end Rounded butt, (?). polished Basalt(orandsite). SF664 L. 9.9; W6; Th.2.2; Wt. 319 Axe(?) butt. with Broken, missing Approximately rectangular at cross-sectionbutt to end,tapering sub-rectangular cross-section blade. Unpolished. at plano-convex Basalt.
SF669

Zembil: 3524; Phase:en

Zembil: 3027; Phase:Four

FIG. 4.6, PLATE 4.1, F39

L. 4.1; W4.2; Th.1.2; Wt. 29 Adze Almostcomplete, withsmall chips.Trapezoidal. convex surfaces squared and sides.Squared Slightly butt and sharply faceted no blade.Polished; visible for wearmarks except small chiponblade.Mylonitic (?). serpentinite SF641 L. 3.7; W3.4; Th.1; Wt. 20 Adze Almost complete, with partly broken butt. Convexsurfaces faceted with blade.No Trapezoidal. visiblewearmarks. (Cataclasite (or ?)/serpentinite dunite). FIG. 4.4 SF643 en Zembil: 12/2;Phase: Varyt. L. 10.5; W4.8; Th.1.3; Wt.122 Axe Almost bladeendbadly with complete, chipped chips
Zembil: 3024; Phase:Four

L. 4.5; W2.4; Th.1; Wt. 24 Adze Almost complete, slightly chipped at butt. Facetedblade. Polished. Asymmetrical trapezoidal. Mylonitic serpentinite. SF684 L. 4.6; W3.8; Th.1.2 Adze for Complete except slight alongone side chipping and on blade. Trapezoidal. Convex surfaces and faceted blade.Squared butt. Polished. SF685
Zembil: 107; Phase:Four 3 Zembil: 3033; Phase:Three

Zembil: 3027; Phase:Four

FIG. 4.6, PLATE 4.1a

FIG. 4.6, PLATE 4.2a, F37

PLATE 4.1a

134

CATHARINE A. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE FIG. 4.6 SF790 Zembil: 3061 ; Phase:Two .4.4; W.$; Th. 1.3; Wt.24 Adze Complete.Almosttrapezoidal. Slightly asymmetrical, abraded buttand one side ofblade faceted. Polished. ?) (?). (Mylonitic serpentinite FIG. 4.4 SF79I Zembil: 3716; Phase:Seven .5.6; W3.7; Th. 1.4; M.41 Axe Complete except for slight damage to butt and surface. withasymmetrical Trapezoidal, plano-convex blade. Polished.(Mylonitic) (?). serpentinite FIG. 4.6, PLATE SF792 4.2, F37 Zembil: 1; Phase:Seven 373 .5.2; W4; Th. 1.3 Adze Completeexceptfordamage on surface. Trapezoidal withroundedbuttand facetedblade, elliptical crosssection.Polished. SF793 Zembil: 3342; Phase:Four L. 6.2; W4.9; Th.3; Wt.130 Buttend of axe or adze Squared butt with sub-rectangularcross-section. withweartracesand damage to butt. Polishedsurface Basalt. SF794 Zembil: 3340; Phase:Four L. 12.5; W.6;Th. 3.1; Wt.356 Axe(?) Almostcomplete, brokenat blade. Slightly tapering, Patchof polish cross-section. roundedbutt,elliptical on butt and on blade end. Dacite (or quartz microdiorite). fig. 4.3 SF871 Phase:Two Zembil: 3083; L. 3.8; W0.9; Th.0.6; Wt.5 Chisel Complete. Bullet-shaped with pointed butt and almost cross-section, squared,oblique blade. Irregular pentagonal.Centralpartoftool squared and faceted. dunite(?). Polished.(Mylonitic) SF872 Zembil: 3048; Phase:Two PLATE4.3a

Z.5.4; W3.5; Th. 1.5; M.56 Adze Almost complete with broken butt. Probably with faceted convexsurfaces Very slightly trapezoidal. butt.Polished.Mylonitic (?). serpentinite PLATE4.3, F44 SF700 Zembil: 3323; Phase:Four L. 10; W.$' Th. 2; Wt.207 Axe irregularshape in Complete. Trapezoidal, slightly cross-section. plan, with elliptical-sub-rectangular Parallel upper and lower surfaces with tapering, blade. Andsite. squaredbuttand symmetrical Found together withtwo long pebbles, possibly not rubbers, separately registered. SF702 Zembil: 3036; Phase:Three Z.9.6; W4.7; Th. 2.3; Wt.191 Axe/Adze Almostcomplete.Damaged on blade and on butt. Trapezoidal.Basalt (?). SF752 Zembil: 3123; Phase:Two L. 4.2; K4.1; Th. 2.5; Wt.60 Buttend of axe or adze cross-section. Slightly squared butt,sub-rectangular Dacite or andsite. FIG. 4.3, PLATE '.'b-C, F41 SF769 Phase:Eight Zembil: 3336; L. 5.9; W2.6; Th. 1.4; Wt.28 Chisel Formedfrom splitaxe. Polished. Slightly trapezoidal. (?). Epidote/serpentinite plate 4.1a SF771 Zembil: 3338; Phase:Four L. 3.2; W1.5; Th. 1; m. 18 Axe Complete,withchippedbutt. with doubly-faceted Trapezoidal and symmetrical blade, possibly re-sharpened. Polished all over. (?). serpentinite Mylonitic FIG. 4.3, PLATE 4.2a, F37 SF789 Zembil: ; Phase:u/s L. 4; PK1.5; Th.0.7 Chisel Almost complete,but with slightdamage to butt. crosssideswith elliptical curving Rectangular, slightly sectionat blade. Minimal (ifany) tracesof wear on blade. Polished. PLATE4.4a

L. 8.5; W4.4; Th.2; Wt.135 Axe Completeexceptfora fewslightchips.Almost

THE SMALL FINDS: STONE surfaces convex triangular. Upperand lower slightly with butt blade.Elliptical tapering and symmetrical cross-section. all Originally polished over.Andsite (ordacite). SF873
Zembil: 1; Phase:Three 307

135

SF993

fig. 4.3

.7.7; W2.3; Th.1.7; m.50 Chisel Completeexcept forslightdamage to buttand underside. with crossRectangular sub-rectangular section. Polished over. all ?). Cataclastic/iserpentinite SF882
lambii:- ; Phase:u/s

L. 10.7; WT3.7; 2; Wt.104 Th. Adze Broken and badly damaged across surfaces. cross-section possibly and (?). Trapezoidal Elliptical faceted blade. SF994
Zembil: BridgeW; Phase:u/s

Zembil: BridgeW; Phase:u/s

FIG.4.4

fig. 4.3

L. 2.5; W1.2; 7ft. Wt. 6 0.5; Chisel Almostcomplete,with damaged butt. Slightly and with fig. 4.7 trapezoidal symmetrical, sub-rectangular SF995 cross-section. Faceted blade.Polished over,with all Zembil: BridgeW; Phase:u/s no weartraces blade.(Mylonitic) on L. 7.8; W4.6; Th.2.1; Wt.147 (?). serpentinite Adze for to SF914 Complete, except slight damage bladeandbutt. Zembil: ; Phase:u/s with Trapezoidal, slightly asymmetrical, rectangular faceted blade. section, I.5.1; W4.5; Th.1.6; Wt. 78 squaredsides and slightly Adze Originallypolished all over, with most polish with butt. Basalt. Broken, missing Rectangular shapewith preserved. sides. faceted blade.Polished. squared Chipped, fig. 4.7 SF996 Zembil: SF915 BridgeW; Phase:u/s Zembil: Phase: u/s L. 9.8; PK4.7; Th.2.2; Wt.160 Ploughsoil; Adze .5; W5; Th.S; Wt.112 Axe for on Almost Complete, except slight chipping blade. buttmissing. with with butt. Broken, section, Rectangular oval crossrectangular sub-rectangular squared sectionand symmetrical blade withsmall chips. on Slightfaceting one side of blade. Originally with on all over of Polished, weartraces blade.Peridotite (?). polished over, preserved part one surface andone side.Dolerite/basalt. FIG.4.5, PLATE $b SF916 4. Zembil: SF997 BridgeW; Phase:u/s L. 11.8; W5.6; Th.1.8; Wt. Zembil: 225 BridgeW; Phase:u/s Axe Z.7.1; W3.5j7i.L8; Wt.bo with Elongated Complete. trapezoidal sub-rectangular Adze butt blunt for to and cross-section, rounded, squared andslightly Complete except slight damage butt sides. blade.Sidesrough worn and with someencrustation. Slightly cross-section, trapezoidal. Sub-rectangular Basalt. withsquared buttand facetedblade. Originally but in polished now surviving patches only.Semifig. 4.8, plate 4.6r,F45 SF992 pelite. Zembil: u/s W; Bridge Phase: L. 11; W.$.9-Th. 2.4; Wt.165 SF998 Adze Zembil: u/s W; Bridge Phase: L.9.1; W4.5iTh. 2; Wt.i52 Complete, exceptforslight damage to buttand of oval Axe Triangular. chipping blade. Symmetrical, crosswith butt faceted blade. Almost with and section, pointed and slightly blade,butt one complete, chipped Polished and side. Trapezoidal Sub-rectangular blade;sidesground originally (?). cross-section, polished basalt with butt blade.Polished, (?). Mylonite/polished (?). tapering and symmetrical

Z,.8; W4.3; Th.1.9; Wt.114 Axe Almostcomplete,withchipped blade. Slightly crosstrapezoidal. Squared buttwithrectangular section; elliptical cross-sectionat blade end. blade. Originally Symmetrical polishedall over, on of basalt. (Olivine) preserved most surfaces.

i36

CATHARINEA. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

over of Adze Serpentinite/mylonite preserved most surfaces. Almost withdamageat buttand blade. (?). complete, cross-section. Pointed buttand damaged, Elliptical faceted blade(?). Polish traces. flared, SF999 F38 Metamorphic: Zembil: BridgeW; Phase:u/s semi-pelite. L. 7.1; W4.3; Th.2.1; Wt. 92 Axe SF1007 Almost with Zembil: complete, damageon one sideand on BridgeW; Phase:u/s with butt.Symmetrical, roundedbuttand flared, L. 9.1; W.6.2; 7%.2.6; Wt. 302 blade. Axe (?). doubly-faceted Highly polished. Serpentinite end with Broken, missing ofbutt. Rectangular slightly SFIOOO rounded sides.Cross-section athaft, oval to F38 tapering Zembil: at BridgeW; Phase:u/s sub-rectangular blade. Roughly made with L. 4.6; W3.6; Th.1.4; W. 47 unsmoothed marks uppersurface. cut on Natural Axe Basalt polish. (porphyritic). Complete.Trapezoidalwithroundedsides and SF1008 squared butt. Symmetricalbevelled blade, breccia Zembil: Wellpolished. Crush (?). BridgeW; Phase:u/s resharpened. .6.5; W5.5; Th.2.8; Wt.133 FIG. 4.7, F38 Axe SFlOOl Zembil: Broken,withmost of butt and blade missing. BridgeW; Phase:u/s L. 7.2; W4.3; Th.1.9; W.go Complete profile possible. Approximately oval all Adze rectangular, cross-section. Highly polished over. Basaltic Almost complete, damage along one side. (?). butt rounded and cross-section, Trapezoidal. Elliptical on Use traces blade. faceted blade. Wellpolished. SF1095 Zembil: Basalt (?). 276; Phase:Three .5; W.^Th. 1.5; M.85 PLATE 4. 5 Axe SFIOO2 marks Unfinished blankfragment. Zembil: visible; Grinding BridgeW; Phase:u/s Shiny surface, I.6.5; W3.9; 7k 2; W. 88 split,probablyduringworking. river natural Axe polish. probably withdamagedbuttand slight Almostcomplete, almost on trapezoidal SF1106 shape, chipping blade.Irregular cross-section. with Polished, Zembil:136 1; Phase:Two elliptical asymmetrical L. 11.2; W6.i' 7%. Wt. Crush breccia surfaces. wornand abraded butwith 3; 294 Axe (?) Almostcomplete(?), withdamaged blade and Oval unfinished. surfaces. Triangular. crossF38 Possibly SF1003 sectionwithslightly Zembil: pointedbutt.Groundand BridgeW; Phase:u/s Sidesabraded. natural L. 6.2; W4.1; Th.1.1; W. 63 polish. possibly polished, Adze SF1126 Complete except for damage on one surface. with almost 355; Phase:Seven triangular, sub-rectangular Zembil: Trapezoidal, L. 11.3; W5.8; Th.2.8; Wt. and butt faceted blade, 315 cross-section; tapering sharply Axe/Adze Basalt (?). Lightly polished. sharpened. highly section with Blank. Slightly trapezoidal ovaltransverse Ground section. and sub-rectangular PLATE 4. 5 longitudinal SFIOO4 Some elsewhere. with Zembil: pecking edge,bladeand butt BridgeW; Phase:u/s natural on (?). L. 8.1; W4.2; Th.1.8; W. 97 damage bladeedge.Polished,

THE SMALL FINDS: STONE

i57

Catalogue the of palettes

L. = maximum in width; length cm; W.= maximum = Th. thickness faceto face. from sf66
Zembil: 109; Phase:Six 3
SF920

L. 14; W3.2; Th.1.1 concave;all Fragment. Upperand lowersurfaces edgesbroken. SF234 u/s Zembil: ; Phase: L. 9; Ws' Th.3 with Small, damaged. Incomplete, twoedges roughly with concave triangular shapedfragment smooth, surface. Arenaceous sandstone. upper SF65I
Zembil: 1255; Phase:One

L. 8.8; PK5.8; Th.2.5 Rim stone and Fragment. ofdished palette. Chipped broken. Surface smooth unpolished. but Chloritic schist sandstone. or SF946
Zembil: 3740; Phase:Seven

Zembil: Area D; Phase:u/s

FIG. 4.15

A: Fragment L. 6.7; PK5.7; Th.1.2 B: Fragment L. 3.1; W.2.9; Th.1 Two fragments and B). Fragment has ground A (A edges. Both surfaces smoothed but crackled. Calcareous sandstone.
SFlOll

FIG. 4.15

L. 11.2; PO.4; Th.2.2 dish concave;lower Fragment, (?). Uppersurface worked. surface Rounded flat. edge,possibly SF893
Zembil: 3017; Phase:Five

FIG.4.15

Zembil: Two 3129; Phase: L. 6.9; WT Th.0.7 7.2; Fragment. Originally squarein shape,butonlyone corner Ground and remaining. edge.Flat upper lower in surfaces, rectangular cross-section. Uppersurface smoothed. Calcareous mudstone.
SFIOI4

FIG. 4.15

L. 9.9; W3.5; Th.0.4 L. 3.8; W.3.4; Th.0.66 Fragment, possiblyrim.Smooth,concave upper Twofragments, of slab two, incross-section. joined.Corner thin with surface; sub-triangular Argillaceous/ three, arenaceous siltstone/sandstone. possibly ground edges.Upper,and possibly surfaces worked. also lower, fig. 4.15 SF908 L. 21.6; W.19; Th.2.7 Seven fragments (mended)to form hexagonal(?) Both shapedslab.Fiveedgesremaining. upperand concaveand utilized. lowersurfaces Fine-grained sandstone muscovite with clasts.
Zembil: 3342; Phase:Four
SFl 105

Zembil: 3033; Phase:Three

FIG. 4.15

L. 8.8; W8.2; Th.1 of or slab. Fragment irregular trapezoidal One very flat surface twopossibly and ground edges.Natural (?).

Zembil: 2004; Phase:en u

FIG. 4.15

4.2.7 Pounders (fig. 4.16, plate 4.8) wererecorded wereall complete. these, Threefacetted which Of sub-spherical pounders eba in twocamefrom secure contexts: which found thefill PhaseNinePiti was of SF622, in AreaG, had five flattened all werestained orange-red an facets, ofwhich colour; SF327, in flattened found PhaseTen Structure had four facets and itsedgeswereabradedby 1, in found thefill a PhaseElevenpit, of had onlytwoslightly facets. flattened The use;SF94, is ba form characteristicallyin date and widely used in thelba, forexampleat Assiros in 1 in to a Toumba, central Macedonia, 2 werefound levels belonging thelba, with further eia from or u/slevels(Assiros: I, the Iron in preparation).1 were 1 Vol. 15 coming Early Age, in from 1959-69 excavations theCitadelHouse Areaat Mycenae the registered (Mycenae at where20 wererecorded. Here theywere Archive). They are also present Kastanas, in with often found conjunction querns, thesecome primarily eia from levels, however, with concentration from Phase 12 yard(Hochstetter a a taf.13). (13) 1987,55-6,

i58

CATHARINE A. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

Catalogue the of pounders

Di - maximumdiameter cm. in flattenedfacets and edges abraded throughuse. Veined quartz. SF622 Zembil: 3406; Phase:Nine
Di. S

SF94

Di. 6.4 Complete. Spherical with two small areas worn smooth.(Porphyritic) andsite. SF327
Zembil: 17 1 2 ; Phase: Ten Di. 6

Zembil: 196; Phase: Eleven

FIG. 4.16, PLATE 4.8a

FIG. 4.16, PLATE 4.8a

facets. Approximately sphericalwith five flattened Metaquartzite. SF1O22B

Zembil: 1 1 10; Phase: Two

FIG. 4.16, PLATE 4.8a

FIG. 4.16

Complete. Approximately spherical with four

Di. 6.5; Ht 3.6 Plano-convex pebble withuse traceson undersurface and on partof edge. AssociatedwithSF1022A.

Fig. 4.16. Stone pounders.SF94,Phase Eleven; SF327,Phase Ten; SF622,Phase Nine; SF1022B, Phase Two.

THE SMALL FINDS:STONE

159

4.2.8 Polishers and Burnishers (fig. 4.17, plate 4.8, F48) Eightexamples of utilizedriverpebbles were recordedat Servia. Six came frommnlevels but could also have originated the mnperiod. All and two were foundin latercontexts in use. Three of thistotal are thought had an exceptionally to through high polish repeated to have been used as an alternative sand and waterforfinishing stonetools and have been termed fiveexampleshad wear marksand could have servedas 'polishers'.The remaining burnishers. pottery One polisher (SF715), a narrow,shinyriverpebble, was found in the debris of Phase Phase Four,SF673 came from post-holein Structure whilst a FourStructure Also from 7. 3, the third(SF206) was foundwherethe fillof a Phase Eightditchhad been cut by a Phase Eleven pit. were complete.Two were foundinside structures: Four of the fiveburnishers SF343 in 1 Phase Three Structure and SF819 in Phase Four Structure SF211 came fromthew wall 7. ofPhase Three Structure One (SF501)was foundin a Phase Four yard,whilstSF207 was 3. foundin the same contextas SF206 above.

Fig. 4.17. Stone polishers(sF2o6, Phase Eight/Eleven; SF715,Phase Four) and burnishers (SF207, Phase Eight/Eleven; SF211,Phase Three; SF343,Phase Three; SF501,Phase Four; SF819,Phase Four). 1:2.

i6o

CATHARINEA. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

Plate 4.8. (a) stonetools.From burnisher SF207,Phase Eight/Eleven; SF501, top: left, burnisher Phase Four;polisherSF715,Phase Four; bottom: blank (?), SF673,Phase Four; ornament polisher SF149,Phase Seven; burnisher SF343,Phase Three; (b) A selectionof sphericalstonepounders.

THE SMALL FINDS: STONE

161

and Catalogue the of polishers burnishers

in L. = maximum width; length cm; W - maximum = = Th. thickness face face;Wt. weight g. from to in
SF206 FIG. 4.17

Burnisher Facetted and Complete. uppersurface wearmarks. Metacarbonate .

FIG. 4.17, PLATE Zembil: 7; Phase: SF5OI 4.8, F48 41 Eight/Eleven Zembil:1336; Phase:Four 28 I.7.5; W1.9; Th.1.1; Wt. L. 3.9; W.2' Th.0.6; Wt.14 Polisher Burnisher in Plano-convex cross-section. Smoothed Complete. flat.Highlypolished, atone end.Non-porphyroblastic quartzo/feldspathic Complete.Thin and fairly use lamellar chlorite schist. through (?). Antigorite, serpentinite. SF673
Zembil: 303 1; Phase:Four

FIG. 4.17, PLATE SF207 4.8#,F48 Zembil: Phase: 417; Eight/Eleven L. 5.1; PK1.9;Th.1.2; Wt.2% Burnisher in Complete. triangular shapewith Approximately twoflat sidesandonerounded side.Blunted at point one end. Worked Altered edges.Highly polished. basicigneous rock.
SF211 Zembil: 419; Phase:Three FIG. 4.17

PLATE 4.8, F48

Z.4.1; W1.5; Th.1; Wt.14 Polisher facetted ends, at weartraces Complete. Slightly along Metacarbonate. edges.Polished. SF715
Zembil: 3342; Phase:Four

FIG. 4.17, PLATE 4.8, F48

L. 4.3; PK2.3; Th.2; Wt. 29 Burnisher Smoothwithflattened and bottom.Oval in top section. rounded sides.Worn Slightly patchon one side.Metalimestone. (allochemical) SF343
Zembil: 1337; Phase:Three

L. 4.5; W 1.8; Th.1.4; Wt.14 Polisher Narrow Complete. elongated shape.Basaltic. SF819 L. 6; W2.7; 7%.1.7; PR 46 Burnisher Almost at oval. complete, damaged oneend.Smooth, Wearmarks nearchipped end.Polished use. though carbonate. Microcrystalline
Zembil: 3325; Phase:Four

FIG. 4.17

FIG. 4.17, PLATE 80, F48 4.

L. 7.2; W.2.1; Th.1.2; Wt. 43

4.2.9 Waisted Weights (figs. 4.18-19, plate 4.9, F49) Waisted whichare a distinctive feature theServiaassemblage, oval river of are weights, have a narrow section and have been notched either on side.Of pebbleswhich elliptical thetotal 97 registered, of a quarter thestone of smallfinds, only(SF672, two nearly SF1122) havea flattened section. majority The were100%complete, onlyfour with elliptical (SF50, SF142, SF506and SF1092)being70% or less.A smallnumber (SF77,SF614,SF1021and Three (SF50,SF210,SF245)had suffered SF1122)appearedto be unfinished. damageto their which of wearor use. One (SF142)was broken surfaces, maybe indicative extensive and on longitudinally another (SF765)was broken one side only.A wide rangeof stone wererepresented within assemblage this likely reflect rangeofriver this and is to the types in RiverHaliakmon rather thana deliberate out pebblespresent thenearby searching of materials. particular are uniform size and in weight in Many of theseweights remarkably Typically they measure x 7 cm and are c. 2 cm thick. the90 moreor less complete 8 Of half examples, between and 115 g as can be seen from 4.18. Examplesof thissize fit fig. weighed 85

i62

SMITH JILLCARINGTON WAISTED WEIGHTS

250

-i

200

>

I 150
&

>

4>^-ym" ******
-****

i
50 *

*****

0J

Each symbol a 90 represents singlewaistedweight: plotted Fig.4.18.Thedistribution various ofthe of waisted weights the weights. in for selected a specific function, uncertain) (though snugly thehandandwerepresumably from unstratified an whilethevery or context) smaller 241 g, (e.g. large(SF743, examples a have used thesameprinciple of context) SF632,61 g, from mixedmn/ln maysimply for different river a notching pebbles purpose. at havebeennoted sites suchas Rachmani where kind of occasionally other Weights this and Thompson1912, 41, fig.27h),but the to one was suggested be a figurine (Wace bed becausetheproximity theriver provided of numbers Servia exceptional, at are perhaps nor werereported Tsountas, are any No examples a readysourceofsuitable by pebbles. at are wellrepresented Makrygialos Further afield from Nea Nikomedeia. recorded they 1968,88, fig. pl. 87, Saliagosin theCyclades(Evansand Renfrew (Pappapers.comm.), Brea 1964,tav.188:11,13, 14). on 61:9-20) and Poliochni Lemnos(Bernab of the and The uniform attaching rope suggests intention securely appearance notching must havebeen function. twine The for twine around stone a standard the of orsomeform twine wouldwearthrough textured as coarsein texture, a finely against relatively quickly and for use This rulesout their as weights weaving, in any crudenotching. theweights' for is case that (see equipment 4.3.2-10). well-provided by clayweaving practice already in net-sinkers theadjacent wereused as fishing theweights is One possibility that river, before creation the of a source suitable which couldprovide ready (In years, pebbles. recent

THE SMALL FINDS:STONE

163

fishedby the inhabitants Nerada by means of a net of of the lake, the riverwas regularly carriedby a line of men across the river.) Presumably weightsof some typewere used to hold the net, especially in view of the rockynature of the Haliakmon riverbed. The as of concentration weightswithinstructures in Phase Two, Structure2, Phase Three, Structure and Phase Four, Structure could also implyan indoor function. 2, However, 3 netsand the accompanying whichwere probablyquite the safestorageof fishing weights, to labour-intensive produce and therefore valuable, would provide an equally feasible forthisconcentration. Whatevertheirfunction, one cannot tellwhether explanation they or were separateweights attachedto a net or some otheritem,since the rope whichwould have been attachedaround these notcheswas destroyedin one of the successivefiresor thatthe waisted weights'were in facta kind of decayed naturally. Heurtley'ssuggestion axe' (1939, 64) does not seem helpful. The main period of theiruse was the mn when they were commonlyfound within In the after mn,the weights were foundin use as packingmaterialfor structures. contrast, as walls and post-holes, materialforoven and yard surfaces as discardeditemswithin or were foundwithinstructures even thesemay have the fillsof pits.Only fiveweights and use. than objectsin primary been residualrather A singleweight In (SF1021)was recordedfrom ploughsoilat Servia-Varytimides. contrast, the the wererecoveredfrom mn,18 from ln and 1 1 from eba. 11 were foundin the the 42 of backfill Phase Eleven pits and 15 were unstratified. Heurtleyrecordsthe discoveryof and them'used' as late as theeba (1939, another examplesin theloweststratum reports 45 about contexts. 64), but givesno information the Of the mnweights, sole Phase One example (SF410) was foundon the clay floorof 1. were dividedspatially intotwo distinct Structure The Phase Two weights concentrations; one represented fourweights(SF205, SF381, SF380, SF393) which were found on the by whichwerefoundwithin immediate the floorofStructure and thesecond by fiveweights 2, were fromthe yardsto the E (SF799,sf8oi) of Structure Of these,threeweights 3. vicinity and s (SF846) of Structure one weightwas foundon the floorof Structure (SF307) and 3 3; one was recoveredfromitsdebris(SF746). Five (SF174,SF175, SF209, SF21Oand SF243) of the six weightsfromPhase Three were foundinsideStructure SF742 was recoveredfromthe collapsed debrisof Structure A 3; 4. much largertotal of twenty-four weightswas found in Phase Four. Two weightswere 1 recoveredfromthe debris of Structure (SF286 and SF284) and six were found within Structure (SF137, SF140, SF142, SF369, SF370 and SF1120). Of these,two (SF369 and 2 intoan oven floor. Three weights were foundon thefloorof SF370) had been incorporated Structure (SF672, SF695 an<^SF697)>anc^two withinthe debris which sealed the floor 3 the was recoveredfrom w wall of Structure (SF418)and a 6 (SF662and SF665). One weight two Structure one from s wall (sf886) and one from further wererecoveredfrom the the 7, debris (sf8oo). The remaining weightswere recoveredfroma pit in F20/B six structural burntarea which sealed the pit (sf666), a yard surfaceover the (SF687),a pebble-strewn 1 debris of Structure (SF502 and SF506) and fromsections excavated duringthe road construction (sf6oo and SF605). Two weightswere recoveredfromPhase Five, one from 1 the floorof Structure (SF411) and one froma floorin F20/C (SF150). from The fourweights Phase Six were recoveredfrom fillof two pits,one located in the F20/B (SF765) and one in F30/A (SF264, SF268 and SF269). No obvious concentrations were apparent in Phase Seven. The foureenweightswere instead scatteredacross the within settlement, (SF132 and SF141),walls (SF240),debris(SF396), incorporated post-holes

164

SMITH JILLCARINGTON

on yard surfaces (SF797 and SF798), withina soil build-upover Fio/D (SF614), fromthe road section(SF609 and SF885), and fromF30/A (SF510). Three weightswere recoveredfromthe fillsof Phase Eight ditches(SF398, SF607 and wereclustered Structure (SF326,SF344,SF617), in 1 SF905).Three ofthePhase Nine weights while one (SF1092) was recoveredfromthe fillof Pit i in Area G. Four weightsrecovered from Phase Ten appeared to be isolatedfinds, froma yard in Area G (SF302),a post-hole wall ofStructure (SF58),thefloorofStructure (SF77)and from 1 forthesouthern Structure 3 1 in F30/A (SF320).

SF175

SF21O

SF268 ^

SF269

SF302

SF326

M) ^4 10
SF381

f
SF396

7 fr

Fig. 4.19. 'WaistedWeights': SF175,Phase Three; SF210,Phase Three; SF268, Phase Six; SF269, Phase Six; SF302,Phase Ten; SF326,Phase Nine; SF381,Phase Two; SF396,Phase Seven. 1:2.

THE SMALL FINDS: STONE

165

weights Catalogue thewaisted of

in L. = maximum width; length cm; W.= maximum = in Th.- thickness faceto face;Wt. weight g from where recorded. SF44 Zembil: Phase: Eleven 306; L. 7.6; PK7; Th.2.1; W.ofwaist 6.1; Wt.178 Clastic poorly sorted Conglomeratic. Complete. clasts coralfragments. carbonate including
SF50 SF132

Zembil: Seven ~ 329; Phase: L. 7.6; W6.3; 7%.1.8; W.0/ waist 5.3; M. 112 carbonate/ ?) Complete.Meta(crypto crystalline marble.

SF134

Eleven Zembil. Phase: 306; L. 6.9; W6.3; Th.1.6; W.ofwaist 4.5 70% present; large part of surface missing. marble/metacarbonate. Crypto crystalline

Zembil: Eleven 323; PAw: L. 9.9; W6.2; T.1.8; W.ofwaist 5.4; M. 157 Mediumgrained arkosic lithic sand(or Complete. carbonaceous cement and/or clasts (with stone) ?).

SF53 Nine/Ten/ ven Zembil: Phase: Ele 301; L. 8.4; W6.7; Th.1.9; W.ofwaist 5.2; m. 68 Clastic poorly sorted carbonate clasts Complete. coralfragments. including SF58
Zembil: 8 1 ; Phase: Ten

SF137 Zembil: Four 331; Phase: L. 5.4; W5.3; 7%.2.2; Wt. 97 Microcarbonate. Complete. (cryptojcrystalline SF138 Zembil: 330; PA^:Eleven L. 7.1; W6; 7%.1.4; W.ofwaist 5.2; M. 89 Meta-allochemical carbonate. Complete.
SF140

215 Z.7.7; W7.7; Th.2.8; Wt. waisted.(Meta-)allochemical Complete.Slightly carbonate. SF77 Ten Zembil: 154; PAzj: 7%.1.6; W*. 196 W8.5; Dolerite. Unfinished one notch (?); only. Complete.

Zembil: Four 332; PAo5: Z, 6.6; W5.5; 7%.1.9; y:ofwaist 4.5; PR 89 Microcarbonate. Complete. (crypto) crystalline
SF141

Zembil: Seven 329; Phase: . 7; W5.4; 7%.2.1; W 0/ 'waist 4.5; M. 105 carbonate(?) metaComplete.Cryptocrystalline carbonate.

SF142 SF95 Zembil: Four u/s Zembil: Phase: 404; Pm: 76; L. 7.7; ^5.6; PK0/ waist L. 6.7; W6; Th.1.9; W ofwaist 4.7 5.2; Wt.109 broken Dark stalline marble/metacarbonate. 50% present; longitudinally. carbonate Cryptocry Complete. (marble). SF117

Eleven Zembil:12; /%u$: 3 . 8.2; W4.7; Th.1.3; W.ofwaist 3.7; PR 73 Metacarbonate. Complete. Chipped.

SF150

SF128

Zembil: Five 326; PAm: L. 8; W6; 7%.1.9; W of waist 5.4; W/131 Clastic('marble' clasts) Complete. terrigenous. SF174 Zembil: Three 336; Phase: . 7.1; W5.2; 7%.1.2; W ofwaist 3.9; M. 68 Allochemical carbonate. Complete. FIG.4.19 SF175 Zembil: 336; /te^: Three L. 7.1; PK7; 7%.0.9; W.ofwaist 5.8; Wt.112 (?) (with Complete. Quartz microgranodiorite mica?).

Zembil: /%o: Nine/Ten/Eleven 315; Z,.7.7; W6.i' Th.1.4; PK. waist 3; W.114 5. 0/ Meta-allochemical carbonate. 98% present; chipped.
SF130

Zembil: PAzj: 48; Eight/Eleven L. 8; W3.6; T.1.7; W. 84 laminated carbonate/ Complete. Finely crystalline metacarbonate.

i66

JILL CARINGTON SMITH

Plate 4.9. Waistedweights:(a) sf6oo, Phase Four; (b) SF605, Phase Four; (e) SF607, Phase Eight.

THE SMALL FINDS: STONE

SF205

167

Two Zembil: 341; Phase: L. 7.3; Ptf Th.1.8; W.ofwaist 4.9; PR 107 6.4; Marble/metacarbonate. Complete. Three Zembil: PAom: 420; . 8.9; W6.3; Th.1.1; PKofwaist 4.9; Wt. 92 Sandstone (?). Complete. Zmi7: Phase: Three 418; 7-5; W5.9; W of waist 4.1 90% present;part of surfacemissing.Marble/ metacarbonate.
FIG. 4.19

SF270

SF209

Zembil:3 11; P^: u/s 1 L. 6.8; PK5.9; 7%.1.4; W.ofwaist 4.8; PR 102 Complete (?). Clastic - carbonate clasts, conglomerate.

SF21O

SF284 Zembil: Four 1318; Phase: Z, 5.5; PK5; T.1.5; PKofwaist 4.5; Wt. 64 Marble/metacarbonate. Complete. SF286 Zembil: 1314; Paoj^:Four I. 6.8; W 5.2; T.1.8; PKofwaist 4.6] Wt.100 Meta-allochemical carbonate. Complete.
SF302

SF224

Zembil: Pto: u/s F20/A; . 6.7; W5.4; 7%.1.6; W.ofwaist 4.3; PR.95 Meta-allochemical carbonate. Complete. Zembil: Seven 1301; PAtfj: L. 7.5; ^5.9; 7%.2.2; W.ofwaist 4.7; PR. 141 carbonate (meta)Complete. Cryptocrystalline carbonate.
SF240

Zembil: Ten 1437; /%&$: Z. 6.7; PK4.8; T.1.8; PK0/ waist 3.9; PR.83 carbonate. Complete. Cryptocrystalline SF307 . 8.2; PK6; Th.0.9; W o/^w/4.6; PR. 108 limestone. Complete.Allochemical
SF320 Zembil: 1114; Phase: Two

FIG. 4.19

SF243 Zembil: Three 1115; PA#5: L. 6.3; Pii5; 7%.1.4; W.ofwaist 3.7; PR.74 brokenat waist.Crystalline 98% present; slightly marble. SF245 Zembil: u/s F20/B, d/b;PAm: Z. 7.2; PJ6.2; 1.6; W.ofwaist PR.102 7%. 5; surface 85% present; damaged.Cryptocrystalline carbonate/marble metacarbonate. SF264 Zembil: Six 1306; Phase: Z, 8.1; Pf/7.1; 1.7; Py: waist 7. 6.7; PW. 153 of Clastic(carbonate clasts) conglomeratic. Complete.
SF268

Zembil: Ten 1718; Phase: L. 7; PK5.8; T.1.8; PKofwaist 4.8; PR. 117 carbonate(microComplete.Meta-allochemical carbonate/marble some indistinct with crystalline relict features). FIG.4.19 SF326 Zembil: Nine 1468; Phase: L. 9; W6.1; 7%.1.7; W.ofwaists Wt.146 fine98% present; chipped. Metacarbonate/very carbonate/marble. grained crystalline SF344 Zembil: Nine 1472; Phase: L. 8.1; W6.5; m 2.1; PKofwaist 5.8; Wt.166 allochemical limestone. Complete. Sparry SF369 Zembil: Four 1200; /%#$: L. 7.7; PK6.1; 7%.1.4; W.ofwaist 4.6; PR 112 Coarseclastic ('marble' clasts) Complete. terrigenous rock.
SF370

Zembil: Six 1307; Z%oj: L. 6.4; W5; 7%.1.5; W.of waist 4.2; PR.85 carbonate/marble Complete. Cryptocrystalline metacarbonate.
SF269

FIG. 4.19

Zembil: Six 1307; Phase: L. 6.1; PK4.9; 7%.1.6; W.ofwaist 3.9; PR.74 carbonate/marble Complete. Cryptocrystalline metacarbonate.

FIG. 4.19

Zembil: Four 1200; Phase: L. 8; PK6.1; 77L1.1; Pf.ofwaist 4.4; PR.94 Fine Complete. grained quartzo (feldspathic)/chloriteschist. (muscovite)

168

JILL CARINGTON SMITH

chloriteComplete. Quartzo/(feldspathic)-biotite, schist. SF475 Zembil:2124; Pj^: Five/Seven L. 8; W5.5; 7%.2; W. ofwaist4.6; W?.129 carbonates. Complete. Meta-allochemical SF502 Zembil:1336; /%z$: Four Z. 8.8; W5.9; T.1.2; FT.ofwaist4.7; PW.98 vite-biotite ?) Complete. Quartzo(feldspathic musco schist, non-porphyroblastic. SF503 Zembil:16 1 1; PA5^: Four/Five/Seven L. 7.5; WT6; 7%.2.3; W. ofwaist4.5; PR 134 carbonate/marble. Complete.Meta-cryptocrystalline SF506 Zembil:1327; i%<25^: Four L. 5.8; W6; T.5.2; W. ofwaist3.6; W?.50 60% present;broken.Marble/metacarbonate. SF510 Zembil:1727; P5e: Seven L. 7.3; WT6; 7%. 1.6; W. ofwaist5.9; PR 121 98% present; chipped. Clastic (carbonate clasts) conglomeratic.
SF511

SF380 Zembil:1204; Phase:Two L. 7.2; W5.7; Th. 1.7; W. ofwaist?,;Wt.105 Complete.Coarse clastic('marble'clasts)terrigenous. fig. 4.19 SF381 Zembil.1204; Phase:Two L. 6; W5.3; TA.1.6; W. ofwaist4.6; PR 79 Almost complete; 98% present.Meta-allochemical carbonate. SF393 Zembil:1205; Phase:Two L. 6.6; W5.8; 7%. 1.9; W 0/waist4.1; PR 100 Complete. Clastic (fine'marble' clasts)terrigenous. FIG. 4.19 SF396 Zembil: 2102; Phase:Seven L. 7; PK5.5; TA.1.7; PK ofwaist4.5; Wt.113 Complete. Dark crystalline carbonate/marble. Metacarbonate. SF398 Zembil: 2100; Phase:Eight 9-3; W7.4; ^ ^i W ofwaist6.%' Wt.199 Complete river pebble. Arkosic sandstone (with vite). accessorymusco SF410
Zembil: 1210; Phase: One

. 6.1; W5.7; Th. i.i'W. ofwaist4.9; PR 84 basalt. Complete.Non-porphyritic

SF411

Five Zembil:1155; PAw: L. 7.9; W6; 7%. 1.9; W. ofwaist5.2; PR 103 Complete.Sandstonewithcalcareous cement.

Zembil:1609; Phase:Four/Five/Seven L. 8; W6.7; Th. 1.8; W ofwaist5.5; M. 140 carbonate. 90% present;broken.Meta-allochemical plate 4.9a

sf6oo Zembil: 3206; Phase:Four

SF417 Zembil:1250; PAj^:u/s . 6.9; PK5.7; 7%. 1.3; W. ofwaist4.7; Wt.90 Complete.Andsite(?). SF418
Zembil: 2123; Phase: Four

Wt. Z. 6.6; W5.4; Th.1.6; W.ofwaist 4.5-, 95 marble, veined/ Complete. Cryptocrystalline metacarbonate.
PLATE4. 9 SF605 Zembil: 3207; Phase:Four . 6.4; PK5.6; Th. 2; W ofwaist4.7; Wt.116 marbleand impurities. crystalline Complete. (Micro) PLATE4. 9 SF607 PA&stf: Zembil: 3208; Eight L. 7; W5.6; T.1.3; PK ofwaist4.3; M. 74 95% present;chipped.Finelylaminatedcryptocrystalline carbonate withwhite (calcite ?) vein. SF609 Zembil: 3201; Phase:Seven L. 8.8; P^5-7; Th. 1.7; W. ofwaist4.2; PW.132 Complete. Marble/metacarbonate.

L. 9.5; W7; 7%. 1.5; PK 0/waist5.7; M. 162 ?) Complete. (Microgranite sandstone(?). SF473 Five/Seven Zembil: 2124; PA&: Z. 9; W.r, Th. 1.7; PK ofwaist5.3; Wf.155 Complete.Clastic (carbonateclasts)conglomeratic. SF474 Zembil: 2124; PA^:Five/Seven 112 L. 8.8; W6; 7%. 1.4; W. ofwaist4.6; Pfif.

THE SMALL FINDS: STONE

SF614 Zembil: 3001; Phase:Seven L. 6.1; W4.4; Th. 1.5; W. ofwaist3.8 90% present; broken along one side. carbonate/marble/metacarbonate. Cryptocrystalline SF617 Zembil: 3403; Phase:Nine L. 6.7; W.5.2; 7%. 1.3; PK ofwaist4.6', Wt.92 Complete.Coarse clasticwith85% carbonateclasts, conglomeratic. SF632 Zembil: 3201; Phase:Five/Seven L. 5.7; W.$' Th. 1.3; W. ofwaist4; PR 61 Complete.Marble/metacarbonate. SF662 Four Zembil: 3104; Z%: Z,.7; W6.5; 7%.0.6; PK 0/waist5.3; PR 99 Complete.Medium grainedsandstone. SF665 Four Zembil: 3104; PAizm: L. 6.8; W5.9; Th. 1.6; PK ofwaist4.8; Wt.103 Complete.Marble withbanding/metacarbonate. SF666 Four Zembil: 3103; PAZ5: L. 8; W7.2; 7%.1.2; W. ofwaist4.9; PR. 164 Complete.Marble/metacarbonate. SF672 Zembil: 3107; PAoj:Four Z,.6.1; PfT 5.3; 7%. 1.1; W. ofwaist4.5; PR. 70 Complete. Flattened elliptical section. Nonbasalt. porphyritic SF687 Zembil: 3108; Phase:Four Z,.6.7; PK4.8; 7%. 1.4; PK 0/^^4.4; PR 78 Complete. Fine grained micaceous sandstonewith calcareous component. SF695 Zembil: 3107; Phase:Four L. 8.3; W5.5; 7%. 1.5; W. ofwaist3.9; Wt.114 Complete.Marble/metacarbonate. SF696 Zembil: E10/D; Pto^: u/s Z,.6.1; P1^5-3;7%. 1.2; W. ofwaist4.1; PR. 75 Complete.Fine grained,calcareous sandstone. SF697 Zembil: 3107; Phase:Four

169

L. 6.4; PK5.5; Th. 0.6; PK ofwaist4.^ Wt.63 Complete. Sandstone withcalcareous component. SF741 Zembil:3707; PAw: Eleven L. 8.2; W5.5; 7%.2.1; W. ofwaist4.6', Wt.146 carbonateor Complete.Veryfinegrainedcrystalline cryptocrystalline/metacarbonate. SF742 Zembil: 3036; Phase:Three L. 7.5; PK6; Th. 1.5; PK ofwaist4.8; Wt.112 one Marble/metacarbonate. 95% present; end chipped. SF743 Zembil:3710; /%&: u/s L. 8.8; PK6.7; 7. 3; PK ofwaist5.1; Wt.242 basalt. Complete. Non-porphyritic SF745 Zembil:3710; P5^: u/s L. 8; P^7; 7. 2; W. ofwaist6; PR. 121 98% present. Fine grained crystallinecarbonate/ metacarbonate. SF746
Zembil: 3118; Phase: Two

Z,.7; PK6.5; Th.0.9; PK.ofwaist5.2', Wt.102 basalt. Complete. Non-porphyritic SF765 Zembil: Six 3110; /%&$: Z,.7.1; P^5-3; 7.0.9; PK ofwaist4.5 85% present; broken along one edge. Metastallinecarbonate/marble. cry SF797 Zembil:3730; Phase:Seven L. 7.3; W.4.y' Th. 2; W. ofwaist4.3; PR 109 carbonate. Complete. Meta-allochemical SF798 Zembil: 3731; Phase:Seven L. 7.6; PK6.3; 7%. 1.8; Pf.ofwaist5. i- Wt.111 carbonate/ Complete; smooth. Cryptocrystalline marble.Metacarbonate. SF799 Zembil:3126; PA^: Two Z,.7.1; PK5.7; Th. 1.8; PK ofwaist4.6; Wt.91 ?). Complete. Metasandstone(metaorthoquartzite sf8oo Zembil:3342; Phase:Four L. 6.1; PK4.3; 7%. 1.2; W. ofwaist3.8; PR 54 carbonate. Complete. Cryptocrystalline

17O

JILL CARINGTON SMITH SF987 Zembil: ; Phase:u/s L. 7.3; WT6.3; 7%. 1.3; W. ofwaist5.2; M. 101 Complete. Picrite(?). SF988 Zembil: ; Phase:u/s L. 6.6; W6.5; 7%. 1.9; W. ofwaist5.2; W. 106 Complete. (Meta) allochemicallimestone. SF989 Zembil: ; Phase:u/s L. 8.5; W6.8; 7%. 1.2; W. ofwaist5.5; Wt.111 Complete. Calcareous sandstone.
SF1021

sf8oi Zembil: 3126; Phase:Two L. 7.5; W5.6; Th. 1.5; W. ofwaists Wt.93 carboComplete. Metacarbonate/cryptocrystalline nate. SF846 Zembil3067; Phase:Two . 7.9; W5.3; ^- 1.4; W ofwaist4.5; Wt.88 95% present; chippedat bothends. Cryptocrystalline carbonate/metacarbonate. SF885 Zembil: 3210; Phase:Seven L. 7.8; W6.4; 7%. 1.4; W. ofwaist5.5; M. 118 Complete. Hard arkosic sandstone with some muscovite flakes. sf886 Zembil: 3345; Phase:Four . 7-5i W5.7; 7. 2; W 0/waist4.5; W. 98 Complete.Marble clastic terrigenous. SF897 Eleven Zembil: 369; /%u: . 7.8; PK6.5; TA.1.2; W ofwaist4; M. 96 Complete. Fine grained, well sorted (lithic) calcareouscementand/or clasts. sandstone, including SF905 Zembil: 222; Phase:Eight L 5.8; W5; Th. 1.5; W ofwaist4.6; Wt.66 Complete. Cryptocrystalline limestone/metacarbonate. SF913 Zembil: Area D; /%j^:u/s Z,.6.8; PK4.4; 7%.2; W ofwaist$.g; Wt.94 Complete.Sparryallochemicalcarbonate. SF986 Zembil: ; Phase:u/s L. 9.5; W7.3; 7%.2; W. ofwaist6.3; Mft188 90% present.Marble.

Zembil: Ploughsoil,en; Phase:u/s Z, 7.4; W6.4; Th. 2.4; W ofwaist5.4; Wt.156 Complete. Unfinished (?). Metacarbonate. Allochemicalcryptocrystalline.
SF1092

Zembil: ; Phase:Nine L. 5.8; W4; 7%. 1.2; Wt.38 25% present;damaged fragment. Zembil: ; Phase:Four Z,.6.6; W6.4; Th. 2.2; JK ofwaist5.3; Wt.125 Complete. Metacarbonateallochemical.

SF1120

SF1121

Zembil: ; Phase:Eleven L. 7; W6; Th. 2; W. ofwaist5.8; PR 125 unfinished. Metacarbonate/ Complete (?). Working (?). cryptocrystalline Eleven Zembil: ; Phase:Eight/ L. 8; W7.5; Th. 2; PK ofwaist6.7; Wf.188 section. (?). elliptical Complete.Unfinished Flattened Metacarbonate.

SF1122

THE SMALL FINDS:STONE

171

4.2.10 Fragments of Stone Vases (fig. 4.20, plate 4.11, F50, 52) Three fragments stone vases were foundat Servia-Varytimides. of SF772 is a body sherd froma marblebowl while SF820 may have been partof a bowl or a mortar. formwas Its and rounded,with a flattened base and it had been ground and pecked, but not open polished.SF979 is fromquite a largevessel. Three fragments which seem to be polypod vase legs, thoughwe know of no exact in stone,were found on the main site. An almost complete example (SF943), parallels which was foundin debris of Phase Six or Seven, may have had a secondaryuse as a and wear on the tip. Another(SF778) was pestle.This is suggested signs of battering by the of recovered from fillofa Phase Eightditch.A conical fragment stone(SF242),included have herebecause ofitsshape,whichhad tracesofwear and polishon one side may rather a whichextended been made as a pestle.It was foundwithin Phase Seven habitation deposit over F30/A. All thesemightalso be small examples of cylindrical tools (4.2.3). Stone vases, thoughalwaysrare,are presentin en depositsas at Nea Nikomedeia (Pyke where 3 were found,Achilleion, Nea Makri, 1994, 116; Rodden and Wardleforthcoming Sesklo and othersitesin mainland Greece (Devetzi 1996, 135, 286-8). The majority of with findsare onlyfragments it is difficult suggest originalshapes manufactured and to the considerable of althoughsome could be remarkably expenditure timeand effort, complex founda ringfootfromhis 'en' 288 no. 175 from (Devetzi 1996, Kouphovouno).Heurtley knob and three (= mn)Stratum (1939, 65) and two marblelids,of whichone had a central from 'ln' Stratum his an eba date is also possible. (1939, 78, fig.34k) though perforations,

Plate 4.10. Stone vase fragments: SF979, Phase en; (b) SF820, Phase en (a)

172

CATHARINE A. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

SF82O

ts^^v^"^

SF979

SF772

'

II

SF943

'

SF778

Fig. 4.20. Stone vase fragments. SF820,Phase en; SF979,Phase en; SF772,Phase en; SF778,Phase Eight;SF943,Phase Six/Seven. 1:2

Catalogue thevase fragments of

in L. - maximum width; length cm; W.= maximum Th. from Di. = maximum diameter; - thickness face diameter. toface;Est.Di. = estimated
SF242 Zembil: 1305; Phase:Seven SF82O Zembil: 3642; Phase:en

Conical. igneous Microsyenite/intermediate (?).

FIG. 4.20, PLATE 4.10a

Ht.3.6; Di. 2.8 leg Polypod (?) withsmallpatchof polish Conical.Wornsurface, on remaining one side.Basalt.

Ht. 11; Th.2.6; Di. 9.6 Bowl/Mortar 25%. Open,rounded Fragment, possibly shapewith and peckedsurface. flattened base, ground (Meta) limestone. allochemical sparry
FIG. 4.2O, PLATE4. IOC, F52

SF943

FIG. 4.2O SF772 Zembil: 3645; Phase:en L. 3; W.2.2; Ht. 0.6; Est. Di. 13 Bowl. Body sherd.Marble/metacarbonate. Incomplete. C.f. SF979 FIG. 4.2O, PLATE4.1 od, F5 2 SF778 Zembil: 3702; Phase:Eight Ht. 4; Di. 2.1

Six/Seven Zembil: ; Phase: 3701 L. 4.7; Di. 2.6 leg Polypod Battered foot. at Nonwith cross-section. oval Conical andsite. porphyritic SF979 Ht.5; L. 8; W7; Th.1.3; Di. 12 Bowl only. Body sherd. MetaIncomplete,fragment carbonate.
Zembil: 3636; Phase:en

FIG. 4.2O, PLATE 'ob, F50 4.

leg Polypod

THE SMALL FINDS:STONE

173

4.2.11 Ornaments (figs. 4.21-4.23, plate 4.11, F74-75) A totalof 47 ornaments, workedfrom marble,malachiteand otherattractive stones,were recorded.Three main typescan be identified: beads (27), bracelets(3) and pendants(6), as well as another 11 items which may be ornamentsor are 'blanks' selected for further No at working. examples of the stone 'studs' or 'nose plugs' frequent en Nea Nikomedeia 111-12, fig.37) were foundat Servia. (Pyke 1994, Beads (fig. 4.21, plate 4.11, F74) A total of 27 stone beads was found,includingfourexamples of marble and one of a Most were tiny, often less than 1.0 cm across.It stone,possiblymalachite. bright turquoise to was usuallydifficult determine readilywhethertheywere made of stone or shell and in indeed the same types were made withoutdistinction eithermaterial.All, with the ofSF856,were complete.One more or less sphericalbead (SF488)was probably exception hollowed wheredrilling The flattened ends were slightly had just started. unfinished. and one (unfinished) Three beads of the total were tubular,two cylindrical spherical. were disks,includingone quite large example (SF298). Beads have been The remainder is thanthediameter. as wherethelength greater Those wherethethickness classified tubular or be cylindrical spherical, while thosewhere and diameterare approximately equal may is less the thickness substantially than the diameterare defined as disks. Regardlessof beads were piercedaxially,whilst diskbeads were and the the material, cylindrical tubular Three beads (SF513,SF500 and SF856) had a polished surfaceand two pierced centrally. markson theirouter edge. Colours forthe beads (SF490 and SF491) had manufacturing red includedblack,darkgreywithwhitemarbling, withdarkerveiningand yellow-brown. The marble beads were white,and the malachitebead was turquoisewitha whitecore. The average dimensionsfor this assemblage were a bead diameterof 1.03 cm, a hole of diameter 0.34 cm and a lengthof 0.64 cm. the one bead was recoveredfrom en settlement (SF856),and none were recovered Only a from Phases One, Two or Three. In contrast, totalof 12 were foundin Phase Four.One tubularexample (SF751 marble)was recoveredfromthe debris of Structure whilstthe 7, 1 remaining11 were foundin the debris of Structure (SF259 marble) or were recovered whichcoveredthatdebris(SF489-492, SF494-499). It is possiblethat from yardsurface the have formedone necklace. thesebeads may originally The only bead recorded for the ln was froma mixed mn/lncontext (SF500). Eight (SF527 marble,sf86, SF318, SF341, SF512, SF513, SF517, SF519) were recoveredfromthe the fills Phase Eightditchesand one (SF515)from fillof Phase Nine Pit i in Area G. Two of beads fromPhase Ten were recoveredfromthe floorof Structure and the structural 3 collapse whichcovered F20/A (SF298 and SF488 respectively). at Stonebeads ofthesetypesare frequent manysitesbutperhapsoften under-represented sieved (4.5). The hemispherical unless the depositshave been systematically bead with of near one edge characteristic en Nea Nikomedeia (Pyke 1994, 122) is double perforation or not presenteitherat Servia-Varytimides the main site.

174

CATHARINE A. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

Catalogue the of beads

from L. = maximumlengthin cm; Th. = thickness faceto face; Di. = maximumdiameter sf86 Zembil: 215; Phase:Eight Th.0.15; Di. 0.35; Di. of 0.2 perforation Complete.Disk, piercedfromboth sides,reground. Red veined stone. fig. 4.21 SF259 Zembil: 1318; Phase:Your L. 1.11; Di. 0.65; Di. of 0.3 perforation Complete. Tubular,pierced axially, tapered ends. . Marble/metacarbonate fig. 4.21, F74 SF298 Zembil: 1435; Phase:Ten Th.0.3; Di. 1.6; Di. of 0.15 perforation Metacarbonate/ Complete. Disk, pierced centrally. marble. SF318 Zembil: 1461; Phase:Eight Th.0.25; Di. 0.55; Di. of 0.4 perforation Complete.Disk, piercedcentrally. SF341 Zembil: 1469; Phase:Eight Th.0.2; Di. 0.9; Z). of 0.3 perforation Complete.Disk, piercedcentrally. fig. 4.21 SF488 Phase:Ten Zmbil: F20A; Z)i.i.5 unfinished Flattened (?). piercing spherical, Complete, notbegun. SF489 Zembil: 1336; Phase:Four 0.2 Th.0.2; 2)i. 0.44; 2). of perforation Complete except for damage to one edge. Disk, polished. piercedcentrally,
SF490

'Grooved' edges, Disk,piercedcentrally. perforation. manufacture. possiblythrough SF492 Zembil:1336; Phase:Four Th.0.27; Di. 0.45; Di. of 0.2 perforation Complete.Disk, piercedcentrally. SF494 Zembil:1336; Phase:Four 7%.0.17; Di. 0.42; 2). of 0.14 perforation Complete.Disk, piercedcentrally. SF495 Zembil:1336; /%&: Four Th.0.15; 2)i. 0.45; Z>*.of 0.15 perforation Complete.Disk, piercedcentrally. SF496 Zembil:1336; /%&: Four Th.0.27; 2)i. 0.49; 2)i. of 0.23 perforation Complete.Disk, piercedcentrally. SF497 Four Zembil:1336; /%&: 7%.0.17; 2)i. 0.47; 2)i. of 0.25 perforation Complete.Disk, piercedcentrally. SF498 Four Zembil: 1336; PA&: 7%.0.2; 2X 0.48; Di. of 0.25 perforation Complete.Disk, piercedcentrally.
SF499

fig. 4.21

1 Four Zembil: 3 27 ; /%w: 1.1 7%.1.1; Di. 0.31; Di. of perforation Complete.Disk, piercedcentrally.

FIG. 4.21

SF5OO

Five/ Seven Four/ Zembil:1615; PA&: 1.2 7%.1.1; Di. 4; 2)f.of perforation polished. Complete.Disk, piercedcentrally,

FIG. 4.21

Zembil: 1336; Phase:Four 0.2 7%.0.25; Di. 0.46; 2)i. of perforation Complete but possibly unfinished.Disk, pierced centrally.

SF512

Zembil: 228; Phase:Eight 7%.0.22; Di. 0.73; 2). of 0.15 perforation circular disk (?), imperfectly Complete. Unfinished withcrude edges. Piercedcentrally. SF513 Zembil: 229; Phase:Eight 0.2 Th.0.2; 2)i. 0.46; Di. of perforation Disk, piercedcentrally. Complete.

FIG. 4.21

SF491 Zembil: 1336; Phase:Four 7%.0.21; Di. 0.5; Z). of 0.25 perforation damage to one edge and Completeexcept forslight

THE SMALL FINDS: STONE

175

SF499
SF5OO SF75I

/^fli

/5 ri
/';"' '|

SF718

SF5155

'/////y

@
SF318

SF527

(D

SP488
s- -v

II on (#)
^1^ SF259 SF298

SF515

Fig. 4.21. Stone beads. SF259,Phase Four; SF298,Phase Ten; SF318, Phase Eight;SF488 Phase Ten; SF499,Phase Four; SF500,Phase Four/Five/Seven; (unfinished), SF512, Phase Eight; SF515,Phase Nine; SF527,Phase Eight;SF751,Phase Four; SF718,Phase u/s. 2:1

176

CATHARINE A. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE 7%.0.18; Z)i. 0.5; Di. of 0.2 perforation Complete. Cylindrical,with tapered ends. Pierced axially. fig. 4.21 SF718 Zembil: 3703; Phase:u/s Th.0.4; Di. 0.55; Z>2.of 0.2; perforation Complete. Cylindrical, pierced axially. Bright turquoisewithwhitecore,malachite(?). FIG. 4.21 SF751 Zembil: 3338; Phase:Four L. 0.9; Z>z". Z)i. of 0.8; 0.4 perforation Complete. Tubular, pierced almost vertically. . Metacarbonate/marble SF856 Zembil: 3644; Phase:en l 7%.0.3; Di. 0.8 Incomplete,c. 33%. Disk, piercedcentrally. fig. 4.21

SF514 Zembil: 213; Phase:Nine/Ten Th.0.12; Di. 0.5; Di. of 0.26 perforation Complete.Disk, piercedcentrally. FIG. 4.21, F74 SF515 Zembil: Phase:Nine 1445/47; L. 1.75; Di. 1.03; Di. of 0.3 perforation (?). Complete.Tubular, piercedaxially.Serpentine SF517 Zembil: 225; Phase:Eight Th.0.15; Di. 0.53; Di. of 0.15 perforation Complete. Disk, pierced centrally. Imperfectly shaped. Zembil: 20/22 1; Phase:Eight 2 0.2 Th.0.18; Z)i. 0.5; Z)*'. perforation of Disk, piercedcentrally. Complete. SF527 Zembil: 236; Phase:Eight

Bracelets (fig. 4.22, plate 4.1 1,F75) size of stonebracelets similar wererecorded. of Threefragments annular Theywereall in cross-section. werefound mncontexts: with circular a marble from worked SF755, They of overthefloor Structure SF689and SF758from from PhaseThreehabitation a 3, deposit and neolithic from is of thePhaseFourdebris Structure The form wellknown sites, can 7. unusual a records rather shellor clay (4.5). Heurtley from be made,as at Servia, stone, on channels itsoutersurface with ofwhite bracelet (1939, 65, marble, parallel fragment 60). fig.

Catalogue the of bracelets

face to face; Di. = diameter. from Th.= thickness FIG. 4.22, PLATE4.11a, F75 SF689 Phase:Four Zembil: 3323; Th.0.81; Di. 9 c. Incomplete, 40%. Metacarbonate/marble. SF755 Zembil: 3117; Phase:Three fig. 4.22 Th.0.9; Di. 9 c. Incomplete, 14%. Marble/meta-carbonate. FIG. 4.22, PLATE4.II, F75 SF758 Zembil: 3338; Phase:Four Th,0.9; Di. 9 c. Incomplete, 25%. Marble/metacarbonate

THE SMALL FINDS:STONE

177

Pendants (fig. 4.22, plate 4.1 1, F51, 74-75) Of the six stone pendants,threewere workedfrommarble and one was frommalachite (SF709).This triangular pendant,whichwas almostcomplete,had been piercedthreetimes Two of the perforations, the surfaceof the pendant,were worn.It was and at the corners. find an unstratified fromArea E. One of the marblependants(SF365),foundin a Phase Two yardto the s of Structure 1, had been shaped like a tuskand was taperedtowardsthe perforation, whichwas broken. The perforation been bored from had bothsides and thewhole pendanthad been polished. A circularmarble pendant (SF748) was found in the Phase Four debris of Structure 7. Three perforations been bored through upper halfand the upper edges had been had the marblependant(SF385) chippedto createtwo indentsat the top of the pendant.The third was foundon the trampledsurfaceof Phase Seven Structure . It had been pierced three 1 timesand the centralperforation broken. was One pendant (SF300), which was found on the floorof Phase Nine Structure was 3, its shaped like an axe and had a hole bored through middle. The edges were smoothed and polished.A small,oval, river of pebble (SF969) whichhad the beginning a perforation on one face, is likelyto have been intended as a pendant. It was found in Phase Ten Structure 1. Pendantsare reasonablywell represented neolithicsitesthroughout in Greece and the southern Balkans but theredo not seem to be any obvious standardtypesuntilthe ring pendantsof the ln period (4.5).

Catalogue the of pendants

L. - maximum in width; length cm; W.= maximum Th = thickness faceto face;Di. = maximum from in recorded. Wt. diameter; = weight g where
FIG. 4.22, F74 SF3OO Zembil: 1025; Phase:Nine L. 2.1; W.1.4; Th.0.5; Di of 0.3 perforation

broken. Metacarbonate/ face;one perforation upper marble. SF709

Zembil: 3703; Phase:u/s

FIG. 4.22, F5I

Almost Axe-head complete, slightly chipped. shaped hole middle, pendant, through chipped. Serpentine. SF365
Zembil: .Two 1356; Phase L. 5.4; Di. 1.1; Di of 0.2 perforation

L. 2.6; W.2.1; Th.0.3 Almost c. three complete, 90%. Triangular, pierced two are times, of which worn.Malachite green (?), with worn surface. SF748
Zembil: 3338; Phase:Four

fig. 4.22

FIG. 4.22, PLATE 1,F75 4.1

Almost broken perforation. at complete, Tusk'-shaped Marble/metacarbonate. object, polished. SF385 28 Z,8; W4.2; Th.0.9; Wt. c. 25% (?). Possibly circular; Incomplete, originally in Pierced three times from elliptical cross-section.
Zembil: 1152; Phase: Seven

Th.0.4; Di. 3.9 Almostcomplete,withslightly chipped edges. Circular. Pierced three times twoadditional with holes worn at through thetop.Marble(?). SF969 L. 2.4; W.1.7; Th.0.4 Pendant Complete. unfinished. oval (?). Worked, Slim, pebble.Metacarbonate.
Zembil:1709; Phase:Ten

fig. 4.22

178

CATHARINE A. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

Fig. 4.22. Stone bracelets(SF689,Phase Four; SF755,Phase Three; SF758,Phase Four),pendants (SF300,Phase Nine; SF365,Phase Two; SF385,Phase Seven; SF709,Phase u/s; SF748, Phase Four).
1:2

Miscellaneous
4.11)

Possible Ornaments and Selected 'Blanks' (fig. 4.23, plate

in was of which found thefill a PhaseEight ornament One possible ditch, (sF2oo), appears at manufacture. of to have been broken Drilling thecentre thisriver during pebblehad in of river Another in ditch resulted a fracture. pebble(sFgia),found thefill a PhaseEight

THE SMALL FINDS: STONE

179

had thebeginning a perforation one ofits of which beencutby a PhaseElevenpit, had on to havebeen abandoned an early at A third but drilling river faces, stage. appears pebble had been smoothed itsedgesworked, been broken halfduring and had in which (SF149) It on of manufacture.was found thefloor PhaseSevenStructure 5. marble were one of a Sevenfragmentsworked recorded, ofwhich (SF768, grooved pebble) Two from 1 at Servia-Varytimides. fragments Phase One Structure mayhave was found intoornaments. heart-shaped The for been blanksintended working objectSF775had A marble and on of traces working had been polished. worked pebble(SF773)was found from traces of thefloor PhaseTwoStructureand twofragments PhaseFouralso showed 3 6. in Structure A pieceofmarble ofworking, SF534found a yardand SF409within (SF770) in was find. which twounfinished had perforationsitsuppersurface an unstratified in or was of of In addition, fragment a stone a ring bead (SF1058) found thedebris Phase FourStructure 7.
possibleornaments Catalogue themiscellaneous of and selected'blanks' in L. = maximum width; length cm; W.= maximum from Th.= thickness faceto face;Di. = maximum recorded. in Wt. diameter; = weight g where FIG.4.23, PLATE 8b, F48 4. SFI49 Seven Zembil: Phase: 321; L. 3.2; W.2-, 0.54 Th. Pebble flattened c. circular, Broken, 50%.Originally elliptical ultrabasic Worked cross-section. edge.Altered igneous rock (?). Zembil: Phase: 413; Eight L.3.1; W1.7;Th.0.8; Wt.14 Ornament Broken at c. perforated. Incomplete, 50%. Worked, Upper side smooth and rounded. perforation. Metacarbonate. FIG. 4.23, F74 SF332 Four Zembil: 1324; Phase: L. 2.7; Di. 1.4 'Toggle' Naturalwaisted pebble. Groove around waist with deepened.Conglomerate artificially possibly carbonate clasts. SF409
Zembil: 2117; Phase: Four SF2OO FIG. 4.23

SF534 Zembil: Four 1336; Phase: L. 2.3; W 2.3; Th.0.3; Wt.14 Worked Blank(?) forornament. piece,semi-circular Thin in with cross-section. Metacarbonate/ rectangular shape marble. fig. 4.23 SF768 Zembil: en 3639; Phase: I.8.1; W.b.2-Th. 1.3; Wt.114 Grooved pebble MetaFlatriver groovearoundwaist. pebblewith carbonate/marble. fig. 4.23 SF770 u/s Zembil: 3715; Phase: L. 9; W5.8; Th.16; Wt.170 Worked marble in Flatoval shapedstonewithtwopartial drillings one surface. Unfinished Metacarbonate/marble. (?). FIG.4.23 SF773 Two Zembil: 3046; Phase: Di. 7.6; Th.2.95; Wt. 142 Worked pebble Discoid withgroundpatcheson edge. Complete. ornament Metacarbonate/marble. (?). Incipient fig. 4.23 SF775 One Zembil: 3058; Phase: L. 5.3; W4.5; Th.0.7; M 28 Worked stone worked Flat,'heart'-shaped pebblewith Complete. andpolished edges.Metacarbonate/marble.

FIG. 4.23

L. 6.6; W.r,Th.1.35; Wt.114 worked Discoidfragment; on drilling one face. Metacarbonate/ Fragment, marble.

i8o

CATHARINE A. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

or Fig. 4.23. Selectedmiscellaneousstoneornaments blanks': SF149,Phase Seven; SF200,Phase Eight;SF768,Phase en; SF770,Phase u/s; SF773,Phase Two; SF332,Phase Four; SF409,Phase Four; SF775,Phase One; SF1058,Phase Four. 1:2

THE SMALL FINDS: STONE

18 1

Plate 4.1 1. Stone ornaments: bracelets:(lefij (a) SF689,Phase Four; {right) SF758, Phase Four;pendantSF748,Phase Four; (b) beads: Phase Four.

i82

CATHARINE A. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE SF1058 Zembil: 3323; Phase:Four Ht. 1.5; Th.0.5; Di. 2.4 Ring of Fragment ringor tube. fig. 4.23

FIG. 4.23 SF912 Eleven Zembil: 193; Phase:Eight/ L. 2.4; W.1.8; Hi. 1.6; Di. of 0.1 perforation Pebble Complete. Worked. Oval with one side slightly flattened.Drilling started on one end, incipient pendant(?).

4.2.12 Pivots/Sockets (fig. 4.24) in blocks with circular a Fivestone werefound which ground depression theuppersurface in One (SF879)was found a Phase Seven mayhave servedas simplepivotsor sockets. in A level Works. pairofpivots/sockets destruction explored theBridge and SF351) (SF338 in wall was discovered thelineoftheeastern ofPhaseNineStructure and itis possible 1, wouldhaveprovided for that they support thewoodenpostsofa raiseddoorway. two and SF1016)werebothunstratified finds. The other examples (SF781
Catalogueofthepivots/sockets
in L. = maximum length cm; W.= maximumwidth; = thickness from Th. faceto face; Di. = diameter. FIG. 4.24 SF338 Zembil: 1468; Phase:Nine Ht. 6; W. 12.4; Th. 1.6; Di. ofsocket 5.5 shape withdeep hollow on Complete (?). Irregular Fine allochemicalcarbonate. uppersurface. FIG. 4.24 SF35I Phase:Nine Zembil: 1476; Ht. 4.5; L. 8.4; W.7.2; Depthofdepression 1.5 Complete (?). Approximatelycircular stone with carbonate. central Chalk,orthochemical depression. fig. 4.24 SF781 Zembil: 3704; Phase:u/s W.16.6; Th.5.8; Di. of depression^ Depth depression of
23

Complete (?). Irregularshape. Block with conical depressionin one face.Allochemicallimestone. plate 4. *b SF879 Zembil: 3201 ; Phase:Seven 10 L. 29; W.23; Th.8; Di. ofdepression Fragment broken at both ends. Incomplete. Approximately polygonal in shape with flatsides; Shallow, circular depression in centre of shaped. upper surface.Possiblymortar(?). Porphyroblastic chlorite schist. quartzo-feldspathic FIG. 4.24 SFIO16 Zembil: ; Phase:u/s L. 12.5; W.20.5; Th.6 stone half;plano-convex Approximately Incomplete. withcentraldepressionin flat,upper surface.Nonschist. chlorite quartzo-feldspathic porphyroblastic

4.2.13 Miscellaneous (figs. 4.25-4.26, plate4.12, F52,74) items out use: several or has which beenworked roughed for stone includes Thiscategory to for as selected suitable conversion tools,but none have a specific are river pebbles are Others curiosities. arefamiliar function. a They shapeandnonecanbe assigned specific but howto classify, or no that one wants knows as workrooms theitems in all excavation users.We or of an element selection modification their prehistoric by clearly represent to one vain in them the(probably) hopethat havenotomitted eventually ortwowillprove

THE SMALL FINDS: STONE

18s

Fig. 4.24. Stone pivots/sockets. SF338,Phase Nine; SF351,Phase Nine; SF781,Phase u/s; SF1016, Phase u/s. 1:2

i84

CATHARINEA. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

items(nearly ofthetotalnumber stone 8% or be significant classifiable! registered of 32 have been rejected too 'natural'. as have been includedhere whileothers The finds) far one and has occasioned morediscussion thantheobjects is borderline a fine probably deserve. Balls in was found thestructural One (SF853)which debris of Two stoneballswererecorded. of which traces drilling had The or PhaseFourStructurewasunworked. second(SF877), 7 find was boring, an unstratified in AreaD. Disks in to was which beencentrally had disk(SF796), A stone pierced, found a PhaseTwoyard with elliptical an cross-section disk(SF907) thes ofStructure An unstratified, 3. perforated in described section the It 4.3.5. weights mayhavebeena weight. resembles clayring Worked - Possible Tools A toolsofuncertain wererecorded. pointed stone or of A number unfinished, broken, type 1 and thebluntend of a the tool came from debrisof Phase ThreeStructure (SF972), which wouldnot marble in like tool cylindrical rather thoseincluded 4.2.3 butofa white the of from fill a PhaseEight Atfirst havewithstood SF222, sight (SF89). heavypounding flat, ditch, appearsto be a small,rather axe whichhas been groovedon one side as a described the into to chisels, already using sametechniques preliminarysplitting twosmaller this itfrom kindofuse and soft a rather marble, in 4.2.1.The material however, precludes was sides(SF627) faceted with A remains itspurpose slightly object enigmatic. rod-shaped fill a PhaseNinepitin AreaG. of the within SF1128and SF1130)couldnot stone(sf6io,SF628, of four A further fragments worked to be attributed anyobjecttype. Utilized - RiverPebbles which river An irregularly-shaped pebble (SF649)from Servia-Varytimides had a natural Alsofrom as its around middle, havebeenutilized a toggle. Servia-Varytimides, may groove its around edge on the had been chipped section a with flattened a river (SF1024) pebble had river circular An is function notclear. almost face.Itsintended lower pebble(SF212) a A been formed pecking. had probably which in circular by depression itsuppersurface worked had which a circular ovalriver was further depression pebble (SF342) a flat example the of on and was found thesurface a PhaseTenyardin AreaG. Although intoone face, flat therather or similar as had tool, centred, iffora macehead depression been carefully PhaseFour(4.2.2) or those from of that theexample of cross-section thisobjectis unlike sites. other from Utilized - Slabs slab (SF955)was foundin the fillof a Phase Nine pit.A utilized limestone A worked had which probably in had a shallow, boulder round, depression itsuppersurface (SF867) in for as It beenmadeby pecking. had been reused packing a PhaseTwopost-hole theE

THE SMALL FINDS: STONE

185

of which had one ground wallofStructure The fragment a secondstoneslab (SF1104) 3. A 'boulder'(SF1025) in was also found theE wallofthesamestructure. water-worn edge It surfaces flattened withnaturally working. was found appearsto have some additional locatedto theN ofStructure A fragment of of 2. within make-up a PhaseTwohearth, the Twostoneslabs,which in of ditch. had was found thefill a PhaseEight sandstone (SF330) in of smooth SF235was found thefill a Phase may uppersurfaces, also havebeenutilized: of from slab in thedebris PhaseFourStructure Fragments a schist ditch SF629 and 7. Eight in lid or ofa circular werefound a ditch pitin F20/ (sfi125) which part mayhaveformed or A, in a PhaseEight Elevencontext. Curiosities and Other Unidentified Objects whichwerepresumably collected the of A number curious by objectswererecorded, river a Servia. of inhabitants prehistoric SF530,a small'kidney'-shaped pebblewith natural was Also notchon one side,was foundat Servia-Varytimides. from Servia-Varytimides surface a hollowed-out a marblepebble,witha naturally resembling miniature SF760, river round, SF281,a flat, veining appearsin theshapeofa pebblewhosewhite 'trough'. chalkobject, of on was cross, found thefloor PhaseSevenStructure SF109,a pyramidal 5. in the of debris F20/C.SF316,from floor PhaseOne Structure in wasfound eba structural conicalpiece of marblewithnatural ridgesand groovesaroundits 3, was a truncated a stone conicalfragment 23) - possibly corefrom Another truncated circumference. (sfi overthefloor of in vase manufacture was found thePhase Seven habitation deposit Structure 7. with or had Sfio 19,which an irregular cross-section, grooved furrowed upperandlower in It a resembled pulley. was found a PhaseFouryard. at leastpartly natural, surfaces, C. A. M. H. C. R. K. A. W.
objects Catalogueofthemiscellaneous in L. = maximum width; length cm; W.= maximum = = in from Th. thickness faceto face;Wt. weight g recorded. where SF89
Zembil: 352; Phase:Seven

and slightly rounded edges. Allochemical/ orthochemical carbonate.

SFI23 Zembil: Phase:Seven 40; FIG. 4.26, F74

312 Z.8.3; W 5.3; Th.3.2; Wt. Tool(?) of end rectangular Fragment butt (?).Approximately in shape, slightly towardsbreak. Subtapering in Marble/metacarbonate. rectangularcross-section.
SFIO9

L. 1.1; Di. o.g Core(?) at Broken bothends.Truncated Possibly cylindrical. stone bead stonevesselmanufacture. from Possibly blank(?). Metacarbonate.
FIG. 4.25 SF212 Zembil: 344; Phase:u/s Th.3.1; Di. 9.8 x 8.2; Di. ofdepression 3.5

Nine/Ten/Eleven Zembil: Phase: 66; Ht.5.6; W3.9; PR 85 Curiosity base with Worked, object square pyramidal Complete.

PLATE 4.1 %b9F52

Pebble in with circular Almost circular pecked depression one stalline carbonate. surface. Marble, microcry

i86

CATHARINE A. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

Fig. 4.25. Miscellaneousstoneobjects:disks(SF907,Phase u/s; SF796, Phase Two); possibletools (SF222,Phase Eight;SF627,Phase Nine); utilizedriverpebbles (SF1024,Phase u/s; SF212,Phase u/s; SF342,Phase Ten). 1:2

THE SMALL FINDS: STONE

187

Fig. 4.26. Miscellaneousstoneobjects:utilizedslabs (SF955,Phase Nine); pulley-shaped object riverpebbles (SF760 and SF530,Phase en); truncated (SF1019,Phase Four); curiously-shaped conical fragments (SF316,Phase One; SF123,Phase Seven). 1:2.

i88

CATHARINEA. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

Plate 4.12. Miscellaneousstoneobjects: (a) from top:groovedpebble SF649,Phase en; pebble left, SF281,Phase Seven; bottom'trough'-like object; objectSF760,Phase en; u/s stopper-like Eleven. (b)from tool (?) SF627,Phase Nine; worked'pyramid'SF109,Phase Nine/Ten/ left:

THE SMALL FINDS: STONE SF222

Zembil: 229; Phase:Eight

189

FIG.4.25

L. 3.8; W3.5; Th.1; Wt.12 Tool(?) Worked. Broken. with crossRectangular elliptical section. with one Longitudinal groove V-section along surface. polish No trace on surviving except possible blade(?) facet. marble. (Microcrystalline) SF235 Zembil: Phase: 225; Eight Z.8.5; Wr.Th.^ Slab with Worked Rectangular one smoothed (?). surface, from with grinding. possibly Metaquartzite chlorite banding.
SF281

one end missing. oval Broken, Approximately in section with slightly one flattened surface. to Tapers blunt butt. Microgranite. Zembil: Nine 3408; Phase: L. 10.6; Di. 2.2; Wt.114 Tool(?) broken one end.Rod-shaped at Incomplete, object. One side slightly facetted and withfaint parallel scratches. Metacarbonate/marble. SF628 F52 Zembil: Nine 3408; Phase: L. 15.5; W6.4; Th.4; Wt. 717 Worked stonewithone surface concave, Largerectangular use limestone. through (?). Orthochemical SF629 Zembil: Four 3344; Phase: L. 18.5; W6.5; Th.2; Wt. 246 Slab and broken oneend.Polished at Flat, pointed narrow, schist. (?). Biotite SF649
Zembil: 3514; Phase:en SF627 FIG. 4.25, PLATE 12^ 4.

Zembil: Seven 1301; Phase: Th.1.3;Di. 3.7 Curiosity Pebble. with Decorative white a cross. veining forming collected a curio.Conglomerate as with Probably carbon. SF316
Zembil: 1118; Phase:One

PLATE 4.12a

FIG.4.26

L. 2.8; Di. 1.1 Curiosity Natural. with fragment natural Cylindrical ridges around circumference. Metacarbonate/marble.
SF330 1 Zembil: 232; Phase:Eight

PLATE 4.12a

L. 4.1; PK3.9 Pebble with around waist. Groove Irregularly shaped groove natural utilized possibly but and probably enlarged. utilized a toggle. as Possibly
SF760

L. 2.8 Unworked fragment. Probablynatural, possibly with utilized. Sandstone carbonate component. SF342
Zembil: 1436; Phase:Ten Ht. 4.5; Di. 7.2 x 5.4; Di. ofdepression 1.9

FIG.4.25

River pebble Worked, with depression in one surface. marble. Microcrystalline SF530 L. 6.6; W4.6; Th.1.5; Wt. 54 Curiosity River natural 'notch' one on Complete. pebblewith side. sf6io
Zembil: 3206; Phase:Four Zembil: 3540; Phase:en

Ht.2.1; L. 6.9; W4.1 Curiosity Oval 'trough' withplano-convex crossComplete. section. Hollowformed uppersurface, in probably natural. Metacarbonate/marble. fig. 4.25 SF796 Zembil: Two 3068; Phase: Th.1.5; Di. 5.9; Di. of 0.8; 42 perforation Wt. Disk Piercedcentrally. in Slightly plano-convex crosssection.Allochemical limestone-calcarenite biomicrite (?). SF853
Zembil: 3340; Phase:Four

Zembil: 3641 ; Phase:en l

FIG. 4.26, PLATE 4.12a

FIG.4.26

L. 14.1;Di. 4.7; Wt. 387 Tool(?)

Di. 7.5; Wt. 511 Ball natural. Smooth, (?). probably Gypsum/alabaster

go

CATHARINE A. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE Th.1.5; Z)i.5.2; Wt. 56 Pebble Almost circular withflattened Complete. elliptical cross-section. all Chippedand flaked aroundedge. unfinished or other tool or Possibly object. Stopper hd (?).
SF1025 Zembil:1111; Phase:Two Th.4; Di. 23

SF867 Zembil: 142 ; Phase:Two 3

L. 24; W 21; Th.10 Utilized 'boulder' Broken. Natural river boulder with series of which on surface, mayhavebeen depressions upper on and Blackened encrusted upper caused pecking. by sandstone. Calcareous surface. SF877
Area D; Phase:u/s Zembil:

PLATE4.12

Di. 10; Wt.1088 Ball Threescarson surface. oval withsmooth Almost worked surface, (?). possibly SF907
Area D; Phase:u/s Zembil: 1 Th.3.3; Di. 11.4 x 10; Di. of perforation

'Boulder' Worked Upper lower and surfaces flattened. Most (?). ofedgeswater-worn, worked. possibly partly
SF1104 Zembil: 3135; Phase:Two

FIG.4.25

Diskweight (?) Circular on somedamage surface. Almost complete, centre. Perforated withoval cross-section. though carbonate. chemical ortho Chalk, SF955
Zembil: 1471; Phase:Nine

Th. L. 5.8; WT5.6; 1.1 Utilized slab withone groundedge. Surfaces Fragment fairly but no weartraces. smooth with obvious Schist.
SF1112

FIG.4.26

L. 19; W.12.4; Th.2.5 Slab and worked with edges onebroken Trapezoidal three incised surface smoothed. surface Upper edge.Lower a to withtwo deep cutsintersecting form 'V unintentional damage. possibly SF972 L. 12; W6.4; 771.4.1;Wt. 562 Tool(?) crossend.Elliptical toolwith Halfofheavy pointed surface. with smooth sides down both Worked section. somepolish Surface present. peckedin places,with (?). Microgranodiorite SFIOI9
Zembil: 1336; Phase:Your Zembil: 1360; Phase:Three

Zembil: Phase: 48; Eight/Eleven L. 6; W.4' Th.1.5; Wt. 85 Tool(?) both and Fragment. Sub-rectangular, endsbroken one Other and edgepockmarked battered. edgedamaged. Zembil: Phase: 417; Eight/Eleven a: L. 8.55; Th.1.05;Di. 15; Wt.128 b: L. 7.95; Th.0.5; Wt. 57 Utilized Two non-joining (a fragments & b). Worked edges rim circular (?) or edge.Possibly oflid forming part or cover. Schist.
SF1128 Zembil: 438; Phase:u/s SFII25 FIG. 4.26

FIG.4.26

57 Z.6.5; ^3-05; Th.1.4; Wt. Worked slab crossof sub-rectangular Fragment narrow with work traces sides. section. alongshorter Possibly
SF1130 Zembil: 3135; Phase:Two

Ht.7.5; L. 14.5; W.12 Curiosity subwithirregular Broken cross-section; originally and on or Grooved furrowed upper lower rectangular. and over one end, probablynaturally. surfaces natural. Resembles mostly Probably pulley.
SFIO24 Zembil: Ploughsoil;Phase:u/s FIG. 4.25

L. 5.6; W4.2; Th.1.7 Worked of Slab fragment irregular edge. shape.One ground

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY

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192

K. A. WARDLE, W. W. PHELPS

4.3 THE CLAY SMALL FINDS

a from Serviaform of The registered finds Of nearly quarter thetotal(240 objects). clay or of often from contexts. 26 are figurines fragments figurines these, (4.3.1), secondary claimed have,a connection weaving to with Halfofthetotal have,or are often processes disks of Theseinclude sherd 24 (4.3.2)andtwospecially (4.3.2-10). typical en andeba levels mostfrequent theeba (4.3.3), 24 ring in disks whorls manufactured (4.3.4), 24 spindle of mnlevels(4.3.5), 38 spoolsof which35 came from whichare characteristic weights and of (4.3.6)and a number other Servia-Varytimidesmayhavebeenusedas loomweights eba evidence thetype of of forms loomweight, of chiefly in date(4.3.7).Thereis no direct Smith included discussion the has a at but of weavein use for textiles Servia JillCarington bases (4.3.8).In addition there a short is on section on matimpressions preserved pottery with which of materials (4.3.9).Another mayhavehad a connection textiles objects other or of whose is class(27) oftheclayobjects formed the'anchors', fragments them, by large feature GreekMainland of sites are of but remains function enigmatic which a distinctive of of thesecondhalfoftheeba period(4.3.10). 39 other objects clayfallintoa number ornaments Theseinclude beadsandother (4.3.12)andspoons (4.3.11),slingbolts categories. or (4.3.14),disks(4315) curious plaques(4.3.16)and 'pillars' (4.3.13),a stamp burnisher manufactured whoseoriginal and other as wellas miscellaneous (4.3.18) objects (4.3.17) in of were No examples pintaderas found the is and form function irretrievable (4.3.19). are two(1939,fig. s) and they well excavation, 351*, Heurtley published although 1971-73 sites Nea from Nikomedeia known (Pinietal 1975;Pyke1994,128)andlater (Onassoglou in forms' and found wereanyoftheroundels 'pinched Also absent 1996, 163-4, 331-4). at numbers Nea Nikomedeia (Pyke1994, 133, 138). to in noted theIntroduction this As already (4. clayhasbeenusedto chapter 1) theterm as have been described whileobjectswhichwereunfired to fired refer clay throughout unbaked clay. K. A. W. 4.3.1 The Figurines (figs. 4.27-4.30,plates4.13-4.16) Introduction are the from Serviaexcavation all of clay and of The fragments twenty-five figurines to in Theirsmallnumber relation thelargebodyofsherd of a widerange types. represent for in with contrasts thesituation Thessaly, recovered material where, example, figurines 227 alone (Gimbutas the from siteof Achilleion werereported 1974 a, 299). This is all the are six that ofthefragments notproperly in morestriking viewofthefact parts speaking an at offigurines all,SF736and SF852beingprotomes, SF750probably 'altar'ornament, recorded In or 'altars' vessels. addition and SF980,SF630and SF895legsfrom Heurtley schematic one levels(1939,fig. from three figurines his'en' (= mn) including very 7I-J) clay House' (= of on intact thefloor the'Burnt armsfound examplewithstumpy cylindrical found Heurtley ln figurines PhaseFour).The four (1939, 78) includean animal by clay stone schematized figurines two a head (1939,fig. 350),perhaps dog.He alsoreports highly the from samelevels(1939,78, fig. 34f, g).

THE SMALL FINDS:CLAYFIGURINES

193

but is and few figurines interesting, theirfragmentary of The diversity the relatively There are oftenworn conditionmakes typologicalcommentsand comparisonsdifficult. like one or tworecognisable types, SF1067,a classicRod Head, or SF750,an 'altar'ornament. occursover a wide area fromthe Ploponnse to the Danube, and the second is The first Balkan type. a distinctive in What is perhaps equally significant, view of Servia's geoculturallocation between Albania, se Yugoslavia and Thrace, is the absence as much as the presence of Thessaly, and of characteristic those regions,like the Thessalian en piriform figures typesand traits foundin Thrace. and the incised and paintedfigurines the MN'coffee-bean' eyes, or are Ten fragments assignedon stratigraphie typological groundsto the en, eleven to are which the MNand five to the ln period. The en figurines fromServia-Varytimides, of came to an end beforethemnperiod began, since thereare no indications en habitation in not at the main mn site. Twelve of the figurines securelystratified neolithiccontexts as have been dated as much by theirtypology by theircontext. fromThessaly (Gallis and Orphanidis [The valuable studyand catalogue of figurines reachedus too late forthe inclusionof parallelsin thissection.K. A.W.] 1996) Early Neolithic at with were foundstratified Servia-Varytimides anotherfoundon fragments Eightfigurine in the main area is similarstylistically in fabric. and One froman eba context the surface. femalefigurines naturalistic obese witha of SF716 belongsto a broad category relatively in wide distribution time and place fromwhich,however,it is differentiated its very by mn shortconical legs. The generaltypeseems to be chiefly and ln in date, but may also occur in laterperiods,forexample at Corinth(Phelps 1987, 244-5, nos- ^ 17). formed partof a pot, like SF3 and may be compared withthe SF736 probablyoriginally Prdromos(Theocharis1973, 46, fig.12). The technique, vesselfrom on figure a triangular fromthe human faces and figuresin low reliefsometimesfound however,is different elsewhere(Rodden 1964 0, 565, fig.3, fromNea Nikomedeia (= Mller-Karpe1968, pl. 81, 135 B 16), en (?); Theocharis 1962 cy fig.6, fromNessonis II, mn; Theocharis 1973, Paradimi,ln). 204, from fig. the unit SF367 is a curiouspiece and theonlycompletefigurine from excavation.Unlike it SF1124,SF1067 and SF145, it is not a brokenfragment; was intendedto be mountedon a either separatetorsoor some otherobject,possiblymade ofwood. I know ofno parallels of but it has a generalstylistic similarity, especiallyin the treatment the eyes and mouth, heads fromsites in Thessaly (e.g.Zervos 1962, figs. 191-3; with a class of en figurine Theocharis1973, figs19-21; Gimbutas 1974 0, 300, fig.29). male figurines such as SF708 are uncommon: it has been estimatedthat Identifiable formbetween 2-10% of the known body of Greek neolithic and ba figurines they of (Marangou 1991, 15-23). The crudity the modellingcan be paralleled at eba Tiryns thatits and Schffer 12: 1-2); theveryschematictreatment (Grossmann 1971, pl. suggests in the makerwas primarily interested representing concept of maleness. are Hollow figurines such as SF645, all apparentlyanthropomorphic, rare in Thessaly and confinedto the en. Hourmouziadis (1973, 33 et seq.,e.g.pl. 74a) suggeststhatthey This piece is a puzzle. C^the hollow leg in Grbic etal. i960, may have been used as rhyta. XXXI: 5, fromPorodin.

194

W.W.PHELPS

animal (SF360); human (SF367,u/s);human (SF414); human (?) (SF645); Fig. 4.27. en figurines: humanleg (SF705); male (SF708);female(SF736); human (SF1124). 1:2

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY FIGURINES

195

like Animalfigurines SF360 are not a commonfeature the en, although of theyare in I of but commoner laterperiods. can think none in thePloponnse, thereare a few elsewhere et (Zervos1962, figs.197, 198, 304-7). At Sitagroi C. Renfrew al 1986, (A. are 282, 9, 150-3 - 'bulls':nos.96, 176, 177, 179) they ln in date.

Fig. 4.28. en femalefigurine SF716. 1:2

Catalogue the figurines of en

L. = maximumlengthin cm; W.= maximumwidth; Th.= thickness fromface to face; Ht. - maximum NB. 'left'and 'right'referto figurines' own height. left and right throughout. FIG. 4.27, PLATE4.13, F53 SF360 Zembil: 2000; Phase:en
SF367

L. 4.3, Ht.4.7, W.2.6 Animal Finegrey smooth surface. buff Worn. fabric; gritless Animal broken theneck, at forequarters, forelegs and trunk. chippedleft The and foreleg, probably the right one as well,was shortand stubby. The almost vertical neckis circular section, the in and with body sub-triangular, the apex uppermost. notidentifiable. Species

Ht.3.9, W.2.5 Human Finepale grey micaceous like fabric, SF367;smooth worn surface. visible No slip. human head and neck.The eyesand Complete: mouth indicated jabbedholes, thecheeks are and by andchinbyappliedclay. The underside theneck of has a deliberately formed smoothsaddle-shaped A runs the concavity. vertical perforation from top of the head to the centre of the concavity, to stick attachment for presumably takea thin (<^ln from Kefala Pefkakia: and examples 1992, Marangou ^^fgs. 5C,13d)-

Zembil: ; Phase:u/s

FIG. 4.27,

PLATE 4.13

i96 SF414
Zembil:2055; Phase:en Ht. 2.8, W. shoulders Th. bottom 2.7, 1.4.

W.W.PHELPS FIG. 4.27, PLATE 4.13 left broken; arms;legsbroken. penisis one no The indicated. roughly SF716
Zembil:3633; Phase:en Ht. 10.0; W hips6.7

Human well fired;smooth micaceousfabric; Duskybuff surface. Good condition. buttocks. broken neck, at arms, Torso, Right upper left armstubextended horizontally; one possibly in and An fillet thewaist front on at raised. applied with rowoffine a eachside, incisions, represent may Welldefined a rollof fator a garment. grooveon of rightthigh.There is a deep concavity top the due underneath, joinbetween perhaps toa weak the twoconstituent ofclayusedtoform body. lumps incisions row vertical Thereis a horizontal ofshort similar rowson theback. and on thechest three Forthehollowmidriff break, Tsountas 1908, cf. the and 292, wherehe describes pl. 33:1a, i, of technique manufacture. SF645
Zembil: 3615; Phase:en

FIG. 4.28, PLATE 4.13, F53, F54

FIG. 4.27, PLATE 4.13, F53

L. 1.01, W5.95, Th.3.65 Human(?) red Coarsedarkgrey fabric; grits; buff, largewhite left smoothed surface, roughon one side. slightly Good condition. with Hollowthigh or leg,grooveatjunction (?) (?). belly rear animal hollow body, possibly Alternatively, part. SF705
Zembil: 3546; Phase:en

Female Dense darkgreyfabric, micaceous fine buff grits; skin;red burnished darkened slip; firing patchon back.Surface slight fair; chipping. the conical its Torso, sitting; stubby right with leg abradedpointed has been rejoined; head,arms tip and left breast broken, breast left missing; leg right Armscupping breasts. Straight partly preserved. and hips;incised vertical back;rollsoffaton waist several cores and vulva. Madefrom together pressed with of invested a thick layer clay. and 1979, 195,pi-26 (e). Forthe Ridley Wardle cf. technique, Bass 1959, 344-9; Hourmouziadis 1973,32 etseq., 4, 5, pls.44 and45; Marangou figs. 1992, 139, fig. 5a, b. For the generaltype,cf. Tsountas 1908,pl. 33: 6 (mn). SF736
Zembil: 3542; Phase:en 1.0 Ht. 4.3; W.5.7; Th. midchest

FIG. 4.27, PLATE 4.13

FIG. 4.27, PLATE 4.13

Female thick micaceous Pale grey, skin; fabric; fine, orange redburnished slip. or torso anthropomorphic Front ofa hollow part arm with breast vase.Left preserved shoulder, and on ofthehandresting theabdomen. part SF954
Zembil: 3406; Phase:Nine

Ht.3-7(^1.5) Humanleg well micaceous fabric; fired. buff, Fine,dusky Very worn. Rightleg, groove forlower belly and pubic The leg abraded. Buttock possibly groove. triangle to foot,three tapersdownwards a wedge-shaped for grooves toes. to than other for Thispieceistooworn comment to that suggest itmayhavebeensimilar sfi123 and discussion. further which mn;q.v.for are SF145, Grbicet al i960, XXXI:8, from Porodin; Cf. Korosec1952,pl. 15.
SF708

L 4.4, W.3.4, D. 2.5. Female thick red Finedensebuff surface; fabric, orange-buff slip. of Small fragment torso and perhapsbreast. an comesfrom apparently thisfragment Although the context, wareis the same as thatof pureEBA eba from different thenormal fabric, SF736andvery it this and we havefor reason assigned to theen.
SFII24

en Zembil: 3537; Phase: Ht.b.$, W3.3, Th.1.6 Male surface. smooth micaceous Dense pale grey fabric; Faircondition. fashioned head,neckand torso roughly Lumpy, ear as as far thebuttocks; right preserved, possible

FIG. 4.27, PLATE 4.13

en Zembil: 2005; Phase: L. 5.1, W.3.1, Th.2.2 Human(?) of traces red slip. and Buff greymicaceous fabric; worn. Very Small unidentifiable possiblyof a fragment, lowersurface If humanfigurine. so, the flattened somewhat of the would figure, suggest thigh a seated from likea fragment Corinth (Phelps1987,no. 23).

FIG. 4.27

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY FIGURINES

197

Plate 4.13. {a) en figurines: humanSF414; femaleSF736; male SF708; humanleg SF705; humanSF367, (u/s); (b) human (?) SF645,animalSF360,femaleSF716.

i98

W.W.PHELPS

Middle Neolithic levels came stratified buteight moreare stylistically in date. mn Onlytwofragments from as defined Nandris incised Rod Heads with features, first stratified, (1970),whenfound by in with culture theBalkans Garasanin in and aremn Greece contemporary theStarcevo (see that 1979,pl. XLII; Letica1964,fig.1). Phelps(1987, 235-5, pi-33:l) suggests so-called that over a Rod Heads do notform category is archaeologically significant an areaas vast are commoner non-incised For and as Greece theBalkans. example, themuch long-necked as to to with noses, be considered belonging thesamecategory? heads, usually prominent of Or are long-necked torsos, thecommonexpression an heads,like obese female just we causesofwhich can onlyguessat? thecultural or aesthetic cultic predilection, to and The twofragments andSF219appear havebeenmodelled SF216 separately pinned the around holeis darkened, The medialsurface before whenleather-hard firing. together and of be which firing, so is the might due to thecarbonisation thewoodenpeg during from en 'Shrine' the the resembles complete Thisfigurine inthechest example region. clay are at Nea Nikomedeia (Rodden1964 , 604, fig.1; Theocharis 1973,pl. 18),butthere is and and the the in differences:thelatter, handssupport breasts thewaist tiny circular [cf. to SF145above).According Rodden,it was made of unbakedclay,and thehead,torso and and legsweremodelled only joined together, thelegsbeing separately subsequently lacksitshead,maybe similar. and he His fig. which does notdescribe, which 6, pegged. to seems havecausedneolithic of modelled of Theproblem joining parts figurines separately Vincafigurines: on comments theearly sometrouble Korosec's 1952, 15[cf. coroplasts was driedor leather-hard of components evidently 39, pl. 15). The bonding thepartially in the to notsufficientwithstand firing although their half-legs, [cf. process theCorinthian an<^^Talalay1983, 156different: was perhaps case thepurpose Phelps1987, 235-7; It used together. is noticeable 66, 174-5),andwoodenpegsweresometimes tokeepthem them at the is between contact theonlydirect whileSF216fits that SF219, against snugly no a camefrom mixedfillapparently and upperthigh. foot containing SF219 and SF216 theNea Nikomedeia than be and en material so should later (^Letica 1988,fig. figurine. Starcevo period;Grbicetal. i960, XXXI:8,g,from id, e for legs peg-hole at Divostin, 7. Porodin. cult have been termed which as burners, Suchobjects SF980, altars, tablesand incense to Greeceand theBalkans. sites on are quitecommon neolithic in northern Legs similar in shown Zervos1962,fig.150 (Theocharis from Tsangli SF980can be seenon an en altar on commented themin 1908 (181-2). Cf.Maliq (Prendi and Tsountas 1973, fig.13), of moreexamples ln date.It does notappear 1966,pl. Xh.)See also SF630and SF895for and of in was vesselthat common parts Yugoslavia the tobe from kindofln Daniloritual or'rhyta', Theseritual decoration. incised carries vessels, more which atCorinth, frequently wouldnotbe surprising, their at do notseemtohavebeenfound Servia, although presence straw the in white-filled, occurat akran Albaniaalongside sameln burnished, sincethey at is warethat conspicuous Servia. impressed

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY FIGURINES

199

mn of Fig. 4.29. Figurines mnand stylistically type:female(SF145,Phase Eleven); female(SF216, Phase Eleven); female(sFssig,Phase Eleven); animal (SF333,Phase Two); animal (SF334,Phase Ten); animal (SF711,Phase Nine); human (SF1067,Phase Ten); animal (SF750,Phase Three); altar(?) (SF980,Phase Ten). 1:2

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W. W. PHELPS

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THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY FIGURINES

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W. W. PHELPS

the figurines Catalogue mn of

L. = maximum in width; length cm; W.= maximum Th.= thickness faceto face;Ht.= maximum from Di. diameter. height; = maximum SF145
Zembil: 330; Phase:Eleven Ht. 3.9, W. buttock Th.buttock 2.3, 1.4

FIG. 4.29, F55

Female leg Densedarkgrey darkbrown burnished fabric; slip. Goodcondition. Left traces anincised of buttock, andfoot; leg pubic is The break surface smooth not but triangle. medial with vertical ofthree a row small quiteflat, pricked for to holes, leg. probably attachment theright The is and circular section. in It break thewaist small at to from fellow its when appears havebeenseparated leather-hard. The mixedcontext givesno clueto itsdate,but and waist relate tothewellit theconception thetiny the of knowncomplete figure thistypefrom en at for see 'shrine' Nea Nikomedeia: comment, SF219. Porodin. C^Grbicetal. i960, XXXI:8,9, from SF2l6 (joinsSF219) FIG. 4.I4, F55,F56 4.29, PLATE Ht.0.52, W.0.30, Th, 0.43. Female figurine micaceous outersurface, Darkbuff core,pale buff marks coarse with visible; inclusions; good smoothing cream Traces a burnished of condition. slip. it at broken thethigh; hasthe leg Right andfoot, as and medial surface square samesmooth peg-hole
SF219. Ridleyand Wardle 1979, 212, pl. 26d. Zembil: Phase:u/s -;

Fine darkgreyfabric; burnished creamslip highly with dark red painted oblique stripes. Good condition. It might therear be of with long a part an animal tubular or a long bodyandbroken stubby hindlegs, neckanda headwith broken or horns. could ears It also be an altar like decoration, SF750. SF334
Zembil:17 11; Phase:Ten

FIG. 4.29, PLATE 4.15, F55

Ht.4.75, Di. ofneck2.1 x 1.8 Animal head Finegrey micaceous coarsegrits; smooth claywith redsurface. condition. Fair Neck and stylised head of an animal,birdor human with largemuzzle, a beak or nose.The top oftheheadis concave thebackchipped, and making identification difficult. neckis oval in section. The The generalised is widespread unspecific. and type 1974 ,217 no. 161, 219 no. 162, C^Gimbutas et Anza; A. C. Renfrew al. 1986, 285, 9. 163 no. (ln). 209,Sitagroi be It should on probably datedto themn period thegrounds ware. of
SF711

4.14, F55, F56 SF219 (joins SF216) FIG.4.29, PLATE Zembil: 371; Phase:u/s Ht. 1.04, W.buttock Th. buttock 4.8. 3.0, Female figurine Dark buffcore, pale buffouter surface,micaceous marks coarseinclusions; with visible;good smoothing condition. Lefthalfof a femalebody and leg witha stubby on foot,breast,and arm withthe hand resting the buttock Head missing; indicated. faintly belly;fingers chipped.The medial break is smoothwitha square peg-hole0.4 acrossto fixitto theotherhalf.There is no medialgroove. Ridleyand Wardle 1979, 212, pl. 26d. FIG. 4.29, PLATE4.15, F55 SF333 Zembil:1205; Phase:Two

Nine/Ten/ Eleven Zembil: 301; Phase: L.4.5 Animal smooth surface. Worn. Finedensebeige{cf. S%>])' animal with jabbed modelled snout, two Roughly the and holesat thetipto indicate nostrils, twoat Subcircular the brokenneck (forattachment?). An indicate the section. added piece of claymight beginning of a poll or crest, and two small may eyes. depressions represent The inconspicuous a snoutcould suggest pig; on the roundflattened ln is handa similar head,also from other Servia, of as described Heurtley that a dog (1939, 165, by % 35:)Anza on nostrils a babypigfrom the Cf. similar b,234, no. 196a,b). (Gimbutas 1974 ln it From context, couldbe mn, or eba,but the an mndate. considerations suggest typological SF75O 1.6 Ht.5.9, Di. (middle) head Animal red burnished slip. Finedensepale redfabric; neckand head withhornor ear Long tubular back of thehead and angular slightly projections, snout down-curving or muzzle. in The neckbendsto theleft plan.
Zembil: 3059; Phase:Three

FIG. 4.29, PLATE4.15, F57

FIG. 4.29, PLATE 4.15, F55

L. 4.4, Di. 1.6 Animal

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY FIGURINES and of The length thecurve thenecksuggest that this notfrom animal was an but figurine formed part of ofthedecoration an 'altar'likethoseat Porodin. Grbicetal i960, XXVIII:4, XXVIIL3, 'ln'; Cf. and Simoska Sanev 1976,87, 'mn'. SF980
Zembil:107; ; Phase:Ten

203

91, 20; and Nandris 1970, 208-9, pl. 1, to mention just a few. SFIOI2 Zembil:31 29; Phase:Two L. 3; W.8; Th. 1.1 FIG. 4.30

fig. 4.29

Ht 6.1, Di. at break 2.95 x 3.0. (?) Leg,Altar back Dense,hard, fabric; smoothed, pale redgritty left thin surface. condition. Fair rough; cream slurry section.It foot;sub-circular Leg withvestigial comesfrom 'altar'. an The fabric looksmn; probably faint or obliquestripes maybe ghostpaintmarks due simply to wear.
FIG. 4.29, PLATE4.15 SFIO67 Zembil: Phase:Ten 97; Ht. 4.0, Di. (mid) 1.2 Human head Fine dense pink fabric;low-burnished buffsurface. Good condition. Rod head withneck,beginningto expand at the break.Deep inciseddecorationon thetop and back; incised eyes. There are tracesof probable filling in theincisions, thesubstance, but not beingbuff, white, in colour,could be earthor clay. Cf. Tsountas 1908, 299, fig. 224 from Zervos 1962, fig.206 from Karabarami; Chaironea; Phelps 1987, 234-5 pl- 33: 1; Hourmouziadis 1973

Humanshoulder armto elbow and Fired. red Incomplete fragment. Irregular shape, clay with darker andsmoothed, core burnished surface. (?) as SF1123 (originally registered P487) fig.4.30 Ht 5.7, Di. 3.2 x 3.0 Female Fine dense orange-buff side and back well fabric; the is and burnished; front finger-smoothed shows traces burnish. of Lefthalfof a female broken thechest, at torso, medialline,upperpartof theback and belowthe waist.Part of a flattish breastis preserved, left underlinedby a slightgroove made with the tool. flank there one is burnishing On thelowerleft incised stroke partofa secondbelow and complete foldsof flesh. was made It it,no doubtto indicate from coresthat havebroken separate clay apart. The fragmentary ofthepiecegives clue nature no as to itsposture itsdateis equallydoubtful, and but on thegrounds fabric technique probably of and is
Zembil:3; Phase:u/s

For the technique, cf. Bass 1959, 344-9; 1992, 139. Marangou

MN.

Late Neolithic Threefragments came from levelsand twomoreare morphologically Sf6i6 is a ln ln. witha pronounced faceand vestigial breasts verydistinctive and arms, piece, triangular which taken are all ln or fnfeatures.knowofno closeparallels. appears I It individually outofplace in Macedoniaand maybe an import from furtheror E. N Three- four-legged as represented SF630and SF895,have a widedistribution or pots by and and chronologically geographically (Theocharis 1973,figs.13, 184, Thessaly, A. C. Renfrew al 1986,fig. et 10.8: 22,Sitagroi, So-called altars with four area common ln). legs feature theBalkanNeolithic of cultures: Garasanin and j/T 1979,LX.5 from Butmir; closer to home,Grbicetal i960, XXVIIL3, from Prendi1966,pl. Xh, and Simoska Porodin, and Sanev 1976,no. 192,from Mala Tumba, also in Pelagonia. W. W. P.

2OA

W. W. PHELPS

Fig. 4.30. LNand otherfigurines: protome(SF3,Phase u/s); human leg ? (SF1123, Phase u/s; (sf6i6, Phase Six); altar(?) or pot leg (SF630,Phase Six); female(SF852,Phase Seven); pot leg (?) (SF895,Phase Seven), human arm (SF1012,Phase en). 1:2

Catalogue the figurines of ln

in L = maximumlength cm; W.= maximumwidth; fromface to face; Ht = maximum Th.= thickness height. SF3 Zembil: Phase:u/s -; Ht. 2.3, W. 1.9, Th.0.9 FIG. 4.30, PLATE4. 16 Protome,en-ln Fine buffmicaceous fabric;smooth surfaceexcept on the front. Good condition. withbroken legs and neck. Tiny human figurine The leg and arm stubs are spread-eagled; this and surfacesuggestthatit was attached the rough front to the side of a pot. Buttockcleavage is shown by

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY FIGURINES vases are incision.Protomesand anthropomorphic not uncommonin the en. Applied plasticanthropomorphic motifs are also a feature of the ln in Thessaly (Theocharis 1973, fig. 176: Pefkakia), Thrace (Theocharis 1973, fig. 204: Paradimi) and Bulgaria(Georgiev 1963, fig. 15: Azmak, en). (^ Rodden 1964 a, fig.3 fromNea Nikomedeia, shown frontally, however; Grundmann 1953, figs. There is no directevidenceto date it; by analogy with Pefkakia the examplejust cited,a ln date maybe on suggested, theotherhand theAzmakpot is en. sf6i6 fig. 4.30, plate 4.16, F57 Zembil: 3306; Phase:Six/Seven/Eight Human head Dark grey-buff mediumfinefabric;smoothred-buff and blackishsurface.Good condition. armpreserved. Flat Head, neckand right vestigial triangularface with a flat top and two pairs of horizontal incisions eyes,slight for indication nose; of small breasts. Anteroposterior perforations through each shoulder: that for left arm higher than right. Modelled plume (?) on lefthand side of head. Ridley and Wardle 1979, 217, pl. 26f. FIG. 4.30, PLATE4.16, F57 SF63O Zembil: 12 ; Phase:Six/Seven 33 .5.6, W. 1.9,2)1. 2.5 Leg. Altaror Pot (?) Fine gritty dark grey-buff fabric; thick black and faint traces burnished, surface; beige mottled, flaking of threepaintedstripes.Fair condition.
HL 6.1, FK3.0
20, 21.

205

Shortleg and foot,small dowel-likeprojectionat the break (as on some 'thrust' handles) for attachment. The foot is flatbut the sole is angled. The surface beginning flareat thebreak.It most is to probablycomes froma three-or four-legged or pot an altar. FIG. 4.30, PLATE4.16, F57 SF852 Zembil:3731; Phase:Seven L 6.9, W. 5.7, Th.3.5 Female Fine pale greymicaceous fabric;low burnishedbuff surface. Fragmentof torso with prominentbreasts; flat straightback. Stub of broken neck and left arm preserved. Broken below breasts, at the rightside and back. It was made froma centralcore invested with a thick outer layer for the modelling; this is far figurine distinguished a degree of plasticity by removed fromthe more usual stylised examples. ln In feelingand techniqueit is slightly reminiscent of a figurine fromCorinth(Phelps 1987, 244, pl. 35, 15). FIG. 4.30, PLATE4.16, F57 SF895 Zembil: 40; Phase:Seven Ht. 9.9 Leg. Pot (?) Verycoarse, dark greyfabricwithlarge whitegrits; orange buffsurfacewith dark grey patches and a finish. Good condition. rough slurry Right leg and foot,broken at the thigh.It is a free standingleg, most probably from a pot, like SF630. A. et Cf. C. Renfrew al 1986, fig.10.8:6, 13 (329).

2o6

W.W. PHELPS

*c3 *o J

c/3

2 2 CL,

a ^^
e 52

gg caca

S o

H
fl
1
CO

.S n

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY SPINNING AND WEAVING IMPLEMENTS

207

The Spinning and Weaving Implements A number thefinds Serviawere,or might of at have been,connected with textiles. They include sherd usedas spindle whorls small disks, whorls; pierced probably spindle proper; and often which couldhavebeenusedas loomweights; unfired, weights clayspools, clayring of of on or loomweights recognised types; impressions matting preserved pottery daub; three bone toolswhichcould have been used in weaving;a copperneedle; a possible a of which werealmost button; and,finally,number theeba clay'anchors', certainly quite unconnected spinning weaving, which included this with or but are in section thereport of becauseofthemanysuggestions they that have been. might 4.3.2 Sherd Disks (fig.4.31, plates4.17, 4.260) Sherddisks must havebeeninvented early pottery as as for occur itself, thefirst examples in en levels.Theycontinued be used throughout to Greekprehistory, indeedlater and (Brann1961, 117, 123, 140, pl. 22, L43, K7; Lalonde 1968, pl. 37b), though theyare in commoner theearlier aremadefrom ofwhich edgeshave the periods. They potsherds been chipped ground form approximately or to an circular shape.Some have a moreor lesscentrally-placed Theyprobably hole. served various such purposes, as counters, gaming lidsor stoppers thepierced and onesmaywellhave been used as spindle whorls. pieces, It is always difficult record exactnumbers theseobjects to the of from site.Complete, a are likely be noticed thefield, unpierced broken to in but or ones are pierced examples often easyto distinguish ordinary not from ifvery Thus, potsherds, especially fragmentary. as well as over 50 catalogued the disks, manymorewerenotedduring pottery study, a of another sevenwhich wereobserved making total 87 pieces.Heurtley reports during the 1930 excavation Eventhismaynotbe thewholetotal, it is a fair but 7k). (1939,fig. and the sample.Of these,22 came from Servia-Varytimides, 65 from main site.Their distribution thesite's is shown table 4.4. in amongst phases
Table 4.4. Numbersof sherddisks(piercedand unpierced)foundin each phase.
Phase No. of sherd disks en 221 One Two 9 Three Four 6 Five 244 Six Seven Eight 8 Nine 4 Ten 14 Eleven 3 u/s 10

of and theslight in Exceptforthepreponderance theen disks, apparent upsurge Phase this a fairly is evendistribution buttheabovetablepresumes thedisks that werein Ten, use in thephasein which werefound. The decorative wareswereapparently mn in they demandformaking diskslong after perioditself the had ceased, the latestexamples in ware(PhaseEight) was also often used forthe occurring PhaseTen (see below).Tatar disks later of Disksfrom PhaseEleven, and phases. plustheunstratified uncertain examples, are all likely be prehistoric Servia. to at

2o8

JILL CARINGTON SMITH

thosewhichhave holesboredin The Serviadisksmaybe dividedintothree groups: which informationnotavailable. the is The first do those which not,and thosefor them, was The the in which drilling notcompleted. holesareoccasionally included pieces group the the but straight-sided, usually drillbitseemsto have been a low,wide cone,so that If was one wider thantheinterior. drilling donefrom of exterior thehole is considerably whileif,as was often case,the the a V-shaped this sideonly, gavetheperforation profile, in Thereare several it was hour-glass-shapedsection. from bothsides, hole was drilled whenitbecameobvious but from bothsides, abandoned of instances drilling beingstarted disks from the that holeswouldnotmeet[e.g. zembilia 1704 and 1337),and uncatalogued with holes(SF677and SF822).It is clearfrom two of are there also rareoccurrences disks intoshapebefore holesthatdiskswerechippedor ground with uncompleted examples holes are simply without so thehole was commenced, it is just possiblethatthe disks them a separate as better treat to it can As unfinished. there be no certainty, however, seems had intact weresufficiently tomeasure, diameters which without disks Thirteen class. holes, of an of of a from maximum 9.8 cmto a minimum 2.5 cm,with average 5.5 which ranged cm. be it whorls, Although cannot provedthatthe diskswithholeswereused as spindle whorl toincrease is of The function a spindle in of is there much favour this interpretation. and of and and to momentum thespindle keepitturning, itis thecombination theweight of for purpose. that of thediameter a whorl makesituseful this Thus,a whorl a very light but a and if can weight be efficientithas a widediameter conversely small, comparatively whorlsare easier to handle. the whorlcan be used, although wider,lighter heavy, a rangeof 5-90 g, as an rangeof 2-8 cm and a weight suggests diameter Experiment of The with3-7 cm and 10-50 g preferable. diameter the ruleof thumb, approximate As hole can also be indicative. thishas to gripthe taperedspindlebelow the central does as over1 cm are suspect. thickest hole diameters latter's Conversely, thewhorl part, to of diameters lessthan cmarelikely be on havetofit toatleastthetipofthespindle, 0.4 too small. one were of Servia-Varytimides pierced, was not,and Twenty the22 sherddisksfrom of and of A was no information available. summary theweights dimensions the for one, is disks givenin table 4.5. twenty pierced
Table 4.5. Piercedsherddisksfrom Servia-Varytimides. it diskswere fragmentary,was not alwayspossibleto measureor weighthem.In (As many onlywhole diskswere used in theweightsample.) particular, No. in Sample Maximum Diameter (cm) Min.Hole Diameter (cm) (g) Weight 20 18 10 6.3 0.7 40.0 Average 4.4 0.6 19.0 Minimum 3.1 0.4 12.0

use and and dimensions weight, their as the It can be seen thatall fellwithin optimum are made forthepurpose, becauseclaywhorls, is whorls all themorelikely specifically which at existed all (see below).Othersites if rareindeedin en Greece, indeedthey very includeNea Nikomedeia (Rodden 1962, 285), had piercedsherddisksin en contexts

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY SPINNING AND WEAVING IMPLEMENTS

209

Zumbusch Milojcic1971,26, pl. 10:23),Sesklo(Wijnen and Otzaki(Milojcic-v. 1982,47, 1959, 66), Elateia (Weinberg 1962, 171: the whorls, fig.14:7, 8), Pyrasos(Theocharis en were foundin topsoiland could therefore later), cut be Nea though from pottery, and Corinth Makri(Theocharis 1956,26) 1948, (Walker-Kosmopoulos 41, 42 fig.16). A summary theweights dimensions the36 pierced of and of disks from mainsiteat the in is distribution phaseis shown table 4.7. Servia given table 4.6, and their in by

Table 4.6. The pierced sherd disks from mainsite. the disks werefragmentary, notalways itwas to or them. In (Asmany possible measure weigh wholedisks wereusedin theweight only particular, sample.)
No. in Sample Diameter (cm) Min.Hole Diameter (cm) Weight (g) 30 31 14 Maximum 8.5 1.0 68.0 Average 4.9 0.6 25.4 Minimum 2.4 0.3 3.0

Table 4.7. Numbersof fully the piercedsherddisksfrom main sitefoundin each phase. Phase No. ofsherd disks One Two Three Four Five Six/Seven Eight Nine/Ten Eleven/u/s 5 412 5

16-3-

disksin whichthehole drilling not finished. was Neither outlines thatof like elliptical surfaces that SF457impeded work in fact slightly like of the a curved SF944norcurved sherdseemedto workmarginally better thana flat one. The verycarefully made SF271 Second best was SF64 and the roughly formed SF441 was also performed excellently. effective. Others thatservedthepurposewell wereSF35,SF311and SF780. surprisingly for with hole,and thiswas a realhandicap SF63 wouldhave been better a larger SF183, which difficultuse becauseofit.SF244wasrather was to and heavyand large, itsholewas

SF457, SF647, SF675, SF744, SF795 and SF944. SF1099 and SF822 were two of the many

It should, be however, pointedout thattwoof thefivedisksof theln PhasesSix and Seven(SF441and uncatalogued from one ofthefour in disks theeba PhaseEight E10/A), ditch from and one ofthetwelve in sherd disks theeba Phases (uncatalogued zembil 1225), NineandTen(SF443) weremadeoutofmn If had beenmadeandusedin potsherds. these themnphases, and thrown whentheditch was dug,thedistribution wouldbe up pattern with quitedifferent, thedisks beingmorein demandin thesite'searlier phases.Enough diskswerecutout of Tatarand other wares, eba to however, provethatthediskswere madethroughout site'sprehistoric the period. sherd disks,whichwere intact,and had completedholes were used as Twenty whorls. theen ones worked All well.TheywereSF449,SF453, experimental spindle very

210

JILL CARINGTON SMITH

have been suitable use in a spindle-supported for smallforits size; it wouldprobably rather thanthenormal method which in of method spinning Warren the 1972, 228) (e.g. The from forming the thread. smallSF842was fairly butthe is suspended efficient, spindle the disks small, lightweight SF1100and SF1101did notreallyassist spindlemuch, very use. and mayhave had someother makeveryefficient size whorls. sherddisksofappropriate and weight Pierced spindle in werepopular theln period(see 4.3.4),may which flat formed diskwhorls Deliberately at Sitagroi disksofthis are sherd them. wellhavebeenimitating type rareat Interestingly, are and onlythirteen recorded. anyperiod,

Fig. 4.31. Sherd disks:SF271,Phase Ten; SF441,Phase Six; SF795,Phase en; SF647,Phase en; SF744,Phase en; SF780,Phase Two; SF677,Phase en l; SF644,Phase en. 1:2

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY SPINNING AND WEAVING IMPLEMENTS

211

Plate 4.17. (a) Piercedsherddisks,en. From top: piercedSF457,SF944,SF675, bottom: left, fully partly pierced,SF1099,SF822; (b) Unpiercedsherddisks.

212

JILL CARINGTON SMITH

disks Catalogue thesherd of

Th.= thickness from faceto face;Di. = maximum in Wt. diameter; = weight g.
SFl

(?). Complete.Unpierced;unfinished Edges not Red slippedand burnished, coarsegritty ground. warewith mica.
SFl 12

Th.1.1; Di. 4.7; Wt. 21 ware with unfinished Tatar (?). Unpierced; Complete. both burnish/slip sides. SF35
Zembil: Phase:Ten 83;

Zembil: Phase:u/s 3;

Th.1.08; Di. 5.15; M. 28 (?). Complete.Unpierced;unfinished Edges not Red coarsegritty with mica. ground. slipped, clay
SF153

Zembil:16; Phase:Nine

Th.0.8; Di. 5.2; Zh.of 0.62; perforation PR 28 one from both Pierced sides, slipped side, Complete. ware. scored SF36
8 Zembil: 2; Phase:Ten

plate 4. 17

Zembil: Phase: Eleven 29; Th.0.7; Di. 4.5; Di. of 0.7; perforation Wt.14 c Piercedfrom bothsides. Broken, 50% present. coarsegritty Burnished, Edgespartly ground. clay. SF154
Zembil: 332; Phase:Four

Th.0.95; Z)z.4.9; PR.31 unfinished Partly (?). ground Complete. Unpierced; mica. ware edge.Darkcoarsegritty with SF63
Zembil:1; Phase:u/s Th. 1; Di. 6.2; Di. of 0.46; PR 48 perforation

Th.0.6; Di. 5.57; Wt. 21 (?). Complete.Unpierced;unfinished Edges not mica. ground. Slippeddarkclaywith SF183 Nine/Ten Zembil: 202; Phase: Th.1.94; Di. 5.35; M. 28 Complete. Pierced fromboth sides. Edges not Darkgritty clay. ground. F59 SF213 Eleven Zembil: 342; Phase: Th.1; Di. 5.45; Wt.28 (?). Complete.Unpierced;unfinished Edges not Tatar. ground. Slippedand burnished,
SF214

bothsides. from ground, Partly pierced Complete. mica. ware Coarseredgritty with SF64
Zembil:154; Phase:Ten Th. 1.17; Di. 5.88; Di. of 0.75; Wt.42 perforation

bothsides.Ground from edges. pierced Complete, ware(?). Tatar SF75

Zembil:1; Phase:u/s

Th.0.87; Di. 4.55; M. 14 (?). Complete.Unpierced;unfinished Edges not ware. Tatar ground. SF76 7%.1.2; Z)i.5.7; Wt. 64 (?). Complete.Unpierced;unfinished Edges not Scoredwarewith impressions. grass/straw ground. SF79 Th.0.83; Z)i.2.6; PR.7 unfinished Edgespartially (?). Unpierced; Complete. fine Tatar ware. both Burnished sides, ground. SF99
Zembil:156; Phase:Nine Zembil:162; Phase:Eight Zembil:103; Phase:Ten

Two Zembil: ; Phase: 341 7%.0.7; Di. 5.5; Z>z. perforation PR.14 0.68; of at broken perforation. Pierced, Broken, present. 50% Coarsebrown clay. Ten Zembil: 1001; Phase: Th.0.9; Di. 7.3; Di. of 0.5; perforation PR 57 Brown Pierced. clay Edgesnotground. Complete. with mica.
SF271 Zembil:1407; Phase:Ten FIG. 4.31, F59

SF244

F59

F59

J. Di. 4.2; Z)i. of 0.6; 0.5; perforation PR.14 Ground to inside outside. Pierced edges. Complete. ware. dark Slippedandburnished, gritty
SF311 Zembil:11 1 1; Phase:Two F58

Th.1.1; Di. 3.7; M. 14

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY SPINNING AND WEAVING IMPLEMENTS Pierced from outside. Edgesnotground. Complete. Darkgritty clay.
FIG. 4.31 SF441 Zembil:1353; Phase:Six Th.0.5; Di. 4.8; Di. of 0.69; Wt.14 perforation Th.0.95; Di. 4.4; Di. of 0.72; Wt. 14 perforation

213

PLATE4. 17^ SF461 Zembil:2105; Phase:Eight Th. 1.08; Z)i. 9.8; Wt. 114 Complete.Unpierced.Edges notground.Unfinished (?). Red paint traces,gritty clay withmica. SF507 Zembil:1336; Phase:Four Th. 0.7; Di. 4.65; Z). of 0.65; M. 7 perforation Piercedfrom one side. Edges Broken,c. 45% present. darkclay with ground. Slipped,burnished, partially mica. SF636 Zembil: 3605; Phase:en Th. 0.7; Di. 4.2; Di. of 0.57; Wt.7 perforation

Complete. Pierced fromoutside. Not ground. burnished painted. and Slipped,

SF442 Zembil:1042; Phase:u/ s Th. 1; Di. 8; Di. of 0.84; Wt.85 part-piercing Scored ware. Broken,c. 55% present.Part-pierced. SF443 Zembil:1o 12; Phase:Ten TA.0.65; Z)i. 4.4; Di. of 0.48; f. 14 perforation Broken, . 50% present.Pierced fromboth sides. Edges not ground.Burnished, gritty clay withmica. SF449 Zembil: 2005; Phase:en Th.0.9; Di. 4; Di. of 0.48; Wt. 14 perforation

c. Pierced. Broken, 50% present. Edge notground. Red slipped burnished, redwarewith and fine mica.

SF637

Zembil:3606; Phase:en Th. 0.6; Di. 4.2; Di. of 0.18; M. 7 perforation

Complete.Pierced fromboth sides. Edges not Darkgritty with mica. ground. clay SF451
Zembil:1043; Phase:Ten Th. 1; Di. 4.5; Di. of 0.69; Wt.28 perforation

c. Piercedfrom bothsides. Broken, 45% present. Blackslipped burnished. and Edgepartially ground. SF644 Th.1; Di. 6.9; M. 28 Decorated, Complete. Edgenotground. Unpierced. criss-crossincisions on outside, slipped and fine burnished, redware. SF647
Zembil: 3614; Phase:en Th. 1.1; Di. 6.3; Di. of o. perforation92; M. 28 bothsides.Edge notground. Complete.Piercedfrom Red slippedand burnished, finered ware withmica. Zembil: 361 1; Phase:en

FIG.4.31

Complete.Part-piercing begun fromboth sides. Darkgritty with mica. Edgesnotground. clay SF453
Zembil: 2006; Phase:en Th.0.63; Di. 4; Di. of 0.73; M. 14 perforation

FIG.4.31

Pierced from bothsides.Edgespartially Complete. and burnished. ground. Slipped SF455

Zembil:1116; Phase:Two Th.0.6; Di. 3.3; Di. of 0.78; M. 7 perforation

sf66o Zembil: 3539; Phase:en Th.0.6; Di. 4.4; Di. of 0.8 perforation

c. Pierced. Broken, 25% present. Edgesnotground. dark mica. burnished, gritty with Slipped, highly clay SF457
Zembil: 2054; Phase:en Th.0.6; Di. 4.1; Di. of 0.67; W?.7 perforation

Pierced. Complete.

SF675

plate 4.17a

Complete.Pierced fromboth sides. Edges not Darkgritty with mica. ground. clay SF459
Zembil:1485; Phase:Ten

P Zembil: 20/17; Phase:en Ja. 0.9; Z)i. 3.6; Z)i. of 0.35; W?.7 perforation bothsides.Edge notground. Complete.Piercedfrom Slipped and burnished. FIG. 4.31, PLATE SF677 4.26 Zembil:3537; Phase:en l Th. 0.7; Di. 3.7; Z). ofpart1; perforation Zh. 0/ 0.9; perforation M. 13

PLATE 4.17a

F59

Th.0.8; Di. 2.9; Wt. 7 Groundedges. Tatarfine, Complete.Unpierced. and slipped burnished.

from bothsidesin the Complete(?). Part-pierced with additional drilled hole at side,broken. centre, Burnished sides, linear both red decoration cream. on

214

JILL CARINGTON SMITH SF822 plate 4.17a Zembil: 3644; Phase:en Th. 1.2; Di. 5.1; Di. 0/ 0.5; part-perforation M. 32 fromboth sides. Complete. Part-pierced SF842 F58 Zembil:3700; PAj*:u/s Th.0.6; Z)i. 3.2; Di. of 0.53; Wf.7.5 perforation Complete. Pierced from one side. Red slip and burnishboth sides. PLATE4.17a SF944 Zembil: 3539; Phase:en Th.0.6; Di. 38; Di. of 0.7; perforation W?.10 Complete. Pierced frominside. Burnish. SF984 Zembil:1313; Phase:Five 7%. 1.05; Di. 9.8; W?.69 Broken,c. 40% present.No visiblesignsofpiercing. Edge partially ground. Smooth, burnished, mn characteristic ware, dark gritty clay.
SFIOIO

SF686 Zembil: 3634; Phase:en Th.0.6; Di. 3.3; Di. of 0.52; Wt.7 perforation Broken, c. 50% present.Pierced fromboth sides. Edge not ground. Slipped and burnished. Buntpoliert. SF690 Zembil: 3635; Phase:en Th.0.66; Di. 3.1; Di. of 0.6; perforation Wt.7 Broken,c. 60% present.Pierced. Ground edge. Red slipped and burnished. SF725 Zembil: 3636; Phase:en Th.0.83; Di. 48; Di. of 0.83; M. 7 perforation Broken, ' 40% present. Pierced. Ground edge. Slipped and burnished. FIG. 4.31 SF744 Zembil: 3632; Phase:en Th.0.8; Di. 4.7; Z). of 1; perforation Hft14 bothsides. Partially ground Complete.Piercedfrom edge. Red slip and burnishboth sides. SF754 Zembil: 3124; Phase:Two 0.8 Th. 1.4; Di. 8.5; Di. of perforation Broken, c. 50% present.Pierced fromboth sides. ware. Coarse gritty SF764 Zembil: 3632; Phase:en Th. 1.05; 1.3.9; Wt.14 Pierced.Cream slip,burnish. Broken,c.90% present. SF780 Zembil: 24; Phase:Two 31 7%.0.74; Di. 3.3; Z)i. of 0.7; perforation W?.7 Complete. Pierced. Edge not ground. Red-brown slip,burnish. SF795 Zembil: 3653; Phase:en Th.0.7; Z)i. 4.8; Di'. of 0.6; perforation W. 22 both inside.Slip and burnish Complete.Piercedfrom sides. FIG. 4.31 FIG. 4.31

Zembil: 130; Phase:Two 3 Th. 1.2; Di. 4 inside.Burnished, dark from Complete.Part-pierced clay. PLATE4.17a SFIO99 Zembil: 3633; Phase:en u 7%. 1.1; Di. 5.5; Di. 0/ 0.4; perforation M. 23 fromboth sides. Brownslip Complete. Part-pierced and burnish. SFllOO F59 Zembil:344; Phase:u/s o. 7%.0.53; Di. 2.75; Di. of perforation4' Wt.2.5 Pierced from one side. Black slip and Complete. burnishboth sides,Tatarfineware.
SFllOl

Zembil:1001 ; Phase:Ten Th.0.57; Di. 2.2; Di. of 2.5 0.72; Wfc. perforation Broken,c. 90% present.Pierced fromone side. Slip decorationon outside,red on light. and burnish,

F58

4.3.3 Spindle Whorls (fig.4.32, plates4.18, 4.26) morethan500 whorls with suchas SeskloandDimini and someneolithic eba sites, Unlike in discussed 4.3.4), diskform the withover300 (excluding flat between them, Sitagroi, with70 (Waceand col. 343), or Rachmani nearSesklowith55 (Tsountas 1908, Pyrgos Thompson1912, 42), Serviadid not producea large numberof whorls.Of the 24

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY SPINNING AND WEAVING IMPLEMENTS

215

securecontexts, ofthese, and three rather are reasonably catalogued, only17 came from three from 'Burnt the House' (= Phase Four)and smallto be whorls. Heurtley reported the it two another from 'ln' Stratum to (1939,65, 78). Although is notpossible be certain the whenonlya smallpartof thesitecouldbe excavated, likely is implication thatthe in wereprobably of inhabitants Servia, all periods, thread serve to onlyspinning enough ownneeds. their it one from If theen SF667is a spindlewhorl, is theearliest Servia.I did nothave an but as tosee this small an find, itis recorded having elongated opportunity piriform shape, the axis.As a bead itwouldhavebeen large, through longer centrally pierced heavyand form suchan interpretation. a spindle and As clumsy, itsasymmetrical does notfavour and hole diameter fallwithin acceptable all its the whorl, size,weight range(see sherd whorls disksabove),but itsshape is not so suitable. whichhave a Generally speaking, in their are easierto use,and keep diameter excessof,or at leastno smaller than, height likeSF667in whichtheheight thando whorls thespindle rotating longer considerably Whorls approximately shapewereoccasionally of this exceedsthediameter. used in later however no. 23; Valmin1938,355 fig. rowB, left), and (Tsountas 1908,pl. 44 71 periods couldhave been used as a whorl. is Whether actually it there no doubtthat was, SF667 sherd disks wereavailable, whenthemoreeffective remains open question. an pierced in Another reason caution accepting for is whorl that few SF667as a spindle very made as opposedto sherd arereported from Greece, en and all those that are disks, whorls, are, to for no are subject some doubt.At Nea Nikomedeia, example, made spindlewhorls of and 31 examples pierced sherd disks werecatalogued The reported, (Pyke1994, 133). whorl Corinth a from (Walker1948,41, 42 onlyone illustrated,low ring Kosmopoulos be whorls buttons or made (see fig.15),maypossibly a smallclayweight below).'Several in were in ofterracotta' found an en deposit theTsoungiza cave,nearNemea(Biegen Hill madewhorls than rather sherd but illustration disks, without 1927,439),which mayimply to or description,is difficult know.Spindlewhorls it werementioned from contexts 'en' from excavations Seskloin the ig6os, buttheterm at was beingused to coverwhatare calledboththeen and mn (Theocharis 1962 0,45; 1962 , 34); a more periods usually 33, on six but recent whorls, the onlyone whichis publication en Sesklomentions spindle a and disk(Wijnen is, 1982,47, fig.14 no. 7). Thus,if catalogued illustrated in fact, sherd in is it found Greece. whorl, is one oftheoldest SF667actually a spindle The sameremark the as appliesto SF405,butwithout sameneed forreservation, itis an undoubted whorl. Whenfound thefloor Structure of Phase One, it was on of 1 spindle it into mud whole,butbecauseit was unbaked, was rapidly dissolving thesurrounding and onlyhalfof it could finally preserved. was a rounded be It bicone,a asymmetrical good shape fora whorl,and its size and original weight whichmusthave been That biconicalwhorls became an established 40 approximately g - are bothsuitable. form Serviain themnperiod, provedby SF733from at is PhaseThree.Thiswas a large, with had been pierced from bicone,againonlypartly symmetrical preserved, a hole that bothendsbefore firing.
mnspindlewhorls An en spindlewhorl

2i6

JILL CARINGTON SMITH

in strata other at sites. in One occurred PhaseII are Biconical whorls alsofound mn clay Fiveoftheeleven 'doubleconoid' has which A3B pottery atPyrasos, (Theocharis 1959,66). late at whorls Tsangli (Waceand Thompson 1912, 125, 130) came from mnhousesand et al 1989, 252-3, fig. the weretwofrom mnPhase IV at Achilleion there (Gimbutas 8.7:1,2). at into continued theln period Servia. whorl form Thebiconical Heurtley reported 'roughly from ln strata his whorls biconical' 1939, 78), and the 1971-73 excavations (Heurtley Phase Seven,and thesmall,neatly-formed biconical the SF528from produced rounded as be PhaseSeven.The latter SF111from bead,but could,perhaps, identified a very large decorative. Therecanbe no sucha use,anditis notparticularly too rather bigfor itseems to and whorls beads,becauseitis perfectly line cleardividing between possible spinusing and holeis large so a bead as a whorl, longas itis sufficiently and heavy, itscentral large for fall the All to takea spindle. SFin's dimensions within 'possible'category a enough was it and I think probably one. whorl, spindle have been foundincludeOlynthus Otherln siteswherebiconicalwhorls (twowith uncertain bothfrom incised restrained contexts) 1929,80, pl. 91a, b), (Mylonas patterns, nearBitola(Grbic and Paradimi (Bakalakis Sakellariou 1981,Taf.45 no. 15) and Porodin, House al i960, pl. 12:1,2). Therewasone in theFN/chalcolithic Qat Rachmani et (Wace from are of 2 andThompson Sitagroi, 1912,53, fig. 8f).Largenumbers ln whorls recorded or but are Phase III. Biconical with majority the types present mostare flat (152) from in of The prevalence conicalforms Phase at not forms represented Servia. conical shallow Greecein theeba. Thereare probably use their III foreshadows widespread in southern but bothln and eba levels, theolderreports have which sites from veryseldom others, to it so that is difficult be sure. whorls different into periods, separate
eba spindlewhorls ln spindlewhorls

the withSF295from fillof a in whorls also represented theeba at Servia, are Biconical the of and SF350from fill thePhaseNinepiti in AreaG. PhaseEight ditch, with single a on decorated itsuppersurface veryattractively SF295 is a uniquewhorl, Most have incisedon eba Trojanwhorls. Treesare commonly motif. incisedtree-like to raisedones,similar thetreeon are but downward branches, there a fewwith sloping to nos. 1898-1900. 1899 is also verysimilar SF295in whorl 1880, SF295 (Schliemann at so others that leastthewhole with is themotif combined On theTrojan whorls, form). the whereas Serviawhorlhas onlya singletree- but the is uppersurface decorated, influence. Anatolian somenorthwestern to is sufficientsuggest similarity not of wereusedin theeba in a number areasofGreece, whorls Biconical though in all, At the and from ln periodonwardtheywerenot the onlytypeof whorl. Diminiand than of to them be typical theba rather theneolithic found (Tsountas Tsountas period Sesklo, housesat in them themn to weresurprised find col. 344),andWaceandThompson 1908, in werecommon PhasesV1912, 130),whenatTsanithey (WaceandThompson Tsangli from whorls biconical Six further theeba and mba[ibid., Tsangli presumably 149). VIII, four also found that the came from post-MN strata, is, ln to mba.Wace and Thompson and chalcolithic ba levelswereexcavated. where at whorls Rini[ibid., biconical only 134), tosee it their confirm use in theeba,though is interesting at excavations Argissa Morerecent

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY SPINNING AND WEAVING IMPLEMENTS

217

are there and that (Hanschmann Milojcic1976,Taf.51:1, 25, 26). In they in a minority eba at areknown from levels Kritsana Macedonia, 1939,203 fig. they (Heurtley 671-q), Agios and Radford Saratse Mamas, (Aslanis 1932,150; 1932,140) andKastanas (Heurtley Ralegh Taf. over are from 81:1-9).AtSitagroi 270 whorls recorded Phases 1985,195-7, 11:12,52:11, IV andV, ofwhich most were andshallow conical were biconical, although deep types frequent Greece below). as in southern (see Further wereusedin theIonianislands, Aphionaon Corfu at afield, (Bulle1934, they on Leukas(Drpfeld 167,fig. 4:14, 15), 1927,284, 331, pls.56, 81a, 83a), and at Pelikata on Ithaka(Heurtley thesewestern biconical whorls, 1934-35, 35, fig. 30:141, 145). With should be one as from sites probably grouped mentioned coming prehistoric nearOlympia first used in the Azzuro (Weege1911, 180). In the northern Aegean,biconicalwhorls, on Brea 1964,588, pls.82f-k, 84n,o, q), continued phaseat Poliochni Lemnos(Bernab and intotheeba Verde Rosso werealso very common at 655, pl. 169); they periods (ibid., on Thermi Lesbos,although there majority incised the had decoration (Lamb 1936, 161, 46, figs. 47). us Although periodslaterthanthe eba do not concern here,it may be said thatin northern in biconical whorls wereused throughout Greece,and particularly Macedonia, theBA, continued theeia and evenlater. and into Thismeansthat found ofcontext, if out are practically to date.In central Greeceand thePloponnse, biconical they impossible whorls werecommon themhand lh periods, in theeba they in but werevirtually nonexistent theabove-mentioned whorl from nearOlympus, one from and Kosmas Agios in Attica, which on display theNational is in Case 42, Museum, Athens, Archaeological bottom shelf seem to be theonlyexceptions. (possibly Mylonas1959, 41, fig.170:12), The typical whorls central southern eh of and Greecein theeba wereall variations a on conicalshape.Theywereusually their seldombeinglessthantheir tall, relatively height and ofit concave-sided conesexist, but diameter, usually three-quarters or more.Slightly mostare straight-sidedconvex-sided. straight-sided often or The cones have a truncated to can whorls are almost that The base,and this, developed extreme, produce cylindrical. convex-sided called'plump-cones' somearchaeologists, often are cones, by hemispherical; sometimes havea hollowtop.Thesehemispherical, domedwhorls one ofthe or are they few that be datedwhenfound ofcontext. can out existed in theeba,with types They only a intothemba. Mostofthese neweba types whorls larger of are and perhaps slight overlap heavier thananyneolithic and this couldpossibly an indication a change be of from ones, wool to flax-spinning,thelatter as a whorl. Smallversions thenew of requires heavier also existed, but theywere usuallyin the minority. Sites withwell-illustrated shapes eba collections these whorls of include Eutresis and Caskeyi960, 142, 145, 157, (Caskey Goldman1931, 192,fig. Lithares pl. 53; 265), 1984, 173,figs. 24Ct-y, (Tzavella-Evjen 23, |li-v, e-r|,1, 2501-9, pls. 90, gia-8, r|) and Perachora (Fossey1969, 65, fig.8) in central and Korakou(Biegen1921, 104,fig.129),Corinth Greece, 1948, (Walker-Kosmopoulos Lerna 57, 72, figs. 40) and Zygouries 39, (Biegen1928, 190,fig.179) in thePloponnse. also has a fine collection (Banks1967, Chapter 485 etseq., 5, pls. 16, 17). Withtheone notedabove,thewhorls from Kosmasare also typical theperiod, of but exception Agios thepublished illustrationnothelpful is 1959, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 41, 146, fig. (Mylonas other havethewhorls, arewithout sites but illustrations 170:2-5,7-11); andmany published ofthem. It is very to that Serviawas affected thenewfashion. wellas As interesting observe by thebiconical PhaseNineproduced third a smalltruncated a of conicalwhorl, with SF350,

2 18

JILL CARINGTON SMITH

versus bead arguments a slightly hollowtop,SF538.The usualwhorl applyto it,butitis and as It bothlargefor, an odd shapefora bead,and quitesuitable a smallwhorl. has a Pelikata Ithaka(Heurtley on from 1935,fig. 30h). parallel In PhaseTen there sevenwhorls, are bead, SF239,a probable globular plusthesmall, holewouldbe too smallfor most one. Itscentral nota very SF27 striking spindles. though the biconical ones.Tsountas describes a unlike site'searlier is a low,lens-shaped whorl, of whorl oftheln period, with whorl beingone ofthetypes flat as flat typical lens-shaped as It intotheeba (Tsountas someoverlap 1908,cols. 343-4),butSF27is notas flat these. al. i960, 100, pl. 12:2) and also with Porodin a from with ln whorl (Grbicet compares in site's Dimini but was B which notfound that Whorl period, wasinuse Type atPefkakia, Rachmani of in all three thefollowing 1989,47, Taf.137). SF27 may, phases(Weisshaar into be therefore, ofa LN/chalcolithic continuing theeba. type in Greece. are PhaseTenwhorls all ofthenewtypes The remaining prevailing southern cones. and are Sfioo is on conewhilst sfioo,SF280, SF319 SF336 truncated SF70isa rounded a and as whorl/bead the shapefor bead.SF319 boundary, acceptable a whorl, an unlikely just of conestypical theperiod. is ofmedium while SF280andespecially size, SF336arethelarge Its and or ofa hemisphericaldomedwhorl, is a fine large well-made. hollow SF303 example or from without its to havebeenintended reduce weight detracting itssize, mayhave topmay on to finished thread be wound thespindle. extra beentoprovide spacefor besidesServia,adoptedtheeba whorlshapes.At Sitagroi Othernorthern sites, deep in favoured Phase III. conicaltypesare morecommonthanthe shallowconicalform as had conical,domedand near-cylindrical whorls, well as biconicaland other Argissa concaveand had Taf. Kritsana a cylinder a tall, andMilojcic forms 51). 1976, (Hanschmann whorls well as Mamashad cylindrical sidedcone(Heurtley 67bb,ff), Agios 1939,203,fig. andVardaroftsa and ones(Heurtley RaleghRadford and as biconical rounded 1928, 150), evenArmenochori or conicalandhemispherical domedwhorls; eba produced cylindrical, had conicaland domedwhorls nearFiorina 1939, 203 fig.67r,u, v, cc), the (Heurtley hollowtop (ibid., 203 fig. with slightly a often latter aa). 67W-Z, 87, Becauseof the decidedchangein whorltypesat Serviain PhasesNine and Ten,it is The contexts. domedwhorl insecure from sfiio, from to possible datesomeofthewhorls Phase conesSF193from be should eba,as shouldthetruncated PhasesNine/Ten/ Eleven, whorls unstratified biconical rather Elevenandtheunstratified The rounded, formless, SF71. be mnor ln. and SF375should probably SF374 SF45, like concaveuppersidesis something Phase Ten's SF376,a low biconewithslightly like somewhat a 'wheelmodelled. is but SF376is also SF27, thelatter muchmoresharply Taf.51:32), so on the and eba from Argissa (Hanschmann Milojcic1976, shaped'whorl to wholeseemslikely be eba. the came,notfrom mainsite, The thick, or perhaps sf6oi, which low,cylindrical flat, be in ditches itssection, perhaps a PhaseEight showed which a butfrom roadsection may a does resemble ba Its bead, as itshole is on thesmallside to receivea spindle. shape was larger; latter the giventhe whorlof Tsountas (1908, col. 344, pl. 44:17), though an of proximity theditch, eba dateis notunreasonable.
contexts fromuncertain Spindle whorls

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY SPINNING AND WEAVING IMPLEMENTS

219

SF405

SF733

SF528

SF45

SF111

) SF295

SF350

SF538

SF239

SF27

C nr-^
SF1OO SF29O

r-n- ) C j~ 7
SF319 SF336

C^T^7?
SF303

r- m -

SF71

^J--1^

SF374

X^J

L^SF375

SF376

SF6OI

'^^

's^

SF4221

^<C^^^-<_

L^^y

sf888

Fig. 4.32. Spindle whorls and ring weights. 1:2

22O

JILL CARINGTON SMITH

Plate 4.18. Clay spindlewhorls, Phase Ten. From top:SF280,SF303,SF336, bottom: sfioo, left, view SF319,SF27; (a) top view (b) threequarter

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY SPINNING AND WEAVING IMPLEMENTS

221

whorls Catalogue thespindle of

Ht. = maximum in height cm; Di. = maximum in Wt. recorded. diameter; = weight g where
FIG. 4.32, PLATE4.18, f6o, f6 1 SF27 Zembil:106; Phase:Ten Ht. 1.7; Di. 4.2; Di. of 0.8; perforation Wt.16 SF280 FIG. 4.32, PLATE4.18, f6o, f6 1 Zembil:1006; Phase:Ten Ht. 2.2; Di. 4.7; Di. of 0.9; perforation Wt.44

low burnt red-brown smooth, (?) Complete, conical, fine clay,mica.

FIG. 4.32 SF295 Zembil:1228; Phase:Eight Ht. 2.5; Di. 4.4; Di. of 0.9; perforation M. 35

Incomplete,low biconical, black slipped and coarsegritty mica. burnished, clay, fig. 4.32 SF45 Zembil: Nine/Ten/Eleven 303; Phase: flattened top,coarse on biconical, Complete, slightly gritty mica. clay, SF70
Zembil:154; Phase:Ten Ht. 2.3; Di. 3.8; Di. of 0.8; perforation Wt.36 Ht. 2.9; Di. 4.6; Di. of 0.7; perforation Wt.46

almost incised biconical, smooth, Chipped, complete, coarsegritty decoration, clay. FIG. 4.32, PLATE 4.18, f6o, f61

SF303

fig. 4.32

hollowin top,fine, redComplete, hemispherical, brown gritty mica. clay, SF319

Zembil:1047; Phase:Ten Ht. 2.3; Di. 3.4; Di. of 0.7; perforation Wt.27

Zembil:1222; Phase:Ten Ht. 3.0; Di. 4.8; Di. of 0.8; perforation Wt.62

truncated channel around conical, Complete, slight holeon upper red surface, coarsegritty mica. clay,
SF71

FIG. 4.32, PLATE 4.18, f6o, f61

Zembil:1; Phase:u/s Ht. 2.7; Di. 4.2; Di. of 1.0; perforation Wt.55

truncated coarse conical, black, Complete, gritty clay. FIG. 4.32, PLATE 4.18, f6o, f61

Complete, light hemispherical, slipcoarse gritty clay.

SF336

SFIOO FIG. 4.32, PLATE4.18, f6o, f6i Zembil:103; Phase:Ten Ht. 1.6; Di. 2.3; Di. of 0.5; perforation Wt.8 buff conical,finewell-fired clay, Complete,truncated brown. mica, surfacedarkgreyish SFl IO Zembil: 72; Phase:Nine/Ten/Eleven FIG. 4.32

truncated darkcoarse conical,smooth, Complete, gritty mica. clay,

FIG. 4.32 SF35O Zembil:1445/47; Phase:Nine Ht. 3.7; Di. 5.2; Di. of 1.0; perforation Wt.70

Zembil:1453; Phase:Ten Ht. 3.0; Di. 5.5; Di. of 0.9; perforation Wt.77

dark biconical, burnish, clay,mica. Complete,

almost burnish, Chipped, complete, hemispherical, coarsegritty clay.

SFl 11 Zembil: 310; Phase:Seven FIG. 4.32

Ht. 2.1; Di. 4.1; Di. ofperforation 1.0; Wt. 26

SF374

Zembil: ; Phase:u/s Ht. 3.0; Di. 3.7; Di. of 0.8; perforation Wt.37

fig. 4.32

flattened Complete, spherical, gritty mica. grey clay, FIG. 4.32

Ht.2.0; Di. 3.4; Z>.of 0.6; perforation M. 19 Complete,biconicalfine.Well-fired clay, mica, and surface mottled toblack. buff slipped burnished
FIG. 4.32 SFI93 Zembil: 508; Phase:Eleven Ht. 3.0; Di. 4.2; Di. of 0.8; perforation Wt.53

SF375

biconical,asymmetrically-placed hole, Complete, gritty mica. clay, SF376

Zembil: ; Phase:u/s Ht. 2.1; Di. 5.3; Di. of 0.9; perforation Wt.48

Zembil: ; Phase:u/s Ht. 3.5; Di. 4.5; Di. of 1.0; perforation Wt.44

FIG. 4.32

truncated smooth. conical, Complete,

fine buff Complete, spherical, well-fired clay,mica, burnished. lightly

Zembil:1401; Phase:Ten Ht. 2.1; Di. 2.4; Di. of 0.4; perforation M. 12

SF239

FIG. 4.32

low smooth, dark, Complete, biconical, gritty clay. FIG. 4.32

SF405

Ht. 3.1; Z).4.5; Z>i. of 0.9; perforation M. 19 fineclay. Incomplete,unfired,

Zembil: 1210; Phase: One

222 SF528

JILL CARINGTON SMITH FIG. 4.32

Ht. 1.4; Di. 2.6; Di. of 0.5; perforation Wt. 13

Zembil:1729; Phase:Seven Ht. 2.9; Di. 3.9; Di. of 1.0; perforation Wt.33

almost hollow top. in Chipped, cylindrical, complete, PLATE 4.26a

darkgritty rounded smooth, biconical, Complete, mica. clay, SF538

Zembil:1443/45/47; Phase:Nine 0.6 Ht. 2.3; Di. 2.6; Di. of perforation

SF667

fig. 4.32

Zembil:3507; Phase:en Ht. 4.2; Di. 2.9; Di. of 0.9; perforation Wt.26

almost Chipped, complete, pear-shaped.

darkgritty subconical, smooth, Incomplete, clay. Burnished surface. sf6oi

Zembil: 3206; Phase:u/s

SF733

Zembil:3040; Phase:Three Ht. 3.7; Di. 4.6; Z). of 0.8 perforation

FIG. 4.32

fig. 4.32, plate 4. 26

biconical, Incomplete, splayed perforation.

4.3.4 Pierced Disks (fig.4.33) Twofragmentary SF186and SF215,came from Phase Eleven,bothbeingfrom the disks, fill theByzantine of burial Though looklikepierced bothhadbeendirectly sherds, pit they from thick heavy(theoriginal and formed of Thoughlarge, clay,and fired. weight SF186 have been c. 70 g, and that SF215c. 90 g), they wouldprobably of couldhave been used A as whorls. pierced 4.3.16) couldhavebeen used in thesameway. clayplaque (SF985, I do not knowwhether such diskswithcentral holes could belong to a Byzantine If they prehistoric, maybe verylargeversions a groupofflat are of or assemblage. they flattish nototherwise at Servia.Tsountas' observation at that whorls, spindle represented Diminiand Sesklothey to an intotheeba (Tsountas usually belonged theln with overlap col. 343,pl. 44:1-1 1),is well-confirmedPefkakia Whorl was 1908, by TypeA, which used site'sDiminiperiodand right itsthree Rachmani bothin that through phases(Weisshaar record whorls flat from TsaniandZerelia 1989,47, Taf.137).WaceandThompson Tsangli, andThompson in PhasesI-V at (Wace 1912, 125, 149, 166).Theywerefound theearlier dateatZereliaandTsangli, atthelatter one of is of there no indication their but Tsani; site, was verythick, another flat thewhorls wereparticularly verywide. At Sitagroi whorls in these however, present throughout. popular PhasesIV (ln) andV (eba)though Usually, et flat LN/chalcolithic (seeesp.Hourmouziadis al. 1982,49, fig. aremuch whorls smaller 20) SF186and SF215, and whether than these classofwhorl must remain really belongto this uncertain.

Phase disk Phase Two: 4.3.16). Fig. see Eleven); (SF985, 4.33.Clay pierced pierced (sfi86, plaque
1:2.

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY SPINNING AND WEAVING IMPLEMENTS

223

disks Catalogue the of pierced

Di. = maximum in Wt. diameter; = weight g SF186 fig. 4.33 Zembil: ; Phase: Eleven Di. est.6.0; Th.1.5; Di. of est. 70 perforation 1.1; Wt. One-third buff Fine, mica, preserved. well-fired clay, burnt dark. 4.3.5 Ring Weights (fig. 4.34, plate 4.200) SF215 Zembil: Eleven 510; Phase: T>i. 8.0; Th.1.0; Di. of 0.7 90 perforation; Wt. Halfpreserved. one the fabric, surface Grey orange, other buff (?). slip

In his excavation Servia, at found 'four but formless whorls or Heurtley spheroid rather in buttons' mnlevels(Heurtley seemsto be a sherd 1939,65). The one he illustrates disk, butonewonders whether others the werenotin fact of clayring weights thetype published here.The first found the1971-73 excavation few in werepresumed be spindle to whorls, butwhentheyturned in numbers, and up theywerere-examined, it became clearthat weresmallweights somekind. of they Of thetotal 24 in thecatalogue, fewer of no than13 camefrom discrete a area offloor surface within StructureofPhaseFour(baulk D10/A-B). in Elevenofthem wereassociated 7 not onlywiththe same level,but also the same zembil, 3325 (SF727-729,SF73 7-740, twowerefrom same level,but from the structural debris SF759,SF809-811).The other which covered floor Structure zembil the of andsf8o6).A further weights six 7, 3338 (SF779 camefrom structural the debris Structurein Do/C, immediately of to 7 adjacent theDio/ A-B baulk(fig.5.7). Three(SF805, and theother zembil SF807,sf8o8),werefrom 3342, three(SF802-804)were froma neighbouring disturbed deposit.They show sufficient resemblances each other suggest they came from morethantwogroups, to to that all no and it seemshighly thatall 19 are, in fact, from one set,withthe Do/C the probable and the examples beingdisplaced during after structural collapse. The fiveremaining as weights (SF159,SF422,SF479,sf668 and sf888) are classified with maingroup, werenotfrom samevicinity. is interesting the and the such, analogy It by thatthetypeoccurred earlyas Phase Three (sf888).SF479, assigned Phase Five/ as to Sevenin Area H, probably to Phase Five. SF159 and sf668 werefrom Phase belonged 2 was recoveredfrommachine Four,but fromStructures and 3 respectively. SF422 excavation Area H. SF422 and thefragmentary are larger in thantherest, are but SF479 thesame typeofobject.Foranother in stone, section see clearly probableweight 4.2.13 (SF907). Therearea number reasons classifying objects weights of for these as rather thanspindle whorls. whorlsdo not occurin groups.They are objectsof singleuse, made Spindle and alike.No spinner likely ownmorethantwoor is to individually, no twoare entirely three and mostwouldworkwiththe same one all the time.Thus,in a family whorls, no can home, morethanfiveor sixwhorls be expected. Fromthearchaeological pointof morethana fewwhorls one level,and one would view,one wouldnotexpectto find in them tobe different one another. weights all from The consist smallballsofclay of expect which sometimes are sometimes rounded biconical(SF779), sometimes spherical (SF740), flattened narrower one end,so that at are (sf8o8)and sometimes in they piriform section holes(minimum vertical diameters given the (SF159, are SF806).Their SF803, in very large are too and are often catalogue) mostly largefora spindle, eccentrically placed (SF159,

224

JILL CARINGTON SMITH

and somehaveactual worn sf8o6,SF807), SF628, SF729, SF737, SF739, SF727, grooves by It may be possibleto distinguish thread string or (SF727,SF729,SF738,SF779,SF809). in these SF729and SF779. in the is their weresuspended someway, question what Giventhat these purpose objects too their holesarefarlarger than are was.Theywerenotbeads- they too large, heavy, that or fora singlethread thongand, above all, whenit is remembered mn necessary ever producedin Greece,theyare not nearly is pottery some of the mostdecorative The factthatnearly all be attractive weights. enough. They could,perhaps, fishing-net well enoughto indicates thattheywerereasonably survived well-fired, intact, possibly and the River Haliakmonwas close by. They could also be withstand immersion, wouldusually butsomesmall than are be, lighter loomweights loomweights they much The loosertension are of periods light. loomweights theClassical-Hellenistic pyramidal in could be an advantage producing on loomweights by produced warpthreads lighter in weavesexisted themnperiodis that weave,and thelikelihood suchpatterned tapestry and Wardle1979,figs. on 8-10, (e.g. patterns mnpottery Ridley by suggested textile-type of nos. 23, 34). The weightvariation the set, 19-52 g, is acceptable,because esp. in so in loomweights a setneed notall be thesameweight, longas each loomweight the in number thebackrow(Hoffman thesameas itsopposite row front weighs approximately so to can of bunches warpthreads be attached thelighter weights 9). 1964,42, fig. Smaller loom in is tension keptmoreor lessevenon all warps; anycase,thewarp-weighted is that The and copes well withvariations. verylargeholes of nota temperamental machine, To of to well-suited bunches warpthreads. sum wouldbe very little ofthese weights many wereused on a warpit is notpossibleto provethatthesesmallclay ringweights up, shouldnothavebeen. is loom,butthere no reason whythey weighted Nea as loom The warp-weighted mayhavebeenin use in Greeceas early theen period. of which seemto be weights thistype(Pyke1994, 128) had Nikomedeia twofragments conical truncated a moreclayspools(seebelow).Corinth butmany weight, produced tall, is which datedto theen by itscontext bandsofbrown horizontal with decorated paint, ln from but weights (Davidson1952, 147-8,n. 8, pl. 146c).It looksmuchlater, similar Tall oblongweights, bored in Thebeshavebeen displayed Volosmuseum. five, Phthiotic at mn I-VIIF - that from to Mycenaean werefound at is, horizontally thetop,from fromsmall testscan be Tsani (Wace and Thompson1912, 149), but small numbers thanln, or evenba. As indicated of these beingno earlier above, and deceptive, I suspect like in factbe a ringweight theServia en from Corinth whorl thering may published hole the showsclearly large,off-centre and the roundedpiriform ones. Its illustration the from Achilleion One ofthewhorls outline 1948, (Walker-Kosmopoulos 41, 42 fig.15). five etal 1989, 254, fig.8.7:2). Finally, also excavation looksrather (Gimbutas suspect wearin their thantheServiaones,somewithstring larger clayobjects, globular pierced mn werefrom contexts in (Jacobsen cave; twoof them holes,werefound theFranchthi 1973,277). is loom of for The evidence theexistence thewarp-weighted in theen-mn periods not The to for but it is sufficient thepossibility be admitted. case wouldbe overwhelming, the ifit strengthened couldbe provedthat clayspools(see below)werean early greatly of type loomweight.

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY SPINNING AND WEAVING IMPLEMENTS

225

^^

^s

_S^_^-^ SFl59

- s

- '

sf668

V_^^

SF727

^-

->- ^

SF728

/-

-N~^SF72g

^-^

>-

SF?37

~^^

SF738

'-

-<_

>-

SF739

^y

X^^/SF74O

B @ O
SF759 -S-/sf779 SF803 SF804 SF806 ^ - <~ -^-^sf8o7
SF809 ^-^ sf8 1o x^ ^

SF802

(B (J^ 0~ (SS . ($~ "

sf8o8
V^4f 11

SF805

Fig. 4.34. Ring weights.1:2

226

JILL CARINGTON SMITH

Catalogue the weights of ring

Ht.= maximum in width; height cm; W.= maximum Th.= maximum thickness from faceto face;Di. of = perforation minimumvertical diameter of in recorded. Wt. perforation; = weight g where SF159
Zembil: 335; Phase:Four Ht. 4.3; W.3.8; Th.2.8; Di. of 1.5; perforation Wt.39

SF738

Ht.3.9; W.3.8; Th.2.5; Z)i.of 0.8; perforation PR 31 flattened hole two Complete, spherical, worn, thread dark grooves, quitewell-fired buff clay. FIG. 4.34 SF739 Zembil: Four 3325; Phase: Ht.3.6; PK3.8; 7%.2.4; Di. of 1.0; 30 perforation PW. flattened hole Complete, spherical, off-centre, upper dark edgesworn, quitewell-fired buff clay. SF740
Zembil:3325; Phase:Four Ht. 3.6; W.3.5; Th.3.0; Di. of o. &' perforation Wt.32

Zembil: 3325; Phase:Four

fig. 4.34

Brokenand mended,almostcomplete, flattened off-centre rather hole, profile, spherical, piriform coarsemedium-fired clay, buff white grits.
SF422 Zembil: Area H; Phase:u/s Ht. 5.1; W - ; Th.3.5; Di. of 1.6; perforation Wt.70

FIG. 4.34

flattened upperholeworn, spherical, Chipmissing, mica. white well-fired orange grits, clay, quite

hole edgeworn, Complete, spherical, central, upper well-fired buff dark clay. quite SF759
Zembil: 3325; Phase:Four

SF479 Five/Seven Zembil: 2124; Phase:

FIG. 4.34, F62

Ht. 6.0; W.- ; Th. 3.5; Di. of 1.5; perforation Wt.58

Ht.3.2; W.3.2; 7%.1.8; Di. of 1.0; perforation PR.19 hole central, flattened flattened upper very spherical, Fragmentary, spherical, lightly-fired, Complete, dark dark buff clay. edgesworn, quitewell-fired buff clay.
Zembil: 3104; Phase: Four Ht. 3.7; W. 3.4; Th. 2.1; Di. ofperforation 1.1; Wt. 25

SF668

hole flattened quite spherical, off-centre, Complete, dark well-fired buff clay. SF727
Zembil: 3325; Phase:Four o. q' Ht. 3.8; W.3.6; Th. 2.7; Di. of perforation Wt.35

FIG. 4.34 SF779 Four Zembil: 3338; Phase: Ht.4.6; W.4.1; 7%. 1.0; 52 3.2; 2)z.of perforation W#. hole rounded biconical, central, grooved Complete, dark clay. bythread, quitewell-fired buff SF802 Ht.4.0; W.3.9; Th.2.7; Zh.of 1.5; 36 perforation H/j. hole central, flattened quite spherical, Complete, well-fired buff dark clay.
FIG. 4.34, PLATE4. 2Oa SF803 Area D; Phase:u/s Zembil: Zembil: Area D; Phase:u/s

fig. 4.34, F62

fig. 4.34, plate 4.20a

hole flattened upper spherical, off-centre, Complete, quitewell-fired by edgewornand grooved thread, dark buff clay.
Zembil: 3325; Phase: Four Ht. 4.1; W. 4.1; Th. 2.8; Di. ofperforation 1.2; Wt. 44

SF728

fig. 4.34, F62

dark flattened quitewell-fired spherical, Complete, buff clay. SF729 o.9; Ht.4.2; W 3.4; Th.3.2; D. 0/ 50 perforation W?. hole grooved spherical, off-centre, angular Complete, dark clay. quitewell-fired buff bythread, SF737
Zembil: 3325; Phase:Four Zembil: 3 25 ; Phase:Four 3

Ht.4.3; W 4.5; 7%.2.8; Di. of 1.1; perforation M. 43 hole flattened profile, piriform spherical, Complete, dark off-centre, edgesworn, quitewell-fired upper buff clay. FIG. 4.34, PLATE 4.20a SF804 u/s AreaD; Phase: Zembil: 1.4; Ht.4.0; W 4.1; Th.2.9; Z)i.0/ 42 perforation W7. hole central, flattened quite spherical, Complete, well-fired clay. orange-buff SF805 Ht.3.6; W 3.9; 7%.2.3; Z)i.of 0.9; perforation PR 23 thread hole central, rounded biconical, Complete, well-fired wearinupper clay. orange-buff edge, quite
Zembil:3342; Phase:Five

fig. 4.34, F62

fig. 4.34

FIG. 4.34, PLATE 4.20a

o.9; Ht.3.8; W.3.3; 7%.2.3; Di. of perforation W. 23 hole flattened upper spherical, off-centre, Complete, dark clay. quitewell-fired buff edgesworn,

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY SPINNING AND WEAVING IMPLEMENTS SF806

Zembil: 3338; Phase:Four Ht. 3.4; W. 3.6; Th.2.6; Di. of 1.0; perforation Wt.32

227

FIG. 4.34

flattened hole off-centre with Complete, spherical, thread wear, quitewell-fired orange-buff clay. sf8io
Zembil:3325; Phase:Four Ht. 3.4; W. 3.1; Th.3.0; Di. of o. perforation7 ' Wt.26

flattened hole Complete, spherical, piriform profile, well-fired midoff-centre, edgesworn, upper quite brownish-buff clay. SF807
Zembil: 3342; Phase:Four

fig. 4.34, F62

FIG. 4.34, PLATE 4.20a

hole off-centre, Complete, spherical, upperedges worn, quitewell-fired orange-buff clay. sf8h
Zembil:3325; Phase:Four Ht. 4.3; W. 4.5; Th. 2.8; Di. of 1.0; perforation Wt.45

Ht.4.2; W.4.3; Th.2.5; Di. of 1.2; perforation W. 33 rounded holeoff-centre, biconical, Complete, quite well-fired buff dark burnt blackon one side. clay, sf8o8 fig. 4.34, plate 4.20a Zembil: Four 3342; Phase: Ht.3.7; W.4.0; Th.1.7; Z)f. perforation Wf. 1.3; 23 of flattened Complete, heavily spherical, well-fired quite orange-buff clay. SF809 Ht.3.4; W.3.5; Th.2.0; Di. of 1.0; perforation M. 25
Zembil: 3325; Phase:Four

fig. 4.34, F62

flattened hole Complete, spherical, piriform profile, wear off-centre, edgeswornplustwothread upper dark buffclay, partly grooves,quite well-fired blackened from fire. SF888
Zembil: 3033; Phase: Three Ht. 5.0; W. 4.4; Th. 3.3; Di. ofperforation 1.1; Wt. 43

FIG. 4.34, F62

roundedbiconical, Broken, mended,incomplete, holeoff-centre, mid unfired to darkbrown clay.

4.3.6 Spools (fig.4.35, plate 4.19) of referred as spoolsor bobbinswerecatalogued to Thirty-eighttheclayobjects usually from 1971-73 excavations, a further the and were twenty uncatalogued fragments found. The majority 32 fromthe catalogueand 14 fragments were fromen Serviabut was from mnPhaseOne Structure consisting the of timides, there also a group Vary 3, and sixfragments, from all PhaseElevenand SF337from zembil SF849 306g. SF196 from PhaseTenmaybe strays from neolithic levelsat themainsite. The spoolsconsist cylindrical of contracted roundthemiddle, lumpsof clay,slightly and flattened somewhat and the splayedat each end. Sometimes ends can be lightly hollowed in casesrather convex.SF337 has a hole through waist its (SF196, SF928), other are The (^Caskeyand Caskeyi960, 158,pl. 53:IX.3); all theothers unpierced. majority are unbaked, or lain neara fire. though manyare blackened showsignsofhaving They in mn is range sizefrom SF849and en SF936to PhaseElevenSF196.The average weight eventheseoften have chips 57 g, based on a sampleof 25 ofthemostcomplete spools; so is accurate. spoolswereoften The found groups, in in missing, theaverage notperfectly thesensethat number a wereoften associated with samezembil catalogue the (see below). to Although objectsliketheseare notconfined theneolithic periodor to Greece(e.g. see Wislanski 1970,323, fig.108:4; Schmidt 1945, 103, 205, pl. 48:11-13; Keller1886, one whenthey wereespecially common the was Greece, oftheperiods 37:6, 7),within pl. neolithic. werepresent Nea Nikomedeia at Otzakihad them They (Pyke1994, 124-6). the Zumbusch Milojcic1971,Teili, 26, 31, Teilii,9, and throughout en period(Milojcic-v. 15, 27, 50, pls. D:i3~i5, 10:25-27, 19:23, 24:8-9, Beil. 9 variano. 8 Spulen).At Tsani werefound 'early in strata' in (Waceand Thompson they 1912, 149),atAchilleion Phases II andIII-IV, theProto-Sesklo Seskloperiods and etal. 1989,252-3, fig. (Gimbutas 8.6). At Elateia, had a and Weinberg themin en levels, including groupof elevenon a floor, their continued themnperiod(Weinberg use into Tsountas 1962, 165, 203-4, pl. 69a, b). found numbers ln levelsat Diminiand Sesklo(Tsountas in 1908, col. 346, figs. 278-9).

228

JILL CARINGTON SMITH

like PhaseElevenSF196.Clay spoolswerealso he is One ofthose illustratesvery Servia's etal. i960, 100). further at ln Porodin found n, (Grbic with at becomerarein comparison theneolithic, the In theBA spoolsgenerally although are for 1 arerecorded PhaseV, butmorein PhasesI- III. In theeba they found 3 Sitagroi size in a somewhat (Lamb 1936, 164 pl. 23:30.54),Tiryns larger at a fewsites Thermi and Mycenae(Schliemann 1886, 146, fig.70), perhapsLithares 1984, (Tzavella-Evjen not ones also occasionally occur, [e.g. though in anynumber Banks 174),and thesmaller a 1965, 127 no. 22; Biegen1928,191, pl. 1967,551 etseq.(types andb only), 19; Sflund 1 and 1944,120,fig. 14:14, Holmberg 179:4,5; Caskey Caskeyi960, 142pl. 52:111.21; fig. Taf.51:3, 4, 10). After and that, they virtually disappear 17; Hanschmann Milojcic1976, in from Crete to on end the until very oftheba,whenthey suddenly reappear groups sites Smith1983, references Carington see into continue theDarkAges (for Macedonia;they Volume eia include from Phases2 and 3 atAssiros I, (Assiros: 7 examples 290). Morerecent eia 66 in Iron 1987,89-9 1, Age, preparation), from levelsat Kastanas(Hochstetter Early at contexts Mycenae, various Abb. 16, taf.22 and 36) and from 44 including recorded the and a groupof 35 from East the 1939-69 excavations from (MycenaeArchive), of Basement theGranary (Wace 1925,54). of as Thereare manytheories to thepurpose theseobjects: fishing spoolsor bobbins, and kiln netweights, supports, stands, piecesusedin a loomweights gaming cooking-pot were that it is the of form 'board'game.Although term convenient,is notvery likely they for be wouldperhaps suitable sucha use, A likeServia's or bobbins. few, SF196, spools of to indented allowanyreasonable the is butin themajority waist notsufficiently length and and clumsy, not smooth to thread be woundon; theyare also too thick enough. wouldhave thread still of Sections cane or reed,often used for todayin Greece, winding that confirm suchmaterials and the site'sdaub impressions been muchmoresuitable, et Servia(see section in wereavailable neolithic (Grbic theory weight 3.5). The fishing-net The unfired. kiln found are as al. i960, 100) is certainly untenable, theseobjects so often the to 55) 1969,467-9 andn. 1,fig. according which spools (Karageorghis theory support in in whilebeingfired thekilnis impossible wouldhavebeenusedto keeppotsseparate to onesbeingreferred mayperhaps theCypriot the case for samereason, Servia's though the Lamb for first stand The havebeen fired. cooking-pot theory, advancedby Winifred followed Coulson(Coulson andrecently Thermi by spools(Lamb1936,164pl. 23:30.54), because spoolshave been found consideration in McDonald et al. 1983, 89), deserves One had on blackened one sideas though and nearhearths areoften they lainneara fire. that The theory thespoolswereused as gaming ruleoutthis cannot pieces interpretation. and the also seemsunlikely; piecesdo notfallintoevenly-sized groups, theconvexends seems The difficult. loomweight the ofsomewouldmakestanding piecesup rather theory a groupof 16 spoolshe found who with to haveoriginated Schliemann, thusinterpreted a is at Tiryns 1886, 146,fig. 70). The hypothesis that bunchofwarpthreads (Schliemann for indented is of couldbe tiedroundthecentre each spool,which certainly sufficiently were so used in ancient waistedclay weights Bulgaria(Detev sucha purpose.Similar of ontobunches warps centres weretiedby their stones 1968,24, fig.16),and unpierced 20, 32). in Laplandwithin on looms (Hoffman 1964,figs. memory living form the that clayspoolswereusedas a simple be it proved Although cannot definitely in for it. to has thetheory much recommend Theyaresuitable thepurpose ofloomweight, The and areusedin sets, thespoolsoccurin groups. andweight. Loomweights size,shape sucha use, becausethosethatbroke factthatso manyare unbakeddoes notpreclude

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY SPINNING AND WEAVING IMPLEMENTS

229

Fig. 4.35. Spools: SF849Aand b, Phase One; SF196,Phase Eleven; SF924,Phase en; SF936, Phase en; SF932,Phase en; SF937,Phase en; SF927,Phase en; SF404,Phase en; SF934, Phase en; SF923, Phase en; SF337 (pierced),Phase Ten. 1:2

23O

JILL CARINGTON SMITH

Plate 4.19. {a) Clay spools,en. Fromleft, SF404,SF923, bottom: SF362,SF922; (b) Clay spools, top: en. Fromleft, SF932,SF924, bottom: SF936,SF935; (c) Clay spool, SF196. top:

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY SPINNING AND WEAVING IMPLEMENTS

231

to couldbe easily would Theymayhavebeen setby thehearth dryout,which replaced. on their lm/lhiiic to Dark Ages for account theblackening one side.Above all, during of instances spoolsbeingfound with there of loomweights recognised resurgence, arethree have been home-made substitutes breakages theoriginal for in mayperhaps they types; Smith1983, 291). set(Carington Catalogue the of spools
Ht. = maximumheightin cm; Di. = max. diameter; Wt.= weightin g where recorded. All firedunless otherwise specified. FIG. 4.35, PLATE4. 19* SFI96 Zembil: 507; Phase:Eleven Ht. 4.1; Di. 2.3; Di. ofwaist1.3; Wt.17 Complete. FIG. 4.35 SF337 Zembil:1436; Phase:Ten Ht. 3.9; Di. 2.8; Di. ofwaist1.3 Unbaked. Pierced Incomplete and fragmentary. waist,dark gritty through horizontally clay. SF355
Zembil: 2003; Phase: en Ht. 4.2; Di. 3.1; Di. of waist 2.2; Wt. 43

SF399

Ht 3.2; Di. 2.8; Wt.28 Half. Unbaked. FIG. 4.35, PLATE4.19/I SF404 Zembil:2003; Phase:en Ht. 5.7; Di. 3.6; Di. ofwaist2.7; Wt.85 Complete,dark gritty clay. Unbaked. SF406 Zembil:2003; Phase:en Ht. 4.3; Di. 3.6; Z)i. ofwaist2.3; M. 57 Complete,dark gritty clay, mica. Unbaked. SF415 Zembil:2053; Phase:en Ht. 2.3; 2)i. 3.1; M 28 Unbaked. Fragment. SF484 Zembil:Ploughsoil; Phase:u/s Ht. 1.3; Di. 3.5; M 7 One end, dark gritty clay, mica. Unbaked. SF485 Zembil:Ploughsoil; Phase:u/s Ht. 2.3; Z>.3.5; M. 14 Broken,dark gritty clay. Unbaked. SF486 Zembil:Ploughsoil; Phase:u/s Ht. 4; Di. 2.8; Wt.35 Half, dark gritty clay. Unbaked. SF698
Zembil: 3 6 3 5 ; Phase: e n

Zembil: Si ; Phase: en

Complete,darkgreyclay. Unbaked.

SF357 Zembil:2003; Phase:en Ht. 4.5; Di. 3.3; Di. ofwaist2.4; Wt.28 Almostcomplete.Dark gritty clay,mica. Unbaked. SF358
Zembil: 2003; Phase: en Ht. 4.6; Di. 3.5; Di. of waist 2.1; Wt. 43

Incomplete.Dark gritty clay. Unbaked. SF359 Zembil:2003; Phase:en Ht. 4.2; Di. 3.3; Di. ofwaist2.5; Wt.43 Incomplete.Dark gritty clay,mica. Unbaked. PLATE4.19a SF362 Zembil:2004; Phase:en Ht. 5.3; Di. 4.2; Di. ofwaist3; Wt.4 Complete. Oval section,dark clay. Unbaked. SF371 Zembil:2006; Phase:en Ht. 3.7; Di. 3.1; Di. ofwaist2.4; Wt.43

/& 6; Z)i. 3.2; Di. ofwaist2.55; M 28 Two joining pieces. Unbaked. SF699 Zembil:3634; Phase:en Ht. 2.68; D/. 3.7; Z). ofwaist2.42; M. 28 Two joining pieces. Unbaked.

Almostcomplete.Dark clay, grass impression. Unbaked.

232 SF849Aand B
Zembil: 3069; Phase:One

JILL CARINGTON SMITH fig. 4.35 Ht.4.9; D. 3; Di. ofwaist 2.64; M 47 Almost waisted. complete. Hardly SF931 Zembil: 2; /%w: en 361 /ft. Di. 3.5; Di. ofwaist 2.1; W. 30 5; darkclay.Unbaked. Smooth, SF932 plate 4.19a Ht.6.5; Di. 5.5; D. 0/ waist 3.8; M. 136 Complete. SF933
Zembil:3616; Phase:en Zembil: 3616; Phase:en

Ht 8; 2). 3.5; Wt 114 also six Unbaked. Complete, with fragments. SF903
Zembil: 3539; Phase:en

F63

/ft. Di. 3; Di. o/witf Wt. 28 4.7; 2.5; Darkgritty Unbaked. clay. SF922
Zembil: 3502; Phase:en

FIG.4.35, PLATE 4.19*

//if. Di. 3.6; 2). ofwaist 4.5; 3.1; Wft 71 Almost complete. FIG.4.35, PLATE SF923 4.19 Zembil: en 3537; /%w: /ft. Di. 4; Di. ofwaist PR 45 4.6; 3; Flattened. Complete. SF924
Zembil: 3539; Phase:en

F63

M 4; Di. 3.6; Di. ofwaist M 32 2; Almost Darkclay,mica.Unbaked. complete. SF934

Zembil:3629; Phase:en

FIG.4.35

FIG.4.35, PLATE 4.19*

/ft. Di. 3.8; Di. o/witf Wt. 2.5; 70 5.5; Complete. SF925 en Zembil: 3539; /%w: M 5.5; Di. 2.8; 2). o/waitf Wt. 2.5; 39 Darkgritty clay. Complete.
SF926 en Zembil: 3546; PA&: Ht. 5; Di. 3; Di. ofwaist2.1; Wfc 32 Complete. SF927 Zembil: 3546; Phase:en FIG. 4.35, F63

M 4.7; Z)z.3.3; Di. ofwaist 2.3; M. 48 smooth. Unbaked. Complete, SF935

Zembil:3630; Phase:en

PLATE 4.19*, F63

Ht 6; Di. 5.3; Di. ofwaist 3.8 Almost complete. Squat.Unbaked.

SF936 Zembil: 3633; Phase:en FIG. 4.35, PLATE4.19^

Ht 7.2; Di. 5.1; Di. ofwaist 4.4; Wt 101 Smooth. Unbaked. Complete.
Zembil:3636; Phase:en

SF937

FIG.4.35

62 M 5.8; Di. 3.5; Di. ofwaist 2.8; Wfc Darkgritty Unbaked. Almost clay. complete.
SF928 Zembil: 3546; Phase:en

/ft. Di. 3; Di. ofwaist Wt49 2; 4.4; made, darkgritty clay,mica. roughly Complete, Unbaked. SF938
Zembil: 3644; Phase:en

/ft. Di. 3.6; Di. ofwaist Wt61 3; 4.7; Darkgritty Unbaked. Almost clay. complete. SF929 Ht.5.55; Di. 2.46; Di. ofwaist 2.46; M 57 UnAlmostcomplete.Threejoiningfragments. baked. SF930
Zembil: 3555; Phase:en Zembil: 3546; Phase:en

Ht 5.8; Di. 4; Dz. ofwaist 3.7; Wt60 Fragment. F63 SF939 /ft. Di. 2.3; Di. ofwaist 1.5; Wt 12 4.3; mica.Unbaked. darkclay, Almost Small, complete. SF982 Ht 3; Di. 4.5; Wt31 ' clay.Unbaked. Incomplete, 33-50%. Darkfine
Zembil:2000; Phase:en Zembil: 3654; Phase:en

F63

F63

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY SPINNING AND WEAVING IMPLEMENTS 4.3.7 LOOMWEIGHTS (FIG. 4.36, PLATE 4.20)

233

or conical, flattened, Clayobjects, approximately pyramidal, pear-shaped oblong, pierced near sincetheearly horizontally thetop,have been generally acceptedas loomweights whendetails their of in at sites 1950s, discovery situ twoAnatolian werepublished. Biegen in found them TroyIlg's Room 206, lying rowsas theyhad fallen in from loom,two a from uprights which the of werealso preserved post-holes (Biegenetal. 1950, 350, figs. of were 324> 333> 334? 369)- Like the majority clay spools,theseTrojanloomweights In unbaked. prehistoric Mersin's chalcolithic PhaseXllb, Garstang discovered 'weaver's a with conicalloomweights pointed and bone tools(Garstang large, workshop' 1953, 173, to the figs.110, 112, pl. 26a, b). Previous thesediscoveries, objectshad been variously the theories werenet-sinkers interpreted, twomostcommon beingthat they (though they wereunfired), spitsupports. or On present of mentioned aboveseemnottohaveappeared evidence, loomweightsthetypes in Greecetilltheln period, Serviamayhavean early and examplein SF714.Thisobject, from PhaseSix,was unfortunately availableforstudy, thecatalogue not but cardrecords it as beinglarge, broken thetop wherepresumably at there wouldhave been a conical, shows as conical it hole.A sketch andpyramidal. this In it to period is difficultdifferentiate between both because arecrudely formed maybe intermediate and loomweight types, many two and becauseso often between shapes, haveeither illustration only no or publications a very one. inadequate A Greekln sitewith wellillustrated is loomweights ancient Olynthus (Mylonas 1929, in the1920s,wasundecided whether wereloomweights spit or 80). Mylonas, writing they the was like wereblackened on supports; reasonforthelatter that, so manyspools,they one sideas though had beenneara hearth butagainthis havebeen simply they might to drythemoutafter weremade.Threeoftheweights, ofmoderate (ibid., two size they and one largeone (ibid., 88a), couldbe described oblongwith as rounded 89b, c) fig. fig. The fourth a squared-off had lowerbodyand a roughly conicaltop (ibid., 88b). tops. fig. it (Hoffman Though large, is nottoo largefora loomweight 1964,42), and similar hefty wereused right conicalweights to ba through theMacedonian (Heurtley 1939,87, 203, Wardle1980, 253) and on intotheeia (Wardle fig.67I; 1928-29, 143 ('spitsupports'); setoffifteen)). excavator a sub-neolithic at The of site 1980, 261; 1987, 318, pl. 50c (a on Samosfound which describes beingverysimilar thelastmenhe as to Tigani weights tioned influence is (Heidenreich weight Olynthus 1935-36, 171) butin SamosAnatolian morelikely. Tsani's tall (WaceandThompson perhaps problematical oblong weights 1912, three also had an oblong ones; Rachmani 149) mayhave been like thefirst Olynthian for which phaseis given, no whilewhatseemstobe a loomweight thesmaller like weight ones in House Q and published a spit as Olynthian was found thesamesite'schalcolithic Two (Waceand Thompson support 1912,43, fig.19,right). large, roughly-made, pyramidal weights werefoundat Tsangli, of again withno indication phase (ibid.,130); they couldeither havebeen liketheln squared-off or Olynthus weight, ofthepyramidal type that was common northern in Greecein theba (see below).All theweights mentioned that illustrated, a certain are have amount common; in are above,or atleastall those they to very and formed notwell-fired. and moderately large, quiteroughly indefinitely
ln loomweights

234

JILL CARINGTON SMITH

well-made couldnotbe appliedto four from Thisdescription small, neat, very weights, narrow twoarepyramids, all aredecoTwoaretall, and Thebes(seeabove). Phthiotic cones, that are horizontal bands.Itis claimed they ln (Zervos rated with 1962,98,pls.476, painted the at to one from en context Corinth the While striped claim, gives weight support this 477). and levelsatPhthiotic Thebes(Arvanitopoulos bothofthegeometric later aware isuneasily muchlaterweight from the 1907, 166 etseq.' 1908, 163 etseq.),and of a presumably no. 284, fig. which resembles them. Heraeum (Waldstein 90) 1905,44 closely Argive whichis said to be a Asea in Arcadiaproduced singleconicalor pear-shaped weight itmaybe so, although and neolithic, in viewoftheServia (1944, 117, Holmberg weight, eba from and as 1 (Tsountas parallels, weights Dimini Sesklo fig. 13:3)hadtogive, thenearest also 1939, 203, fig.67 nn. Holmberg 1908 col. 436, fig.277) and Saratse(Heurtley but looks as withone from the weight Eutresis, published mh/lh, the latter compares Davidson1952, 146 etseq., classical cf. TypeIX). of With distribution. the exception a of The ln weights Greecehave an interesting to distant at Asea and thosefrom Samos,theyare all confined northern singleweight Thebesand Tsaniare themostsoutherly Phthiotic to Greece, Macedoniaand Thessaly; of wherethetypes weights to further theN,however, Thereis no suchrestriction sites. all are underdiscussion found overtheBalkansand evenbeyondtheDanube. The sites and a western occurfallintoan eastern wherethey groupincludes, group.The eastern at DikiliTas in eastern within Macedonia;in a housedestroyed theend oftheln Greece, with werefound 5) tops(Daux 1968, 1063,fig. fairly loomweights rounded oblong period III at ofthiskindwerefound Karanovo to similar theoblongOlynthus Weights weights. sites(Petkov Beil.B) and other i960, 47, fig.3:1; 1965,45 et Bulgarian 1961, (Georgiev withthe Romanian seq.,48, fig.4:55, fig.11). DikiliTa is said to have connections werebothoblongweights there and at Gumelnita culture Gumelnita (Daux 1968, 1072), rounded with 67:13-15). (Dumitrescu 1925,93, 89, fig. weights topsand also pyramidal the the It mayhaveinherited former from BoianA culture (Comsa 1974,88-90, fig. type the In derived. thewestern whichit was at leastpartly group, one more 23:3, 5) from conicalor flattened that had loomweights wereeither Porodin Servia, concerning nearly the et conical(Grbic al i960, 100,pl. 114,6); AnzaPhaseIV produced site's onlyweight the between oblongand conicaltypes seemsto be intermediate which (Gimbutas 1976; with rounded or conical oblong either that col. 21); 144,fiche frame Vincahadweights were culture the from Turdas are examples known 1936,pl. 35 no. 8ob-g);similar tops(Vassits conicalweights at andfinally Salcuta, (Berciu's Type (Coma1987,100-1,fig.17:14-18); with a Phaselie onwards, talloblong From Phase 1 onwards. from weight a) werepresent s likeGumelnita'werealso present and pyramidal (Berciu an almost weights top pointed his compares conicalTypea weights 73, 566, figs. 74, 75:2-5). Berciu 1961,238 etseq., and theStarcevo-Cris Vincacultures. from others with of out to for It is impossible a non-expert sort theprecise relationship the chronological have and as seem to be described ln or aeneolithic, theyoften but above sites, many Anza IV that It kinds. is reassuring Gimbutas ofvarious black-burnished equates pottery between KaranovoIII (Gimbutas Vincaand with with 1976, 76-7). Childe'slinks early with from and pottery and Vinca wares, fluted Olynthus Serviablackpolished pottery between describes and the manysimilarities Heurtley Starcevo(Childe 1947, 80-1) the between two communication Macedoniaand theDanubein theln period, suggesting but can now be seen to be too unspecific a general areas (Heurtley 1939, 114-17), in is loomweights theln. by relationshipsupported theuse ofsimilar

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY SPINNING AND WEAVING IMPLEMENTS eba loomweights

235

becamemoreclearly In theEBA, and defined, theareasin which loomweight types they and In occur becamemorelimited predictable. northern Greecethetwomaintypes might werethoseillustrated ago by Rey: verylarge,heavyconicalweights, smaller, and long with notsmall, truncated (Rey1917-19, 238, pl. 38). In weights although pyramidal tops and southern central was a large clay cylinder, Greece,the typicaleba loomweight with ortwoholes.Therewerea few one other minor also,but longitudinally pierced types us do notconcern here.Serviahad three ofeba weight: . elongated, 1 flattened they types the axis; 2. truncated weights, pyramidal piercedthrough longerhorizontal pyramidal a globular related thecylindrical to 3. weights; weight type. Type 1 of werefound: incomplete Threeexamples this the SF340(plate4.20^); SF92(plate type and 4.20);and theveryfragmentary SF900.The apparently SF92was broken complete in antiquity. of thebase and one side apparently Part came from original the repaired which fired; rest ithas been restored unbaked was the of with weight clay.Theseweights are oblong, square, horizontal not in and theunusualfeature being of section, this, plus the longerhorizontal axis, makes themsimilarto the main typeof piercedthrough used levelsat loomweight on theTroyIlg loom. It was found Biegenin theearliest by and continued lateas Troy butwas rareby Troy (Biegenetal. 1950, 37, as IV III, Troy, 50, 104, 338; 1951, fig.53). The Trojan parallel fora loomweight type at Servia theincised motif whorl on A type weight of similar to SF295(above). Trojan complements theServiaoneswas found Pefkakia, at where lastedtillthetransitional it eba-mba phase morepyramidal those than from both Servia; (Maran1992,388, Taf.155:9).It is perhaps theServiaand Pefkakia differ from Trojanones in havingtheholesplaced the weights found EmporioIV on Chios had therather at low-set hole through the higher. Weights axisliketheTrojan butdiffered beingmuchmoreflattened oval in in and longer weights, outline at (Hood etal 1982,632-3, TypeB, pl. 132:27,fig. 284). Someweights a sitenear Plovdiv Bulgaria in be a type related theTrojan to onesalso (Detev1959,38, 79, fig. may is clear. the seemstobe 55b),buttheillustrationnotvery Generally speaking, Trojan type rareexceptat Troy, theServiaweights perhaps and are their closest counterparts. Type 2 Fourpyramidal were foundin Serviaeba contexts: fragmentary the SF106,of weights which upper the half SF238(plate4.20^); thesquat, onlyis preserved; heavySF339(plate miniature, 4.20e); and thesurprising SF301(plate4.20e). As loomweights have to be used in sets,thequestion arisesas to whether of the any from couldhavecomefrom samegroup. wouldbe reasonable the It loomweights eba Servia to expect that three the do Pit weights might so; SF340and SF900camefrom Trojan-type i in Area G, butSF92was recovered from structural debrisin F20/C (PhaseNine)- it havebeen displaced. None ofthefour muchresembles mayofcourse pyramidal weights eachother fabric, or weight. largeSF339, in size The camefrom samepitin the however, AreaG as theTrojan-type from SF340and SF900,and theminiature SF301was recovered a PhaseTen yardsurface Area G. Thereis no technical in reasonwhytheTrojan' and shouldnothavebeenusedat thesametimeon thesameloom,butthe weights pyramidal variation themis considerable. The massiveSF339 weighs392 g; the weight amongst

236

SMITH JILLCARINGTON

broken,incompleteSF340 weighs 204 g, while the complete SF92 at 285 g may give an idea of its originalweight.The tinySF301 weighs 52 g and is well-made and carefully formed. Such small weightsare veryunusual in thisperiod. It may have been a toy,or to else perhapshave been made to meet some technicalrequirement, thoughit is difficult two pyramidal SF106 and could have been. The remaining whatthelatter weights, suggest areas of the site. phases and different SF238, are of average size, but come fromdifferent or could have been used together, whether of the weights The questionas to whether any is thusremainsopen, but the latter perhapsmore likely. from varioussets theywere strays were presentin Greece in the neolithic period Though more or less pyramidalweights from themby theirtruncated (see above), thoseofthe ba are probablyto be distinguished was presentin some Gumelnitaand Salcuta weights(Dumitrescu1925, tops.This feature 73, 566, figs. 74, 75:2-5) and in an aeneolithic 67:13-15; Berciu1961, 238 etseq., 93, 89, fig. weightfromthe Devetaki Cave in Bulgaria (Mikov and Djambazov i960, 87, 192, pl. 52m), which should precede the Greek eba, but it is uncertainwhetherthere is any a connectionwiththe Greek ones. At Sitagroi, preliminary reportrecordsthatpyramidal did not appear thereuntilthefullMacedonian eba Phase V (A. C. Renfrew 1972, weights Truncatedpyramidalweightswere foundin eba levels at Agios Mamas (Heurtley 353). and Ralegh Radford 1928, 151 'spit supports'),Saratse (Heurtley 1939, 203, fig.67II, and Ralegh Radford1928, 143), Kastanas (Aslanis 1985, 197, Taf. 11:5, 7mm; Heurtley and Hutchinson1926, 38, fig.24:1). 10, Taf.52:8, Taf.83:1-3) and Vardaroftsa (Heurtley do the at Argissa, weights not seem to have been presentin the eba, In northern Thessaly A but theywere foundin the MB buildingphases 2, 4, 5 and 6 (Hanschmannand Milojcic Taf. 120:16, 122:18, 123:27, 34, 125:2, 11). At Pefkakia, 102-8 passim, perhaps 1981, between the theirmost southerly appearance, one was in use in the phase intermediate eba and the mba,and anotherwas foundin mbaPhase 3 (Maran 1992, 388, Taf. 155:10, at 12). Althoughit would not be surprising, the momenttheredoes not seem to be any firm evidence thatthistypeofweightcontinuedintothe lba in the N. Two are claimed for but 1 Settlement 8 at Vardaroftsa, theillustrated theLBA-EIA example looks conical and has to and Hutchinson1926, 38, fig.24:4). It is interesting note that a roundedtop (Heurtley of at in Tomb V at Marmariani, thebeginning the therewas a truncated weight pyramidal and Skeat, 1930-31, 41), and thatin the lg period theybegan to appear at eia (Heurtley such sites as Lefkandi(Popham et al 1980, 82-3, pl. 64p-s, pl. 7ol-n) and Zagora on Andros(Cambitoglouetal 1981, 75, fig.39). They spread all over Greece and Crete,and continuedin use untilat least the earlyRoman period. Type 3 that of globularloomweight a typethatcan varyin size from SF395 is a centrally-pierced, its itsbeing quitewell-fired, hole to thatof a largegrapefruit. ofan averageorange Despite shows markedsignsof threadwear at both ends, as do most weightsof thisand related as of types.It is this featurewhich makes the identification these objects loomweights found in small groups,and as they are heavy, fewer highlyprobable. They have been for would be needed - ten or a dozen would be sufficient narrowwidthsof cloth.Their as many are unfired. is use as net sinkers out of the question, be said to AlthoughSF395 was turnedup by the bulldozerin Area H, it may virtually was freeofPhase Eleven pits,and all thematerial Area H an have come from eba context. collectedfromthe mechanicalexcavationwas eba.

THE SMALLFINDS: CLAYSPINNINGAND WEAVING IMPLEMENTS

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SF395 has an excellentparallel fromLianokladi (Wace and Thompson 1912, 191, fig. i26f). This was one of a set of eleven weightsfound in a house belongingto the site's III but Stratum of mhdate. A globularweight, withtwo holes, was foundat Litharesnear withmaterialthatwas mostlyeh i/ii (Spyropoulos 1969, 29, 35, pl. 30a, centre Thebes, were in use in the second,emiib phase of theemsiteat Myrtos back),and globularweights continued (Warren 1972, 221-2, pl. 74b, fig.96:83, 84, 88). In Creterelatedtypesofweight mm in the period,and were popular in lm i-iii. Globularweights se are thusnot numerous;but theyare almostcertainly variation a per of a cylindrical weightwithrounded ends. This in turnis oftenfoundwitha cylindrical withflattened the ends, and both are centrally weight pierced through longeraxis. A twohole versionis also foundin the Ploponnse and centralGreece. A cylindrical weightwithrounded ends fromthe Azzuro phase of Poliochnion Lemnos is like a slightly wear elongatedversion of Servia's SF395, and like it has marked string (Bernab Brea 1964, 590, pl. 82a). The type continuedinto the site's eba phases (ibid. like the Poliochni 658, pls. 167:7, 9-13, 170:9). At Troy,Schliemannfoundboth weights He noted thattheywere ofthe same typeofunbaked clay as one and flat-ended cylinders. the otherTrojanloomweights, and thattheywere confinedto his third(burnt)and fourth cities(Schliemann1881, 558-9, nos. 1200, 1201). Biegen unfortunately not findany did on his later excavations,but in the now accepted terminology, Schliemann's weights probablycame fromthe latter partof TroyII and TroyIII-V. In view of Servia's other Trojan-type weights,SF395 may also owe somethingto an the from ne Aegean,because cylindrical do weights notseem to have been common impulse in Macedonia. Cylinders withroundedends were foundat Vardaroftsa, in a contextof but the end of the lba or the eia, and although Heurtley's Lausitz invasion is not now fromthe n (Heurtley unreservedly accepted, these weightsare likelyto be an intrusion and Hutchinson1926, 38, fig.24; Heurtley1939, 101, 231, fig.io4q). Sitagroi, however, were the loomweights the Macedonian fn of providesa curiousexception.Here cylinders Phase IV. These weightsare said to be presentin Phases I-IV (A. C. Renfrew1972, 353), to finalpublication be certain suchan earlyappearance. butitis preferable awaittheir to of were undoubtedly used in Phase IV (A. C. Renfrewet al 1986, 205, pl. 34(1)). As They mentionedabove, theywere succeeded by pyramidalloomweights the eba Phase V. in occurredearlyin se Europe. They are knownfromthe Krs Cylindrical loomweights cultureof SE Hungary(Childe 1947, 94, fig.45), at Vinca (Vassits1936, pl. 35:80a), and fromthe aeneolithiccontextsat Maliq in Albania (Prendi 1966 (i), 255, 260, pl. 3f) and the Devetaki Cave in Bulgaria (Mikov and Djambazov i960, 88, 192, pl. 70c). A surface surveyat Galatin in Bulgaria produced globular loomweightsand aeneolithic pottery (Nikolov 1962, 71, fig. 12). The Sitagroi,Poliochni and Trojan cylindersmay all be derivedfromthisarea. ultimately Although cylindrical weights apparently bypassedMacedonia in theeba, theywereused in Thessaly.Wace and Thompson recordedthem,undated,at Tsani (Wace and Thompson 1912, 149), Tsountashad them in ba levels at Sesklo (Tsountas 1908, col. 350) and at Pefkakia both roundand flat-ended were in use untilthe fifth thatsite'sseven of cylinders MBA Taf. 155:1 1, 13, 14, 156:3) - the situation thereis almost phases (Maran 1992, 388, the antithesis that at Sitagroi,for at Pefkakiathe cylindricalweightsoutlasted the of withboth one and two holes were found s, pyramidal severalphases. Further cylinders by at Orchomenos (Tsountas1908, col. 350 n. 2; National ArchaeologicalMuseum Athens catalogue nos. 3277-8) and Eutresis(Goldman 1931, 192-3, fig. 266:3, 6). Examples

238

JILL CARINGTON SMITH

,(-)

pining

'^y'

SF92

V^eMs

SF340

SF238

LJLJR XA
V ) SF301 / ' /

'

SF399

y '

Fig. 4.36. Loomweights: SF92,Phase Nine/Ten/Eleven; SF340,Phase Nine; SF238,Phase Ten; Phase Nine; SF301,Phase Ten; SF395,Phase u/s. 1:3.5 SF399,

from and theArgolid, Korakou (Biegen 1921, 104, fig.129:4, 5), Zygouries Corinthia from (Biegen 1928, 191), Tirynsand Mycenae (Schliemann 1886, 165-6:71), Asine (Frdin and Persson 1938, 251) and Lerna (Caskey 1956, 167-8; Banks 1967, 565, 570-1, Type b, pl. 19) usually had two holes. One with a single hole came fromAsea in Arcadia as weights farw as Leukas, (Holmberg1944, 120, fig.114:1). Drpfeldfoundcylindrical and in publishing othershe had discoveredat Olympia (Drpfeld1927, them,mentioned 284-5 par. 3, pl. 56d). Almostall these cylindrical weightsin Greece belong to the eba. The Asea weightis At the was but said to be mh, thesite'sstratigraphy shallowand disturbed. Eutresis, cylinders and the globularLianokladi are assignedto both eh and mh,while the Pefkakia cylinders however,is of an eba weightsseem to be mba beyond dispute.The generalimpression, of weightwhich continuedin use at a few sites duringthe mba. By the lba, it had type in They were disappearedfrommainlandGreece. Their history the islandswas different. but no indicationis given of which citytheycame from.Marinatos foundat Phylakopi, a on had themat Akrotiri Thera in whatwas presumably lm ia context. They are known foundin lm Crete,whichmay be the fromMycenaean Miletus;and theyare sometimes originof thisgroup (Atkinsonet al 1904, 214; Marinatos 1971, 26, pl. 46b; Schiering i960, 25, 30, pl. 18:4; Deshayes and Dessenne 1959, 73, pl. 22:3; Bosanquet 1901-02, 316; 1902-03, 283 n. 1; Platon 1957, 143, pl. 68).

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY SPINNING AND WEAVING IMPLEMENTS

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Plate 4.20. (a) Clay ringweights. Fromleft, sf8o8, Phase Four; SF804, Phase u/s; SF807, top: Phase u/s; SF805, Phase Five; SF802, Phase u/s; (b) Clay loomweights. Phase Four; bottom: SF803, Fromleft, SF92,Phase Nine/Ten/ Eleven; SF238,Phase Ten; SF339,Phase Nine; bottom: SF301, top: Phase Ten; SF340, Phase Nine.

24o

JILL CARINGTON SMITH

Catalogue theloomweights of
Ht.= maximum in width; height cm; W.= maximum = Th.= maximum thickness faceto face; Wt. from in weight g FIG. 4.36, PLATE SF92 4.2O, F64 Zembil: Phase: Nine/Ten/Eleven 66; Ht.7.9; W.6.3; Th. 4.6; Wt. 285 flattened Elongated, pyramidal weight, horizontally belowtopthrough axis.Hole shows pierced longer thread wear.Bottom buff partof fired clay,upper fine unbaked part yellowish clay.
SF106

FIG. 4.36, PLATE SF339 4.20*, F64 Zembil: Nine 1443; Phase: Ht.7.3; W.6.8; Th.5.8; Wt. 392 Truncated pyramidal weight, horizontally pierced below top. One side chipped.Hole showsthread wear. Small hollow top, SF301. in as mediumCoarse, fired reddish burnt cracked flaking. and brown, clay FIG. 4.36, PLATE SF340 4.2O, F64 Zembil: Nine 1443; Phase: Ht.8.5; W.5.9; Th.3.9; Wt. 204 flattened Elongated, pyramidal weight, horizontally belowtopthrough axis.Hole shows pierced longer thread wear. Broken base.Coarse, at hard-fired brickredfabric, white grits. SF395 Ht.7.4; W 7.2; Th.6.5; Wt. 370 the axis. Spherical, centrally pierced through longer Hole showsthreadwear. Quite well-fired sandy and orange-buff grits mica. clay, SF714 Ht.9.5; W9.5 Broken Conicalclayweight broken top. at (?), Zembil: Phase: Nine 1443/45/47; Ht.5.6; W6.2; Th.3.9 of of flattened Fragment an upper part an elongated, as weight, SF92and SF340. pyramidal
SF900 Zembil: 3110; Phase: Six

Ht.8.2; W.5.2; Th.5.1; Wt. 277 Broken. of Upper part a truncated weight, pyramidal belowtop.Hole showsthread horizontally pierced wear. SF238
Zembil:1002; Phase:Ten

Zembil: 238; Phase:Eight

Zembil: Area H; Phase:u/s

FIG. 4.36

FIG. 4.36, PLATE 4.2O,F64

Ht.8.0; W.5.4; Th.4.9; Wt. 269 Truncated pyramidal weight, horizontally pierced belowtop.Hole shows thread wear. Well-fired, fine, smoothed orange-buff somemica. clay, SF3OI
Zembil:1437; Phase:Ten

FIG. 4.36, PLATE 2O,F64 4.

Ht.3.6; W.3.4; Th.3.0; Wt. 52 Miniature weight, horizontally pyramidal pierced in of wellbelowtop.Smallhollow centre top.Fine, fired claywith buff blackand redin mica,mottled firing.

4.3.8 Mat Impressions (plates4.21-4.24) the of but in Conditions Greeceseldomfavour survival uncarbonised materials, organic in has been of aboutthetypes matsand baskets use at certain evidence periods plentiful are in in pots.The impressions impressions the clay of hand-made preserved negative or beenseton the on thebase,where pothas stoodon a matwhilst beingformed, usually are matimpressions on pot bases. twelve one to dryafter beingmade. Ten of Servians that to Thoseon SF910and SF902are deep and clearenough suggest these potsstoodon were and moreblurred a matwhilebeingmade,buttheother fainter, impressions partial on weremade.The impression causedbypotsbeingstoodto dryoutafter they probably of is there a rareinstance a specialtypeofpot is unusual; thebody-and-rim sherd, P551, within basket a formed was that seemingly 1, 68(3: (Sampson1988, 115, 120, 155-6,figs. is inthecase ofP551.The impression extremely is butthis most 68y), unlikely 3, 7, 10,fig. while on causedwhenthepotfell itsside,ontothematting, and faint, wasalmost certainly sidesofthesolelumpofdaub,SF894, on The impression three itwasstill suggests drying.

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY SPINNING AND WEAVING IMPLEMENTS

241

in of or that was beingcarried stored thecorner a skepor basket(Crowfoot it 1955,417 and to in which was forgotten left harden. it 261) (e),fig. mat weremade by matting All nineidentifiable impressions usinga single technique, on P551 and P558 are also and the twounidentifiable thatof plaitedtwill, impressions has of impression notbeen seenby suspected beingmade by thesametype(thetwelfth and there no difference is Mostofthematswerein half between en theauthor). the twill, PhaseFive,P226.The en SF909maybe either half a twill a 2/2 and or examples themn, a PhaseFour, bearstheimpression a whilethemn, of twill, SF894, pieceofdaub,certainly 2/2twill. differs from in havingonlyone setof elements, it akinto weaving, Although plaiting set the and a secondsetofstrands, has nottwo.Weaving an initial ofstrands, warps, the the are has which woventhrough warpsat right wefts, anglesto them. Plaiting onlythe to which laid outparallel each other. are The first strand on one setofstrands, (that the is for than90o worker) bentnearthetop at an angleusually greater right a right-handed When it reachesthe farside, it is bent all and is woven through the otherstrands. with theother all so it the strands, downwards, that againliesparallel becoming laststrand is The nextstrand theright thenbentand woventhrough theother on all on theleft. and strands and so on. If each strand in,passesoverone strand under beingplaited a is weave,butplainplaiting seldomfound, one,itproduces plaitakinto plainor tabby In whereas twills common. a halftwillthe strand are beingplaited-in passes over one it two(or vice and two. then strand, under versa), in a 2/2twill, passesovertwoand under because it producesa moreflexible Twillmay perhapshave been preferred fabric. In crosseach other a slantrather at thanat right-angles, the often and twill, strands plaited in seenin SF910, twill lie this clearly is also SF902, SF909and SF894.The strands a plaited to thetwoborders, insteadof parallelto and at right to them, in as angles diagonally woventwill (plate4.24). was the of and With exception SF894, perhaps P537,all theServia matting most probably The of strands twocentimetres cerealstraw. smallvariation four-seven is madefrom per withvariations straw of size and different handsplaiting more be whatmight expected also that strand counts wouldaverage iflarger out It areasof or loosely tightly.is probable measurement. maybe ofinterest thecerealstraw It that eachmathad been availablefor Macedonianfarm which hatsare made,uses exactly the twill from today's strips plaited six-seven strands twocentimetres. and sametechnique averages per have to The straw wouldalmost certainly been soakedto makeitmoreflexible handle widths. width a pieceof The is not confined narrow to of before wasplaited. it Plaiting just is are they matting determined how manystrands used and whatwidth by plaitedtwill reaches end,another spliced its is in As and thelength no restrictions. each straw has are, the at is reached, loosestrands eachend aredoubled toreplace Whenthedesired it. length makesan attractive intothebodyofthework, which and backon themselves darned zigzag edge. as an as The material used forP537 has notleft smooth impression cerealstraw does, the It andwrinkles showin eachstrand. mayhavebeenmadeofsomekindofgrass, using In on the leavesas opposedto thestalk. theimpression thedaub,SF894, strands appearto than used in pairs, theylook morerounded but be double.Theycouldbe cerealstraws also be a possibility. and theothers, somekindofreed,sedgeor rush might than The and are crafts theproduction pottery. earliest of Basketry matting older examples dateto eventhe 10thmillennium (see below).Theyhave been produced, bc using may

242

JILL CARINGTON SMITH

eversinceand it shouldtherefore presumed be the thatthey exactly same techniques, the record. The chronological and werein use, even whenabsentfrom archaeological in in to that exist thelatter Greeceareunlikely be due to archaeological gaps geographical of which attracts are were Mat attention; many published negligence. impressions a type find beenillustrated preliminary,well in haveoften as and sincethen in the19th they century in on In Greece, havebeen found considerable numbers islands on as final, they reports. of and halfof bothsidesof theAegean,in thene quarter thePloponnse, theeastern the a areacomefrom fnand eba sites(for moredetailed Almost in this all Greece. central Smith1977, 114-25). Recent with account major bibliography to 1972 see Carington up include of finds many 68:i, 3, 7, 10, Sampson1988, 115, 120, 155-6, figs. impressions 1990, 2-4, Taf.15, 19, 20, 687; Tzavella-Evjen 1984, 159 and n. 109,pl. 54; Weisshaar which groupofmatimpressions this and 21, 22, 32, 34. The matting basketry techniques varieties twined of included weave,occasional plainweaves,a manydifferent preserves and fewin the coiled and wrappedtechnique, onlyone or two in twill(see Crowfoot twined weaveswerethe Thereis no doubtthat of for 1955,415 etseq. explanation terms). like are that exist, nothing theServiaones. do of The fewexamples twill dominant type. which oftwodifferent are and wefts, with materials, weaves, warps separate Theyaretrue of and thestrands bothare multiple (Weisshaar 1990,3, Taf.22:4, 5, 32:2). for difference. not is dateoftheServia The earlier impressions probably thereason this like one was indeeda twill the of matimpressions, which Nea Nikomedeia 29 produced a Serviaones,buttheother exhibited closetwine 28 (Rodden1964 A, 605-6, figs. 10 9, werepreserved in Achilleion southern from The impressions amongst Thessaly (twill)). to the not debris, on pottery. Theyare almost onlymatimpressions comefrom building to showno resemblance theen Serviamats. mn, Theyareall Though early they Thessaly. et rushes weavesand use largeelements, (Gimbutas al. 1989,58, fig. 4.36, probably plain theuse of material A big chunky suggests 23). 65, fig.4.44, 66, fig.4.45, chronology, used tabernaemontari t), a [schoenoplectus largesedgetraditionally forthispurpose. Sarpus wouldbe softer. reed reed) Alternatively, (orcrushed/split which and a Clarkdefined groupof E Europeansiteswhichhad used plaitedtwill matting, the areafrom se (Clark1952,230-1). This that had the that technique reached suggested shouldbe to and it is probably thisgroupthatthe Serviamatting seemshighly likely, bc the 10thmillennium site is of occurrence twillmatting from The earliest assigned. and n. 5, Cave in IraqiKurdistan to referred above,theShanidar (Adovasio1975-7, 227 sitesin theDeh Luranplain of Solecki1963). Thereare other examplesfrom quoting bc the from 7thtothe5thmillennia (Hole etal. 1969,220, 223,fig. 95a,b, pl. Iran, dating as being of a 7th in Iraq were originally from published Jarmo 37d, e). Specimens bc millennium date(Adovasio Plaiting, 4, date:227; fig. 1975-7,223, 225,TypeIII: Twill as revised and see Protsch Berger and Braidwood Braidwood dates), 1973 for 1950, 193; VI (Mellaart mat the 6; Helbaek is probably twilled from 1963, 197-7,fig. atalHyk in was 1970, 164-5,% l89a) matting also found HacilarI (Mellaart 1963,44). Twilled and in theeba level XV at Beyesultan (Lloydand Mellaart1962, 43, figs.13, 16) in sites(Crowfoot Palestinian chalcolithic from and 1938, 3 etseq. Anatolia, is also known esp.4, 9, pl. 1:5-7,pl. 4:3, 4). the from sitesin the now exIn Europe,Clark citedevidencefortwilled matting can and Poland(Clark1952,230). To these nowbe added Romania Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, AnzaIa-III (Gimbutas on potbasesfrom twill theearly 64:1, 1976, 111,fig. impressions Porodin(Grbicet al. i960, 101, fig.17:5); in GreekThrace the ln one from 2), and

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY SPINNING AND WEAVING IMPLEMENTS

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and Paradimi (Hellstrm (Bakalakis Sakellariou 1981,Taf.33:9,59:5) andParadeisos 1987, bothhave impressions Servia's;and Petkov like has 61, 62, 139, figs. 40:229, 41:249) accountof the ln and aeneolithic from various a verywell-illustrated specimens given sites(Petkov 8; 1965,45 etseq.,, 3, 5, 6, 7 (right), i960, 44 etseq., 3:4; figs. fig. Bulgarian Treuil Karanovo)). 71 1983, 199 f,fig. (from from MiddleandNearEast,though the the using exactly sametwilled Manyofthemats the Serviaones,were made withlargermaterials, as usuallyrushes(Sarpus technique and it is the othersitesin n Greece and the Balkans tabernaemontari /.)), (schoenoplectus mats used singly, whichseemto have had the closely-woven of finer materials, usually resemble Servia's. mostclosely which in for twill shown neolithic Serviais understandable. It The preference plaited matting of to fine like the is one oftheeasiest material, straw, types matting make,and evenusing little It and work concentration, eveniflackofattention rapidly. requires very progresses the of such should causemistakes, as theone towards bottom P537,itdoes notmaterially made in thistechnique very the are affect finished objects product. Despiteitssimplicity, in pale goldcerealstraw samples plate 4.24). in attractive, (see especially in of did at One other 3, fragment matting survive Servia, PhaseThree,Structure as a theweavewas too faint identify. to faint shadowon a clayfloor. Unfortunately
Catalogueofthemat impressions NB. Mat impressions were not consistently as Some have been registered pots (p) catalogued. and someas smallfinds (sf).
P226

On flat basefragment. half 5-6 Irregular twill, strands per2 cm. P558
Zembil:3646; Phase:en

Zembil: 3028; Phase:Five

PLATE 4.22, F65

PLATE 4.22, f66

basefragments. Probable twill, half On twolarge 45 strands 2 cm2. per P363

Zembil: 3633; Phase:en

On flat base sherd. faint identification. Too for SF894

Zembil:3023; Phase:Four

PLATE 4.23, F65

PLATE 4.22a, f66

half On base fragment; twill, strands 2 cm. 5-6 per

P55O Zembil: 3609; Phase:en PLATE4. 2 2 A, f66

In daub,basket 2/2twill, doublestrands four (?) per 2 cm,traces cerealspikelets of in visible cast, plate 4.23k
SF902

On base fragment.

Zembil:3539; Phase:en

PLATE4.210

On base sherd, twill, strands 2 cm. half 6-7 per

PLATE 4.2 1 A SF909

P55I

of too On rimfragment rounded bowl.Impression faint identification. for P552

Zembil: 3605; Phase:en

Zembil: 3606; Phase:en

Zembil: ; Phase:en

PLATE 4.21a

On base sherd, twill 7 strands 2 cm. half (?), per

PLATE 4. 2 'b

plate 4.210

SF9IO

Zembil:3530; Phase:en

of base.Irregular twill, 6 strands half c. On sherd flat per2 cm. P537

Zembil: 3632; Phase:en

On ovalbasefragments; twill, half 5-6.5 strands per 2 cm. Not registered

Zembil:3408; Phase:Nine

PLATE 4.22a, f66

Base sherd with smallareashowing imprint. mat

244

JILL CARINGTON SMITH

Plate 4.21. Mat impressions, [a) from top:P551, SF909,bottom: en: P552; (b) top:SF910,bottom: left,
SF902.

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY SPINNING AND WEAVING IMPLEMENTS

245

Plate 4.22. {a) Mat impressions, From en. P363, P537; (i) Mat imprestop: lefl, P550, P558, bottom: sion P226, Phase Five.

246

JILL CARINGTON SMITH

Plate 4.23. Impression daub of matting in basketSF894,Phase Four (a) Impression;(b) Cast

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Plate 4.24. Examples of twillweave usingcereal strawof the kind represented the mat by impressions.

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SMITH JILLCARINGTON

4.3.9 Needles and a Button (?) (figs.4.23, 4.45, plate 4.30) These are the bone tool (?) Five small findsmay have had some connectionwithtextiles. the bone needle (?) (SF531), and the piece of worked bone (SF328), the bronze (SF378), needle (SF345) (section4.6), and the stoneornament, SF332 (section4.2.11). SF328 has a partlypreservedhead, which was pierced, and separatedfromthe main sectionof shaftof the tool by a deep groove. It was made out of a straight, thick, fairly has the naturalhead of the bone preserved.This curves bone, perhapspartof a rib,and starts and is pierced.The restof the bone, thoughrather thick, taperingat the otherend, is missing.These two pierced tools could towardswhat may have been a point,which in of conceivablyhave been used as needle-shuttles weaving,althoughthe thickness both, head of SF378, reduce the likelihoodof this.They could also perhaps and the bent-over needles. have been used as netting but bone object, of whichthe wider end has been preserved, SF531 is a flat, tapering It theprobablepointis missing. is piercedand has twopossiblyornamental groovesaround the hole. It is small,and itslengthwas probablynot great.If it did have a pointit would extraweftrows,or have been verysuitableas an auxiliarytool in weaving,forinserting offa piece of cloth. Such bone needles were used forthese purposes on warpfinishing looms in Norwayrecently (Hoffman 1964, 45, fig.17). If indeed a needle,SF531 weighted would also probably have been small enough for sewing very loosely woven cloth or pierced leather. SF345 (see section4.6, fig. 4.45, plate 4.30), a bronze needle, is almostas slenderas a darningneedle, and its small eye can only have takenthinthread.It large contemporary fineenoughforsewingcloth,but its 10.5 cm lengthmusthave made it rather is certainly clumsyto handle. Such a lengthis onlyan advantagewhen two edges,held wide apartby as stuffing, in a filledgrainsack or pillow,have to be drawntogether. black SF332 (section4.2.11) is an ornamentfashionedfroma natural,parti-coloured on the edge and yellowpebble. A naturaldeep groove was possiblyartificially deepened the oftheblack partin the centreof the stone,dividingit from yellow.It may have been a but bead or a pendant, could equallyhave been a buttonofthetoggletype.The advantage a of thistypeof buttonis thatit is verysuitableforfastening loop of cord, whichavoids thickmaterial,which can be clumsy.Folk and binding a button-hole through cutting for costumesand home-madeclothestoday stillshow a preference thisformof fastening. a must have been a unique object, it would have more suitableforfastening As SF332 thana coat cloak

4.3.10 Anchors (fig.4.37, plate 4.25) Seventeenmore-or-less completeexamples of the small clay objects nicknamedanchors, - 'flukes'- reasonablypresumed to have come fromthem,were and ten fragments foundin eba and latercontexts duringthe rescue excavationin 1971-73. One more was excavationin 1930 (1939, fig.67t). This would seem to be the fromHeurtley's reported numberof such objectsfoundat any one siteso far. largest not the othersites, Serviaexamplesresemble, indeedthestoneanchors from Like anchors in ones used in recentcenturies, thattheyhave a 'shank' whichis but of the BA, the metal near the top, and two,not three,'flukes'. pierced

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None of the Servia anchors,except Heurtley's,is complete. The best preservedare SF52,sf6o, SF290,SF348, SF620 and SF623. These are followedby SF18,SF309, SF335 and sfii, SF85, SF294 and SF310 stillretainclear evidence SF394. Though more fragmentary, of once havinga shank and both flukes. Anchorshave between one and fourholes in theirshankswhichcan be pierced either whichis more common,or laterally, to at in frontally, right-angles the line of the flukes, line with the flukes.The shanks of the Servia anchors,where preserved,are pierced near the top, usuallywitha singlehole, but in one case, SF620, withtwo,set horizontally one above the other.The majorityof anchors are pierced frontally (sfi8, sf6o, SF290, SF309, SF335, SF348, SF620, SF623) but thereare threewithlateralpiercing(SF52, SF85, SF394). The holes of anchorsoftenshow what looks like threadwear in theirupper part, and this is the case with SF18, SF309, SF335, SF529 and the remaininghole of SF620. Anotherindicationof wear at thispoint is thatthe anchorsare oftenbroken offthrough theirholes, as had happened withSF204, SF394 and the upper hole of SF620. There must also have been a strainat thejunctionof the flukewiththe shank. Some of the anchors, like those fromothersites,show signsof wear here (SF52,SF85, SF294 and possiblysf6o, have a flukeor flukesbroken offat this SF290 and SF310), while no fewerthan fourteen (sfii, SF18,SF52,sf6o, SF85,SF290,SF292,SF294,SF309,SF310,SF335,SF394,SF620 point and SF623) and to these of course may be added the eightflukesfound singly(SF105, SF170,SF349, SF654, SF898, SF1107, SF1108 and SF1113). In only one case can a brokenconstitute flukebe associatedwitha shank; thesefragments off SF85. a for Weisshaarhas suggested typology anchors(1980, 33-4, Abb. 1), and many of the but Servia anchorsare sufficiently being classified, withinthe basic preservedto warrant each one is an individualobject, and they of framework pierced shank and two flukes, fewof Though Weisshaarprovidesten categories, varyso much as to resistclassification. intoany one ofthem.SF348, SF620 and SF623 conform theServia anchorsfit comfortably well enoughto his Type4 (named forServia) exceptthatSF620 has two holes. Sfi8, SF309 and SF335 somewhatresemblehis Type 7 (named forSaratse).SF85 and probablySF394 approachhis Type 9 (named forLerna). Sf6o is perhapshis Type 5 (named forMikhalich betweenhis Types5 and 9. Servia's in Bulgaria).SF290 and perhapssfii are intermediate has pointsin common withhis Types 5, 8 and 10 (Mikhalich/ handsomest anchor,SF52, The Argissa/Corinth). typesdo not have any chronologicalor geographicalsignificance, can and servemainlyto indicatean anchor'sappearance when no illustration be provided. The Servia anchors all came fromPhases Nine and Ten. As none were found in the Phase Eight ditches,and as the site was deserted afterPhase Ten, until the Byzantine fromthe ByzantinePhase Eleven (SF294 and SF898), period, even examples technically those thatwere unstratified and (sf6o, SF170, SF204, SF394 and sfii 13) musthave come from Phases Nine or Ten,witha date probablycorresponding the end ofeh ii to originally or thebeginning eh hi (Ridleyand Wardle 1979, 220). The anchorswerewell-established of earlierof the two phases,Phase Nine, as eightof themwere found by the stratigraphically in pitssealed by Phase Ten floors(SF309,SF310, SF348, SF349, SF620, SF623, SF1107 and within SFi 108). SF290 was above a Phase Ten pebble yardand SF294,althoughtechnically eba hearth.The remainder was foundadjacent to an a Phase Eleven zembil, were,where in stratified, Phase Nine and Ten levels. Clay anchorshave been foundin manypartsofthe Greekmainlandand adjacentareas, in but rarely the islands.They also appear in Malta, the Lipari islands,Italy,and perhaps and theirreferences. Sicily.Table 4.8 liststhose siteswhere anchorshave been reported,

25O

JILL CARINGTON SMITH Table 4.8. Siteswhereanchorshave been found.

Albania: Maliq Macedonia: Western Armenochori Servia

Prendi Weisshaar 1966,265,pl. 31"; 1980,43-4, n. 82. 1939,87, fig. 67h. Heurtley

CentralMacedonia and the Chalkidike: Kritsana

Saratse Kastanas EasternMacedonia: Sitagroi Dikili (?) Ta SouthernBulgaria: Mikhalich Ezero Romania: Tartaria Ariusd (Ersd) Govora

in Heurtley1939, 22, 87, fig.67g, i. Also illustrated Aslanis1985, 228-9, 235-6, 239, Taf.95:3, 4, 8, 96:10, and 106:18; cf.Hanschmann Milojcic1976, Taf.74:1213and 1939,87, fig. 67J; Heurtley RaleghRadford Heurtley in 1932, 143, fig.32:1; re-illustratedAslanis1985, 267, Taf.126:8. Aslanis1985, 198,Taf.83:4. et A. C. Renfrew 1970, 131; 1972,353; A. C. Renfrew al 188. 1986, Weisshaar 4e. 1980,36, 48, fig. Mikov1948, 18, 24, fig.10. etal. 1979,fig. 406:13 clay. 203, 406:12 stone; Georgiev Vlassa 1963,485-94, fig. 6:5. 2:2. 1971, 132,fig. Szekely in illustratedBerciu Roman1976,30, 98,pl. 52:7,8. Better The restored. fig. 1961,387 etseq., 1:1,2. Bothareheavily of rows dotsis a small with one decorated incised fragment The of couldbe a number other which things. plainone's lie and is shank missing, thetwoflukes perfectly horizontal, or to curveupwards, stopthread cord all whereas others off see below. slipping and Hanschmann Milojcic1976 (1), 94-5 & (2) 71-3 nos. 6, 7, 37-42, Taf.51:6, 7, 37-42; 1981, 102-4, TafFrench 1968, 115,403. Wolters 1889,266. Weisshaar 1980,34, 36, 41-43, 47>49. Abb-2:5-7; 4:2; 1989,50-1, 66, 214, 216,Taf.82:1-2; 84:3; Maran1992, 390, Taf.i57:7~8280-2. Tsountas 1908,346-7, figs. WaceandThompson 1912, 149. and Hanschmann Milojcic1976,9 n. 221,Taf.68:5.
1 19:24 & 121:9.

Thessaly: Argissa AgiosAthanasios Pagasae Pefkakia Sesklo Tsani Zerelia

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY SPINNING AND WEAVING IMPLEMENTS Boeotia: Kastron (Topolia-Magoula) Orchomenos Lithares Thebes Eutresis Attica: Raphina WestCentralGreece: Schiste Odos Kirrha Galaxidi Northwestern Ploponnse: Teichos Dymaion Olympia Northeastern Ploponnse: Corinth Cheliotomylos Berbati Tiryns Asine Lerna

251

In thecollection theBritish of Schoolat Athens. French 1968,403. Soteriadhes 1908,91. & 1969,30. pl. 32a left right; Spyropoulos Tzavella-Evjen 1984, 148 no. 838, 170-1,pl. 85a, , ,e. 1976, 121-5, pl. 96 (e); Demakopoulou-Papantoniou Konsola1981, 135-6. Goldman 1931, 196,fig. 269:1, 3. Theocharis 1951,92, fig.19. Soteriadhes 1908,91, text 2:6, 9. pl. Dor etal. i960, 105, 106-7, X44> 62:26. piVatin1964,566, fig. 6:6. Mastrokostas 1965,227. Koumouzelis 1980, 176 etseq., 41:4, pl. 119:4. fig. 1948, 41a, b. Walker-Kosmopoulos 60, fig. Shear1930,405; Waage 1949,421, pl. 63. Sflund1965, 127 nos. 28-9; illustrated Weisshaar by 1980,34, Abb. 2:4. Mller1938, 64, Taf.25:3; Weisshaar 1980, 35, 43, 47, 49, Abb. 2:1-2; 1981,237,Abb. 82:8. Frdin Persson and 1938,250-1, fig.177:1. Banks 1967, 628 et seq.; Caskey 1956, 162, pl. 471-p; 1957, 152,pl. 42e. 1944, 117,fig.111:5. Holmberg Smith 1992,692-4, 711, pl. 11-38. Carington Bernab Brea 1964,588, tav.83a-d, e-h.
Heurtley1934-35. 35m 41* % 31:154> P1-9:154-

Centraland SouthernPloponnse: Asea Nichoria Lemnos: Poliochni

Ithaka: Pelikata

Aegina: CentralMediterranean:

Walter and Feiten1981, 114, 143, 144, 147, 158, 162, 166, 176,Taf.89:177, 99:245-50, 105:310, 123:453. Peet 1910, 160, pl. 15:52,61, 64, 69; Murray 1925, 29, pl. 17:11; 1929, 14, 18-19,pls-16:6,7, 9, 10 & 28:1-17; 1961, 59-60; Trumpi960, 295, pl. 39c; 1961, 262; 1962,224; Evans1956,99-100; 1971, 14, 17, 106, 171, Brea 1966, 119,fig.22d. 226, 228,pl. 65:7; Bernab

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JILL CARINGTON SMITH

within is The chronology theanchors of Greece reasonably consistent where isknown it ofPoliochni although as exactas somewouldwishitto not with possible the exception in werediscovered eh hi levelsat Lerna,postdating destruction the be. Sinceanchors of has to anchors typically hi artefacts. theHouseofTiles, there beena tendency regard as eh occurin eh hi contexts, there the but Thisis notreally case. Certainly do often are they and also eh II examples, at leasta fewmhones. thatthe uppermost the threeeba of thought Proceeding Heurtley geographically, to a verylate phase of the period,but it is not at settlements Armenochori belonged came (Heurtley the as which thesettlements anchor of known from 1939,59). AtServia, to thechange between eh ii/iii the we haveseen,thedateis probably equivalent periods. to level22a, equivalent theendofeh hi (Aslanis anchor camefrom the AtKastanas, single and there onlyan eba date (Heurtley RaleghRadford is 1932, 1985, 198). ForSaratse, 118, 121 et seq., 143, fig.32.1). The datingof Kritsanahas been re-evaluated by theseanchors can but followed Weisshaar, evenso itdoes notseemthat Hanschmann by and to be laterthana date equivalent eh ii (Hanschmann Milojcic1976, 196 et seq.' in the Weisshaar published the first 1980, 49-41, ns. 42-59). At Sitagroi two anchors datesin therangeof has unitQ 08 ofPhaseVb, which radiocarbon volumewerefrom et to 2100-1800 be, calibrated 2700-2200 be (A. C. Renfrew al 1986, 173),another 45 anchors recorded the PhaseIII. AtArgissa, earliest from arereported PhaseV butnonefrom the of to of arethose Argissa datedapproximately themiddle theeba,with maingroup II, and to from III, equivalent thelateeba (Hanschmann Milojcic1976,94, Argissa coming anchors the 188 (Graben 5A),94-5, 191-3 (WohnschichtHaus A)). AtPefkakia, earliest of outthat and Rachmani in occur theuppermost stratum, Weisshaar imports Urfirnis points mustlastwell intotheeh ii culture have shownthattheRachmani at pottery Pefkakia of to are anchors therefore Pefkakia theearliest equivalent somestage eh ii in date period; seemsto havebeen in a anchors one oftheeight At Lithares (Weisshaar only 1980,38). was but on context, theroad of theeh settlement, as thesettlement apparently specific anchors for eh before hi,an eh ii dateis likely all theLithares deserted (Tzavella-Evjen the camefrom much-destroyed the building plot 1984,177,215). AtThebes, twoanchors whichwas overlaid a the whichcontained eh ii apsidalbuilding by by destroyed fire, could not be) but witheh hi material, the anchorsare not (and presumably stratum datedto either 121). At Eutresis, 1976, period(Demakopoulou-Papantoniou specifically datedto Goldman of on was five anchors found thefloor House I, which one ofthesite's for reasons reWeisshaar but eh 1 (Goldman1931, 196, House 1 12 etseq.), which gives levelsof werein thelower four anchors other toeh 11 (Weisshaar 1980,38-9). (The dating eh eh Goldman's ii (Goldman (1951,85) suggests ii1931, 196).)AtRaphina(Theocharis Kirrha but somepottery, see Weisshaar iii for (Dor etal (i960, 65 etseq.) 1980,39, 45), of to refer it as eh hi,but see Caskeyin review publication (1962, 211)) and Galaxidi and by a lackof eh hi at found thesites, material of virtue other (Vatin1964,560), by anchor on be shouldprobably eh ii. At Pelikata Ithaka, theanchors Heurtley's pottery, but eh to similar theServiaones;he had basically ii material a datesomewhat mayhave had Area II, which came from to appear.The anchor eh first m sherds the with starting 1934-35, 8, 35 no. 154). A paintedsherdsaid to have come (Heurtley onlyeh sherds AreaIV (Heurtley as recorded beingfrom is 1934-35,8 n. the from sametest, elsewhere is the withall eh sherds, anchor discussed found (theoretically) 1, 24 no. 70). Although the from site under'MiddleHelladicremains' 1934-35, 41)- The eh pottery (Heurtley

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to generallyhe thought belong to the end of the middle eh phase, c. 2200 bc (Heurtley near Corinth,the anchor was in a well fillwhich contained eh ii At Cheliotomylos, notesthatsome ofthesherdsare appropriate (Waage 1949, pls. 61-2), butWeisshaar pottery to the end of theperiod (Weisshaar1980, 39), whichwould make it perhapssimilarto the Pelikataanchorin date. The Teichos Dymaion and Olympia anchorsmay be eh hi as he suggests(Weisshaar1980, 39 and n. 40), but none of them,except perhaps fora fluke at a the context(Koumouzelis amongst stonesofthe tumulus Olympia,came from specific oftumulus Yalouris1964, 175-6). The anchorsfrom see 1980, 132-3, 140. Fordate Aegina, Lerna (Caskey 1956, 162; 1957, 152; i960, 297; Banks 1967, 631, like the anchorsfrom in 633), first appear, and in quantity, an eh hi context,thatof Stadt V. Technicallythe oldestis no. 177, foundin the floormake-upof a StadtV house (Walterand Feiten 1981, 143), followedby six thatwere foundin StadtV houses (ibid.,114, 143-4 (Fundgruppen The Berbatianchorsshould also be ofthatperiod XVII, XVIIIa and i), 10 (Chronology)). this (Sflund1965, 120, 127, 158), butTiryns disrupts apparenthomogeneity producing by an eh 11anchor (Weisshaar1980, 49; 1981, 237), and the anchor fromCorinthproper may also be eh ii as no eh hi has been found there (see Caskey 1973, 124 and a view in Weisshaar1980, 39 and n. 38). The Asea anchorcame froma 'late contradictory eh layer' (Holmberg 1944, 117); Caskey says thatmost of the site'seba materialis eh ii, thougha littleeh hi also occurs (Caskey 1971, 789). At Nichoria,the fouranchorsare eba MH from 1levels,and thesitehad no previous inhabitation (McDonald etal in McDonald and Wilkie 1992, 758). are from Lerna and Aegina. Anchorsfoundin mbastrata also reported Pefkakia, Argissa, that While notdisputing theywereindeed foundin thelevels recordedby their excavators, it may perhaps be questioned whetherthey actuallybelonged to them. All the Aegina anchorsexcepttwowerefoundin StadtV; a scrapfrom earlymhStadtVI closelyresembles and fourfromthe previoussettlement, may be a stray;and the next does not occur until Stadt X, c. 1650-1600 bc (Walterand Feiten 1981, 140-1 (allocation of find-groups to StadtVI anchor frag:146, 166 no. 310, Taf. 105; Stadt X anchor: 147, 176, no. cities); be 453, Taf. 123). At Lerna, the one anchorthatcould definitely assignedto mhLerna V and fabricto the other anchors and may not have been one; was of a different shape whichcontainedmuchearliermaterial;and a third, was in a mhbothros another unphased, have been a pot lug (Banks 1967, 633-4). At Argissa,a well-preserved anchorcame may Bauhorizont (Hanschmann from mhBauhorizont and a shaft the and Milojcic 2, 3 onlyfrom Taf. 119:24, 121:19; /falso Hanschmannand Milojcic 1976, 94, n. 223). At 1981, 102-4, was Phase 2, a mbaphase whichcould be theequivalent one Pefkakia, anchorfragment from of eh in, and the tip of a shank came froma contextequivalentto the mba in s Greek terms(Maran 1992, 390, Taf. 157:7-8). Of these foursites,the ones most likelyto have had anchors genuinelycontinuinginto the mba are Argissa and Pefkakia,but there is froma laterphase will pick up a curiosity always a riskon a 'tell' site thatan inhabitant from earliertimes.One wondersifthisis not how an anchorended up in a house of Stadt X on Aegina after gap in theiruse thereof approximately a fourcenturies. If it was both genuinelymade and used in the 17thcentury the late Aegina anchor bc, would go some way towardssolvingthe chronologicaldiscrepancybetween the Greek anchorsand thoseof theLipari Islands (local mba,c. 15- 14thcenturies bc) (BernabBrea n. 5, 589, n. 11. See also Bernab Brea 1966 forMilazzese culture(= lh 111A2)), 1964, 588

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JILL CARINGTON SMITH

to the Malta(lba, mid 2nd millennium as late as possibly gthcentury (Trump bc) 1972, in said to be ofeia fabric found nearTaranto Italy(Evans1956,99; and an anchor 22), herementions details anchors Sicily of in but i960, 295. Trump Sicily, no other Trump Theseanchors so similar someoftheGreek are to onesthat there scarcely can areknown). related below);and thesea connection are from be anydoubtthat the (see they somehow but the chronological remains or at Gulfof Corinth Ithakais perfectly reasonable, gap unbridgeable. present wouldseemto be earlier thanthoseon the from on The anchors Poliochni, Lemnos, Nero mainland. Theiruse mayhavebegunin thesite'searliest phase,butthethree Greek the shaft illustrated endscouldequallywellhave come from singleclayhooks(Bernab other I at or also present thesite, from Brea 1964,588, tav.3e, f,h) objects. do notenter and as thelatter anchors single between intotheputative hooks, very rarely relationship anchors occurin Greece(see BernabBrea 1964, 588 ns. 1-5). The first indisputable werefrom very a well of in occurred theearlier phase,and three them partoftheAzzuro below level 22 in MegaronII in the deep sounding the stratified context, destruction Phase to c. 2700-2500 bc, contemporary 832. BernabBrea datedtheAzzuro Megaron it Greeceand theln in Macedonia.He heldthat pre-dated eh with 1in southern I, Troy and Verde Rosso to Poliochni's which thought he succeeding phases(Bernab equivalent the Brea 1964,588,tav.83a-c; for building, dates, 70684-5, 97-8, figs. 42, 457; for 33, a was clearly connection thatthere Podzuweit's however, Weisshaar, opinion quotes 7). himself I/II (Weisshaar and Poliochni Troy between 1980,41 n. 62); and Weisshaar early in has manyparallels the the showsthat lateAzzuro the that Pefkakia phase pottery says should late Poliochni Azzuro and at Pefkakia, thusthat middleand lateRachmani phases anchors be datedto an early were, 1980,41-2). The Poliochni phaseofeh ii (Weisshaar even and ifnotearlier, therefore, according in introduced theearly Azzuro however, phase, thaneh i. Iftheearlier be to this phasesat probably datedno later they argument, should site to TroyI/II, it is odd thatthelatter had no do correspond Poliochni closely really three after Azzuro the at of The anchors. continuance anchors Poliochni phaseis doubtful: buttheycould equallywellhave in werefound the Verde/Rosso ofshanks phases, scraps Brea 1964, 657, tav. 167:3-5). In the hooks(Bernab to belonged thesite'sclaysingle the excavatedGialloperiod,whichsurely as BernabBrea maintains, is, extensively under Brea 1976 - no entries is ofTroyII, there no signofthem(Bernab equivalent ' ' of to to objects Maliq in Albaniahad a number other Turning thesites theNofGreece, as in haveparallels eh ii Greecein thesamecontext itsanchors which (Prendi 1966,265, the in Bulgaria, anchor 1980,43-4, n. 82), and at Mikhalich southern pl. 3f;Weisshaar so that, of also had examples theTrojandepas which strata camefrom amphikypellon, like II to itmaybe equivalent Troy (Mikov1948, 18, 24, fig.10; Weisshaar theSitagroi ones, a 1980,33-4, 42, Abb. 1:5). At Ezero,in thesamedistrict,stoneexamplewas reported, are if Govorain Romania, they from The twofinds ofclay. butonlyone possible fragment and thuscorrespond the Cotofeniculture Table 4.8), are from indeed anchors(see be the well (Roman1976,63, 102).The samecannot said reasonably with Greekanchors must which Tartaria and from Ariusd neolithic from the for anchors (Vlassa 1963,494), has It notbe an anchor. apparently no anchor Ariusd The earlier. be much may, perhaps, looks at flattened theend.The illustration very which unusually, holein itswideshaft, is, the of thetypethathad a hollowbetween ln idolsfrom likeone of Tsountas' Dimini, of ofthehead,often stone(Tsountas for shoulders theinsertion 1908, 298-9, pls. 36:5,
'uncini 'uncinidoppi or 'ancora ) . '

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36:2; cf.also Wace and Thompson 1912, 41, fig.25b, d). The Tartariaanchor however, cannotbe explained away. It was amongstthe contentsof the 'ritualpit' cut down from in the site's earliest(Turda)stratum; the same pit were the Tartariatablets,a numberof heads and two 'alabaster'Cycladic figurines, neolithic which, figurine judging undoubtedly types(Vlassa 1963, fig. by the parallelsgiven,were stillof quite plump,neolithic-looking mentionedin the text, 11 (Turdalayer),490, 492 n. 12). The anchor is not specifically in the pit's contents quite a clear photograph(Vlassa 1963, fig but it is illustrated amongst 6:5). There is littledoubt thatthisis an anchorof the typeunder discussion.It somewhat from Tartaria itremainsenigmatic. the While Servia'sSF623. Like otherfinds resembles pit, thereis nothing againsta ln Romanian originforthe anchors,one swallowdoes not make and thereis too littleevidence at presentto supportsuch a theory. a summer, in an This leaves us witha situation which,after apparently earlystart Lemnos, anchors These early in mainland Greece in the eh ii period or a local equivalentthereof. appear occurrencesextend as far N as Kritsana and as far s as Tiryns,with Argissa,Pefkakia, Lithares,Eutresis,Raphina, Kirrha and Galaxidi in between. Unless they did indeed difficult point to any one place as theirplace of to originatein Lemnos, it is therefore of arrival.At the end of the eh n/beginning eh hi, such sites as Sitagroi, or first origin Servia,Pelikataand perhaps Cheliotomyloscan be added. Sites where anchorswere not untileh hi include Lerna and Aegina,and probablyBerbati,Olympia,and the introduced did not startuntil Teichos Dymaion. At Nichoria the anchors,like the settlement itself, mh. early the they Although anchorsmay have had theirmostwidespreaduse in eh hi, therefore, were by no means confinedto thatperiod, and when foundunstratified theyshould be dated no more exactlythan eh ii-mh (early ?), unless thereis otherevidence at a site to allow a more specificchronology. Closely connectedwith the date of the anchors is the idea thattheymightrepresent invaders,and thistheoryreceivesparticular supportfromthe evidence of Lerna, where occurredin thevarioussub-phasesof eh hi Lerna IV, directly the anchorsfirst succeeding of the destruction the eh ii Phase III House of Tiles (Caskey i960, 301; 1971, 786). Anchorsmay well indicatethe arrivalof a new groupofpeople, but it seems to have been ratherthan invasion,and theywere just as likelyto be victimsas a case of infiltration In a numberof cases, not necessarily related,the anchorswere chronologically destroyers. archaic building at Poliochni,in which The Azzuro in use when disasterstruck. already violentissimo* an threeof the anchorswere found,suffered 'incendio (Bernab Brea 1964, Haus A at Argissa,which had the main group of anchors at that site, was burnt 98). towardsthe end of the eba, thoughas noted above, anchorsmay have continuedin use thereafterthis event (Milojcic in Hanschmann and Milojcic 1976, 15, 17). House I at whichhad whatmay have been quite an earlyeh ii anchoron itsfloor(although Eutresis, to Weisshaar1980, 38-9 may well be right assignHouse I to eh ii, Goldman did say that were rare in it - Goldman 1931, 15 and see also 12, 94-7), was sauceboat fragments burnt, thoughthiscould have been a domesticdisaster(Goldman 1931, 15); as thissite's otheranchorsare said to be earlyeh ii [ibid. 1931, 196), theyhad probablygone out of use well beforethe whole site was burntat the end of eh hi [ibid. 1931, 231). Asine was burntat the end of eh ii (Caskey i960, 301), as was Tiryns(Mller 1930, 84-5, 87-8, 92, site 113, 203; Siedentopf1971, 79, 84-5), thoughat the latter it is possible thattheuse of the conflagration(Weisshaar1980, 49 implies thisby being so anchorscontinuedafter - see also 39). Asea in surprisedto find an anchor fragment an eh 11contextthere

256

SMITH JILLCARINGTON

(Holmberg 1944, 117) and Berbati (Sflund 1965, 116, 119, 130), where the anchors at were probablyeh hi in date, were destroyed the end of thatperiod. The most striking to contrast Lerna is provided by Aegina, where all the anchorsbut two were associated likeLernaIV, was eh in; StadtV suffered destruction withStadtV, which, perhapstheworst fireof all the citieswhich succeeded each otheron the site (Walterand Feiten 1981, by after disaster, the the 42). Although place was re-inhabited by apparently the same people and Feiten 1981, 42), the anchorswere not seen again (exceptfora scrap in Stadt (Walter In VI) untilthe single one in Stadt X, which may well have been a stray. otherplaces as anchorswere in use, therewas no destruction such,but the siteswere deserted. where Cases in pointare Kritsana, Servia,Lidiares,Raphina and perhapsCorinth proper. Sitagroi's at Phase Va BurntHouse was destroyed a timeapproximately equivalentto the end of eh like 11, Lerna.The site'stwoanchorshowever, belongednotto thesucceedingLong House, thatthesitewas possiblydeserted it butto theclay bin phase whichcame after - and after et (A. C. Renfrew al 1986, 19, 24, table 2.1, 482-3). to settlement produce anchors,Nichoria,has them in its earliest The most southerly Smith 1992, 692) is the latestso far levels (insteadof itslatest).The mhi date (Carington of in Greece for the introduction anchors on a site. It may also be worthnotingthat thatthey thoughoccupation at the site continued,anchorsdid not. It is also significant excavated mhsite of Malthi (Valmin 1938) only 30 km away. were not foundin the fully a if of The ethnic suggest minority implications anchorstherefore, theyhave anyvalidity, in for to whichstarted arrivein Greece in theeh ii period,flourished a little eh hi,and was in remoteareas,or had become mergedintothegeneralpopulation barelysurviving fairly whichdoes not exclude the previousone, is that in the mhperiod. The otherpossibility, or wereobjectsthatwereuseful desirablefora whileand thenbecame obsolete theanchors or no longernecessary, compact discs replacingcassettes;and computers, typewriters. cf. This bringsus to the purpose of the anchors. Despite many attemptsto solve this it conundrum, is stilla mystery. They cannot be votive anchors (Murray 1929, 18-19; like the anchorsused in the ba, and in any case theyare as theyare nothing 1961, 59-60) or oftenfoundon sitesthatare nowherenear the sea. As figurines idols, besides being The frontally would have had no need of a pierced shaft. pierced shanks, headless,they would have made them unsuitableforwear as pendants or which are in the majority, and in any case theyare rather as roughand amulets, theycould not have hungproperly, are and forsuch a purpose. Figurines/idols pendants/amulets common suggestions large That theywerevotiveaxes (Kardara 1971, 251-4: thisobjectis not a clay in theliterature. instead of being anchor of the type being discussed,as its shaftwould lie horizontally It may be a kiln support)or garlanded bucrania also seems unlikely(Walkerupright. Kosmopoulos 1948, 60). The Servia anchorsare typicalof manyothersin showingwear in the hole(s) and at the this Where identifiable, wear looks as thoughit has withthe shafts. junctionof the flukes the rubbingof narrowthread.This is the reason forthe manyclaimsthat been caused by to anchorsmustbe something do withweaving.A certainnumberof anchorsgo a stage incised lines which could act as a guide forthread. have narrow, and further, apparently round the base of the shank on each side, and hang down These lines pass horizontally over the flukeson the opposite side. The two lines cross in the hollows at the vertically have been foundat Anchorswiththisveryspecificmarking junctionof shaftand flukes. Taf.83:4), Sesklo (Trump1962, 224), Pefkakia(Maran 1992, Taf. Kastanas (Aslanis 1985, 157:7), Kastron(Topolia-Magoula,BSA collection),Eutresis(Goldman 1931, fig.269:3),

THE SMALLFINDS: CLAYSPINNINGAND WEAVING IMPLEMENTS

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1948, fig.41a, b) and Raphina (Theocharis1951, fig.19), Corinth(Walker-Kosmopoulos the Raphina, Corinthand Cheliotomylosanchors Cheliotomylos(Waage 1949, pl. 63); the linesfrom fluke-shank bottomoftheobject. also have additional junctionsto the centre the chronological and Whatis verystriking, makes it seem that, despite gap, theremustbe is some connection, thatsome of the Maltese anchorsbear exactlythe same lines (Trump i960, pl. 39c). It was theselines and the otherevidence forwear,describedabove, whichled Trumpto suggestthatthe anchorsmighthave been heddle-hooksor pulleysforlooms (ibid,i960, 295; 1962, 225), an interpretationwhich has been enthusiastically supported by as Koumouzelis(1980, 176-7, 179-80). It was an ingeniousand intelligent theory, itwould have accounted for both the places on anchors where wear and breakages occur. the was like Unfortunately, thevotiveanchortheory, hypothesis based on an anachronism. is loom withheddles The loom whichneeds heddle-pulleys (heddle-horses) the horizontal and as far as is known, this was not inventeduntil the early operated by foot-pedals, Neitherthe warp-weighted Smith 1992, 693 and references). medievalperiod (Carington was the one in use in both Greece and Malta when anchors loom, whichin all probability nor the were current, eitherof the two main looms of antiquity, horizontalgroundloom two-beamloom, had or needed heddle-pulleys and the upright, (CaringtonSmith 1992, 11:1-11 for more details). Even if some such loom had then existed,it is 690-1, pls. whether anchorswould have been strong the doubtful enoughforsuch a purpose.Though and are not always well-fired, thispart of the (medieval to almostinvariably fired, they loom suffers wear, and really needs to be made of wood. I knew modern) very heavy as on someone in the mid-1980s who used plasticcotton-reels heddle-pulleys her (largely The wear was a widespread, loom. They wore out and brokequickly. home-made) irregular wooden cotton-reels was able to give her I V-shape,not a neat line. Some old-fashioned lasted much better. as Anotheruse proposed for anchors in connection with textileswas cord-making, the illustration the anchorfromAsine (Frdinand Persson 1938, 250-1, of suggested by been pointedout,thismakes no use ofthe anchor'sflukes, and fig.177:1), but as has often whichare themajority. Practical withsingle-hole would be impossible anchors, experiments to attempting use an anchor to make cord or braid always resultedin the threadsbeing down the flukesdescribedabove (Carington pulled inwardsfromthe verticalguide-lines whichcomes nearestto the correct solutionis still Smith1992, 693-4). The interpretation Miiller's 1938 opinion thatthe anchorswere hooks forsuspendingsomething probably which needed to hang freely(Mller 1938, 64), for example cheeses in the process of It being strained. is also possible thatfood itemswere hungfromhooks to keep themsafe mice and othervermin. from The problemofwhatthe anchorswere may not be solved untilone (or some) are found in situas theywere used. In the meantimethereare various factors which can provide information about the typeof background whichtheybelonged. in They were usefulat sitesthatwere on or near the sea (Aegina,Asine, Galaxidi, Kirrha, Kritsana, Lerna,Pagasae and Pefkakia, Pelikata,Poliochni,Raphina,theTeichosDymaion, siteson or near rivers(Argissa, Kastanas,Olympia, Servia,Sitagroi)or on or near Tiryns); to presentor past lakes (Kastron,Lithares,Orchomenos, Saratse,Zerelia), but theyalso occurredon inland siteswithout these advantages (Asea, Berbati,Eutresis,Nichoria,the Schiste Odos, Sesklo, Tsani). Fishing,an occupation connected with fine thread in the form lines and nets,is thusruled out. of

258

SMITH JILLCARINGTON

Withveryfewexceptions(Aegina,Poliochni,Pelikata)even the siteson the sea are also not to on the mainlandof Greece. Anchorswere apparently appropriate lifein Crete,the and most of the otherislands,nor in Troy,nor the restof Anatolia.They were, Cyclades however,needed in Malta and the Lipari islandsat a laterdate. Most of the sitesthathave them are lowland sites,which in many cases had large areas of good grazingavailable (exceptions:Pelikata,the Schiste Odos, Galaxidi, Asea and Nichoria, though all these have at least some land, even Pelikata.I do not know about Malta and Lipari). Sixteen were an unusual and fascinating feature the of of figurines bullsin a possible shrinesetting of Litharessettlement (Tzavella-Evjen1984, 169-70). Occasional figurines cattleor other in is animals,whichTzavella-Evjen right sayingbear no close resemblanceto nondescript the Litharesmodels, were also found at some of the othersites with anchors (Eutresis, Asea) (ibid.loc.cit.).Closer to the Litharesanimalsis one of the Tiryns, Raphina,Corinth, at bovine figures Pelikata(Heurtley1934-35, 14, 35, pl. 9*149), and strangely, figurines fromthe Cotofeniculture, anchors, includingone fromthe site which had two doubtful similar. Govora (Roman 1976, pl. 51:13-14 (14 from Govora),52:1-5), are also somewhat of in Malta from Cattlewerecertainly earlytimes.Representations cattlein various present media predatethe anchors(Trump1972, 63, 68, 72, 103; Evans 1971, 35, 141, figs.10:6, under the 47:1). Faunal remainsalso attest presenceof oxen (Evans 1971, see index entry and anchorshave not been Animal - ox). It mustbe made clear thatbovine figurines is foundin association.The line of thought merelythatthepeople who have used anchors more evidence thiscannotbe proved. and have been pastoralists, without may wherethe'ritual also containeda humanskeleton, Withtheone exceptionofTartaria, pit' of anchorswere the property the living.They are to be foundon settlement sites,but all or or on too often the surface otherwise levels,and they unstratified, in generalsettlement of do not occur in large numbers.The majority sitesmentionedhave produced only one anchor.Those withmore are Berbati,Galaxidi, the Schiste Odos, Sitagroiand Thebes, each withtwo; Tirynswithat least three(Weisshaar(1980) illustrates two,Abb 2:1-2, of is which2:1 seemsto be theone illustrated Mller 1938, Taf.25:3. The third Weisshaar's by Nichoriawithfour;Eutresis, eh 11fragment Olympia and Sesklo (1980, 49; 1981, 237)); withfive;Lithareswitheight;Aegina withnine; Argissawithat least ten (calculatedfrom in those illustrated Hanschmann and Milojcic 1976 (= eight) and in Hanschmann and or withthatnumber more (Hanschmann Milojcic1981 (= two));Lernawithtwelve;Pefkakia n. 221. Three are mentionedby Weisshaar(1980, 34, 36, 41, 42, and Milojcic 1976, 94 43, 47, 49, Abb. 2:5-7, 4:2; 1989, 50-1, 66, 214, 216, Taf. 82:1, 84:3) forchalcolithic, and twoby Maran (1992, 390, Taf. 157:7-8) forthe mba,but the eba is not yetpublished. of From Wolters'(1889, 266) description its probable provenance,the Pagasae anchor ... Kritsana's from frequent in thelowersettlements' here); 'particularly mayalso have come withthreecertainand up to ten more possible (Bernab (Heurtley1939, 87); Poliochni Brea 1964, certain:tav. 83a, b, d; possible: tav. 3e, f,83c, e, f,g, h, 167:3-5); and Servia all All withitstwenty-six. thesetotalsinclude all anchorsfromeveryphase, including the numerousin two of the Maltese sites,Bahrija and Borg scraps.They were comparatively seems to have produced fifteen en-Nadur the latter examples (Evans 1971, 17). in It is seldom thata specificcontextforanchorsis mentionedin reports, most cases are The exceptions Servia,wherethecontexts because theyare notfoundin them. probably have been described above; Lerna where five were also found in bothroi;two in subwithearliermaterial(Banks 1967, 634); phase IVB, two in IVC and one in themhbothros in Haus 1 and fourin Haus 12, plus the one in Aegina,wherein StadtV therewere two

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY SPINNING AND WEAVING IMPLEMENTS

259

and one X's Stadt Pithos-Haus (Walter Feiten 1981, 147, 176,no. 453, Taf.123); Eutresis' road in Haus I (Goldman1931, 196, House I 12 etseq.);theone on thesettlement's at in II Lidiares 1984,177,215),thethree theburnt Megaron belowMegaron (Tzavella-Evjen in Brea 1964,588, tav.83a-c) and thegroup Haus A atArgissa atPoliochni (Bernab 832 and (Hanschmann Milojcic1976,95). which be derived can from short-list. this Thereareseveral Firstly, piecesofinformation in suchvarious of housing theisolated as two-room wereappropriate theanchors types but at (Goldman1931,figs. 7-8), thefreestanding closelydwelling Eutresis rectangular and thecity terrace at 3, grouped apsidalbuildings Lerna(Caskey1966, 144-52,figs. 4), and houseat Aegina(Walter Feiten1981, 29, Abb. 21, 22). Secondly, although usually in occurin groups. Those found pitsamongst other anchors sometimes can found singly, Servia's to a are rubbish likely be grouped SF620and SF623,from domestic fortuitously. similar PhaseNine pit,are fairly exceptforsf62o'stwoholes,butthethree reasonably three anchors thesixin PhaseNinepiti (SF309, of SF310, SF348- theother well-preserved to The situation a little was shownottheleastresemblance each other. wereflukes only) This consider whether where pits two eachhadtwoanchors. madeBanks atLerna, different in itsupper couldhave been used in pairs.Nearone ofthepitshowever, (possibly they in with twoin the which were'identical fabric form' and moreanchors part)werethree in anchors offive(Banks1967,634-5). Twoofthethree a possible thepit, making group a shank but are to II at Poliochni similar each other, the third, though only Megaron in Brea 1964,alike:tav.83a, and is (Bernab quitedifferentform fabric fragment,clearly in but one oftheanchors Haus 1 was also onlya shank, it b; different: On Aegina, 83c). and Feiten1981 better to similar thatof theother, was very example(Walter preserved do anchors look likea set.Theyare ofsimilar Taf.99:248-9). In Haus 12, thefour size, in and shanks pinched-in pierced themoreunusual, are thetopsoftheir lateral, direction, and of and are rounded thick bodiesbelowthefunction shank flukes usually andtheir (the all look as though themin thisrespect). from StadtVI resembles They theycould scrap at and havebeenmadebythesameperson thesametime (Walter Feiten 1981Taf. 99:245which themost of is of The evidence theArgissa anchors, interestingall, 7, 250, 105:310). in 1956 Milojcicwrote that In rather is unfortunately confusing. thepreliminary report of of house(ofE. in werefound thevicinity thehearths theburnt numerous anchors clay in thisreport anchors of nearhearths Thess.Ill = eh in) and he repeated beingfound anchors onlymenare in i960. In thefinal another however, report, report preliminary of nearthehearth Haus A (Milojcic as tioned being 1956, 141-83, 148-50,Abb. 8; i960, and 1 ff, Hanschmann (Hanschmann Milojcic1976, 95) publishes 28) onlysix anchors in anchors saidtobe numerous are the from lateeba 'Wohnschicht' which (Taf. 51:37-42) in werenearthehearth Haus A. Of thesixanchors of howmany these anditis notknown to in and illustrated Milojcic (1956,Abb.8) four correspond those Hanschmann Milojcic by does notappearto one is mba(ibid,Taf.119:24) and one (topleft) 51:37-40); 1976 (Taf. from so of be in thefinal Argissa maybe 11. Iftheanchors publications, thetotal anchors it werefoundnearonlyone hearth, could be by chance- but if theywerefoundin it be that hearths would very to were associated hearths. with likely they juxtapositionseveral we of which was found In support thelatter, have theServiaanchor close to an (SF294), The possiblegroupof fiveanchors from Lernamayalso have a eba hearth above). (see Bankssaysthat these anchors 'seemto havebeen associated on bearing thehearth theory. of in darkearth thesw corner Area BP' Twowerein thebothros, we have as with soft, from general in thedigging which bothros, the lot three 'are of the if seen,and theother

26o

JILL CARINGTON SMITH

isolated' and suchitactually was discovered itsfinds was, (Banks1967,634-5). Obviously darkearth couldsuggest place where fire a a butthesoft, had this was no formal hearth, withhearths, more wereassociated but it been lit.In summary, is possiblethatanchors of we is evidence neededbefore can be certain it. made in sets(theLernafive;AeginaHaus sometimes wereprobably Anchors, then, Haus A, Aegina Haus 12,perhaps Poliochni 12's four) couldbe usedingroups and (Argissa did but Haus 1). Thatthey nothaveto be usedas sets, were orpairs(Aegina II) Megaron and in particular House 1 at is also ofuse singly, suggested themanysingle finds, by by intact. withits contents Anchors were whichseems to have been destroyed Eutresis, had in their and in turn something from holes) (the suspended something wear suspended This burdenwas probably them(thewearon theflukes). from by suspended loops of and the which werepassed,one on each side,round base oftheshaft, thenhung thread, of each other thejunction shaft at on over side,crossing vertically theflukes theopposite of and flukes evidence theincised lines)(see Walker-Kosmopoulos fig. 1948, 41a, b). (the or have was The anchors Thisthread thin. therefore, beenusedfor cannot, pot-hooks spitof as overthefire, suggested theexcavators Kirrha rests (Dor etal. i960, 107 n. 2), by If wereusednearhearths, wouldhaveburnt becausethethread immediately.they through could or the from flames hotcoals,butthis wouldhaveneededto be somedistance they wereused to suspend distance. thanhorizontal rather be vertical something they Perhaps or to of suchas strips meator fish be curedby thesmoke, bagsof wellabove thehearth, is this justa hypothesis. Likeall other of orbunches herbs. salttobe kept suggestions, dry, are excavations on other anchors future to It willbe interesting, however, notewhether nearhearths. also found

J.C. S.

Catalogueoftheclayanchors in Ht.= maximum width; height cm; W.= maximum = from thickness faceto face Th. maximum
SFll FIG. 4.37

R6.5; W5.8; Th.1.7 to Shankpiercedfront back, chipped;one fluke broken off.Fired, coarse red gritty clay, dull surface. blackened

Nine FIG. 4.37, PLATE Zembil: Phase: 110; 4.25, F69 SF85 Ten Ht.4.5; W5.5;7. 2.1 Zembil: 154; Phase: Well-fired Ht.8.2; W2.2; Th.1.7 and tipsofflukes End of shank missing. but buff micaceous clay. Shankpiercedside to side; one fluke present the Fired,dark,gritty non-joining, othermissing. fig. 4.37 surface. SF18 clay,dullblackened Ten Zembil: Phase: 93; PLATE 4.25, F69 Ht.7.1; FK4.8;Th.2.0 SFIO5 off. broken Fired flukes Ten to front back, Zembil: Shank 1004; Phase: pierced Ht.6.0; W2.0; Th.1.6 red-brown clay,mica. gritty Red slip. Flukeonly. fig. 4.37 SF52 Nine Zembil: Phase: SF170 304; u/s Th. Zembil: Ht.y.GfWG.o; 1.5 3708; Phase: sideto sidethrough Ht.7.8; PK1.6;Th.1.4 Shankpierced top; pinched-in and one fluke missing. dark, Fired, Fired, clay. gritty slipped burnished, Flukeonly. tip surface. mottled redand yellow-buff PLATE 4.25, F69 SF204 u/s Phase: Zembil: fig. 4.37, plate 4.25a, f68 sf6o G40; Ht.3.0; W1.8; Th.u/s Zembil: Phase: 5;

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY SPINNING AND WEAVING IMPLEMENTS

261

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262

JILL CARINGTON SMITH

Plate 4.25. [a) Clay anchors.Fromleft, SF348,Phase Nine; SF290,Phase Ten; SF394,Phase u/ top: From s; bottom: SF309,Phase Nine; sf6o,Phase u/s; SF623,Phase Nine; (b) Clay anchorfragments. Phase Phase Ten; centre: SF898, top: left, SF204,Phase u/s; SF529,Phase Nine; SF85 (partonly ?), Eleven; SF105,Phase Ten; SF1108,Phase Nine; bottom: SF1107,Phase Nine; SF654,Phase Nine; SF1113,Phase u/s;sf8i8, Phase u/s.

THE SMALL FINDS: CLAY SPINNING AND WEAVING IMPLEMENTS dark buffclay, Piercedshankfragment. Gritty, surface. reddish
SF29O SF529

263

Ten Zembil: 1007; Phase: Ht.5.7; W6.0; Th.1.9 one front back, fluke to Fired Shank missing. pierced dark mica,darksurface. gritty, buff clay,
SF292 Zembil:1009; Phase:Ten Ht. 3.4; W.3.8; Th.Fragment junctionof shankand one fluke.Fired, red gritty, clay. FIG. 4.37 SF294 Zembil:1430; Phase:Eleven /ft. 4.0; W5.0; Th.Fragment, junctionof shankand flukes.Fine brown micaceous clay,mottled black and buff surface. FIG. 4.37, PLATE4.25a, f68 SF309 Zembil:1443; Phase:Nine Ht. 5.9; W.4.7; Th. 1.4 to Shank,pierced front back, stubsof flukes.Fired, darkgritty brownto black surface. clay, FIG. 4.37 SF310 Zembil:1446; Phase:Nine Ht. 3.6; W5.4; Th. 1.6 Fragment, junctionof shank and flukes.Micaceous buff surface. clay,pale grey-buff FIG. 4.37 SF335 Zembil:1043; Phase:Ten Ht. 8.0; W4.2; Th. 2.1 Shankpiercedfront back,stubsofflukes. to Fired, grired mottled and black. red burnished, tty clay,surface fig. 4.37, plate 4.25a, f68 SF348 Zembil:1445/47; Phase:Nine //i.6.4; W6.3; Th. 1.3 to Shankpiercedfront back,fluke Fired, tipsmissing. surface, blackish-grey slipped and burnished. SF349 Zembil:1445/47; Phase:Nine Ht. 2.7; W7.2; Th. 1.7 Fluke,complete.Fired,browngritty clay,mica,buff to greysurface. FIG. 4.37, PLATE4.25a, f68 SF394 Zembil: Area H; Phase:u/s //I5.4; W7.0; Th. 2.6 Shank, hole; fluke piercedsideto side,broken through Brown, tipsmissing. gritty clay,slippeddarksurface.

FIG. 4.37, PLATE4.25a, f68

Zembil: Nine F20/A;Phase: Ht.2.8; W.i.g: Th.1.4 Pierced ofshank. end Darkgritty buff black to clay, surface.
FIG. 4.37

PLATE4.256, F69

Zembil: Nine 3407; Phase: Ht.4.1: W5.0; Th.1.7 Shaftpierced twicefromfront back, broken to hole;fluke missing. Fired, through upper tips orange gritty clay. FIG. 4.37, PLATE SF623 4.25a, f68 Zembil: Nine 3408; Phase: Ht.4.7; W; 5.0; Th.1.5 Shankpiercedcrookedly front back; fluke to tips Fireddarkgrey buff orange to missing. clay. PLATE SF654 4.256, F69 Zembil: Nine 3409; Phase: Ht.3.9; W.1.0; Th.0.9 Fluke (?) withpointedend. Dark clay,tracesof burnish. SF818 plate 4.25*, F69 Zembil: u/s 3700; Phase: Ht.5.5; W.1.62; Th.1.35 Fluke. Blackclaywith numerous white reddish grits; and surface, slipped burnished. SF898 Zembil: Eleven 506; Phase: M.3.3; w. 1.4; m 0.9 Fluke.Fired, darkgritty clay.
SF1018

SF620

PLATE 4.256, F69

Zembil: Nine 1473; Phase: Ht.4.0; W5.8; Th.1.8 to Unlikely be an anchor.

PLATE4.256, F69

SFII07

Zembil: Nine 1445/47;Phase: Ht.3.7; K1.3; Th.1.2 Fluke. darkgritty Fired, clay. SFII08 Zembil: Nine 1445/47;Phase: .3.9; W.1.7; Th.1.2 Fluke. Darkgritty clay.
SFIII3

PLATE 4.256, F69

Zembil: u/s F20/A;Phase: Ht.4.1; W.2.'', Th.1.4 Fluke. darkgritty mica. Fired, clay,

PLATE4.256, F69

264

CATHARINE MOULD,CRESSIDARIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE A.

Additional Clay Small Finds A totalof thirty-nine small finds,otherthan the figurines (section4.3.1) and those clay associatedwithweaving (section4.3.2-10), were recordedat Servia. The assemblage can be divided into seven main types: ornaments(10), slingbolts(6), spoons (3), a stamp/ disks(2), plaques (2) and 'pillars'(2). An additionalnine small findsare classed burnisher, as miscellaneousand fourothersas worked.Few of these findready parallels and their in function largelyundetermined. is Heurtleyreported, addition,a rectangular clay block on withfilling both surfaces(1939, fig.7g) fromthe 'en' (= mn) which he thoughtwas withlongitudinal and two clay cylinders he as possiblya figurine perforations identified (1939, 78, fig.35t, u) as well as two stampsox pintaderas (1939, 78, fig.35r, s) phalli 4.3.11 Ornaments (figs. 4.38-4.39, plate 4.26, F70, F71, F74) With the exception of SF683 and SF896, which mighthave been used as pendants (see These can be identified beads (6), as 4.3.18 and 4.3.19, below), thereare ten ornaments. bracelets(3), and a pendant.

with In comparison Sitagroi PhaseIII, where were common, claybeadsarevery onlyfive at and b), one was diskrecorded Servia.Of thesebeads, twowerecylindrical (SF65A one (SF767)and one,which mayhave been a reusedsherd, shaped(SF973), was rounded diameter thebeads was 0.3 cm, whilst for was ring-shaped the (SF919).The minimum was at maximum 3 cm.Twoofthebeads(SF767andSF919) werefound Servia-Varytimides, a and SF65A while and b werefrom PhaseNine a SF973was from mixedmnand ln layer itemclassified here(SF296)is enigmatic: is incompletely it and Ten pit.A sixth pierced of It and bearsa number dimplemarks. was an unstratified from ploughsoil find the in a bead from 'ln' levels(1939, 79, fig. the AreaG. Heurtley listed tiny 35q).
Catalogueofthebeads
Ht. = maximum height in cm; Di. = maximum fromface to face; Wt.= diameter;Th. = thickness in weight g whererecorded. burnished, Complete,butnotfully pierced.Biconical, dark clay, mica, dimple markson one side. FIG. 4.38, PLATE4.26a, F71 SF767 Zembil: 3639; Phase:en l Di. 1.6; Di. of 0.2 perforation Fired, rounded, pierced vertically, Complete. burnished.Black clay withmica. FIG. 4.38, PLATE4.26a, f8i SF919 Zembil: 3630; Phase:en Di. 3.0; Th.0.6; Di. of 0.8; perforation Wt.4 50%. Disk, made froma sherd,pierced centrally. SF973 Zembil:1618; Phase:Four/Five/Seven 1.0.3; Th.o.is Complete. Disk, pierced centrally. fig. 4.38

Beads

fig. 4.38 SF65A & b Zembil: 213; Phase:Nine/Ten SF65A:Di. 0.5; Th. 0.8 Fine yellowish-brown Complete.Waistedcylindrical. clay withmica. SF65B:Di. 0.5; Th. 0.4 Complete. Cylindrical with slight incised groove around middle. Veryfineorange clay. FIG. 4.38, PLATE 4.26^, F71 SF296 Zembil:1445/47; Phase:Nine Ht. 2.1; Di. 2.8; Di. of 0.4; perforation Wt.21

THE SMALL FINDS: ADDITIONAL CLAY OBJECTS

265

Fig. 4.38. Clay beads: SF296, Phase u/s; SF767, Phase en; SF919, Phase en. 1:1 Phase Nine/Ten;SF65B,Phase Nine/Ten 2:1 ;SF97 Phase Four/Five/Seven. 3, SF65A,

of wererecorded a typeverysimilar thosemade in of Threefragments claybracelets to stone(4.2.11). Twoofthese(SF403and SF536)maybe from samebracelet, the which had One fragment found thePhaseTwo yards of Structure whilst was in been burnished. 1, theother(SF536)was associated withStructure of the same phase. A third 2 fragment and surface been lightly had smoothed. was It (sf88i) was slippedand burnished itsflat in found thefill a PhaseSevenpitin AreaE. of

Bracelets

Catalogueofthebracelets Th.= maximum thickness from faceto facein cm; Di. = maximum diameter. SF403 FIG. 4.39, PLATE 4.26^, F71 in Darkgrey fabric orangewith rectangular section. redsurface, smoothed. Pierced one end. at slightly SF536 Di. 7; W0.9; Th.0.8 c. of ovalbracelet, Incomplete, 10%(?).Part circular in Darkgrey fabric orangewith rectangular section.
Zembil:1203; Phase:Two

FIG. 4.39, PLATE 4.26, F71

Di. 9.8; L. 4.7; W0.9 c. of ovalbracelet, Incomplete,20% (?).Part circular

Zembil:1354; Phase:Two

266

CATHARINE A. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE Di. 8.3;///. 1; Th. 1.1 Incomplete,c. 33%. Part of circularbracelet,semicircularin section.Red clay, outer (curved) surface Flatsurface smoothed,slippedand burnished. lightly smoothed.

red surface,slightlysmoothed. Possible traces of burnish. fig. 4.39, plate 4.266, F7 1 sf88 1 Zembil: 3741 ; Phase:Seven

which had been piercedthree was foundat ServiaA complete times, (SF821), pendant It was formed pinching that had flat so it endsand rather by sharpedges. Varytimides.
L. = maximumlengthin cm; W.= maximumwidth; fromface to face. Th. = maximumthickness FIG. 4.39, PLATE SF82 1 4.26a, F70 Zembil: 3653; Phase:en l L. 2; W.2.2; Th. 1.5 Complete,pierced threetimes,smooth.

Pendant

4.3.12 Slingbolts (fig.4.39) on (sfio66) werefound theburnt Six,mostly clay clay olive-shaped slingbolts complete, 1 werewithin cm in length 0.50 and 2. of floor PhaseFourStructure All oftheslingbolts of at in The number slingbolts Serviais small, comparison of cm in diameter each other. hundred werefound whereoverthree Nea Nikomedeia with (Pyke1994, 117) or Sesklo and thatalternative Tsountas where (1908, 344) reported largenumbers, may indicate - or that werepreferred. suitable river wereusedfor Slingbolts hunting pebbles weapons in at werealso found Vashtmia se Albania(Korkuti 1982,fig. 9-15, tab.XVIII 18). 9:
Di. = maximumdiameterin cm FIG. 4.39 SFIO66A-F Phase:Four Zembil: 335; a: Di. 3.2; L. 5.2 b: Di. 3; L. 5.6 e: Di. 2.9; L. 4.7 d: Di. 3.2; L. 4.7 e: Di. 3.7; L. 5.2 f: Di. 2.7; L. 5.1 Six, mostlycomplete,unbaked. 'Olive'-shaped.

4.3.13 Spoons (fig. 4.41, F74) of werefragments thebowland stem(SF285and SF642)and Threespoons, twoofwhich The en spoon (SF642)had a poorly a fragment the bowl onlywere recorded. one of from fillof an eba Phase Eightditch(SF285).The the smoothed as surface, did another in on bowlfragment (E20/S). (SF977)was found an eba floor a trial-trench

THE SMALL FINDS: ADDITIONAL CLAY OBJECTS

267

Catalogue the of spoons

L. = maximumlengthin cm; W.- maximumwidth; Th. = maximumthickness fromface to face. FIG. 4.41 SF642 Zembil:3550; Phase:en Di. handle 1.7; L. 6.4; L. of bowl 3.7; Ht. bowl 1.8 Bowl and stem fragment, 60%. Fine grey-brown c. clay withmica, poorly smoothed. SF977 Zembil:206; Phase:Nine/Ten Di.$.6'Ht. 2.7; Th. 1.1 Bowl fragment. Fairlycoarse red and dark red clay, withsmoothedsurfacesof red to dark red.

FIG. 4.41, F74 SF285 Zembil:1645; Phase:Eight Z. 5.6; W4.5; Th. 1.65 Bowl and stem fragment, 40%. Coarse dark grey c. surface.Smoothed, selfclay with dark grey-black and burnished. slipped

4.3.14Stamp/Burnisher (fig. 4.39,plate4.27a,F72) An oval-shaped smallfind which had a convexsurface tworaised'horns'(SF634)was and found thefillofa Phase Nine pit.The find in while mayhave been used as a burnisher, theabsenceofpolishfrom surface also suggest use as a stamp. its its may Anyresemblance to thefamiliar found Heurtley at other or sitesis minimal. 'pintadera! stamps by
Ht.= maximumheight cm; W.= maximumwidth. in FIG. 4.39, PLATE4.27a, F72 SF634 Zembil: 3409; Phase:Nine Ht. 2.9; W.3.88; Oval base:4.6 x 2.8; Ht. at horns: 3.6,3.87 Burnisher Complete. Oval, convex surface,two (?) raised 'horns'. Grey-black clay withgritsand mica. Surfacesmooth,but withno polish.

4.3.15 Disks - Unpierced (?) (fig.4.39,plate4.27^ Two fragments clay diskswere registered smallfinds. of as with SF107 was decorated circular madewith tube, a suchas a longbone or cerealstem;itssurface was impressions smoothed itsdiameter and wouldoriginally have been 16 cm. This was an unstratified find theploughsoil F20/D. An undecorated (SF845)was found in of disk within Phase a Sevenyardin AreaE. Neither showed unlike thosementioned the in anysignofpiercing, section spinning weaving on and (4.3.4).
Catalogueof thedisks
Di. = maximumdiameterin cm; Th. = maximum thickness fromface to face FIG. 4.39, PLATE SFI07 4.27 Zembil:1; Phase:u/s L. 8.4; W.6' Th. 1.4 Incomplete,c. 15%. Fired. Decorated withcircular made witha tube. Fairlyfinered impressions clay withsmoothedsurface. SF845 Zembil:373 1; Phase:Seven Di. e. 6; Th. 1.2 Incomplete,c. 25%. Fired. FIG. 4.39

268

CATHARINE A. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

Fig. 4.39. Clay bracelets(SF403,Phase Two; sf88i, Phase Seven; SF536, Phase Two), slingbolts (sfio66a-c, Phase Four),burnisher (SF634,Phase Nine), pendant (SF821,Phase en), disks (SF107, Phase u/s; SF845, Phase Seven). 1:2.

THE SMALL FINDS: ADDITIONAL CLAY OBJECTS

269

Plate 4.26. (a) Clay objects.Fromleft, sherddiskSF677,Phase en; pendantSF821,Phase en; top: sherdornament SF683,Phase en; bottom: spindlewhorlSF667,Phase en; bead SF767,Phase en; diskbead SF919,Phase en; (b) Clay ornaments. Fromleft, braceletSF536,Phase Two; bracelet top: braceletsf88i, Phase Seven; bottom: sf6oi, Phase SF403,Phase Two; centre: spindlewhorl/bead u/s; bead SF296,Phase Nine.

27O

CATHARINEA. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

Plate 4.27. {a) Clay stamp/burnisher, SF634,Phase Nine; (b) Clay diskSF107,Phase u/s; [c) Clay SF978. 'pillars',Phase Seven. Left:SF918; right:

THE SMALL FINDS: ADDITIONAL

CLAY OBJECTS

271

4.3.16 Plaques (fig.4.39) One (SF985)was rectangular oval in shape, of or Twofragments clayplaqueswerefound. section The uppersurface was and had been piercedcentrally, pierceddisks, (cf. 4.3.4). and and burnished, one edge was bevelled.The lowersurface had smoothed, slipped unsmoothed. secondplaque (SF1013)had a slippedand smoothed The been left lower one edgehad been smoothed. first and an unsmoothed The surface, uppersurface; plaque within Phase Two lean-to a structure locatedimmediately thes of to (SF985)was found within fillof a post-hole the Structure whilst whichformed s the SF1013was recorded 3, 1. wallofPhaseSevenStructure
Catalogue the of plaques
Di. = maximum diameterin cm; W. = maximum fromface to face. width;Th.= maximumthickness FIG. 4.33 SF985 Zembil: 3066; Phase:Two Di. 4; Th.0.8 Incomplete,c. 30%. Fired. Possibly rectangularor oval shape withcentralperforation. Bevelled edge. Fine reddishclay,smoothed,slipped and burnished on upper surface.Under-surface unsmoothed. left
SF1013

Zembil:301 1; Phase:Seven Di. 14; W8.2; Th. 1.8 Fired,lower side slipped and Incompletefragment. smooth,upper side rough. One smoothed edge.

4.3.17 'Pillars' (fig.4.40,plate4.27c F73) Twofragments curious, of roughly cylindrical, pillar-like objectswerefoundon the clay floorof Phase Seven Structure One was lightly 6. fired(SF918)and the otherunfired of whichhas rotted (SF978).Theywerebuiltup arounda length stick away to leave a The first poorly was smoothed tapered, and whilst surface SF978was the of partial cavity. and smoothed mayhavebeen deliberately intoa phallus-like form. shaped

Fig. 4.40. Clay pillar-like objectsfromPhase Seven: SF918 and SF978. 1:5

272

CATHARINEA. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

-likeobjects Catalogue theclay pillar of

in Di. = maximum diameter cm; Ht. = maximum width W. height; = maximum fig. 4.40, plate 38r,F73 Reddishfired, Incomplete fragment, lightly tapered. brown surface darker with smoothed. base,poorly SF978 SF918
Zembil:180; Phase:Seven

Di. (max.)14, (min.) Ht. 22 8;

Ht. 30; W.20 (max.) Unfired. claywith Red much Incomplete fragment. smoothed white surface. vegetable temper, yellowish

Zembil:180; Phase:Seven

FIG. 4.40, PLATE 27T,F73 4.

4.3.18 Miscellaneous Small Finds (fig. 4.41,plate 4.26) two Of thenineclaysmallfinds classedas miscellaneous, wereunfired ballswith diamThe of within fillof a eters 2.85 cm and 11 cm respectively. first the (sf8is) was found was recovered from structural PhaseElevenpitand theother the debris Phase of (SF889) for or FourStructure A collar(SF1103) a pillar postwas recorded Servia-Varytimides. at 7. A sherd(SF683), which had been piercedtwiceand had a smoothed surface unfinand or It ishededges,mayhave been used as a pendant ornament. was also recovered from cmand 13.5 cmin length, Twocylinders werefound. (SF890, SF891)4 Servia-Varytimides. and The formed smoothed. first found was in but Bothappearto be unfired, arecarefully in debrisof Phase FourStructure and the other the habitation thestructural 7, deposit conicalfragment, a the of 3. possibly covering floor Phase ThreeStructure An unfired ordisk(SF945), camefrom PhaseSixpitinF10/D.A fragmentary a plaque (SF892), weight on was and fired, found a PhaseSevenyardin AreaE. which beenpossibly had slipped
small Catalogue themiscellaneous finds of
in diameter cm; /.= maximum Di. = maximum W.= maximum width;Th.= maximum length; = in from thickness facetoface;Wt. weight g where recorded.
SF683 Zembil: 3537; Phase:en l FIG. 4.41, PLATE 37

Ball one end flattened. ApproxiComplete.Unfired, clay. shaped.Reddish crudely mately spherical,
SF89O Zembil:3338; Phase:Four FIG. 4.41

L. 3.8; W.3.8; Th.0.8 Sherd piercedtwice.Unfinished Complete.Ornament, Red surface. paint. Smoothed edges.
SF812 Zembil: 3707; Phase:Eleven

Di. 7.5; L. 14.2 Cylinder Oval and fired, lightly smoothed flattened. Complete, wellends. with insection flattened Reddish with clay to surface. smoothed ready makepot(?). Prepared SF891 Di. 2.2; L. 4 Cylinder flat smooth, ends.Oval in (?), Incomplete unflred, surface. section. Smoothed, powdery SF892
Zembil. 3022; Phase:Six Ht. 4.8; Di. 8.6; Wt.oflargest 227 fragment:
Zembil: 3117; Phase: Three

fig. 4.41

Di. 2.85 Ball spherical,smoothsurface. Complete. Unfired, Reddish clay.

Zembil: 3338; Phase:Four Di. 11

SF889

fig. 4.41

THE SMALL FINDS: ADDITIONAL CLAY OBJECTS

273

Fig. 4.41. Miscellaneous clay objects:reused sherd (SF683,Phase en), cylinder(SF890,Phase Four),weight(?) (SF892,Phase Six) and spoons (SF285,Phase Eight; SF642, Phase en). 1:2

274

CATHARINEA. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

inshape, surface (?) oval-sub-rectangular upper Weight slightly c. Broken, 50% (?) present. clay withtemper, Lumpofapproximately convex.Dark red-brown light reddish surface possibly slipped. shape,withbrokenuppersurface. hemispherical of Fouradditional nature, possibly lumps a similar ofsameobject. SF1103 part SF945
Zembil:2004/8; Phase:en Zembil: 3716; Phase:Seven

L. 12.5; W7.5; Th.1.85 Disk/plaque three fired, Possibly fragments. joining Incomplete,

L. 10.4; W7.5; 7^.4.74 Collar(?) c. fired, Incomplete, 45%. Collar forpillar/post, smoothed, clay-straw temper.

4.3.19 Worked Small Finds and was One were worked Four (SF896) pierced mayoriginally fragments recorded. ofthese the It have been a pendant. was foundwithin fillof a Phase Eleven pit in F20/C. A its oval,find(SF901)mayhave been used as a toggle, shallow worked, grooves crudely find This was an unstratified in F20/A.Two to hold a thread. of sufficient depth being werealso recorded. was one other (SF625), (SF508and SF625), ofwhich pierced fragments within Phase the wasfound couldbe assigned function. Noneofthese SF508 Fragment any in the Fouryardin F30/Aand SF625within fillofa post-hole thes wall ofPhaseSeven 1. Structure

small finds Catalogue theworked of

in diameter cm; W.= maximum Di. = maximum from thickness faceto face; Th.= maximum width; Ht.= maximum height. SF508
Zembil:1336; Phase:Four

burnished buffclay with mica, reddish-brown surface. SF896

Zembil: 330; Phase:Eleven L. 2.4; W.2; Th. 0.5; Di. of 0.44 perforation

L. 2.8; W0.7; Th.1.2 Conical.Pale yellow clay. fragment. Incomplete SF625

0.16

Pendant(?), incomplete Fired,pierced, fragment. burnished. Dark,streaky clay. grey

SF901

Zembil: 3010; Phase:Seven Di. 1.82; L. 3.5; W. 1.65; Th. 1.64; Di. of perforation

Zembil:20; Phase:u/s L. 4.3; W.2' Th. 1.5

and Curved pointed, pinched fragment. Incomplete fine end at Pierced wider belowbreak. Fairly shape.

wearmarkon lowersurface. Grooved, Complete. oval in shape. Approximately

THE SMALLFINDS:ADDITIONALCLAYOBJECTS 4.3.20 Impressions in Daub

275

in elements in of described The following catalogue impressions daub showarchitectural in It shouldbe notedthat and are illustrated that section (fig.3.8). 353, chapter impreselements and of matting sions,bothof architectural (4.3.8) werenot consistently regisselection thetypes impresof of forms and this tered, thus catalogue onlya representative excavation. sionsrecorded during C. A. M. H. C. R. K. A. W.

in Catalogue theimpressions daub of

in L. = maximumlength cm; W.= maximumwidth; fromface to face Th.= maximumthickness
SF160

Zembil:127; Phase:Seven L. 7.2; W.8.6; Th.3.0 Group of reed impressions.

FIG. 3.8

FIG. 3.8 SF34 Zembil: 65; Phase:Nine/Ten/Eleven L. 7.8; W4.4; Th. 2.1 of Impression small branchesin wall plaster. fig. 3.8 SF118 Zembil: 402; Phase:Four I.5.7; W 4.6; Th. 1.9 in Wood and reed (?) impressions wall plaster.

fig. 3.8 SF176 Zembil:125; Phase:Seven L. 2.6; W.2.7; Th. 1.8 (largest fragment) Impressionof small branches. fig. 3.8 SF177 Zembil: 408; Phase:Eight L. 6.0; W.3.9; Th. 2.0 small branches. Splitbranchimpression,

276

CATHARINEA. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

4.4 THE SHELL SMALL FINDS of at unworked Almost fragments shellfound Serviawereartifacts. all shells Onlythree theexcavation itis likely eventhesewerebrought the and that wererecovered to during from sea wouldin any case makeit unlikely the The siteas rawmaterial. distance that shell molluscs were for small worked from marine Cardium, finds, 46 imported consumption. were freshwater (margaritifera), recorded, under5% of the totalof just mother-of-pearl to for Thanksare due in particular JudithShackleton guidanceon the small finds. can intothree maintypes: beads (13),bracelets The identifications. assemblage be divided for withonlyone moreshellbeingutilized, and pendants (12), (18) possibly use as a at Servia,shell was of The identification thistool (SF136)emphasises that, polisher. use. reserved ornamental for consciously few ln the and from en settlement, relatively from wererecovered No shellartefacts nature could thefragmentary oftheeba settlements that It andEBA layers. couldbe argued in intact and of the have limited quantity smallfinds However, surviving theselayers. contrasts a total 28 with of This six still ln extensive layers onlyyielded shellsmallfinds. in were Structure concentrations noted andaround the where finds from mn, small particular shellfinds still is of Structure ofPhase Four.The number 7 3 ofPhase One and within of beads,bracelets and wherenearly withSitagroi smallin comparison 450 examples this reflects whether uncertain in werefound ln levels.It is,however, changing pendants the of distance Serviafrom sea. mn between and ln or thegreater fashion
and unidentified Cardiumedule, Cerastoderma glaucum,Glycimeris, gaederopus Spondylus

Phase
EN O

One Two Three Four Five Totalmn Six Seven Totalln Eight Nine Ten Totaleba Eleven u/s TOTAL I

8 6 1 12 1 28 2 4 6 6 o 2 8 2 2 46

17.4 13.3 2.2 26.7 2.2 60.9 4.4 8.9 13.3 13.3 4.4 17.8 4.4 4.4

THE SMALL FINDS: SHELL

277

4.4.1 Beads (fig.4.42) and all,with exception one disktype(SF761), the shellbeads werefound of Twelve tiny werewell-preserved. twohad theshelltypeidentified (SF522 Cerastoderma Only glaucum Of elevenweredisk-shaped one was and (?) and SF523Spondylus gaederopus). thetwelve, cut The a of from cylindrical. diskbeads werecarefully from smallsegment shellranging witha diameter 45-56 mm and a central of hole 20-25 mm 15-23 mm in thickness andSF526)wererecovered from PhaseTwohearth showed a across. Twobeads (SF525 and This to rather thandeliberate. was of evidence burning. seemsmorelikely be accidental It without aid of a microscope distinguish the to difficult betweenshelland stone usually similar andshapeandwerepresumably size wereofvery manufactured (4.2.11) beadswhich in thesameway. from en settlement. ofthetwelve the Nine No beadswererecovered beads werefound Five (SF520-SF524) werefound thefloor Phase One's Structure A on in MN of layers. 3. within hearth, a two locatedto theN ofPhaseTwo's further (SF525and SF526)werefound Phase Four (SF493and SF1083)were each foundon two Structure The beads from 3. surfaces established thecollapseofStructure Twomore(SF516and after 1. successive yard werefound within fillof an eba Phase Eightditchin Area E, the thecylindrical SF518) from ploughsoil the with another (SF761)beingrecovered layerin Area E. It is probable that moretiny beads ofthistypewouldhave been recovered a largeproportion the if of sitehad been sieved.

(o)
SF1083

(o)

SF516

Fig. 4.42. Shell beads: SF516,Phase Eightand SF1083, Phase Four. 2:1.

Catalogueofthebeads Th.= maximum thickness cm from in faceto face; Di. = maximum diameter. SF493
Zembil:1336; Phase:Four Th.0.21; Di. 0.45; Di. of 0.25 perforation
SF518

Zembil:241 ; Phase:Eight L. 0.12; Th. 0.8; Di. 0.56; Di. of 0.21 perforation

Complete. Cylindrical, pierced centrally.

Disk,pierced. Complete. SF516

SF520

Zembil: 217; Phase:Eight Th.0.21; Di. 0.6; Di. of 0.25 perforation

fig. 4.42

Zembil:1117; Phase:One Th. 0.15; Di. 0.53; Di. of 0.2 perforation

Disk,pierced Complete. centrally.

SF521 Zembil: 1117; Phase: One

Disk,pierced Complete. centrally.

278

CATHARINE A. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE 7%.0.23; Di. 0.45; Z)i. of 0.2 perforation burnt(?). Complete. Disk, pierced centrally, SF526 Zembil:11 11; Phase:Two 7.0.21; Z)z.0.49; Di. of 0.25 perforation One facegrooved, Complete.Disk,piercedcentrally. probablynaturally. SF761 Zembil:3703; Phase:u/s c. Th. 0.2; Di. 1; Z>.of perforation0.2 half Approximately ofbrokendisk,piercedcentrally. SF1083 Zembil:1333; Phase:Four 7%.0.1; Zh. 0.44; Z)i. of 0.2 perforation Complete. Disk, pierced centrally. fig. 4.42

Th.0.19; Di. 0.47; Di. of 0.25 perforation Complete. Disk, pierced centrally. SF522 Zembil:1117; Phase:One Th.0.23; Di. 0.49; Di. of 0.25 perforation Complete. Disk, pierced centrally. SF523 Zembil:1117; Phase:One 0.2 Th.0.32; Di. 0.53; Z). of perforation Complete. Disk, pierced centrally. SF524 One Zembil:1117; PAm: 0.2 7%.0.18; Di. 0.56; Z). of perforation Complete. Disk, pierced vertically. SF525 Two Zembil:11 11; /%:

4.4.2 Bracelets (fig.4.43, plate4.28, F74,F75) of werefound, whichfiveweremade from shell'bracelets' Partsof eighteen Spondylus was used.Onlyone complete, No shelltype wereGlycimeris. other and gaederopus thirteen wereless than50% and themajority bracelet (SF691)was found; fragmentary, although on was and burning recorded seven and weresmoothed polished, All complete. bracelets to This is notthought be (SF400, SF532,SF691,SF731,SF732,SF813,SF816and SF850). of Phase Fourand Structure whichdestroyed of the but 7 deliberate, rather result fire and from bracelets StructureofPhaseSeven.The Spondylus 2 7-10 cm in diameter range are to are all largeenough be wornat thewrist an adult.Thosemade from Glycimeris by and couldonlyhave been wornin between and 6 cm across, rather smaller, 5 normally werewornin someother bothtypes that It this quitepossible wayby a child. is ofcourse of the included presence two features Additional ornaments. orclothing as hair, body way into of perforations the ends of the complete hinge exampleSF691.The natural pairs effect for were bladesof Glycimeris utilised decorative SF813 SF704, (SF400, SF619,SF676, and SF878). of All in found mnlayers. three thePhase Two bracelets weremainly Shellbracelets of the within immediate and SF878)werefound 3. vicinity Structure The (SF814, SF817 to debris thee ofStructures structural within was one PhaseThreeexample(SF704) found but the PhaseFour, from bracelets including complete shattered 3 and4. Sevenoftheeight levels in withthe destruction could be associated withperforations (SF691), example The made from Structure Fourof thesewerethelarger Spondylus. remaining variety 7. levelsin Structure destruction PhaseFourbracelet 3. (SF676)camefrom for wererecorded theln (SF670PhaseSix pit,SF619PhaseSeven bracelets three Only and a 1 overdebrisof Structure and SF532from mixedmn/ln context) a soil build-up All ditches eba of two the further for fills twoseparate PhaseEight (SF192and SF621). four item. of the represent discarding a broken examples bracelets shell and madeofstone claywerealsousedatServia bracelets Similar (4.5)while mnand ln sites.Tradein Aegeanshell,especially are of thisform knownfrom many

THE SMALL FINDS: SHELL

279

the into carried premium, a is gaederopus, theBalkanareawhere material clearly Spondylus and Renfrew for The well documented the LN/chalcolithic 1970). periods(Shackleton shellat Servia-Varytimides is paralleledat Nea absenceof bothworkedand unworked wheretheonlyuse ofshellis ofa fewcockles, Nikomedeia edule, probablyCerastoderma unmodified have been piercedclose to thehingebutwereotherwise which (Pyke1994,
142).

Fig. 4.43. Shell braceletsof Spondylus (SF532,Phase Four/Five/Seven; gaederopus SF670, Phase Six; Phase Four; SF731-2 (joining), Phase Four; SF691A and SF850 (joining,two views), SF691B-D, Phase Four) and Glycimeris (SF400,Phase Seven; SF619,Phase Seven; SF621, Phase Eight;SF749, Phase Four; SF782,Phase Four; sf8i6, Phase Four. 1:2.

28o

CATHARINEA. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

bracelets Catalogue the of shell

Th. maximum across L. = preserved chord; = length from to Di. maximum thickness face face; = maximum width across plane the W. diameter; = maximum SF192
Zembil: 414; Phase:Eight

two Burnt. does notjoin,but SF691A forming pairs.

is part of SF850. Spondylusgaederopus.

fig. 4-43>F74

SF704 Zembil: 3033; Phase:Three

L. 4.9; Th.0.25; Di. 5; W.0.6 withirregular crossc. Incomplete, 50%. Circular

section. Glycimeris. FIG. 4.43, PLATE4.28a SF4OO Zembil:1149; Phase:Seven

L. 4.35; Th.0.3; Di. 7; W.0.7 c. Incomplete, 20%. Circularwithwedge-shaped cross-section. Hinge blades on inner surface.
Glycimeris.

SF73I 8cSF732

L. 5.3; Th.0.5; Di. 5.5; W.1.1 c. withwedge-shaped Incomplete, 50%. Circular Polishedand burnt surface. cross-section. Hinge side. Glycimeris. bladeson inner

burnt. Spondylusgaederopus.

W.1.2; Di. 8.4; Z>.of hole) 0.4 perforation (largest . Circular Incomplete, 60%, 3 joiningfragments. withsub-circular cross-section. Pierced four times, SF749 FIG.4.43

Zembil: 3325; Phase:Four

FIG.4.43, PLATE 4.28

Burnt.Spondylus withoval cross-section. gaederopus.

FIG.4.43 SF532 Four/ Seven Five/ Zembil: 1608; Phase: L. c. 2.4; Th.0.5; Di. 7; W.1.1; from c. example Incomplete, 10%. Fragment circular

L. 5; Th.6; Z)i.5.4; . with crossIncomplete,60%.Circular circular-oval

section. Glycimeris.

Zembil: 3338; Phase:Four

SF782 FIG.4.43 SF619 Zembil: 3335; Phase:Four Seven Zembil: 1; Phase: 300 L. 4.5; Th.0.4; Di. 5; W0.9 L. c. 5; Th.o.$;Di. 5; W.0.7 with c. Incomplete, 25%.Circular ovalcross-section. surface. Glycimeris. Hingebladeson lower
SF21 Zembil: 3308; Phase:Eight FIG. 4.43 SF813 Zembil: 3342; Phase:Four

FIG.4.43

m 0.5; Z).5; W 1 c. Incomplete, 15%. Circularwithwedge-shaped Th.0.5; Di. 6; W0.7 .3.5; with and cross-section. ground polished Cut, hinge with c. Incomplete, 10%. Circular ovalcross-section. bladeon natural Glycimeris. edge.Burnt. Glycimeris. SF814 Two Zembil: 3063; Phase: Th.o.4'Di. 5; W0.7 c. Incomplete, 20%. Circularwithwedge-shaped internal External cross-section. smoothing. faceting,
Glycimeris.

FIG.4.43 SF670 Six Zembil: 3025; PAm: L. 6.1; 7.0.9; Z)i. 10; crosswithcircular c. Incomplete, 20%. Circular with one one section. Tapered, endflattened, pitted
red stain. Spondylus gaederopus.

SF676 Zembil: 3106; Phase:Four

sf8i6

blades. Glycimeris.

Di. 5.4; W.1 L. 4.5; Th.0.25; Di. 6; W 0.55 crosswith .45%. Circular triangular with c. 20%. Circular oval-rectangular Incomplete, blades.Burnt. Incomplete, section. Glycimeris. Hinge Groundand polished withhinge cross-section.
FIG. 4.43, PLATE4.28, F75 SF691A-D Phase:Four Zembil: 3323;

Zembil: 3338; Phase:Four

fig. 4.43, plate 4.28a

SF817

Zembil: 3050; Phase:Two

PLATE4.28

Th.0.8; Di. 6.5 (joined) Circular several pieces. joining comprises Complete, Four cross-section. perforations withcircular-oval

Th.0.4; 7>i.6; W 0.8 crosswithirregular c. Incomplete, 33%. Circular Cut section. nearto hinge.Glycimeris.

THE SMALL FINDS: SHELL

281

Plate 4.28. Shell bracelets:(a) Spondylus Phase Four; (b) Glycimeris 16, sf8 SF691B-D, gaederopus Phase Four; (c)Glycimeris SF400,Phase Seven; (d) Spondylus SF731 and SF732 (joined), gaederopus Phase Four; (e) Spondylus sf8 gaederopus 50, Phase Four. SF850 FIG.4.43, F75 SF878 Zembil: Two 3142; Phase: L. 3.7; 7%.0.3; Di. 7; WT 0.6 Incomplete,c. 15%. From circularobject with cross-section. asymmetrical Hinge blade on inner
side. Glycimeris.

L. 1; Th.0.4; Di. c.7.5; WT<i c. oval Incomplete, 30%. Circularwithflattened cross-section. Piercedtwice-onceat eitherend.
Burnt. gaederopus. Joins SF691A.Spondylus

Zembil: 3323; Phase:Four

4.4.3 Pendants (fig.4.44, plate4.29, F74,F75) Twelve shellpendants wererecorded, itis noticeable and thatGlycimeris, had been which a main sourceforbracelets, not used. Six pendants was were complete and fivewere almost a break their at suffered The decorative complete, having usually perforation. natural of was in shapeand appearance theshells employed all butone example: SF504had been a cutto form rounded, which had been pierced at drop-pendant horizontally thetopthehoop from whichit wouldhave been suspended, broken.Otherwise only was the modification piercing was closetothehinge suspension, for to working theedgesof SF815 and polishing was but (SF717, SF815 and SF504).Piercing normally single couldalso be

282

CATHARINE MOULD,CRESSIDARIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE A.

and polishing(SF717, SF815 and SF504). Piercingwas normallysingle but could also be double (SF487, SF815). The lengthfromthe hinge varied from0.9-6.2 cm. It was not the alwayspossible to tell whether piercingwas the resultof naturalprdation,implying thatthe shellswere collectedpostmortem, whether or theyhave been intentionally pierced afterhuman consumption.In eithercase the species representedare marine types and theirpresencereflects tradeor othercontactswithcoastal regions. Three of the pendants were burnt (SF152, SF717 and SF504) and, as with the burnt structures layerswhichhad suffered beads and bracelets, and theywere all recoveredfrom to be a result thisrather from destruction theburning likely fire and is of thanofintentional practice. In terms of spatial and chronological distribution, the pendants have no obvious Two were recoveredfromPhase One; one (SF899) fromthe yard which concentration. 1 debrisof Structure separatedStructures and 2, and two (bothSF953) fromthe structural 3. The one example fromPhase Two was foundon a yard surfaceto the s of Structure 3, whilstanothertwo fromPhase 4 (SF717 and SF504), were recoveredfromthe debris of One pendantwas recoveredfromthe fillof a Phase Six pit Structure and a yardsurface. 7 in Fio/D (SF966) and one was foundon the Phase Seven burntclay floorof Structure 7 whichformed one partofthesouthern the (SF152).SF24 was foundwithin fillofa post-hole two wall of Phase Ten's Structure whilsta further (SF223 and SF487) were foundwithin 1, the fillof two separatePhase Eleven pits.One pendant (SF258) is unstratified. at Shell pendantsof thisformare one of the commonesttypesof ornament earlyGreek in at sites: they are well represented Franchthi the pre-neolithic levels, and are known from Nea Nikomedeia as well as many mnand ln sites. en Catalogue the of pendants
W.= maximumwidth;L. = maximumlength;Th.= from facetoface;Di. = maximum maximum thickness diameter. (All except SF504 employ the naturalformof the shell.) FIG. 4.44, PLATE4.29 SF24 8 Zembil: 1; Phase:Ten L. 6.2; W.3.2; Th.0.2 Almostcomplete,c. 98%. Piercedonce. Margaritifera. SF152 Zembil: Phase:Seven 46; L. 3; W.2.8; Di. of 0.5 perforation Burnt.Cerastoderma glaucum.

L- 3i 14^ Th.0.4 3; Complete. Ground and pierced above hinge.

Cerastoderma glaucum. SF487 Zembil:1750; Phase:Eleven L. 2.3; W.o.S

ovalcross-section. c. Incomplete, 80%. Conicalwith and once vertically; once laterally Piercedtwice, at broken perforations. gaederopus. Spondylus SF504 Ht. 1.2; W0.9 c. broken, 95%. complete, Dropletshape. Almost Piercedonce to formhanging'loop'; brokenat surface. Polishedand burnt Spondylus perforation.
FIG. 4.44, PLATE4.29, F75 SF717 Zembil:3323; Phase:Four c. Ht. 1.8; Di. 1.4; Di. of perforation0.5 Zembil:1336; Phase:Four

FIG.4.44, F74

at c. Almost ground umbo. complete, 98%. Pierced,

SF223 Zembil: 364; Phase:Eleven Cardium {edule?) PLATE4.29

gaederopus.

Di. 2.4 Complete.Piercedonce, groundclose to hinge. plate 4.29

SF258

Zembil: F20/A; Phase:u/s

Almost complete, c. 98%. Solid with single at perforation top. Polished and burntsurface. at Broken perforation. gaederopus. Spondylus

THE SMALL FINDS: SHELL

SF815 Zembil: 3068; Phase:Two FIG. 4.44, PLATE4.29

283

L.5.6; W6.5 twice hinge at end.Polished Pierced ridges Complete.

and worked edge. PectnJacob aeus.

FIG.4.44 SF953 Zembil: One 3058; PAo5: L. 3.3; W s Two.Complete. at Pierced, ground umbo. Cardium
edule.

Z. 0.9; PK0.8; Th.0.5 .34; W3.1 Pierced, groundat umbo. Cerastoderma Complete (?). Probablyunworkedwithnatural Complete. utilized ornament. as glaucum. perforation. Probably Cyclope
neritea.

SF899 Zembil:1258; Phase:One

PLATE4.29

SF966 Zembil:3025; Phase:Six

Fig. 4.44. Shell drop pendants(SF504,Phase Four; SF717, Phase Four) and perforated shells (SF815,Phase Two; SF24,Phase Ten; SF953, Phase One). 1:1.

284

CATHARINEA. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

Plate 4.29. Shell.From top: PhaseTwo;margaritifera SF815, left, Pectn pendant pendant jacobaeus PhaseTen;bottom: Cerastoderma pendants Phaseu/s;SF223, Phaseu/s;SF899, SF24, SF258, glaucum PhaseOne.

4.4.4 Polisher One shell (SF136),whichwas foundwithin fillof a Phase Eightditch,appears to have the If is the been utilized a polisher. thisinterpretationcorrect, as SF136 represents onlyexample of shell being used foranything otherthan decorativepurposesat Servia.
L. W.= maximum width; = maximum length. SF136
Zembil: 47; Phase: Eight L. 2.2; W. 1.1

(?) Complete(as object).Workedfragment with blunted edges.Mother-of-pearl. pointand worked use, but may also be Possiblypolishedthrough natural.

OF CLAYANDSHELL THE SMALLFINDS:SHELL/ORNAMENTS STONE,

285

4.4.5 Unworked Shell eba of Three fragments unworkedshell (sF22,SF283 and SF633) were also recoveredfrom features.They presumablyrepresentraw material which was never utilized or found unsuitable. C. A. M. H. C. R. K. A. W.

shell Catalogue theunworked of

= L. Th. W. maximum width; = maximum length; = from maximum thickness facetoface.
SF283 Zembil:1638; Phase:Eight L. c. 2.8; We. 1.8

Cardium. Fragment.

SF2 2 Zembil: 81 ; Phase: Ten

SF633

L. 1.9; W3.4; Th.0.15 Fragment.

Zembil:3014; Phase:Five

L. 2.95; W2.3 with Burnt, somestriations. Fragment.

4.5 ORNAMENTS OF STONE, CLAY AND SHELL

and of materials wereregistered Servia. at 89 Altogether beads,bracelets pendants different withanother11 stoneitemswhichmay represent stagesin the Together preliminary 1 which werediscarded before ofornaments completion, comprise 0% of they preparation weretiny ofwhich werefound all thefinds. Halfofthese beads,many but, during sieving over werebracelets similar of moresurprisingly, a quarter typeand size made of stone, the wereveryvaried,withpiercedbut otherwise clay and shell.In contrast, pendants the unmodified shellsforming largest groupbut no examplesof the humanor animal Shellwas themostcommon known from other sites. material occasionally representations character while versions weretheleastfrequent. becauseofits'exotic' used- perhaps clay camefrom mnlevelsand itis likely the that Overhalf theseornaments of manyofthe also ofmndate.Unsurprisingly en periodis poorly the from later the ditches are examples in It to the found ln levelsare really ln of represented. is harder judge whether 10 items in theln period. can at sites The onlyitems which seem datebutthey be paralleled other to belongto theeba periodare smallclaybeads.

286

CATHARINE A. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE Table 4.10. The distribution ornaments each Phase. of in (St. = stone;Cy. = clay; Sh. = shell;T. = total)

St.
EN One Two Three Four Five MN Six Seven LN Eight Nine Ten EBA Eleven u/s 1

Beads Cy. Sh.

10200000101

St.

Bracelets Cy. Sh.

St.

Pendants Cy. Sh.

Total
3 8 g 2

005500000033 002202351012 000010120000 o 2 12 00000000000 o 12 o 9

14

810

10

27 o 46 2 8

21

1217

000000110011 1 10201341012 1 8 1 3 12 o 2 1020 o 210 o 14510 o 2 2 00 23 o o

10 12 4 7

20300001001 20500001012 4 218 o o 2 2 20 1 3

23 2 5

00000000022 01300001012

TOTALS 27

12

46

18

24

12

19

89

51

27

21

have been published Kiparissi-Apostoliki of Recentsurveys ornaments (1992) and by Dimini. from for are sites available detailed Karali(1992; 1996)butfew apart comparison, Halstead's the form basisfor which c. found 500 items HereHourmouziadis (Tsuneki 1989) of of discussion thesignificancetheunequaldistribution (Halstead 1993). reported patterns The awaited. ln is eagerly and II of The publication Sitagroi (Elster Renfrew forthcoming) The of and rich levelsareespecially in ornaments, beads,bracelets pendants shell. notably how to in sites Greeceis also an impediment understanding burial lackofneolithic general

THE SMALL FINDS: ORNAMENTS OF STONE, CLAY AND SHELL

287

it or was to strata jewellery used and whether was universal restricted different or groups within neolithic society. difference between disk-shaped the Thereis little beadsofstone those shell and of which whensieving been used.A good collection parallels been has arebestrepresented of has from different the 1976, 242-56), DikiliTas (Karali phasesofAnza (Gimbutas published 1992, 159-64; 1996,335 no. 286) and Dimitra 1997, (Karali-Yannokopoulou 205-9). At beadsofclay, shellandstone mostly are short cylindrical and while metal, Sitagroi pinched of beads are characteristicPhaseIII. Thereis however onlyone exampleof thetubular which seemsto becomemuchmorepopular bead form after mnperiod. the of Bracelets shellor sections shellprepared bracelets, published a small of for are for of with number sites contemporary mnServiasuchas Anza levelsII-IV (Gimbutas 1976, are latercontexts. These 243, 249-50, 254-5, fig.215, pl. 27), whilethemajority from includeexamplesfrom 1996, 229, no. 46 a&b), Agia Alepotrypa (Papathanassopoulos (Tsuneki (Grammenos 1987),Basilika 1991, 114,fig. [numbered 36 SophiaMagoula 37]), Dikili (Karali1992,163,fig. g),Dimini(Kiparissi-Apostoliki pl. 47,Tsountas Tas 207 1992, in and (Grammenos 1989),Dimitra bothSpondylus Glycimeris 1908,356,pl.46:5-7,Tsuneki [numbered 31-37]; Karali-Yannokopoulou 209, pl. 56:9), 1991, 110-3,%s- 3~36 1997, and Pappa 1997),Saliagos(Evansand Renfrew (Besios 1968,65, fig. Makriyialos 78:7,pl. from has xlvi).The exactdate of examples Theopetra notyetbeen reported (KiparissiWace and Thompson notassign examples did the 1996,66), whileat Tsangli Apostoliki to stratum found a particular Over 150 bracelets shellare of (1912, 125,fig.78 a, e-gj. recordedfromln Sitagroi(A. C. Renfrew Elsterand Renfrew 1973, 187 fig. 212; in to in forthcoming)contrast onlythree examples stoneand nonein clay.Stoneversions are rare sites Tsangli, bracelets alsorather atother WaceandThompson ofthese (e.g. 1912, 110 fig.30:5 [numbered and thosein Grammenos 1991, 125,fig.78c, d; Dimitra, 31]) from Anza II and III (Gimbutas 216). 1976,243, 250-2, fig. clayonlyreported also be notedthat there no signofthestone is It should 'studs' noseplugsfrequent or at 111-12,fig. and also known 81 where werefound Nea Nikomedeia from 37) (Pyke1994, does notprovide precise a Tsountas Seskloalthough (1908, 337, pl. 43:11provenance from en sitesofPodgori the are and (Prendi Andrea1981,pl. 17). Examples also known tab.XVII: 14-16) in se Albania.Presumably VI: 1) and Vashtmia these, (Korkuti 1982, beadswith doubleperforation likethehemispherical (Pyke1994, 112,fig. had already 38) are at ceasedtobe popular themn of by period. Equallythere no examples Servia thering from goldexamples which seemtobe ofln dateandarebest known the pendants published and from 1996, Platomagoules Aravissos (Papathanassopoulos 339-40,nos.299,302,303) in the of and recently (autumn 1997) reported thepressfrom vicinity Pella. C. A. M. H. C. R. K. A. W.

288

CATHARINEA. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

4.6 THE METAL SMALL FINDS Sevenmetal smallfinds different twoofwhich of werearsenical bronze with high a dates, three ironcontent E.Jones1979) (SF345andSF236), iron(SF194, andsf6ib),one (R. SF51 wererecorded Servia. at 'bronze' (sf6ia), and one lead (SF37) was recovered from fill PhaseNinePiti in Area A well-preserved needle(SF345) the of bronzesmallfind(SF236)was a singlefragment a doubleof G. The secondarsenical identified IstvanEcsedy,whichwas froman bevellededged shaft-hole first axe, by wellwith series shaft-hole the of unstratified in F20/D.Thisaxe fragment compares layer cave the Tzachili bronze from Petralona recently axesinarsenical by published Grammenos, from other ofnorthern with Greeceas wellas andMangou(1994)together examples parts the was Mesimeri. there from Toumba mould a stone Although Servia example unstratified content oftheaxe fragment that is little doubt itis ofeba date.The relatively iron (4%) high but the results where Macedonian with other matches onlya analyses, notwith Petralona of trace ironwaspresent (<o.i%). withthePhase Eleven werefound Two earrings (sf6ia-b),one bronzeand one iron, in design, and had been formed from Bothwereplain female burialin F20/B-F20/D. side of the skulland mayhave originally on Theywerefound either strips. cylindrical at to been attached the ear-lobes the timeof burial.A fragmentary of ironwire piece was within to ornament a which belonging thefemale, found mayrepresentthird (SF194), of thebackfill theburial pit. a eba from mixed andPhaseElevencontext was nail A corroded orbolt(SF51) recovered in The button within ploughsoil F30/A. the was a whilst leadbutton inF20/C, (SF37) found this within region. wereactive WarI whenFrench to is thought dateto World troops C. A. M H. C. R. K. A. W.
Catalogueofthemetalobjects in L. = maximum width; length cm; W.= maximum from thickness facetoface. Th. maximum SF37
Zembil: Phase: u/s 78; FIG. 4.45, PLATE4.3O SF6i Zembil:199; Phase:Eleven

Lead button shank. WWI. Frenchsoldier's withperforated with Inscribed DUGOUR PARIS on itsouter face, face on anda cross itsinner
SF51

Eleven Zembil: 301-302; PhaseNine/Ten/ L 5.3; Di. 1 L. Sherd: 2.5; W. 2; Th. 0.5 Ironnail/rivet (?) shaft. Corroded Approximately possibly pieceofiron, in circular cross-section.

two Earrings, sf6ia: Ht.0.15; Di. 2.2 Formed Circular. 'Bronze' notanalyzed. Complete. a meet form to a from cylindrical with strip endsthat circle. sf6ib: Ht.0.3; Di. 3.2 Circular. but Iron.Complete broken.
SF194

L. 1.3 & 1.5; W. 0.2

Zembil: 1622; Phase:Eleven of Iron:twofragmentswire.

THE SMALL FINDS: METAL

FIG. 4.45, PLATE4.3O, F76 SF236 Zembil:151/152; Phaseu/s SF345

289
FIG. 4.45, PLATE4.30, F76

L 4.4; W.$.2;DL 1.5; Wt.85 Bronze fragment axe Arsenicalbronze withsignificant iron content. Rectangular wedge-shaped piece withtwo smooth surfaces one slightly and bevelled edge.

Zembil: 1445/47;PhaseNine L. 10.5; Di. 0.15 Bronze needle Arsenicalbronze withsignificant iron content. at broken point, small bent, slender, Incomplete, eye.

Plate 4.30. [dj needle of arsenicalbronze SF345,Phase Nine, (b) axe fragment arsenicalbronze of SF236,Phase u/s; () ironearring sf6ib, Phase Eleven, (d) 'bronze' earring sf6ia, Phase Eleven.

29o

CATHARINE A. MOULD, CRESSIDA RIDLEY AND K. A. WARDLE

-

W ' ^SS^^
SF236

^'

,
i

SF61A

SF61B

SF345

of Fig. 4.45. Axe fragment arsenicalbronze (SF236,Phase u/s),bronze earring(sf6ia, Phase ironearring (sf6ib, Phase Eleven) and needle of arsenicalbronze (SF345,Phase Nine). Eleven),
1:2.

4.7 THE GLASS SMALL FINDS

at of Five fragments glasswererecorded Servia.Threegreen, (SF282) fragments painted, in trench AreaG, and one fragment from fill a Post-Roman the of wererecovered (SF710) which the of from fill a PhaseElevenpitin AreaE. A fifth wasrecorded (SF220), fragment wall for the from make-up thesouthern ofPhaseNineStructure is thought wasrecovered 2, to be intrusive. C. A. M. H. C. R. K. A.W.

THE SMALL FINDS: GLASS

291

Catalogue the fragments of glass

in L. = maximumlength cm; W.= maximumwidth; Th.= maximumthicknesss fromface to face; Ht. = maximum from base offragment top ofrim; to height diameter vessel. of Di. = estimated
SF22O

Zembil: Phase:Nine 18; L. 2.4; W. 2.3; Th.2 Thin flat fragment, trapezoidal in shape. Partly devitrified. SF282 Zembil. 1410; Phase:Eleven

A: (ext.measurements) 1.3; Di. e. 7 Ht. B:L 2.5; W. 1.2 C:L 1.9; W.1.6 Three fragments greenish of glass,veryfinewithtiny air bubbles. One rim sherd (A). Slightly irridescent surface. Painted(nowblack)pattern finehorizontal of and oblique lines. SF710 Zembil: 3707; Phase:Eleven L. 1.4; W. 1.2 Irridescent surface. Small,thinfragment.

5 Chapter The Environment Agriculture and

5.1 THE ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT

5.1.1 Introduction (fig.1.1,plate 1.1,F1-2) The Haliakmon one ofthefew is rivers Greece.It rises ofKastoria, the of w near perennial andflows for s about80 kmbefore Albanian ne.After further kmorso, a 60 border, turning theriver, which hitherto has a fertile for of encounters occupied wide, valley much itscourse, end thesouthern oftheVermion The encircling drawin,and theriver hills enters a range. that has cutfor it as itself therange beenupthrust. valley has The gorge fairly impenetrable oftheHaliakmon several is hundred metres belowthelevelofthesurrounding and country, forms islandof temperate an conditions an area witha distinctly in harsh consequently in The around Kozaniis bare,with a climate, prevailing especially winter. uplandcountry eroded rather bleakbeauty: hills with thin a cover prickly (Quercus of oak rounded, coccifera), horizon created this Almost only the trees the are wildpear by plateau. among fields a small andPaliurus. one travels from As s Kozanitothetown Servia, is of one (Pyrus amygdaliformis) with into lower view Haliakmon with Kamvounia presented a magnificent down the valley, the Before flooding thevalley, was a muchmoregentle the of it and benign rangebeyond. with of between fields. the Hillsoverlooking (albeit prospect, ribbons woodland plantations) theriver blockthevista theleft, on the of the leaving town Servia, snuggled against base of thehills, almost lastfeature be seen.Itis alongthis ofsight theroaddescends. the to line that the dam a or Nowadays Polyphytou hascreated lakenotseensincePliocene Miocenetimes; butwhere roadusedtomakea final the descent thebridge, lowbluff to a faced on one sharp thefar side.It was on this that Wace and Thompson found archaeological the promontory sitethat excavated Heurtley 1930 and further was in excavated theearly1970s. in by The prehistoric settlement Servia thus is of located where Haliakmon constricted the was between spur limestone thevalley a of in and hills the bottom, thelowlimestone forming n andE sideofthevalley. ford thesprings delicious The and of water weretheobvious major attractionsthelocation. of What theother of Whatdidtheplacelooklikewhen advantages? neolithic farmers visited andwhat itlooklikebythetime original first did the settlement it, wasabandoned eba times? in
293

Christ's Thorn (Paliurus chi the spina- isti), and a juniper {Juniperus oxycedrus) punctuate wide

294

R. N.L. B. HUBBARD

Reconstruction 5.1.2 Basic Considerations Underlying Palaeoecological the Combining varioussourcesofevidence,one can answerthesequestionsfairly precisely, ifspeculatively. Each sourceof palaeoecological evidence,however,has itsown character, The arise and must interpreted be the the accordingly. differences from waysinwhich evidence whichit is recovered, thewaysitgetsdistributed theplaces from to and thewaysin forms, land snailsroam over distancesto be measuredin tens whichitgetsfossilised. instance, For tendto tellone about whattheimmediate ofmetres, and correspondingly was vicinity like - but theycan be moved much further, humans gathering by hay or makingdaubed and structures; iftheygetmoved by a rivererodingitsbanks,theyseem to gettransported It sensibleto distinguish between (and mixedup) over a rangeofkilometres. is accordingly At a numberofkindsof 'environment'. the largest scale, thereis the regionalenvironment, radiusfromthe site: lake and peat pollen analyses,and over tensof kilometres extending At is the (apparently) wildanimalstellus aboutthissortofcontext. theoppositeextreme the within a the evidencefrom (whichreflect vegetation analysesofburiedland surfaces pollen In local environment. hundredmetresor so), and fromland snails - the immediately to this settlements, immediateproximity probablycorresponds the houses and prehistoric is local thespaces betweenthem.In betweenthesetwo scales ofperspective a more distant riverbanks,hillsidesetc.thatlie withinthe to whichcorresponds the fields, environment, to distancethatmake themconvenient exploit.This is themostenigmatic zone, as walking to thecropweeds are about theonlysourceofevidencethatcan be guaranteed come from in a it,and theyonlyreflect veryrestricted aspect of it. Sometimesimpressions daub and on thecharacter marinemolluscsand charcoalcan throw birdand fish bones, light pottery, area. ofthisextremely important Evidence 5.1.3 The Palaeoecological and Greig 1975; 1986) and the workofGreigand Turner The palynological (1974; Turner of ofBottema(1974; 1982) have givenus a clearpicture thenature investigations magisterial times. ofthewoodlandsofGreece in post-Glacial upland They tellus thatin thelower-lying All suchas themiddlevalleyoftheHaliakmon,mixed oak woodlands dominated. regions, and lake pollen diagrams, however,give a generalisedpictureof regionalvegetation peat are of othersorts information For is details, (which partofthereasontheyare so useful). finer based on sound botanicaland palaeoecological foundations. and imagination needed, bank of the riverwould have harbouredthe The calcareous alluvial flatson the right recordedby the regionalpollen diagrams[and were probablysubjectto mixed oak forests this camp siteat approximately level was floodedduringthe Heurtley's periodicflooding. excavation.Skeatpers.comm.to H. C. R.]. Willcox (1974) pointedout thatcharcoal 1930 onlyif palaeoecological purposes,but (paradoxically) analysescan be used forquantitative charcoalanalyses Treatedin thisway,thepreliminary of thequantities charcoalare ignored. treein thesewoods, that from site(table 5.1) confirm deciduousoak was thecommonest the and ash (Fraxinus) was but indicatesthatpine (Pinuscf. sylvestris) frequent. (Acer), Maple It are treesthatare to be expectedin such an environment. was expected poplar (Populus) of would be common (giventhe combination damp and calcareoussoils); thatelm (Ulmus) that the butthiswas notthecase. One mustremember possibility thecharcoalevidencecan have been favouredforitslong, be biased by humanselection- forinstance, pine might It timbers. also mustbe borne in mind thatit would have been veryeasy forthe straight we further theHaliakmon- though have o evidence wood from to inhabitants import up

THE ENVIRONMENT ANDAGRICULTURE: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

295

thattheydid so, or ever needed to. (To put the Servia charcoal evidence in some sortof context,six Gumelnita and two Karanovo I charcoal analyses fromHopfs Bulgarian withRackham's resultsfrom studies(1973) are also tabulated,together archaeobotanical in southeastern The low-lying area to the E of the Macedonia (Rackham 1986).) Sitagroi a of main site(and to theN ofthe en site)probablywas originally damp thicket willowand used alder.It was also probablythesourceofthereeds (Phragmites) in makingtheroofs the of houses,and recordedin daub impressions. in snail shellsis misleading certain the it Although evidencefrom post), does respects(q.v. environments were presentat the start:dry open ground which tell us thattwo distinct resembledthatof the presentday; and damper,shaded woods. It is not veryimportant whether woodland snailfaunasbelongedto thecontemporary the an ecology,or werefrom are the snails thatinhabitthe sortof Urwaldthatthe pollen and earlierinterglacial: they The evidence about the open groundis veryimportant, we charcoaltellus was present. as know verylittleabout the naturalopen spaces in pre-agricultural en) Europe. Some (and would have us believe thatEurope was a continuouscarpetof forest until pollen analysts clearancestookplace. Although thispicture (in a generalsense) undoubtedly is agricultural If it true, is notthewhole story. itwere,we would have to deduce thatthe richand diverse florasof our meadows, fields,and downlands evolved withinthe last eight open-ground thousand Equivalentecological nichesmusthave years whichdoes not seem at all likely. existedin a stateofnature, and one would liketo knowwhattheywere.Riversand streams, by continuallyreworkingtheir sediments,would have preserved habitats for rapidly herbaceous plants.Places withshallow,rocky,soils (like the hillsideon the reproducing side oftheriver)would providea drierhabitatwherelight-loving perennialherbs opposite the could finda home, and wheresmallertreesand bushes could out-compete largeforest shade themout. treeswhichwould otherwise the of One mustalso remember contribution grazing wildanimalsin maintaining by open The naturalherbivore faunaseems to have been dominatedby red deer (Cervus) in spaces. ibex (Capra ibex)and roe deer (Capreolus) the scrubby in southern Europe (replaced by and and westernparts (Hubbard 1993). environments), wild cattle (Bos) in the northern from the analytical results Sitagroi by Reworking presented Bknyiandjnossy (1986) in the same way as was done by Hubbard forUmm Dabaghiyah and Tell Abu Hureyra,one findsthat the wild animal spectra show no evidence for any significant change in the the site duringthe lifeof the settlement. Cervus environments dominatedthe surrounding and fauna(about 60%), withat most 5% of Bosprimigenius perhaps 20% of wild pig. Dama and Capreolus about 8% in neolithic times.(In comprisedabout 2% of thefaunalspectrum, the BA, Dama stopped behavinglike the otherwild animals,and may have been ranched southeastern from Macedonia,animals Sitagroi phaseIV (Hubbard 1995)). Thusinprehistoric accounted forabout 10% of the wild animals,and forest of scrub environments dwellers the would have tendedto prevent regeneration about 70%. The grazing wild herbivores by wheneveran openingin the canopy occurred- such as when an old or diseased offorest of natural treefell. Theremust have been slowly gladesin variousstates reforestation migrating thatwerescattered thoughtheprimevalforest. 5.1.4 Clearances evokes images of wide open spaces that the Conversely, phrase 'clearance foragriculture' are probablymisleading. fielddoes need open space, and thismusthave been createdin A

296

R. N. L. B. HUBBARD

instance cutting downandburning that thefirst to by everything wasamenable destruction. oak a likea mature or ash tree wouldhavebeenattacked more Whether massive is object if and to owngood time, werering-barked left fallin their doubtful: they wouldnot they and and effort wouldbe involved. theother the On deprive cropsoflight water, no great of20-30 cm diameter less)wouldbe easytofelland wouldprovide the hand,saplings (or which post-holes the and document. timber building that Whether not or straight required, live or dead),it seemslikely or that process the contained trees of thefields (large small, out of was carried bypreventing deforestation mainly regeneration thefelling promising by on seedlings. pollen The of and animals trees, bydomestic grazing the analyses Bottema, young of show- likeothers clearance throughout large-scale Europe- that Greigand Turner that until was forests notapparent theba. One must remember, however, theplacesyielding a farmer wouldchoosetooccupy are not pollenanalyses usually theplacesthat prehistoric a to environment Who chose cultivatedamp, if were alternative. would there acid, upland any will a well-drained lowlandone wereavailable? ifa calcareous, Moreover, clearing only to a if nearby,or is bigenough comprise significant showup in a pollenanalysis itis very In the which fraction theareafrom of pollenis beingrecruited. reconstructing Haliakmon settlement the inneolithic-EBA oneshould times, existing imagine prehistoric probably valley was which of of in thecentre a clearing a coupleofkilometres radius, probably notutterly the and into wildwood and of devoid trees, which beyond. merged wayofclearings glades by of then roads tothetown Servia, follows modern the line As thenatural ofcommunication this of that to overthehills thew and s, itis likely theclearing thewoodsalso followed up totheE andw. more axis,spreading gradually

5.1.5 Human Use of the Natural Resources were whoseremains the comesfrom wildplants into A further ecology insight thenatural wild of distributionthecommonest the Fig. on thesite. 5.1 summarises chronological found Hubbard of the in from site theform presence fruits and (Willcox 1974; analyses plants tree in data and 5.2. using detailed section In interpreting 1992), 1976b' 1980;Hubbard Clapham will that to it thegraphs, is necessary remember theexactshapeofthecurves be influenced almost and Cornus Rubuswere Forinstance, of (tosomeextent) thecharacter thesamples. by in curves oscillations their andtheapparent at common allperiods, probably certainly equally in of in variations thecharacter the'average'sampleexamined thevarious onlyreflects a from cleanstored to One wouldnotexpect find crop, blackberry ina sample pips phases. for example. mn of was a daub impression oak leaves,from strata valuablefind A very (plate5.10). werewrongly robur mostclosely Quercus These werematched pedunculiflora-Q^ (they by an in as identified Q. cerris Hubbard1979).One en sample yielded acorncupuleconsistent bitsofbeechmast(Fagus). and with pedunculiflora; several produced Q. the of and and from (Rubus fruticosus R. idaeus, which former blackberry raspberry Apart between becausetheystick whoseseedstendto getpreserved seemedto predominate), andwhose when likea fireplace corner a are freed, and one'steeth then spatinto convenient otherrelevant to are and consumption too familiar need explanation, plants ecology in to a included plum- tojudgeby theplants be found thevicinity today, represented
hazel a pear (Pyrus, probablyP. amygdaliformis), or [Prunus cerasifer), probablycherry-plum

ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE:THE ENVIRONMENTALSETTING

297

was Muchthemostregularly with represented cornelian cherry one of thethings, menbyCirceafter had turned she them intopigs(Odyssey242). It X fedtoUlysses' acorns, in sites oak from isalmost Greece to European woodlands ubiquitous prehistoric insouthern wasclearly savoured itsagreeably for southern Circe, Russia, and,despite sharply-flavoured are in en Almond-like fragments recorded the andmn, areambiguous. seed fruits. but autumnal itself then an Ifthey from are almond or (Prunus amygdalus), itis either import (lessprobably) a On an introduction, (likecoriander) NearEastern are hand,ifthey being plant. theother Prunus then of very similar of stones the another bits the collection webbii, they might represent is of an ediblewildplant.The problem thatthe seeds of the two speciescan onlybe stones lessthanabout2.5 cmlong- and all the are size distinguished their - P. webbii by and In either werefragmentary un-reconstructable. was fossil case,itpresumably specimens a ofporkscratchings potato or or an appetiser treat: neolithic equivalent crisps. in in contexts 5.7). It appears vineappears mn at AtServia (fig. widely ln contexts Servia inhabitant thelocal oak and cornel of it not scrub and elsewhere: was (debatably) a native and wasprobably cultivated at least itseemsecologically being appropriate), (although of of cf. is the after mn(seebelow).The scarceand lateoccurrence fruits Pistacia terebinthus out and it alsoodd.Likevine, wouldnotbe very ofplaceintheoak,cherry-plum, cornelian the the which wouldhavecovered rocky scrub slopesoverlooking siteon theother cherry on bottom thenearside or the sideoftheriver, fringed edgesofthewoodson thevalley (n) - although present in is mainly rather localities. lowland In its distribution warmer, lower, in thefruits wereimported themnfor their rather itis often common. sites, Perhaps tangy meat(Hillman, for in flavour: areusedinAnatolia flavouring andfor food, preserving they Hubbard1980). makes interesting an ofgrape for introduction Thisevidence the tentative) (however growing and for of non-annual tree with the with information thecultivation other crops, comparison in it circumstanceswhich makeseconomic reflection socialand economic of their implicit for for a to sense exploit cropwhich profitably several years, which maynotyield continuity is Olive(Oleaeuropaea)theclassic is for ofownership generationsinturn necessary. example. for at Theevidence olivecultivationemMyrtos (Rackham 1973),seems 1972J.M. Renfrew ln to be preceded theCypriot siteofAyiosEpiktitos (Kyllo1982). Greigand Turner's by in in record beautiful olivecultivationGreece theba.Brande's diagram analyses pollen pollen on theDalmatian nearMostar showsa disjunct record for from coast Vid, (Brande1973), as oak and vine.It first virtually disappears, appears a lianain theaboriginal forest scrub, in withsweetchestnut, walnut and thenreappears association (Juglans), olive,in Roman in In the oforchards appears thearchaeobotanical times. se central only Europe, establishment abouta thousand record years ago. to the with of that It is interestingcompare apparent tree usageofturpentine andgrapes is to CorianderCoriandrum Like coriander. ( sativum)generally accepted be an Asiatic plant. and compact whichis capable of being herbsand spices,it is a light other commodity Becauseoftheir valueand howthey with high a margin. long profit transported distances to are to exotica unlikely be burned. areused,such Theyareaccordingly likely be imported and inthe when record, tobe recorded archaeologically under-represented archaeobotanical a after their importation. Renfrew first rare are J.M. they no longer orexpensive, longtime At eba seedsfrom coriander carbonised coriander Sitagroi. Servia, (1973)illustrates appears

corneliancherry(Cornus filbert mahaleb), (Prunus lus), mas),dogwood cherry (Cory fragrant nettle-tree vine (Vitisvinifera), turpentine and tree (Pistaciacf. (Ceitis), (Cornus sanguined), terebinthus).

298

R. N. L. B. HUBBARD

in and in theLN carbonised as an impression pottery it (plate5.1a). No doubt had long and that the beenusedtoflavour lentil beanpottages thearchaeobotany implies. the as to with of usageofcornelian cherry those Just itis instructivecompare continuous between cornelian and other fruits and turpentine so thecontrast tree tree, cherry grapes in foodfor and found en sites Fragrant speculation. cherry dogwood provides appearinthe wereshrubs thewildwood thes bank Are of on enbutnotthereafter. we todeducethat they of forest werestill which wereusedwhileelements theprimaeval oftheriver, immediately of on and to hand,whilelaterwe are seeingthecasualgatherings shepherds therocky but is n bankoftheriver? a uncultivatable Possibly, theevidence being pushed long largely way. R. N. L. B. H.

Balkan charcoals:presenceanalyses. Table 5.1. Neolithic

Servia Numberof samples 4 Karanovo I 2 Gumelnita 6 Eastern Macedonia 13

Quercus Pinus Ulmus Fraxinus

Carpinus Acer Castanea Betula Picea Abies Populus

100 75 25
25 25

0/0

100 50
-

o/o

84 5 15
17 17 -

86 l5
23 23 8 8 8 8

Rosaceae Malus- type Prunus -type

Liquidambar Viburnum Styrax Cistos

25
-

50 -

33 -

8
8 8 23

ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE: THE ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

299
T3
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3OO

R. N. L. B. HUBBARD

Plate 5.1. (a) Cast ofimpressions oak leaves [Quer cf.pedunculiflord) daub from floor of eus in mn the ofPhase Four,Structure () Cast ofan impression a coriander of in seed (Coriandrum sativuni) a ln 3; sherd.The scale bar is one millimetre long.

ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE: THE CARBONISED PLANT REMAINS

301

5.2 THE CARBONISED

PLANT REMAINS

5.2.1 Introduction at excavations theneolithic eba settlement Servia, thes bank and The 1971-73rescue of on in river western a good opportunityinvestigate oftheHaliakmon to Macedonia, presented of site. theprehistoric husbandry thiswell-stratified Although earlier excavations crop by the of wheat lentils association and in (1939,65) had shown preservation charred Heurtley was with material, theearly MN needtosupplement sparse this evidence 1970sthere a clear by with much a Therefore whenthenewexcavations werebegunin 1971 a larger assemblage. of for remains also undertaken. was programme sampling botanical Field Recovery and Laboratory Methods On-site and of wereundertaken Richard and Hubbard, sampling extraction theremains by theauthor notbecomeinvolved did with material the from siteuntil1980,after the the had excavation finished thesite and hadbeeninundated. samples varying were Soil of sizes from range trenches froth of for taken a and these most thecharred of flotation, from plant remains a werecollected from within certain come,although fewhand-picked specimens vessels. a total 67 flotsam Of of examined thewriter, had no 6 ('flots') pottery samples by while others botanical the from a single tomany thousands of remains, ranged having grain seeds. mesh The sizes usedwith flotation the machine were and2.00mm. Theexcavated 0.25 which samples the with contexts from are in came,together thephasing, presented table 5-5in As faras laboratory wereconcerned, thecase ofthelarger some procedures samples wasundertaken, amount the indicated a percentage flot of examined sub-sampling being by to yieldthelisted remains method chosenin 1980-81 to (tables5.2-5.4). The sampling subdivide largeflots thatofmixing flot tipping through cone ontoa the was the it a by surface selecting and andrepeating exercise the until cm3(20 cm3 10 for opposing quarters thelarger In this of flotremained. retrospect, was less satisfactory other than samples) wouldhave been (for discussion theprosand cons ofdifferent a of procedures sampling methods dividing for seedsamples, vanderVeenandFieller see 1982).Sub-sampling large or All weresorted gridsquarewouldhave been better. samples by riffle-box by random xio magnification. theidentifications to X30 undera binocular with For microscope, up was magnification used. Acknowledgements This study formed in of partof a M.Sc. thesisundertaken 1980-81 at the University I wouldliketo reiterate thanks JaneRenfrew, bringing Servia to for the Southampton. my material myattention, for general to and her assistance encouragement;Frank and to Green and Hanson helping with for me someoftheidentifications; toGlynis andGordon Julie Jones Hillmanfortheir einkorn to guidanceand adviceon thetwo-seeded problem; Richard Hubbard recovering plant for the and his adviceandassistance the with remains, for critical identifications theinterpretation assemblage; toAnaya and ofthe and for Sarpaki permission to use herpaper(1992),whichat thetimeof thisstudy was unpublished. Naturally any errors this in article entirely own. are my

3O2

RUPERT A. HOUSLEY

5.2.2 The Botanical Remains the of in from The results given tables5.2-5.4.As canbe seen, number seedsandfruits are wereindividually identified. As theexcavations verylarge,over 14,100 specimens was of recovered theflotation a above,they by only representproportion thematerial explained in that and present thesamples. process, itis estimated about65,000seedswerealtogether and collected into Thespecies havebeengrouped cereals, potential plants, crop pulses other cerealand legumefragments The unidentifiable weedsand other fruits nuts, and plants. tablesin terms on of and and wereseparated weighed, have been summarised theresult from Servia been has In this section range species the of recovered relative their quantities. see with discussion measurements section For summarised. detailed 5.2.4. species

Middle Neolithic combined. This all thanfrom thelater the camefrom mncontexts Moresamples periods In with someconfidence. terms canbe listed in of the means range taxautilised this period wheatwereidentified 5.2 a-f), einkorn of thecerealstwospeciesof domesticated (fig. forks of The andemmer dicoccum). presence spikelet andglume [Triticum monococcum) (Triticum of werethenumber Of attributions. interest the confirm grain basesofthesetwowheats florets. Hubbard as against whichcame from of einkorn one-seeded, two-seeded, grains was but (1979, 227) statedthatbread wheatwas present, thisfieldidentification not and was to cereal be found barley, interestingly other The only substantiatedmyanalyses. by and but not included onlyhulledand nakedvarieties also six-row, apparently theremains to thenakedtwo-row of as varieties well.In terms quantities, barley appears have two-row, beenthecommonest. the at in of The remains legumes (fig.5.3) werealso tobe found themncontexts Servia; and thesmall-seeded twocultivated sativus/cicera) pea beingthechickling (Lathyrus species are lentil by samples dominated one ofthe culinaris). [Lens Manyofthearchaeobotanical thus all of insomecasestotheexclusion virtually other taxa, legumes suggesting pulsecrops, diet. werean important oftheinhabitants' part the in were found this useful Other (fig. 5.4).Theseinclude fruits period plants potentially or cultivated are the as is offlax (Linum theevidence notconclusive towhether remains sp.; coriander fruit of and the ssp. vinifera sylvestris) a single wild), pipsfrom wildgrape(Vitis would criteria 5.2.4) thegrapes and On (see sativum). morphological metrical (Coriandrum tothesite(see and collected brought and not probably appear tohavebeencultivated were also5.33). of a the collected as As far other speciesareconcerned, mnlevelsproduced good range the 'cores'ofeither charred the (P fruits, pistachio terebinthus-T.), including terebinth-type
of or communis P. amygdaliformis); crab apple (Pyrus fragments malus)or the pear (Pyrus almond {Prunus fromthe of fruitstones the Corneliancherry mas);shell fragments (Cornus a or P a 'stone'of a second Prunusspecies (either cerasifera P insititia); fruit plus amygdalus), Ceitis and of a species of Ceitis of the elderberry (possiblythe hackberry, (Sambucus nigra), was recovered. australis). Finallya rangeofweed seeds,manybeingweeds of arable fields,

ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE:THE CARBONISED PLANT REMAINS

303

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3o4

RUPERT A. HOUSLEY Table 5.3. Carbonisedplantremainsfrom Phase Fourmndestruction the levels.

in of (* Quantity indeterminate fragments present a sample: X = less than 100 mg; XX = 100-1000 mg; XXX = >iooo mg. and therefore t notcarbonised, possiblyintrusive.) Context: % analysed: SampleNo.: CEREALS:
Triticummonococcum 1 seeded 2 seeded spklt forks glume bases 1 5 222 10 274 46 1 --2 1 2 1 1 6 49 -8-4 2 9 91 1 -14 -

F20/B 50 23

F30/A H2o:ne 100 100 30 37A

H20 Dio/A 100 100 37B 49

Dio/A Dio/A 100 100 53 57

Do/C Do/C Do/C Do/C 3.1 25 25 34-5 60 61 62 63

184 -

grains spkltforks bases glume IndeterminableTriticum rachisfrags. Hordeum vulgare/distichon hulled symmetrical 4 1 hulled asymmetrical naked symmetrical naked asymmetrical rachisfragments X Cerealiaindet. frags.* PULSES: sativus/cicera Lathyrus L. sativus 217 type Lens culinaris * fragments Leguminosae OTHER POTENTIAL CROP PLANTS: Linumsp. sativum Coriandrum Vitis ssp. vinifera sylvestris

Triticum dicoccum

7-824----6 55 8865-2-420-4 3110

1 -

3 4

4 -

25 -

2(3

-8

5_________ _________ 4 ____8_____ 1 __________ XX XXX XX 5

1 X 3

!_____ XX 98 X 4 1 XX XXX X 1 1066 XXX 2 19

L. cicero, type

_____!_____

34 2

78 XX

1 1 __________

______ _____!____ __________ -

^____

Vitis sp.

__________

COLLECTED FRUITS AND NUTS:

Prunusamygdalus Prunus cerasifera/institia cf. cf. Ceitis australis Pyrus sp. Cornus masfrags. Rubus fruticosus

__________ __________ -------------------1 -------------------______ _____-_-----------______--i_____-----____-_----_____--------------2-4--____----i-

WEEDS:
t Ajuga chamaepitys arvense t Lithospermum Rumex spp. annua Mercurialis cf. Veronica persica Brassicasp. Galiumsp. Chenopodium sp. Viciae indet. Leguminosae Indeterminate

---1

ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE:THE CARBONISED PLANT REMAINS the Table 5.3. continued. Carbonisedplantremainsfrom Phase Fourmndestruction levels.

305

Context: % analysed: SampleNo.: CEREALS:

1 seeded

Do/C 12.5 64

F10/D 14.9 74

F10/D F10/D F10/D 100 100 25.6 111 76 77

F10/D 16.1 112

F10/D F10/D 18.5 44.6 116 115

F10/D F10/D F10/D 100 18.2 14.7 118 117 119

Triticum monococcum

2 seeded forks spklt glume bases Triticum dicoccum grains spkltforks glume bases IndeterminableTriticum rachisfrags. Hordeum vulgare/distichon hulled symmetrical hulled asymmetrical naked symmetrical naked asymmetrical rachisfragments Cerealiaindet. frags.* XX PULSES: sativus/cicera Lathyrus L. sativus type L. cicera type Lens culinaris * Leguminosae fragments OTHER POTENTIAL CROP PLANTS: Linumsp. Coriandrum sativum Vitis vinifera sylvestris ssp. Vitis sp. COLLECTED FRUITS AND NUTS: Prunusamygdalus Prunus cerasifera/institia cf. Ceitis australis cf. Pyrussp. Cornus masfrags. Rubus fruticosus WEEDS: t Ajuga chamaepitys arvense t Lithospermum Rumex spp. Mercurialis annua Brassicasp. Galiumsp.
Veronicacf. persica

26

____ ____ ____

-10

13

___ __2 ___

10

___ ___ ___ ~ ___ __, _ __2 ___ -

---1 ____ ____ ____ ____

12 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

65

23

27 44 1 5 ____ XXX XX

82 ~ XXX

15 ~ XX

87 4 ~ l ___ XXX XXX

39 4 XX

189 -122 ___ X XXX

52 XXX

326 14

1--6 760 XX

3284 234 441 XX

___ 908 54 -

10 -

665 XX

___ 2 X

48 -

64 89 XX

___________ ____ ____ __________

___ ___

___ ___

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ 1

___ ___ ___ ___ __, ___

___ ___ j ___ ___ ___

----______ -----4---____ ____

____

___ ___
___

___ ___
___

Chenopodium sp. Viciae indet. Leguminosae Indeterminate

1 1 1

----______ __________ ---_______ ____ ____ ____

___ ,__ ___

___ _ ___

r>

3o6

RUPERT A. HOUSLEY the levels. Table 5.3. continued. Carbonisedplantremainsfrom Phase Fourmndestruction
Context:
% analysed Sample No.:

Fio/D
16.4 123

Fio/D Fio/D
7.6 125 100 127

F20/B
27 128

100 133

100 134

Dio/A
100 138

Dio/A Dio/A/ D10/B

28.(3 140 3.8 142

D10A/ D10/B
18.2 143

1 seeded 2 seeded forks spklt bases glume

CEREALS: Triticum monococcum

11 40 1 42 3 XXX

---4 ----

1 9 3 17 8 XX

______ ______ ______ ___!__ ______ ______ -______ ~ ____!_ -

Triticum dicoccum

grains forks spklt bases glume Indeterminable Triticum rachis frags. hulled symmetrical hulled asymmetrical nakedsymmetrical nakedasymmetrical rachis fragments * Cerealia indet. frags. PULSES:
sativus/cicera Lathyrus L. sativus type

17

13

43

Hordeum vulgare/distichon

--2_____2i-i -XXX X

3 X

3 XX

l& -

7 XXX

L. cicera type Lens culinaris * Leguminosae fragments OTHER POTENTIAL CROP PLANTS: Linum sp. Vitissp.

31 -

298

-1 122 XX

7 -

162 XX

--13 -

23

12 -

27 X

1 446 -

150 -

__________ -

Coriandrum sativum Vitis vinifera sylvestris ssp.

_________

______ _____j

COLLECTED FRUITS AND NUTS:

Prunusamygdalus cf. Prunus cerasifera/institia Ceitis australis cf.

Pyrussp.

--

masfrags. Cornus Rubus fruticosus

--

1 -

1 ,____ ______ ______

______
_____i __!___

WEEDS: f Ajuga chamaepitys arvense t Lithospermum Rumex spp. annua Mercurialis cf. Veronica persica Brassicasp. Galiumsp. Chenopodium sp. Viciae indet. Leguminosae Indeterminate

1 --17 ______--1 ______---_____---------------------

______ ______ ______

----1______

THE PLANT ANDAGRICULTURE: CARBONISED REMAINS ENVIRONMENT

307

Late Neolithic of ln A limited amountofchangewas foundin terms thetypesoftaxa recoveredfrom levels includedeinkorn, to and thevarious in comparison thoseofthemn.The cerealsstill emmer, of The onlyadditionto thecerealsis theappearance ofa singlegrainofoats varieties barley. cf. the Avena barbata, ubiquitouswild oat of the regiontoday). Of the legumes, (probably and are lentils(Lensculinarie) the chickling New sativus/cicera) stillprominant. pea (Lathyrus the werefoundin theln, in particular cultivated (Pisum sativum elatius) pea ssp. pulse species not Within category collected the vetch( Vicia of and bitter ervilia), although in largenumbers. of fruits and nuts,the only additionswere nut fragments acorns (oak - Quercus) the and cf.mahaleb). (Prunus fragrant cherry and It is possible to argue both forcontinuity fordiscontinuity between the mnand ln at Servia(see 5.2.4). Withmanyofthetaxa thegeneralimpression remains assemblages plant since many of the same species continuein cultivation. However the is one of continuity, and disappearanceof a numberof taxa, particularly flax/linseed the vine, and appearance in recordthanwith maybe moreto do withtheir under-representationthearchaeobotanical in shifts use. any perceived Early Bronze Age and Post-Roman Levels withthe possibility The small numberof samples (5) fromthe eba, together thatresidual charredremainsmay have been incorporated intothe fillofeba ditchesand pits, neolithic makes us cautiousin the use of these samples. The range of species recovered,einkorn, earlierlevels,and thepresenceoflarge could all have come from emmer, barleyand lentils, arvense Ajugachamaepitys suggest and seeds some modern caches ofuncharred Lithospermum disturbance one or two cases probablydue to the action of ants).The same arguments (in a Roman pit,whichcutthrough earlier verymuchapplyto theone sample takenfrom posttaxa. levels,and again has smallnumbersof similar 5.2.3 Discussion Cereal Cultivation and Crop-processing at Servia is of of The The interpretationassemblages charred plantremains a complexmatter. historical has been well summarised M. K. Jones (1985). Jones of archaeobotany by development of outlines dichotomy approachwhichhas developed in thesubjectbetweenthediscrete the and itseffect the on 'site' studies, typified the focuson the finedetailof human activity by whichdeal withthe'environment', whereoften the and thosestudies record, archaeological theratioofarboreal non-arboreal to is onlydescribed terms general in of e.g. region parameters, therehave been some attempts use general to pollen, etc.Withinthe site-basedtradition such as dominanceratiosand presencevalues (Hubbard 1975; J. M. Renfrew parameters, has 1972, 276), althoughover the last 15-20 years less attention been given to such an models applicable to efforts have been devoted to devisingpredictive approach.Instead, archaeobotanical assemblages. Many of the models have emphasized the behavioural from internal the structure therecovered activities of humancrop-related inferring approach, and seeing how such activities differspatially on a site. The study by assemblages

3o8

RUPERT A. HOUSLEY

in of (* Quantity indeterminate fragments present a sample: X = less than 100 mg; XX = 100-1000 mg; XXX = >iooo mg. and therefore t notcarbonised, possiblyintrusive.) Phase: Five Six Six/Seven
Context: % analysed Sample No.: Eio/A 66.7 67 Road 100 107 Fio/D 26.3 109 Fio/D 100 124 A Dio/A D 10/ Dio/A F10/D F20/B F20/B lo l$-7 lo-5 3*3 10.7 iS-7 126 135 136 137 129 130 D10/B 100 146

mn ln Table 5.4. Carbonisedplantremainsfrom post-destruction, levels,eba ditches and Phase Eleven levels.

Triticum monococcum 1 seeded 2 seeded spkltforks glume bases Triticum dicoccum grains spkltforks glume bases IndeterminableTriticum rachisfrags. Hordeum vulgare/distichon hulled symmetrical hulled asymmetrical naked symmetrical naked asymmetrical Cerealiaindet. frags.* Avenacf. barbatagrains PULSES: sativus/cicera Lathyrus L. sativustype L. cicera type Lens culinaris Pisumsativum ssp. elatius Viviaervilia * fragments Leguminosae OTHER POTENTIAL CROP PLANTS: Vitisvinifera sylvestris ssp. Vitis sp. FRUITS COLLECTED AND NUTS: Pistaciacf. terebinthus/lentiscus Prunus malaheb cf. Quercus sp. Ceitis australis cf. Pyrus sp. mas frags. Cornus Rubusfiuticosus Sambucus nigra WEEDS: t Ajuga chamaepitys arvense t Lithospermum Aifl/z/_ Sp. Rumex spp. Adonis znnttfl cf. Bromus ssp. Mercurialis annua Medicago sp. Centaurea cakitrapa.solistitialis Brassicasp. Fumariacf. officinalis cf. Euphorbia helioscopia Chenopodium sp. indet. Leguminosae Indeterminate
Kciflf

CEREALS:

__6____2_ _________ 2---12--1 ^________ 22 4 21----1-1 1 4 22--1-1-_________ _________ 14 43 3 -2-5-1 X XXX XX _________ 23 42 1 58 3 11 1 14 26 -

, __ __ __ 2 2 1 2 (5 2_ 5 -XX i_ _

21 XXX

8 XXX

2 XX

5 -XXX

3 XXX

2-9-1---________i 18 162 _________ _______!_ ________

-__ 4 21 48 9 2 10 XX 14 __ x -

_________ _________

__ __

____i____ _________ ___________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _______-----4---104____--_-!-_______i_ _______-____-------------------------____i-----____!-----------___---i--i___-----i

__ __ __ _, 1 __ __

4 __ --2 1-__ ---

11

--------2___---2-

__ -

ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE: THE CARBONISED

PLANT REMAINS

qoq

Carbonised plant remains frommn post-destruction, levels, eba ditches and Table 5.4. continued. ln Phase Eleven levels.
Phase: Context: % analysed SampleNo.: Triticum monococcum 1 seeded 2 seeded spkltforks glume bases dicoccum Triticum grains spkltforks glume bases IndeterminableTriticum rachisfrags. Hordeum vulgare/distichon hulled symmetrical hulled asymmetrical naked symmetrical naked asymmetrical Orfl/fl indet.frags.* Avenacf. barbatagrains PULSES: sativus/cicera Lathyrus L.sativustype Lens culinaris Pisumsativum ssp. elatius rz>z7tWoifl * Leguminosae fragments OTHER POTENTIAL CROP PLANTS: Vitisvinifera sylvestris ssp. F20/B 75 21 Seven F10/D 100 122 E10/A 100 132 Eight D10/B 3-3 141 G20/A 1O 34 _ _ ____i ~ ~ ~ X ~ X ~ X Ten Eleven F10D/ F10D/ G20/A F20/C F20/A F20/B lo 1O 1O 1O 41 42 131 103 -_ _ _ _

CEREALS:

3 - 2 X -

13 17 127 4 XXX -

2 _______ ______ _ 1 130 6 1 __ _____!_ _ 2 9 48 5 XXX XXX _______ 7 -----3 _

2 _ 4 _ ^ ^ 7

L.cicera type

228

110 -

1 26 91 24 ______ 2 _______ -X---X-X

!_____

-5

3 3

Pistaciacf. terebinthus/lentiscus Prunuscf. malaheb Quercus sp.

Vitis sp. COLLECTED FRUITS AND NUTS:

_____!___
__i______ 1 -

______

_______ ______ 1

Cift australis cf. Pyrftj sp.

masfrags. Cornus Rubusfruticosus Sambucus nigra

__!______

_______
1 ______ 1 ______ _ 22 _ 4 _ ^ _ 2100 135 78 12

t Ajuga chamaepitys arvense t Lithospermum Af_/z>_ sp. Rumexspp. Adoniscf. _/m_ Bromus ssp. Mercurialis annua Medicago sp. Centaurea calcitrapa.solistitialis Brassicasp. Fumariacf. officina lis cf. Euphorbia helioscopia Chenopodium sp. Fafl indet. Leguminosae Indeterminate

WEEDS:

7 _________ _________ ___1_____ -

_______ _______ ______ 3 _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ -----..^ ______ 2 _______

3 1o

RUPERT A. HOUSLEY Table 5.5. Contextual, locationand phasingdetailsforthearchaeobotanical samples

Sample 1 4 10 12 17 19 21 23 27 28 30 33 34 36 37 a 37B 41 42 4g 53 57 60 61 62 63 64 67 74 76 yy 84 87 88b 90 93 97 103 !O7 108-9 110-12

Zembil 1005 1025 1118 1121 337 1156 X154 X159 1207 1210 !329 1362 M04 1447 2122 2128 1015 1011 3323 3325 3338 3342 3342 3342 3342 3342 3744 3020 3021 3021 3040 3047 3063 3064 1119 3113 313

Phase Ten Nine One Three Three Four Seven Four Two One Four Three Ten Nine Four Four Ten Ten Four Four Four Four Four Four Four Four Four Four Four Four Three Three Two Two Two Three Eleven Five live Four

Trench F10/D F10/D F20/A F20/A F20/C F20/B F20/B F20/B F20/C F20/C F30/A F30/A G20/A G20/A H20 H20 F10/D-F20/B F10/D-F20/B D10/A D10/A D10/A Do/C Do/C Do/C Do/C Do/C E10/A F10/D Fi o/D F 10/D F10/D F10/D F10/D F10/D F20/A-F20/C F20/B F20/C Road Section Fio/1) Fio/1)

Structure/ Feature Yard. Structure 3. Structure floor. 3, Structure post-hole, central 3,

support. Oven contents. Structure structural debris. 4, Pit. Structure structural debris. 4, withburnt Structure clay floor, 2, material from hearth. 1 Structure , clay floor. Structure (?), post-hole 2 1 Structure , post-hole. Structure clay floor. 3, Piti. debris. Structure structural 6, central Structure post-hole, 6, support. Trampled surface. Structure floor. 3, debris. Structure structural 7, Structure burnt P224. 7, clay floor, debris. Structure structural 7, Structure structural debris, P254 7, debris. Structure structural 7, debris. Structure structural 7, debris. Structure structural 7, Structure structural debris, P283. 7, Pit. debris. Structure structural 3, under Structure burnt 3, clay floor,
P2.

3O19 3020/21/27

Structure burnt 3, clay floor. Yard. debris. Structure structural 4, debris. Structural debris. Structural Hearth. Structure floor. 3, Pit. Recoveredfrom layerabove Phase Four debris. structural Postholes. burnt Structure structural debris, 3, Moor, (lay floor. (lay

ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE:THE CARBONISED PLANT REMAINS

3 11

locationand phasingdetailsforthearchaeobotanical Table 5.5. continued. Contextual, samplesfrom Servia.

Sample 113-18 119 120 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 146 Zembil 3020/21/27 3024 333 3c>5 3020/21 3O19 3024 3022 1160 31O9 Phase Four Four Three Seven Four Five Four Six Four Four Six Seven Four Four Five Five Five Four Four Four Eight Four Four Two Six/Seven Trench F 10/D F10/D F10/D F10/D F10/D F10/D F10/D Fio/ D F10/D F20/B F20/B Structure/ Feature Structure structural debris, 3, burnt clay floor, clay floor. Structure structural debris. 3, Structural collapse. Pit. Structure structural burnt debris, 3, floor. clay Post-holes. Structure structural debris. 3, Structure burnt 3, clay floor. Structure wall,post-hole. 4, Pit. Yard.

130 131

3 no !4O4

Six Ten

E10/A

F20/B G20/A

Pit. Structure clayfloor. 3,

33 ! 7 33 18 3322 3323 3325 3323 333 3338 3338 3063 3334

D10/C D10/C D10/A D10/A D10/A D10/A D10/B D10/A-D10/B D10/A-D10/B F10/D D10/B

Structural debris. Structural debris. Structural debris. Structure structural debris,area 7, P223. surrounding Structure burnt 7, clay floor. Structure structural debris, 7, lowercontents P223. of Ditchfill. Structure structural debris. 7, Structure structural P2 debris, 66 7, contents. Structural debris. Structure burnt 8, layer.

remains Feddersen from KorberGrhne1967; 198 1) ofthe Wierde anearly is ( plant example. In this of thespatial distribution thebotanical remains their and to study relationship site features werelinked with activities as threshing storage. approach such and The taken by Dennell(1972; 1974),wheninvestigating charred remains from lookedforthe Bulgaria, remains particular of actions related and them different ofarchaeological to contexts. types Thiscanbe illustrated anexample: characteristic ofgrain would assemblages by consumption be expected contain to fewweedseedsand chaff, shouldcorrelate contexts and with very associated storage baking with or as which (ovens), against assemblages represent processing which in wouldbe richer weedseedsandshould correlate threshing with floors by-products ormiddens.

3 12

RUPERT A. HOUSLEY

of becameevident the attractive, potential past complexity modelling activities Although methods were studies technologically of whenmodern unsophisticated crop-processing To takeaccount numerous of actions undertaken (Hillman 1981; G.Jones1981). possible as of alternatives themodelshad to be complicated, illustrated thenumber separate by in cerealcrops- up to 28 stages some different for Hillman(1981) included processing in to be found carbonised and wereshort-lived therefore cases (although unlikely many are Whenpossible remains). through post-depositional processes added,theoverall changes wellbe envisaged. a system very can of complexity such potential are becauseoftheir as However G.Jones which, out, stages (1984,46-7) points there four be preserved with and thus fire to are by longevity, muchmorelikely comeintocontact the sieve the Theseare:thewinnowing by-product, coarsesieveby-product, fine charring. of Eachcanbe distinguished theproportion crop sieveproduct. and by by-product, thefine chaff straw and consists thelight of and seeds, chaff, weedseeds.Thewinnowing by-product consists largestraw of The out which separated by winnowing. coarsesieveby-product is sieve- the wereretained thecoarse unthreshed etc., weedheads, ears, which by fragments, of consists small sieveby-product the beingallowedto pass through sieve.The fine grain The sieve was while grain retained. fine the thefine weedseedswhich sieve, passedthrough are someweedseedswhich still itoften contains cleanedcrop, is thefully although product out havetobe picked byhand. and size ofsimilar tothegrains Therefore, themselves, which it for three of the components eachsample, ispossible proportions these byplotting relative a activities and across, site.Fig.5.5 showsthe of the to estimate importance differing on, data the and chaff weedseedsfor ethnographic from of relative Amorgos proportions grain, that diagram Notehowever this derVeen1985,218; datasupplied G.Jones). applies by (van and aestivum T.durum six-row Triticum of totheprocessing twofree-threshing wheats, (plus at found Servia. wheats than rather theglume hulled barley) and weed seeds forthe of grain,chaff the Fig. 5.6 illustrates relative proportions the formed 'grain' and Seedsofwheat barley from Servia. archaeobotanical category; samples of internodes emmer, basesandrachis werespikelet in included chaff einkorn, forks, glume Adonis the weedsincluded following Bromus, annua, andbarley; Rumex, Avena, species/genus:
Veronica Mercurialis annua, Medicago,Centaureacalcitrapa/solistitialis, persica,Brassica,Fumaria indet.Lithospermum and Leguminosae Viciae Galium,Chenopodium, helioscopia, Euphorbia officinalis,

state becausethesemi-mineralised was arvense excluded preservation of theseedsraised in sample ofAjuga The whether weremodern. large as chamaepitys sample they questions to of the be intrusive possibly result ants and so was omitted. to Pulses, 42 wasthought small nor beencounted, haveparticularly samples. havenot and fruits condiment nuts, plants it to at of in Giventhedifference thetypes wheat Amorgos compared Servia, is perhaps with four the seeninfig. doesnotentirely that pattern notsurprising the groupings equate 5.6 the is is the infig.5.5. However datafrom Amorgos ofvalueifallowance madefor differing of As wheats. canbe seen, neededfor samples many theServia glume technique processing the all have veryfewweed seeds.Considering typeof and are graindominated almost levelsin mnstorage i.e. come from, destruction areas,it is contexts manyofthesamples themainstored muchof theassemblage that certain in somesamples almost represents and of the This harvest. would similarity compositional explain dominance grain thegeneral of The sieveproduct. absence weedseedsin somesamples tothefine maybe becausethey size weeds(ofsimilar to the and for grain represent ready cooking consumption, remaining still of Butwhydo most thesamples have beenremoved hand. theprime by having grain) the On-site ofchaff? (Hubbard1976 0, 1976 ), i.e.where chaff mixing quantities varying

ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE:THE CARBONISED PLANT REMAINS

3 13

of or the contaminates cleaned burial, during may cropatthetime destruction,subsequently for the of store' inpart, a factor. bestsamples assessing purity the'grain be of well, (The type a in structure trench Do/C at Serviaare nos. 60-64 frm PhaseFour mnburnt samples discussion below.)Howeverin a number cases the see of (Structure - fora detailed 7) the lieswith fact the that wheatat Serviais hulled. almost Hillman certainly explanation in the of wheat described differencescomposition a free-threshing which (1981; 1984,4-6) a wheat. showed He that with glume the store against glume as a enters bulkgrain wheats, contain the after third (his 12), crop grain, sieving stage thestored would prime many spikelet seedsofsimilar to thegrain). contrast size In the and forks, onlya fewweed seeds (with no at wheats free-threshing wouldhavevirtually rachis theequivalent pointofprocessing havevarying of amounts grain of and 7). many theServia samples (stage Thisexplains why a state affairs of at chaff fewweed seeds.G.Jones(etai 1986, 100) observed similar but Furthermore itsuggests themajority wheat that of whenexamining Assiros glume samples. almost the with stored certainly grain-dominant compositions represent primary samples in of but cerealcrop, somecasestheminor beingtheresult on-site components mixing in At in 'admissible contaminants'. Servia, contrast Assiros to others they probably represent that wheats at et it maybe stored twodifferent (G.Jones ai 1986)where wasobserved glume - as intact oras fully in theprocessing grain, processed onlythefully cycle spikelets points in their Thisis perhaps sincestoring wasfound. grains surprising, grain spikelets processed wereobserved. but hascertain advantages, no complete spikelets in to the of As faras differences between various and periods theratios grain chaff, to within certain for the number samples of caution. are weeds, concerned, small argues phases between PhaseThree(andsomemn mn does appeartobe somedifference there Although havea higher of with PhaseTwo)contexts which proportion chaff incomparison those number samples hardly is destruction the of mn from main PhaseFour the level, representative. of whichimplies had compositions assemblages, typical by-product Only a fewsamples on other(unexcavated?) of the site.One might weretaking suchactivities place parts that at recovered the summarize picture Servia saying thearchaeobotanical assemblage by to intended eat,andwouldhave thepartoftheharvest peopleprobably mainly comprised than part had rather that intended other for if eaten thedestruction nothappened, purposes. Legumes: an Important Supplementor a Main Crop? and in that dealswith ba the of Muchdiscussion Greek agriculture thepast, certainly which of has tended focus thetriad theolive,thegrapeand thecereals to on and later periods, from attention tothe the derive out, maypartly 1992).As Sarpaki paid points this (Sarpaki the of ofthe Classical who authors, emphasized marked agriculture writings dependence Greek the comesfrom high in laterperiodson boththeolive and thevine.But it also partly that havetobe archaeobotanical ofcereals, becauseofthefact many species representation their of charred and at of thus processing increasing chances being parched somestage their has to which attention been drawn, less there a fourth is However, component preserved. the namely legumes. of the at Within charred the prominently. assemblage Servia remains pulsesfeature plant - four onecounts as the if both grass anddwarf Three cultivated chickling being pea species and thecultivated lentils in theassemblage namely culinarie) (Lens pea Lathyrus, present at is of that It (Pisum sativum).couldbe argued theprominence carbonised pulses Servia due in destruction levels. of and totheextensive preserved themn sampling analyis thematerial

3 14

RUPERT A. HOUSLEY

it that of seedsofpulses On thebasisoftherecovered remains, appears quantities thedried in for and werebeingstored humanconsumption, came to be charred thesubsequent of This conflagration. may explainwhythe remains pulses are foundin 75% of the the from mnArea D contexts below and table 5.2). An archaeobotanical (see samples a was at i.e. situation, stored beingpreserved through calamity, found analogous products it was Thera.Here,instead a fire, seemsthebuilding of I siteofAkrotiri, theLateCycladic later which followed was sometime bya volcanic due abandoned toan earthquake eruption. 1987) revealed little wheat from West the House(Sarpaki Thearchaeobotanical very samples which butmany contained Hordeum rather more (hulled (einkorn vulgre) samples barley only), In interpreting assemblage, the and Pisum Lathyrus [Lens, (1992, Sarpaki clymenum). legumes wereconsuming large such urbanhousehold that 70-5) madethesuggestion ifa wealthy be would mass the of population then poorer of surely consuming general quantitiespulses, the factor that has Hubbard evenmore comm.) suggested one relevant affecting (pers. legumes. in of be of theimportance pulsecrops given protein theeconomy, might a scarcity animal would encourageincreasedpulse of thata decreasein the availability such protein at was important mnServiais of To scarcity animalprotein consumption. whatextent it in however lba Akrotiricouldwellhavebeena concern. debatable, in a from at diet, being supplement thehuman Apart important Servia? Whywerepulses and from basements destruction the seedremains as demonstrated thedried levels, pulses by dried animal usedas a fresh and (both were, forage could, almost green croporfor certainly rare in the or fresh).Stems and pods of lentils,peas and vetch are spectacularly the record Hopf1973,4, Abb. 1 (5), sample2/29,for archaeobotanical possibly only (see turn nor in Chevdar Bulgaria), do they up in casea pea pod from ofsucha find, this example of verificationthese The and inthepottery daubimpressions. lackofpreservation precludes more times three the from site(over of the pulses however, given numbers legumes practises; suchuseswouldnothave been overlooked. one thancereals), wouldsuspect werefound in fix that the from fact legumes nitrogen the of The secondbenefit growing pulsesderives are Wheatand barley very fields. exhausted thesoiland aretherefore for good revitalising of land and intensively-farmed thegrowing legumes of (together demanding nutrients, for nutrient wouldhave playeda partin maintaining and theuse of fallow) with manuring at full at Whether Servia use wasmadeofthese therefore and properties this levels, yields. for be can time only a matter speculation. Evidence for the Use of Other Plants at Servia becameimportant plants, in which later of of The presence a number species crop periods for the is and someofthefruits, ofinterest the i.e.flax, grape, although evidence whether The is in at cultivated Servia theneolithic unclear. grape werenecessarily pipsareofa they the with wildformVitis we that ( sizeandmorphology suggest aredealing ssp. vinifera sylvestris to - see 5.2.4).Theflax on and the are seedsfrom mn small could, metrical belong grounds, Serviaof the thewildform bienne), although presence a long(3.45 mm)seedfrom {Linum undersize with that makesitmuchmorelikely we areherein themndealing Varytimides have most and fruits nuts The could, usitatissimum.various Linum likely, fruits thecultivar, of that environment perhaps the from surrounding beencollected indicating thegathering to as of with to still ofplants hada part play, together thehunting reddeer, a supplement the economy. agricultural

THE ANDAGRICULTURE: CARBONISED PLANT ENVIRONMENT REMAINS

315

On-site Storage of Crops at Servia The excavationof Area D led to the discoveryof a richmnlevel. This provideda unique one halfof a large in situburntstructure to (Structure The five 7). opportunity investigate taken within structure 5.7) areparticularly this valuable archaeobotanical (fig. samples(60-64) in as in thattheywereundisturbed their contexts, opposed to themore commonly primary derivesfrom wheretherecoveredmaterial or foundsituation secondaryre-useofa feature, For reasonclose attention been focused has of after abandonment. this theresult accumulation on them. and dimensions resemble Sample 63 is almostpure einkorn thegrainsin morphology florets although rachiswould seem to be predominantly the two-seeded from thosefrom was confirmed G. Jones and Gordon Hillman (pers. comm.) emmer.This observation by can only be resolvedwiththe aid of a ScanningElectron who have suggested matter the the has layerof the pericarp.No opportunity arisento do Microscope,by examining third remainsunresolved.Adjacentto sample 63 was an extremely thisand so the matter pure sample oflentils sample 62. It is almostcertainthatthepresenceof lentilsin sample 63 in as (and possiblythe two Lathyrus cotyledons), well as a fewcereal fragments sample 62, of excavation.Bothsamplesmusthave been virtually are theresult mixing clean,and during came intocontactwitheach otherin the destruction. only the of of Sample 64 represents contents P283,and consisted an almostpurecropofLathyrus It contaminated a fewlentils(perhapsan acceptablecontaminant?). is verylikely sativus, by werewithin hole-mouthed in water(itbeingnecessary the to theLathyrus that cotyledons jar use to removethe alkaloidwhichcauses the disease lathyrism J. M. soak Lathyrus before The Renfrew 1973, 118) beforebeingknockedoverin thedestruction. adjacentsample,61, in but is verydifferent composition, closelyresemblessample 63 withgrainsoftwo-seeded sativus lentilsare mostlikelyto come and but einkorn rachisof emmerwheat.The Lathyrus mixed when thejar tippedover.Finallythelast of from contents P283, theseeds getting the 61 sample fromArea D, sample 60, mirrors and 63 in being an almostpure wheat crop the forks stillwithsome chaff and glumebases remaining presumably spikelet although wereto have been removedimmediately priorto consumption. on mn The remaining samples are probablyvariations thistheme,in thatsome of them to be eithera pulse or a cereal dominantassemblage withsome contamination, appear otherassemblagesare well mixed. Possiblythough, mixingis not theresult the of although butcomes from deliberate the oftwoor more speciesin thesame on-site growing processes taxa use underslightly different conditions a field, making ofthefactthatdifferent thrive againstcompletecrop failure. typeofinsurance The Plant Economy in a Wider Context The palaeoethnobotanical recordforthemnin Macedonia - and in Greece in general- is not as well documentedas theprecedingand subsequentneolithic periods (Kroll 1991).J. the M. Renfrew (1979, 247) documentedonly threesitesotherthan Servia, i.e. Franchthi, Ialso includesSitagroi II as mnas alsoJ. M. and AchilleionQ. M. Renfrew Athenian Agora in of Hansen (1988, 42), butsee discussion theproblemsofrelative chronology section1.7. Sesklo and Otzaki.This makes K. A. W.],whileKroll (1991, 171-3) added twofurther sites, and forthisreasonthissectionwill themnassemblageat Servia ofconsiderableimportance concentrate themn. on

3 16

RUPERT A. HOUSLEY

at of In terms cereals, presence Servia twoandsix-rowed of the in and barley bothhulled ifone takesall themnGreekrecords interest. nakedform ofconsiderable is for Although threeof thefour forms distichon nudum not var. has one finds (Hordeum together barley are As as wheats concerned, are been only present. far the previously attested), atServia allfour at is and thepresence justeinkorn emmer Servia unremarkable. of at is of of period. of and However The occurrence Lens Pisum Servia fairly typical sites this areworthy attention. exact of The ofthe between the pea relationship large quantities chickling L. sativus notclear(Zohary Hopf1988,110),and is and and thewildL. cicera thecultivated seedsmaynotbe valid(Hubbard the used thesizecriteria hereto separate respective pers. sativus/ and have cicera For reasonI have classedtheseedsas beingLathyrus comm.). this like Otherarchaeobotanical I which think in morphology, one or theother. indicated are, in of sativus se Europe, Kroll(1979)identified the has e.g. analysis indicated presence Lathyrus ln at it vetch Vicia Dimini. bitter itatLN ervilia) comesfrom samples Servia, ( only Although sites. in Greek hasbeenfound themnon other valuedfor as their Linum, Vitis), wellas those cropspecies(Avena, Manyofthepotential
have been attested on Cornus and fruits nuts(Prunus mas,Pistacia,Quercus) Pyrus, amygdalus,

cf. the cf. sites. mn other Greek (Ceitis australis), plum(Prunus archaeological The hackberry newadditions this to list. are and coriander sativum) three (Coriandrum cerasifera/insititia) 5.2.4 Botanical Discussion of the Species of Plants Recovered EmmerWheat
Schubl. dicoccum Triticum

at in form Servia.The predominant variedquiteconsiderably their Emmer type grains more width the blunt towards which of consisted a kernel ends, greatest being fairly tapered was side The ventral ofthegrains longitudinally or sometimes or lessin themiddle. flat, sometimes dorsal blunt with somewhat a sidewas covered the whilst dorsal ridge concave, of on of from off-set thecentre thegrain(fig.5.2 a-b). Measurements a number slightly in variation L:B ratios in aregiven table 5.6 (for 'normal' 132),thelarge 93, samples grains of of whilst ratio T:B isfairly the emmer for isnormal archaeobotanical (cf. typical thegrains and at andthose Nea Nikomedeia Zeist Bottema at emmer Dimini 1971)). (van (Kroll1979) werefound emmer of a to In addition the'normal' grains type, smallnumber drop-shaped such at Servia(fig.5.2 c); van Zeist(1968) attributed in thearchaeobotanical assemblage that basis modern onthe carbonisation caused the todistortion drop-shaped process, by grains of in was A had type grains notbeenobserved. further ofgrain found a number thesamples - one which are than which werethicker they wide i.e. resembled einkorn, grains closely arose A sides. complication dorsal convex endsandlongitudinally with blunt (Housley initially occurred from emmer these (fig. spikelets 5.2 a) sometimes single-seeded grains 1981)because was confusion causedbythe further Still einkorn with inassociation 2-seeded (below). grains with forks 5.2 l-rri) an equally emmer of association indisputable indisputable (fig. spikelet einkorn. oftwo-seeded crop Einkorn Wheat
L. monococcum Triticum

remains and both from in was wheat identified several Einkorn (spikelet grain chaff samples,

ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE: THE CARBONISED PLANT REMAINS

3 17

forms grains of wereencountered. 1-seeded A forks glume and bases).Twomorphological atbothends, with where seedswere the (fig. e-f) 5.2 pointed laterally compressed both type with sharply a dorsal and sideslongitudinally theventral dorsal curved, side,and a ridged shoulders. Measurements the1-seeded on with einkorn ventral furrow fairly narrow sharp when totheNea Nikomedeia seedsaresmall, show Servia the (table5.6) certainly compared form found Servia, at material (vanZeistand Bottema 1971). The secondmorphological In appearance was a 2-seeded themajority a sample, of sometimes making type. they up The einkorn kernels havea sharp emmer resemble grains. 2-seeded 'spindle-shaped' closely at and are sideswhich approximately dorsal parallel converge abruptly thebase and ridge, showsharpedgesand distinct (in grains) apex,and sometimes thecase ofwell-preserved Measurements a groupof on of side flattening theventral in thelowerpartofthegrain. are einkorn given table 5.6. in 2-seeded and some of theemmer between2-seededeinkorn The close similarity grains grains forks glume and basesinsomeofthelarge inthis a major study. Spikelet problem presented from emmer the the einkorn 63) weremostly of [e.g. despite fact grains samples 2-seeded and clarify matter, weresought try to the and einkorn. Secondopinions mostresembled that grain the was and Hillmanall examined Hubbard, sample63. Theyagreed G.Jones Giventhemismatch werethose emmer. of between remains einkorn therachis but 2-seeded the the was to the and thechaff thegrains author advised check attribution investigating by KorberGrhne Electron a Scanning of cell third layer thepericarp [cf. Microscope using to and Mesterharm, and Piening, 1980). This remains be done and so the 1980; Feindt care in For tentative. thisreasonconsiderable shouldbe taken must identification remain in tables 5.2-5.4,as itis far to einkorn emmer of theproportion 2-seeded presented using has of It of a division thegrains thetwospecies been achieved. is certain satisfactory from can be resolved. this in that sometime thefuture important point hoped Barley L. L. Lam. and H. distichon Hordeum vulgre emend. of Naked forms both two-row and from was [Hordeum fragments. Barley identified grains rachis werenotedat Servia. var. and var. distichon nudurri) six-row [Hordeum vulgre nudum) barley in with kernels wider than werethick width themiddle, showed maximum The grains they The lackof to which (table5.6: T:B measurements) 5.2 evenly bothends(fig. g-h). tapered and thepresence finetransverse of nerves lateral running along longitudinally thegrain, confirmed identification. the the On on on thesurface (albeit onlya fewgrains) wrinkling to common than the naked seems havebeenmore basisoftherecovered assemblage, barley wasdemonstrated thepresence of at The hulled forms Servia. presence thesix-row barley by with medianones.The existence of lateral oftwisted grains together straight asymmetrical in nos. however several on thesite lessclear-cut, was two-row samples (especially 77, barley in whichotherwise contained lateral grains assemblages 87, 112) theabsenceof twisted we weredealing with two-row the form. of numbers straight considerable suggested grains in Six-row hulled was Hulledbarley lesscommon theServia [Hordeum assemblage. barley twisted lateral the ofa was grains although majority vulgre) indicated the by identification few form that two-row the weresymmetrical ofthehulled [Hordeum distichon) implying grains of of Thiswas confirmed thefinding an en complete wasbeing spikeimpression by grown. for timides plate 5.2). Measurements a small from two-rowed hulled (see Servia-Vary barley are in in of are number grains given table 5.6,and twohulled grains shown fig.5.2 i-j.

3 18

RUPERT A. HOUSLEY Table 5.6. Measurements cerealgrains(in mm). of T B L = length, = breadth, = thickness

Species

Sample
74

No. of
Grains 15 mean: range: (min-max) std.dev.:

L
4.54 4.0-5.0 0.32 5.48 4-3-7-O 0.49 5.20 4.0-6.0 0.53 6.02 5.0-6.9 0.42 4.80 3-6~5-6 0.48 4.64 3-6~5-5 0.46 4.73 3.2-6.0 0.53 3.90 3.0-4.8 0.55

B
1.59 1.2-1.9 0.22 2.46 1.9-3.5 0.29 2.02 1.3-2.7 0.28 2.75 2.1-3.3 0.29 2.80 1-9-3-5 0.36 2.81 1.9-3.6 -34 2.79 2.0-3.4 0.34 1.99 1.5-2.5 0.28

T
2.30 2.0-2.7 o.ig 2.88 2-3-3-4 0.24 1.84 1.2-2.4 0.27 2.48 2.0-3.0 0.24 2.04 i-3-2-5 0.24 2.05 1.4-2.5 0.26 2.04 i.5"2-7 0.25 1.41 1.1-1.7 0.20

L:B
xioo 291 222-377 225 183-268

T:B
xioo 147 111-183 118 89-142

Triticum monococcum ( 1-seeded spikelets) Triticum monococcum (2 -seeded spikelets) Triticum dicoccum

37A

49

mean: range: (min-max) std.dev.:

93

51

mean: range: (min-max) std.dev.:

258 2OO~373

92 60-129

Triticum dicoccum

132

60

mean: range: (min-max) std.dev.:

220 177-270

91 70-125

Naked Barley (2-row ?)

87

50

mean: range: (min-max) std.dev.:

172 143-262

73 63-100

Naked Barley (2 ? & 6-row)

118

50

mean: range: (min-max) std.dev.:

166 128-200 171 *33~227

73 64-84 73 56~85

Naked Barley (2 ? & 6-row)

122

50

mean: range: (min-max) std.dev.:

Hulled Barley (2 ? & 6-row)

128

10

mean: range: (min-max) std.dev.:

197 160-218

71 65-75

ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE: THE CARBONISED PLANT REMAINS

3 19

Fig. 5.2. The charred remainsofcereals: (a-b) Triticum 'normal'grains; dicoccum, Triticum (I dicoccum, dicoccum, 'drop-shaped'grains;(d) Triticum grainfrom1-seeded spikelet; monococcum, (e-fj Triticum grainsfrom1-seeded spikelets; (naked) grains;(i-j ) Hordeum [g-h)Hordeum forks. (hulled)grains;(k)Avena (l-n) Triticum dicoccum, grain, spikelet

32O Oats

RUPERT A. HOUSLEY

Avena sp. A singlegrainofoat was foundin a ln sample (130). The seed is illustrated fig.5.2 k.The in lackofflower bases meansthat identification problematic, is howeveritis likely that seed the comes from ubiquitous oftheregion, slenderoat [Avena the oat the The barbata). presenceof a singlecharred a graincan probablybe put down to thelikelihoodthatitrepresents weed the infesting cerealscrop. Grass Pea sativus and/ortheDwarfvetchling: L. cicera L. Lathyrus Lathyrus Seeds of the genus Lathyrus were presentat Servia in many samples, in some cases in considerable numbers. in They displayedconsiderablevariation shape and, mostnotably, in size. The forms and size of the Lathyrus specimenswould appear to closelyparallelthe in material illustrated Kroll (1979) from siteofDimini,whichhe categorised belonging the as to two species,Lathyrus cicera. sativus and Lathyrus However researchon modernLathyrus thatthe assemblagesby Gordon Hillman and others(Hubbard pers.comm.) has suggested seeds from two species overlap in both theirmorphology the size. and, more importantly, f Forthis reasonI have categorised specimens belonging Lathyrus the as to sativus/ however cicero, I for purposesofcomparison the withtheDiminimaterial have tried indicate to whichofthe twoforms seeds resemble. the Thus in thetablesthistaxonhas been splitintoL. sativus type and L. cicera (fig. typeeven thoughone may be dealingwithone species. The illustrations 5.3 a-b, and 5.3 fi-g)show just how similar in morphologythe seeds are, whilstthe the measurements (table 5.7) demonstrate considerablesize rangewhichwas encountered. seed is governedby the in cross-section, shape of the Lathyrus triangular Approximately ends (see fig.5.3 a), the in itsposition thepod. The ones from middletendto have truncated and have one side flattened theotherslightly the whiletheseeds from end ofthepod often pointed(fig.5.3 c). Lentil Lenssp. found in many samples at Servia. Because of the Lentils (fig. 5.3 d-e) were frequently it abundance of such finds, is almostcertainthatwe are dealing withthe cultivated lentil, anothersmall-seededwild lentil, Medik. (= Lens esculenta Lensculinaris Moench), although and Hopf 1988, 85). As is shown Lensorientalis (Zohary (Boiss)Hand-Mazz has close affinities in measurements table 5.8, all the Servia lentilswere of the small-seeded the diameter by type(spp. microsperma). Field Pea L. sativum Pisum Cultivated peas were foundonlyin one ln sample at Servia,no. 132, and it is one ofthese as on in whichis illustrated fig.5.3 A.Measurements twooftheseeds (table 5.9) showthat, the the faras size is concerned, peas at Serviafallwithin rangeof Pisumsativum elatius. ssp.

ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE:THE CARBONISED PLANTREMAINS

321

I the is to On one ofthespecimens examined seedcoat(testa) wellenough preserved show both of on Hubbard Serviawas the that surface smooth. reports types sculpturing peasfrom bothforms be found testas domestic can on of and Varytimides also makesthepointthat peas.

of Table 5.7. Measurements Lathyrus seeds (in mm).

Species Lathyrus sativus type Lathyrus sativus type Lathyrus sativus type Lathyrus cicera type

Sample 97

No. of Seeds 50 mean: range: (min-max) std.dev.: mean: range: (min-max) std.dev.: mean: range: (min-max) std.dev.: mean: range: (min-max) std.dev.:

L 4.20 3.2-5.0 0.52 4.02 3-2-5 0.45 4.37 3-3~5-3 -47 2.73 1.9-3.4 0.36

B 3.45 2.7-4.3 -43 3.35 2-4-4-7 0.49 3.32 2.7-4.2 -43 2.34 1.2-3.4 0.37

T 3.78 2.6-5.1 0.66 3.68 3-"4-3 0.42 3.62 2.9-5.0 -44 2.67 1-9~3-3 0.35

23

50

21

50

61

35

Table 5.8. Measurements lentilseeds (in mm). of Sample 87 67

122

No. of Seeds 50 5
50

Mean Diameter 2.42 2.55

2.33

Range (min-max) i-7-3-2 1-5-3-3

1.5-3.2

Std.Dev. 0.26 -33

0.42

322

RUPERT A. HOUSLEY

sativus remainsoflegumes:(a-b) Lathyrus Fig. 5.3. The charred sativus typeseeds; (c) Lathyrus type, Lensculinaris esculenta) ccera terminal Pisum sativum seed; (d-e) seeds; {f- Lathyrus (L. typeseeds; (A) seed; (i) Viciaervilia seed; (y) faVziseed. ssp. elatius

Fa'nu/za Wild. (L.) The LNhorizonsat Servia yielded a further legume species in the shape of seeds possibly The vetch( Vicia to attributable thoseofbitter ervilia). illustration 5.3 1) and thedimensions (fig. in table 5.9 suggestthe bittervetch seeds at Servia are larger than many other given comparablecarbonisedexamples.

Bitter

Vetch

ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE:THE CARBONISED PLANT REMAINS Table 5.9. Measurements otherindividualpulse seeds (in mm). of
Species Pisum sativum Pisum sativum Viciaervilia Viciaervilia Sample 132 132 126 129 L 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.8 B 3.0 3.2 4.0 4.0 T 2.8 2.8 3.8 4.0

323

Flax Linum sp. in Flax seedswerefound twomnsamples Servia(fig.5.4 a). On thebasisoftheir at size bienne Mill.(= Linum (table5.10),theseedswouldseemto be Linum Huds.). angustifolium Van Zeistand Bakker-Heeres for Linum (1975) putthelowerlimit seedsofthecultivated to3.0 usitatissimum mminlength. for due Allowing 13-15% shrinkage tocarbonisation (van Zeistand Bakker-Heeres the 1975),thiswouldputtheLinumseedsin sample57 within associated with Linum bienne whilst thosefrom couldarguably range normally sample115 in fall theL. usitatissimum Thepresence a 3.5 x 2.1 x 0.8 mmLinum impression of seed range. atServia-Varytimides indicate would cultivated L. usitatissimum,present theen, was in flax, it likely thatwe are dealingwithundersize of thisspeciesin themn. making specimens However evidence notconclusive. the is

Table 5.10. Measurements thefruits flax(in mm). of of Sample

57 57 57 115

L
2-3 2.4 2.9

B
1-3 1.3 1.3 1.1

L + 13% for shrinkage

2.60 2.71 3.28

Coriander A non European coriander was found Servia, a mn fruit at in plant, onlyone carbonised context Ovoid in shape(fig.5.4 b)itmeasured mmin diameter. plate See 57). (sample 3.5 a 5.1 for mnCoriandrum impression.
Coriandrum sativum

324 Grape

RUPERT A. HOUSLEY

in at to ln dating themn, and eba. In samples Servia, Grapepipswereencountered four and the are short broadwhereas thoseofthecultivated general pipsof Vitis sylvestris small, in and to have stalks arenarrower relation their Stummer vinifera longer length. speciesVitis of the the a V (1911) distinguished twospecies grape using B:L ratio, sylvestris having range one of54-82and V vinifera (table having of44-75.Themeasurements 5.11),andinparticular in allows assignment thepipstotwogroups: the of those samples132 and 143 theB:L ratio to the Gmel., 41 belong thewildgrape,Vitis likely sylvestris whereas pipsin samples mostly and and 119 couldbe either wildor domesticated havebeen therefore to genus assigned distributionthewildgrape(j. M. Renfrew doesliewithin modern the of level,Vitis Servia sp.

Vitis sp.

Table5.11. Measurements grape (inmm). ofthe pips

Sample 41 Length ofstem 0.8
0.5 0.6 0.6

Length ofpip 4.0

3.5 3.2 3.5

Width ofpip 3.4

2.8 3.3 3.7

Diameter ofchalaza 0.7 1.2 0.8

Thickness 2.2 2.9 2.5

B:L 0.71
0.70 0.87 0.90

119 132 143

Pistachio 1 in at was A single ofthepistachio recovered a ln context Servia fruit (sample 35). Oblatein reference material madeit the was on shape, hilum found thelongside.Lack ofsufficient however the on basisofthesimilarity tospecies to of identification level, impossible be sure the from turpentine (Pistacia the tree to toillustrated theServian fruits example appears be either
L. terebinthus or fromPistacia lentiscus L.) Pistacia sp.

Fragrant Cherry have a the mahaleb) a prominent nut, seedsofthefragrant (Prunus cherry Resemblingsmall in was found a ln context hilum one end. A single at flat (sample132) and is specimen in illustrated fig.5.4 i Plum in at was 'stone' encountered thearchaeobotanical of One small samples fragment a Prunus condition resolution Thepoorpreservation a context from mn Servia, precluded 76). (sample
Prunussp. Prunusmahaleb

ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE: THE CARBONISED PLANT REMAINS

325

eitherPrunus Ehrh.or Prunus domestica ssp. insititia. L. cerasifera probablycame from

it however thebasisofthesurface on that to species, morphology was thought thestone Hackberry

and of of were in 'Stones', inone casepart thefleshy mesocarp, thehackberry found twomn it to the dimensions (117and 109).In oneexample waspossible estimate approximate samples ofthestony to the weretoo mesocarp c 5.3 x 4.0 mm (LxB),however other specimens The strong surface thestones comefrom Ceitis australis L. suggests fragmentary. sculptured Apple/Pear No seeds('pips')ofPyrus werefound Servia, at in however four (84, 132, 144, 146) samples carbonised coreswereencountered. theseedsit was notpossibleto tellwhether Lacking hasbeenassigned.
Cornusmas L. Pyrus sp.

Ceitiscf. australisL.

P came from or and malusL., communisL. P amygdaliformisViil.so a genusattribution Pyrus they

Cornelian Cherry stones thecornelian of Allthecarbonised found Servia at were and cherry very fragmentary, no or for reason measurements illustrations given. this are However distinctive the structure with two ofthestones, their loculiand numerous allowedidentification. cavities, spherical Other Species in The remaining in species(listed tables 5.2-5.4) willnotbe discussed detail, although are illustrated figs.5.3-5.4. The seeds of Sambucus in many arvense, nigra, Lithospermum and seeds Thymolaea, thelargegroupoAjugachamaepitys in samples and 103 werenot 42 and this there must somesuspicion they be that preserved charring, for reason by represent modern intrusive Someofthefruit-bearing notalready discussed the specimens. plants [e.g. almond: Prunus and wild species Queris), nut amygdalus), the (e.g. yielded very only fragmentary remains. number small-seeded A of a have been legumes, hilum, manylacking preserved referred thetribeVtciae. to Mostoftheremaining seedsbelongto arableweedsalthough a small number couldnotbe identified arelisted indeterminate. and as R. A. H.

326

RUPERT A. HOUSLEY

arvense (uncharred); Rumex (e) (d) (uncharred); Lithospermum sativum; Ajugachamaepitys (j (b) Coriandrum sp.; cf. cf. annua;(h) Medicago (1) Prunus mahaleb' (j)Vitis vinifera sylvestris' sp.; ssp. (/) Adonis annua'{) Mercurialis cf. (0) (m) (p) nigra' Chenopodium album-, Centaurea (k) Vitis (I) Rubus fruticosusr,Malvasp.; (n) Sambucus sp.' cf. cf. Veronica persica; itouHaisp.; (5) Thymelaeasp. (t) (uncharred); Euphorbia (r) (q) calcitrapa/solistitialis; cf. (u) helioscopia' Fumaria officinalis.

Fig. 5.4. The remainsofothercrops,fruit-bearing sp.; plantsand selectedweeds: (a) Linum

ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE:THE CARBONISED PLANT REMAINS

327

GRAIN 100% X7'' 9Or4td ' ' & vJ '/ Winnowingby-product Coarse sieve by-product Fine sieve by-product

n. 80/- '/ 'A A A

60 - A - A - A - A A

/wyy

' /

' /

' ^

[I]

Finesieveproduct

9-

^^

and chaff weedsfor the of Fig.5.5. Triangular the grain, showing relative proportions cereal diagram one The different Eachsymbol datafrom (see symbols Amorgos. represents sample. ethnographic van activities. different inthecropprocessing [From derVeen(1985,218), stages key) represent basedon datasupplied G.Jones.] by

328

RUPERT A. HOUSLEY

GRA|N 100 %

60 y y y ' /

so/ v^v* 70/ y V V

flV%/'

90 JPbTL

vTW ><

A>

O Phase8/10

Phase 2 Phases Phase 4 Phase 5

Phase 6/7

. ;70000C0{ % * % % % * % * < 4/ ^
Fig.5.6. Triangular the of chaff weedsfor and the diagram showing relative grain, proportionscereal archaeobotanical from data Servia. Different from different of symbols represent samples phases the site. The sizeofsymbol a indication thenumber samples of of with that provides relative composition.

j/00000(X/y

4o^AZVVV'Zy

ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE: THE CARBONISED PLANT REMAINS

329

Fig. 5.7. Phase Four,Area D, Structure 7. Locationofarchaeobotanical samplesand other selected finds.

33O

R. N. L. B. HUBBARD AND RUPERT A. HOUSLEY

5.3 THE AGRICULTURE

OF PREHISTORIC

SERVIA

5.3.1 Introduction The agriculture theloosesense)ofprehistoric Servia summarised table 5.12 in the is in (in form presence of and Clapham (Willcox 1974; Hubbard1976 b' 1980; Hubbard analyses somerelevant archaeobotanical havebeencarried nearer out to 1992).Although analyses the evidence available Hopfsstudy prehistoric is of hand, bestcomparative Bulgaria (1973), for and whichremains at unsurpassed detailand reliability, Renfrew's analyses Sitagroi in (Photolivos) se Macedonia(J.M. Renfrew 1972). In fig.5.8,theappropriate ofHopfs and Renfrew's bits are in analyses summarised the dimensional with analytical form a pseudo-three of the (Hubbard1980), analysis presence of results table 5.12 setbesidethem. 5.3.2 Analytical Considerations must bornein mind. be of these a In interpreting results, number points to some plantsare used in waysthatmean thattheyare unlikely enterthe Firstly, Flax/linseed[Linum and are severelyunder-represented. archaeobotanical record, it before seedsare the for is a usitatissimum) classicexample:ifgrown fibre, is harvested intotheir the constituents water decompose stems to in stagnant fully ripe,and retted theHaliakmon belowtheen Servia-Varytimides the for an activity which low ground by be When the In well siteis extremely suited. these circumstances, seedsmight fedtostock. oil before It is not the for pressing. grown oil,theripeseedsmaybe boiledto liberate of in encountered theform pottery-impressions, is and cooked, accordinglyusually usually fire. The or of huge congealedblockswhena storeof linseedhas accidentally caught and to for record flaxtends be discontinuous, archaeobotanical erratic, an underestimate at of thecrop'suse. This is thecase at Servia:we mustassumethatflaxwas grown all concerns the Another in it eventhough is onlyrecorded theen and mn. difficulty periods, are forms distinguishedthepresence and the ofthe identification barleys: two-row six-row by mixed Whenfound in absence theformer. and in oftwisted together, grains thelatter, their and Hubbard1981),ekedoutwith one has to use statistical intelligent (Kyllo arguments and in and based on rachis fragments impressions pottery daub,to workout guesswork the is The whatis happening. morethat known, easieritis to see theunderlying pattern. are nakedand hulledbarleys all seento and six-row twosite mnServiais thefirst where most distinctions of to it and be cultivated, where has beenpossible makeall therelevant of reassessment and willbe easierto understand, mayenforce sites thetime. Subsequent hulled of of as thepresence an impression a head oftwo-row theServia barley results, just whichG. Prdromos sheds from Servia-Varytimides clear lighton the en barleyfrom andJones1980). with caution had had to treat (Halstead Jones the about independence vexatious is there theperpetually (unrelatedness) question Finally, it as ofthesame'event' itis to find in It ofthesamples. is as easyto takemultiple samples downovera lowerpartition falls an from upperstory If material several places. disjunct their on archaeological wall,thenthedeposits each side willbe thesame,even though willproduce or a levelling terracing are contexts different. widespread episode Conversely,

ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE: THE AGRICULTURE

331

that notindependent one nothing are tell with origin. Samples beyond deposits an identical atServia-Varytimides ituncertain are. makes one's howreproducible results The stratigraphy are the flotation of howmany samples represented. Equally, destruction a single productive intable 5.12) makes PhaseFourstructure MN, (Structure inAreaD (tabulated 7) separately someofthesamples howindependent the onewonder maybe. Empirically, results suggest wereunrelated. judge by table 5.12 and fig.5.8, Lathyrus mostof thesamples that (To in the emmer under-represented, is sativus quiteheavily is over-represented Do/C samples, and einkorn possibly are nakedbarley and two-row slightly under-represented.) 5.3.3 Neolithic Agricultures of the Southern Balkans one can see either or in uponone'spointofview, continuity discontinuityfig. Depending which is based.The patterns usageofeinkorn emmer it of and theanalyses and 5.8 upon similar w Macedonia, Macedonia, in se and Bulgaria. seemessentially If lentils seemto be muchmoreimportant Serviathanin theother at twoareas,then of it thisis not necessarily greatsignificance: is conceivablethatthismerely reflects in andtechnology. Carbonised differencessampling aredenser than cereals, strategy pulses with in and are recovered lowerefficiency normal The that processing flotation. fact by lentils fairly are abouttwiceas ubiquitous Serviaseemstoo muchto be at consistently if attributablesuchcauses, to however. course, lentils Of weremuchmoreimportant really in it at Serviathan se Macedoniaand Bulgaria, couldimply that meatand dairy products The subjective werein shorter from main the givenby plantremains supply. impression is wereofgreat site economic We however, certainlythat pulses importance. must recognise, that a that deduction itindicates lesser the reliance animal on is built protein a speculation In foundation. contrast, apparent the absenceof lentils on a debatable from earliest the is to as certainly likely be misleading whenever phaseat Sitagroi samplescome from x 3 m sounding, must restricted areaas a single an one wonder whether samples the are 3 of a fair representationthesiteas a whole. The defective evidence available indicates theuse ofbarley Servia that at was as similar tothat se Macedoniaand Bulgaria wasthecase for of as einkorn emmer: and take changes are and follow similar place,butthey gradual patterns. The majorchanges the seemto be thedropin importance two-row of during neolithic the and hulledbarley; disappearance subsequent of peas and bitter vetch reappearance the in between en and mn;thedropin the the ervilia); increase use ofnakedbarleys [Vicia of and of monococcum); the apparentintroduction vine importance einkorn(Triticum ln cultivation the earlier at Servia.The degreeof continuity the agricultural in during seemsto parallelthecontinuity occupation of and culture thesite at however, systems, until ln abandonment thesite. the of In interpreting generalsynopsis agricultural of the of any developments, existence at leastthreedistinct closelyrelated) issuesneeds to be recognised. One of these(but the the to correlates with arguably mostimportant involves extent whichagriculture in cuisine. Coulda change theagricultural reflect change what a in liked repertoire people to eat? This question has two corollaries. One concerns conservatism people's natural aboutwhattheyeat: if eatinghabitschange, it because the people themselves is have In support thisargument can citetheAvena/Secale of one between changed? dichotomy Britain Hollandin Dark Ages/Early and Mediaevaltimes, which the parallels difference

332

R. N. L. B. HUBBARD AND RUPERT A. HOUSLEY

a
S o
i*, "

> J 3 "t

O --3

g S S su
? d
d> CL,
GO ^

fe-fl .5 -o VD
g

sg
-a 8 S
.

sas

s.! g

-2 lo

m
Cu co c

S^ |

!l

u 3 a
o m

S'ir ^&

ri ss
si

ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE: THE AGRICULTURE Table 5.12. Synthesis agriculture Servia: presenceanalyses. of at

333

Phase Number samples of

EN

OneFour Three Do/C 11 10 12

% % %

MN

MN

Four 15
%

MN

Five 4
%

MN

Six 4
%

LN

Seven 6
%

LN

EBA

5
%

- single monococcum Triticum seeded

Triticum monococcum two seeded

82 45 91 45
82 36 27

40

- chaff Triticum monococcum dicoccum Triticum dicoccum chaff Triticum

d. Hordeum distichon v. Hordeum vulgre H.v. var. coeleste s.l. - chaff Hordeum vulgre i4^nflbarbata (?) sativus Lathyrus Viciaervilia

70 60 90
-

-25

42 50 42 42
-

80 27 80 40 60
13 53 7 7

25 25 100 75
___

50

33

20

25 50 75 overall 100 50 25 84 50 67
50?

40

H. d. var.nudum

36

30
10 20

25
42 ?

50
75 ___

20
40 20

25 75?

_____2~__ 18 10 75 40 50 ~ 50 5 50 20

Lens linar cu e mas Cornus

Pisumsativum Ceitis australis (?) amygdaliformis Pyrus Prunus (?) cerasifera & Rubus fruticosus R. idaeus Sambucus nigra Prunus amygdalus cf. Pistaciacf. terebinthus Vitis vinifera Linumusitatissimum Coriandrum sativum

55
36

80
-

100
-

100
-

75
-

100
-17

84 50
-

60 20

64

-__

30

25

13
7 + -25-+ + 7 +

25

~ 25 ____ ___ ~~33 ___ ----

75

___7____ 18 10 36 18 -8

8 8 8

-17

-17

~ 20

334

R. N. L. B. HUBBARD AND RUPERT A. HOUSLEY

in of and as (still readily perceptible) consumption porridge oatcakes opposedtoryebread of between The secondcorollary thepossiblerelationship (Hubbard1980). agriculture can be developedin twodirections, as is and cuisine itstechnological aspect.This,too, howfoodis cooked,and how therawmaterials are both can changing technology effect whenmetal to most theseaspects ought be manifested dramatically Obviously, prepared. - butother, for available utilitarian becomes lesser, technological developments purposes one mustremember that consequences. Finally, may have had as great(or greater) of economic are and components an entire system; agriculture pastoralism only(important) in unrelated of to andan alteration one part thesystem haveconsequences apparently may to of to are ln times there far-travelled imports pottery bearwitness extensive places.By thatthe not social.It is conceivable that of networks contacts werepresumably purely could indirectly in undesirable communities otherwise need to support places mining were effects but habits metal-using of the influence farming societies; whether analogous is in times debatable. ofanyconsequence neolithic se to was If vinecultivation introduced ln Servia(on thefaceof it from Macedonia), error the raisins? sampling Or whatarewe to makeofthemngrapeseeds?Imported (in but the latermnat Servia, weregrapesreally statistical sense)?(I.e. throughout present but The latter possible, is notto haveturned in anyofthesamples studied?) up happened recordthe and if it werethe case, it would mean thatthe mngrapesmight unlikely; the between naked of too,is one to makeoftheresemblance What, beginning viticulture. Is at curve Servia? itpurely bits and curve thelater oftheemmer six-row fortuitous, barley If or of or is itan indication an agricultural culinary pattern? it is to be seen as evidence whatabouttheanalogous for somekindofrealassociation, (butmoretenuous) similarity Is Whataboutthebimodalpea curve? a renewed curves? and the between einkorn lentil And why Balkans? of a for enthusiasm peas really characteristic theln of thesouthern from sw a follow similar of theexploitation peas (andthesix-row should pattern barleys) in seemsto go itsown of whentheagriculture Bulgaria general Macedoniato Bulgaria, evidencecannotanswerthesequestions: way in the ba? It is obviousthatthe existing research. future must comefrom thesenseofSirKarlPopper) or verificationfalsification (in that itcouldbe argued andse Macedonian with In comparisons theBulgarian evidence, of a hexaploid lies difference in the apparent theonlysignificant presence agricultural couldreflect records from Thisdifference theGreek in wheat theearlier samples. Bulgarian andcontentious Thisissueremains cultures these inwhere differences mysterious originated. on in decades.The topicis also discussed thesection theServiamorethanthree after breadwheataroseviabrief notethat Here,one needsmerely plant Varytimides remains. in has selection butintensive spelta archaeologically) Triticum (which notyetbeendetected showsto have been an intermediate of of stage), genetics (which sixty years' study wheat where into introduced eastern was Anatolia, whenemmercultivation first presumably of the hexaploid wheats) has its tauschii(the donor of the D genome Aegilops in wheats Triticum of limits. durum) theearliest (or southwesternmost The presence hexaploid as to an Anatolian in of neolithic Crete(Helbaek, Evans1964) and Bulgaria origin, points time.In thecase of theBulgarian at weremostcommon the thisis wherethesewheats the across BlackSea; from deducean introduction n Turkey one neolithic, maytentatively seems Serviahas closelinks, which with of whiletheagriculture theThessalian neolithic, nearest and Nea Nikomedeia's in Levant, to have had itsclosest analogues thenorthern Hacilar(Helbaek1970). seemsto be with affinity

AND AGRICULTURE: THE AGRICULTURE ENVIRONMENT

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5.3.4 Comparison of Early and Middle Neolithic Agricultures at In comparingthe en and mn ethnobotanies Servia,it is perhaps worthrecognising (at thatthreekindsof comparisonare possible. There is the 'ecological' comparison the start) of changesin the use made of wild plants:thishas been treatedin the ecological review. at by Any attempt a technologicalcomparisonis severelyconstrained the factthatonly in and daub) were represented the at two kindsof deposit(otherthanimpressions pottery site (a rubbishpit and a yard); and both are the sort of contextin Servia-Varytimides which relictsof many kinds of crop processingand consumptionepisodes are liable to accumulateand be mixed. All thatone can say is thatthereis no obvious sign of change between en and mn; and it is possibly reasonable to assume, in agricultural technology thattherewas no significant change. tacitly, of of kindofcomparison, thekindofcropsgrownand in whatsorts proportions, The third results. It can be made legitimately. produces some interesting in a of Whereas thereis undoubtedly greatdegree of continuity the agricultural history the lifeof the site (and of the Balkans in general),some of the agricultural changesduring It have a quite specificsignificance. strains to settlement theneolithic credulity apparently that it is a pure accident that the abandonment of two-rowhulled barley, the accept abandonmentof peas and Vicia hulled barley,and the (temporary) of introduction six-row in theinterval betweenthedesertion Serviaof of sativus in ervilia favour Lathyrus happened the overall patterns of and the startof occupation of the main site.Justas Varytimides agricultureand pastoralism in the eastern Mediterranean en imply (more or less) areas in sw Asia (Hubbard 1995), so it colonisationfromseveral different simultaneous not seems likelythatthiscrop ofchangesbetweentheen and mnat Servia reflects just new who were responsibleforthe new village. but externalcontacts, new arrivals By extensionof the same logic, it could be perhaps argued thatthe reappearance of of peas duringthe (early)ln, and the decline in popularity six-rownaked barley at this wave of immigration especiallyas it seems to be accompanied time,markeda further On of changes by the introduction vine-growing. thisoccasion, however,the agricultural or Eitheronly a are not associated with any architectural other culturaldiscontinuities. in or was new idea was introduced, the scale of any immigration trivial relationto the size as betweenthe of the populationof the settlement a whole - and maybe the distinction in two is trivial any case. 5.3.5 Local Adaptations and Indigenous Origins as agriculture being governedby years ago, it was fashionableto see prehistoric Twenty and for economies thelocal environment, to seek indigenousorigins it.Untilsophisticated was developed in the laterba and unless cheap transport available (as when a placid river would have had to growanything was to hand), farmers theywantedto eat. This impliesa suitableand whatpeople wanted.The evidence betweenwhatwas environmentally balance shows that environmentaldeterminismis usually of trivialimportance in explaining of The controlledenvironment a field suppressed the worstof agriculture. prehistoric markeddifference betweenprehistoric from indigenousplants;and ifthe only competition in as as agriculture environments different Britainand the easternMediterraneanis the of contribution pulse crops in northern insignificant Europe presumably relatively in withyear-round of rainfall a reflectinggreater availability animalprotein an environment

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is control notveryimportant. beingsaid, That and lushgrazing thenenvironmental a of features fig.5.8 is theapparent ofbetween coupleofcenturies one oftheintriguing lag Serviaand se Macedoniaand Bulgaria the in or and halfa millennium morebetween of of Thisdoessuperficially of suggest matching patterns exploitation many thecropplants. driven somenatural an economic process soilexhaustion, change by perhaps rather abandonment breadwheat(inBulgaria) of the and human choice. than However, gradual einkorn shadedin fig.5.8) in Greeceis and hulledbarley two-seeded oftwo-row (shown and natural to attributable any likely notreadily mechanism, arguesthe opposite way. the forms barley of between different thechanges defy explanation all buta by Certainly that will Theseareproblems further determinist. environmental Procrustean investigations to the and sufficient one can nowidentify questions be answered, that elucidate: doubtless define them fairly precisely. is less element Europeanagriculture onlyslightly to with indigenous an The obsession and forms of In a world without mechanisms, other subsidies, price-support unrewarding. within limits the to mustadaptitself suitthelocal circumstances, intervention, farming the for exception Apart necessity self-sufficiency. from possible by imposed theoverriding theia oil seed crop,theonlyprehistoric ofgold-of-pleasure sativa), (Camelina cropsthat within seemto have emerged crops,oats and rye.They Europeare thetwosecondary are in theba (Hubbard1980) - butrye'sancestors Near in central Europeearly appear indicates thatthe research not European,plants;and the last twenty Eastern, years' of trivial concomitant the explosive to of introduction agriculture Europewas a rather the the and throughout Near East,long after 'experimental' growth spreadof farming the has demolished case was over(Hubbard1990).Similarly, Payne(1985, 215-9) stage wereas unlikely to outthat in of domestication animals Europe, for novo de sheep pointing to be native Europeas emmer. 5.3.6 Early Agriculturalists: Primitive or Sophisticated? left that It is all too easyto makethefallacious assumption becausetheremains by early It and primitive. is a wereunsophisticated are farmers unimpressive, themselves they Some to of Thereis plenty evidence thecontrary. that prevalent. misconception is rather that it comesfrom evidence ofthemost genetics: has longbeen established plant explicit but wheatwith of the arosefrom crossing emmer wheats tauschii; thehexaploid Aegilops - whichhas notyetbeen found archaeological in is theprogeny spelt(Triticum spelta) did botanists ofappropriate in theNearEast.Formany archaeological years age deposits withgeneticevidence,any more than manyarchaeological not concernthemselves could that no do now.The geneticists, doubt, thought thearchaeobotanists not zoologists Triticum and breadwheat(Triticum between aestivum). now,itis clear By spelta distinguish cal. millennium be millennium (eighth seventh of farmers theearly Anatolian eastern that theTriticum in the it, it, fields, investigated cultivated and selected bc) spotted hybrid their so rapidlythatthe process has not yet been detectedin the aestivum phenotypes the one between mangrowing first the Whether stages record. experimental archaeological took of and of hybrids theadoption breadwheatas a cropby thewholedistrict patch aestivum Triticum is what is or important: is relevant that twenty years twohundred notvery durum aestivum/ was stricto 'created'about6,500 bc [c. 7,500 cal. bc), and Triticum sensu turns thereafter up all overtheNearEast.

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at of settlement Servia-Varytimides unlikely is as to The establishment thefirst farming as of or havebeena tentative experiment wasthefounding Nea Nikomedeia theen villages from or inhabitants would Hunters' in Thessaly. expeditions information the aboriginal as moment groupof a the have identified locality a suitable spot;and at an appropriate but and Thessalians outto makea newhomenottoofar set away, in a lesscrowded noisy place. R. N. L. B. H. R. A. H.

5.4 MALACOLOGICAL

INVESTIGATIONS ERRAND?

AT SERVIA: A FOOL'S

flotation alsorecover can snailshells remains water of (albeit by plant Recovery carbonised - assuming anyarepresent), snailshells and wereindeedpresent that among imperfectly in wereexamined, thefull that So theseed and charcoal knowledge things samples. they and wouldnothave been recovered, thatnot all of the and likesluggranules platelets havefloated. snailshells might of It soon becameclearthatat leastfour ecological groupings snailswererepresented - even excluding burrowing whichwas almostubiquitous, and Cecilioides the acicula, Thereweretheusualshade-loving, strata. in common themoreshallow catholic, extremely freshwater snails. of and openground snails;and additionally, groups terrestrial dominated a large Zonitid a were Twocomponents ubiquitous: woodland component by element and an openground dominated a Helicella glaber, by resembling Oxychilus species The and tridens. opengroundVallonia costata by accompanied Chondrula species, sp. obvia

catholic but encountered The most cf. hispida, itwas specieswas Trichia pusilla. frequently was frequently subterranean The possibly notverycommon. Oxychilus hydatinus partially of settlementsServiameans at common. (Themixedoak woodland setting theprehistoric retains of whereas a or that central northern perspective snailecology validity, European rules Mediterranean environment different prevail.) in a morestrictly quite was Not of feature theanalyses thelackofconsistency. onlydid theratio of A worrying but of taxa open to closed environment varygreatly, the representation specieswas documented The of can inconsistent. impression incoherence be seenin themeticulously from Yugoslavian the laterneolithic of Gomolava(Bottema site malacological analyses at this was and Ottaway 1982)- notyetpublished thetime work done.Ridout's analyses in showsimilar snailsfrom neolithic at AyiosEpiktitos Cyprus the site of theterrestrial to wereattributedtheintroduction someoftheimbalances (Ridout 1982),although patterns ofsnailson rush matting. in shell cametolight one oftheServia-Varytimides camewhena planorbid The laststraw ram'shornsnails.It snails The planorbids fresh-water - small,flattened are samples. in used in theflotation that be suspected thesnailhad been introduced thewater might cleanwater, which in with a was drawn from spring butthewater extremely operations; attached it.It was to the thesnailwouldhavebeenobvious. Moreover, shellhad sediment terrestrial Whatwas an aquaticsnaildoingin a blatantly fossil. deposit? clearly

and as were V.excentrica present, wereLauria cylindracea lamellata, Vertigo (shade),Acanthinula

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R. N. L. B. HUBBARD

After little a reflectionbecameobvious it as weremadeoftimber and that, thebuildings reedsplastered withdaub, the aquaticsnailswerebeingintroduced the waterused in inhabitants making were mudto applyto their whentheprehistoric houses.The aquatic snailswere therefore no relevance. of But whatabout the earthused in making the to Was the Alas, rendering? itlikely be snail-free? no. It wasquiteclearthat inconsistencies record reflected leastin part)thehaphazard of themalacological of to (at digging earth was no certainty thesnailshellseven belongedto the that daub; and thatthere supply couldequally later be Pleistocene fossils from alluvial the interglacial period they present Interest on the are and terraces which sites situated. terminated. Whatever collapsed, work archaeomalacology may have to offeras a method of reconstructing prehistoric where mud-brick daub werestandard or itis constructional environments, notprofitable techniques. Thissamplewas a handsampleof did One sample, however, seemto tella realstory. in concentration theupperlayers noticed an obvious as snailshells (279.80-279.50m) of mn of thefilling thedestroyed Structure About200 ml ofearth 7. yielded170 shells: cf. Oxychilusglaber Trichia hispida Helicella sp. tridens Chondrula 14% 1% 66% 19%

tolerant the dominance %) oftheopenground, shows heavy Thisassemblage (85 drought The arisefrom analysis. this Threequestions in snailsthatare found thelocality today. snails of andtheorigin theshade-loving of the two first concern nature thesample present. in havebeenfound snailshells so together one place?The impression Whyshould many of surface thedestroyed the was these wegotwhen building excavating deposits that rubble Such shelter. had taken in the had a andthat pocket formed which snails wasvery uneven, would explainwhythe assemblagehas such a clear-cut an interpretation ecological whoseproportions of the but component, composition; accentuates anomaly thewoodland must the bare the seemtoo highfor essentially open space that settlement have been.In have offered thehouseswouldprobably normal circumstances, enough shadyand damp would not pose for an acceptablesubstitute woodland.Colonisation places to make them timber, for and in thevicinity, theinhabitants werewoods there exploited problems: of We otherthings. have the impressions oak leaves (plate 5.10, and fruits, fire-wood, in as identified Q. cerris Hubbard1979) to proveit.If the wrongly Queris pedunculiflora, or branches leaveswas notresponsible, on of Oxychilus fallen introduction unintentional of the introduce founders a birdsmight and carried theescapeofsnailscaught awayby Houses had different. wouldbe rather a After catastrophic however, fire, things colony. theseshells is or over been destroyed an area ofhalfa hectare more.One possibility that It the in in fire shelter thespacesbetween houses. the had survived that a representfauna thatthe patchesof wind-blown leaves,grass, seemssomewhat however, improbable, in etc. we placesbetween Malva, that mayimagine existing theuntrampled Salsola, Artemisia, area from of Colonisation a devastated sucha fireintact. houseswouldhave survived be Another morerealistic. seems metres of distances severalhundred might possibility that in thesettlement, shade in various for werepreserved their thata fewtrees places in and thattheyproducedthe conditions whichthe woodland the survived fire, they of element thesnailfauna persisted.

AND AGRICULTURE: ENVIRONMENT MALACOLOGY/DENDROCHRONOLOGY 339 The third question arising from this fragmentof evidence about the immediate settlement concerns the lengthof time between the fire of surroundings the prehistoric of and the reconstruction the settlement. mn We have no evidence that the catastrophic firecaused any abandonmentof the the The fireseems to have occurredafter crop had been harvestedand when settlement. therewas plentyof produce in store- presumablyin the autumn (the observationthat seeds may have been soakingin water (Hubbard 1979) indicatesthat sativus the Lathyrus it the crops were probablynot storedseed-corn).After took place, the snails had timeto was buriedin the reconstruction. is It intothe devastatedarea, beforetheirshelter migrate in summerheat and drought. This would to see themsheltering the rubblefrom tempting startedonly afterthe next harvesthad been of implythatreconstruction the settlement makesgood logistical thisspeculation sense,itwould mean Although garnered. successfully or thatthe homeless familieswould have had to shelterwithneighboursor relatives, to or for out in stables and outbuildings, in temporary shelters, about a year before camp normallifecould be resumed.But,on the otherhand, whatwas the alternative?

5.5 A MIDDLE

NEOLITHIC

DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL

SNIPPET

During the excavationof the basementroom in trenchDo/C in 1973, some carbonised were recovered. timbers structural n-s One was a piece of oak beam foundlyingapproximately by P283 at 4.6E, 4.00N. It a and had been made by splitting largertimberin two,and was about 4 cm in diameter, the piece into a cylindrical shape. trimming Two other timberswere found about two metresto the se, lying on the patches of einkornand lentil seeds at about 1.20E, 2.80N. One of these may have been another a beam, or perhaps a floorboard, made by splitting large bit of poplar wood into a 7 x 4 cm plank or board. It did not appear to have been trimmed. beam made by splitting larger a The othertimber was another piece in twoand trimming This one was about 6 cm in diameter,and was made of pine to a circularcross-section. because it recorded sixtygrowthrings and retained its bark in wood. It is of interest places. for For dendrochronological purposes,itis necessary thewood to be of a species (genus) to thatcan be used forbuildingchronologies(mainlyoak and pine); eighty one hundred and are usuallyneeded to give much chance of a reliablecross-match; a local masterrings with is chronology needed for comparison.In this case, there is no master-chronology which comparisoncan be made, nor is thereany immediateprospectof one. However, over far correlations Kuniholm(pers.comm.) has been able to make dendrochronological Turkish masterdistancesthanis possible in nw Europe, and has a rapidlygrowing greater and the its curve.As thespecimenretains bark (so defining yearof felling), has some fairly of the it dramaticpatterns, seems worthreporting measurements the growth rings(table of the shortness the sequence. 5.13) despite of Baillie, in his highlyreadable and educational book on the construction the long whether thatthisis the sortof studythatis pointless, Belfast oak chronology (1982), argues of exact date of construction an isolated prehistoric or not it is practicable.Knowing the about a structure tells one nothing,in contrastto the value of equivalent information

34O

R. N. L. B. HUBBARD

that Romanor laterstructure exists and amongothersuchstructures, whichmayhave orrepaired. arguments perfectly His are beenrebuilt but conclusive. valid, notcompletely will observationvirtually is and, 'Nothing comeofnothing', while isolated any meaningless, to in it is impossible tellwhatpatterns are mayemerge due course.The factthatthere of and of synchronous patterns exhaustion regeneration theoak woodsin approximately Britain Germany notsuspected and wouldprobably and was have been ridiculed were until dendrochronological the investigations welladvanced.It is thescientist's duty if are to toreport observations:they lesslikely be ofvalue,little timeand spaceshould be on expended them.

Table 5.13. Do/C Pinus beamannual increments. in 0.01 mmunits) (Measurements

Years o 10 20 30 40 50 1 74.2 141.6 100.3 131.8 107.2 17.8 2 99.8 108.5 81.5 88.5 109.4 21.4 3 121.6 124.1 3.4 66.8 5^-5 23.2 4 1319 1478 92.6 64.5 43-8 21.5 5 105.8 116.5 13.2 68.6 38.0 66.0 6 123.4 120.6 105.3 68.2 34.6 26.7 7 141-9 103.1 1394 102.1 29.8 29.0 8 143-7 65.2 118.5 122.0 26.0 3-2 910 149-3 18.7 108.8 104.1 41.0 27.9 128.4 94.9 127.0 113.9 45.2 13.1

Decade

5.6 THE ARCHAEOBOTANY OF EARLY NEOLITHIC SERVIA

of is somehundreds as The en partoftheServiasettlement (known Servia-Varytimides) The of theedgeofthesameterrace alluvium. siteoverlooks on from mainsite, the metres narrows the into it where spreads a widefanhaving theHaliakmon through rocky squeezed bythemainsiteto theNW. 5.6.1 Some General Considerations what four: are to The questions be answered archaeobotanical investigations usually by how does the economicbotanycomparewith of the economy; was thebotanical part can deductions be other like; sites;whatwas theenvironment and whatethnobotanical can someofthesequestions only of the made?Unfortunately, nature thesitemeansthat kind of way.For instance, in be answered a verycircumscribed ethno-technological of in ofarchaeobotanical analyses thestyle GordonHillmanand G. Jones interpretation well is demandssampleswhose archaeologicalcontextand taphonomy extremely

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341

a This understood. in turn that level,or (sometimes) implies destruction deep stratigraphy excavated overa widearea.Servia-Varytimides that is not has been carefully End ofsite. in the Allthat can sayis that weedseedsrepresented thevarious one are samples consistent with disposaloftherubbish the of passedby a finesieve,as are thedimensions mostof A of which resemble thecereals, for the tailings. triangular graph cereals/chaff/weeds Serviaresults similar Housley'sones for to extremely samples(fig.5.11) produces Varytimides no the main site- but thereis absolutely reasonto believe thatany of the Serviawhichis a necessary condition events, singlearchaeological samplesreflect Varytimides of And ifthesemeaningless as for interpretationsuchdiagrams. the jumblesyieldresults be to meananything? as more'legitimate' ones,can thelatter relied upon interpretable economicbotanical is On theother hand,the comparative picture clear,even ifthe in can be compared muchmoreclosely is evidence sketchy: general, Servia-Varytimides en the the with Thessalian siteofPrdromos (HalsteadandJones1980) thanwith much nearersiteof Nea Nikomedeia (van Zeistand Bottema1971), beyondthe Haliakmon of mountains. at gorge thefoot theVermion is shallow, thisis nottheonlybugbear and of that The stratigraphyServia-Varytimides with onesin morenortherly damper and climates. thesiteshares of to drewthe attention British In 1957 Atkinson archaeologists the stratigraphical of ofthemixing soilsby earthworms J. C. Atkinson (R. 1957).Thoselessons implications unfamiliar manynorthern to are stillsurprisingly and, Europeanarchaeologists; moving are acrossEurope,thephenomena less and less familiar. Yet and southwards eastwards and of and the such classicfeatures, as theblurring stratigraphical structural boundaries, material different at the base of the levels in which of of accumulation cultural ages Romania- and are misinterpreted can be seen in southern are earthworms active, by are as earthworms to be found fars as Knossosin Crete.)Servia(In archaeologists. fact, some analogouseffects. traceof natural No could be stratigraphy displays Varytimides of twopitsweredugto a and onlyin theparts thesitewhere of overmost thesite, found strata found. seemslikely It that root of depth morethanabout30 cm wereundisturbed antsand other suchshallow-burrowing and other with animals, action, together worms, of in for are soil-forming processes, responsible the destruction stratigraphy the upper took the thesite- evenbefore deep-ploughing place. of parts seem to affect radiocarbon thatthesesoil-forming dates It is worth noting processes It is an effect withwhichPleistocene are contexts. fromshallowly-buried geologists are but familiar, whicharchaeologists not. Servia providestwo excellent moderately The the this that examples illustrate effect. datefrom eba pit,1744 98 be (BM 1108) is thanitought be; and theen date(4955 87 be, to about400 radiocarbon younger years abouta metre BM 1157) is also about400 yearstoo young(section 1.7). Bothare from cannotlie, one mustalways As belowthesoil surface. physics (and radiocarbon dating) other becausewhathas been datedis something anomalous dateshavearisen that expect of to becauseofsomekind stratigraphical what wasthought be - usually it than corruption. datesfrom form ofa general In this the case,however, anomalies adequatelypart pattern: that from too which always young, are sizedsamples suitable of materials always samples and soil below themodern surface, have come from strata thana coupleof metres less to anomalies whosesize tendsto be related theexpectedage of thesample. producing the Whereequivalent comefrom contexts, produce expected they samples deeply-buried date: thisis well illustrated Tepe Abdul Hosein (Pullar1981; 1990), wherea large at of a but from ofthefire-pits one the sample marking earliest occupation, from part thesite

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R. N. L. B. HUBBARD

wherethe Aceramic moundhad been minedaway leavingless thanhalfa metreof a dateof6150 255 be (GX 6353). A samplefrom early the aceramic overburden, gave strata abovethefire-pits, from areacappedbyseveral but an neolithic metres undisturbed of a radiocarbon (GX 6357). Since all gave a date almost thousand deposits, yearsearlier of carbonised for material radiocarbon receivea fairly dating samples rigorous washing in withacid as a standard decontamination but procedure processing, are onlytreated weakalkalies material and seedinparticular, with (because'carbonised' very according - contains freeelemental to Housely and accordingly dissolves into carbon, verylittle of one strengths alkaline reagents), can deduce laboratory soupwhenexposedto ordinary is involved soil-formation. in that contaminationone ofthealkali-soluble the components has received 'Shallow' radiocarbon The effect, datesmust however, never study. systematic with caution. be treated 5.6.2 Archaeobotanical Investigations almost useless from archaeobotanical an site were levels theServia-Varytimides of Theupper or of ofview.Largevolumes earth cubicmetre more)wereprocessed froth(a by point was with units from flotation someexcavation (flotsam recovery on 0.25 and 2 mmsieves, of small at thejetsambeingwet-sieved about 2.8 mm).They yieldedtrivial quantities encrusted illuvial andcarbonates), with material of (often clay heavily fragmentscarbonised to roots:a familiar of and largequantities modern picture nw Europeanarchaeological was from endeavour thedevelopment this toemerge useful Almost only the botanists. thing from flotation ofmodern roots removal for oftechniques themechanical (Hubbard samples in of had and of Evenifcyclical virtually changes humidity roots search water destroyed the and been present, pottery burnt that material mayhave originally all thecarbonised record(ifany) archaeobotanical and wouldbe unaffected, their suchstrata daub from devoidofplant is the wouldbe available. impressions Unfortunately en pottery effectively of on of thantheimprint matting thebasesofa smallminority vessels. other Fascinating or thaneconomic ecological, rather as they their are, (4.3.8)is oftechnological, testimony unitswas examinedforplant (and other) fourexcavation from The interest. pottery in For worth twoproduced results mentioning. instance, 77^/3644 any only impressions: Of had of wereabout500 sherds: these, there eighteen impressions. the 28 caststaken and werequiteunidentifiable, one was a chip of fifteen theseproductive from sherds, was wood.Further investigation deemednotworthwhile. systematic richer and levelswas sparse, - notbeingperceptibly these daubfrom Burnt superficial of the thanthe daub from mnand ln strata the main site- yieldedfewidentifiable interest. wereofgreat Two, impressions. however, characterises of was One impression ofa wheat internode, thetypethat spelt generally thanthose are the (fig.5.9 a). In thiscase,however, dimensions smaller (Triticum spelta) of and of wheat, thewidth theglumebasescorrespond hexaploid expected a prehistoric feature GordonHillmanhas A far to thoseof emmer dicoccurr). morediagnostic (as (T. The veinson theouterside of theinternode. out) is theabsenceof thelateral pointed the D the theseveinsfrom have inherited wheats tauschii, donorof Aegilops hexaploid mostof of an is The internode therefore aberrant (Notethat specimen emmer. genome. lemmas. whatappearto be glumes, in fact, havebeen torn and that theglumes are, off,
in press).

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are of leavesthat theouter and are Glumes thespecialised flowers, lemmas wrapping grass and palaeasare inner leaves.) wrapping of hulled was The other [Hordeum part a head oftwo-row barley impression oftheupper is so smallthat might thought be one ofthe it be to d. distichori) 5.2). The specimen (plate etc. thisis wild,non-cereal (see barleys below)- buttheglumemorphologies showthat reflects us nutrition wellas as notthecase. Apartfrom reminding thatthesize offossils whatkindof barleywas being the genetics, value of thisfindis thatit tellsus exactly less the en and helpsus understand other, unambiguously documented, barley grown, finds. was two stratification destroyed, extensive cameto light. Underthelevelsin which pits was flat-bottomed with soil. were filled darker One ofthem a large, asymmetrically-cut, They andWardle1979).It maypossibly identified a courtyard as was that tentatively (Ridley pit from earth was dugfordaub for haveincorporated oftheoriginal borrow-pit which part flotation mostof the productive thehouses.This courtyard-pit samples.The produced at rubbish and was one ofthetwodeposits the other appearedto be an ordinary pit, pit seeds(zembil ofcarbonised which site 3540).Unfortunately, large relatively quantities yielded wererichin carbonised noneofthedeposits plantremains. is like in is Identificationdifficult circumstances thesewherethematerial fragmentary little material that is with that contain of Another concomitant dealing andsparse. samples in taxa are present Thisis because,whentwosimilar raretaxaare discriminated against. to taxon must attributed themorecommon be all specimens different proportions, very the which taxonis also present. a until diagnostic provesthat rarer piece is encountered of such the few are Whenthere very specimens, likelihood encountering a vitaldiagnostic form of six-row and barley, thetwo-seeded barley, piecebecomessmall.Nakedtwo-row in are a tricky to identify) thetaxaaffected thisanalysis. einkorn type always (nearly are The weedseedsfrom botrys Servia-Varytimidesones ofplants(suchas Chenopodium in lowland ofovergrown waste and Verbena ground therelatively nowadays typical officinalis) areasofGreekMacedonia. 5.6.3 Analytical Results and the One very pit largesample(about0.7 m3)from rubbish was processed, gave the werefrom 'courtyard', The the and abouttheen agriculture. other bestevidence samples of material. inherent The richness the of smallamounts carbonised very mostly yielded The similar. figures be compared to of various may appears havebeenrather samples earth in site withthoseforthelaterneolithic of AyiosEpiktitos Vrysi Cyprus(Legge 1982), from midden of seed concentrations between where 245 and 910 per m3wererecorded and 26-61 per m3 forundifferentiated withfloorsand hearths fills, having deposits, the In concentrations. contrast, seed concentrations intermediate by reported van Zeist of sitesare abouttwo orders Near Eastern and Bakker-Heeres (1982) formuchearlier in to and are similar thoseencountered the main siteat Servia.In higher, magnitude must remembered. be of a these to however, number points trying interpret observations, had in aretherawseed concentrationsthesoilthat passedthrough Legge'sfigures Firstly, than this whether valueis moreorlessrelevant one which a 13 mmsieve:itis notobvious of the on retained thesieve.Secondly, accuracy all the takes intoaccount coarsefraction from in seed fragments of thevaluesare constrained thediligence theanalyst sorting by

344

R. N. L. B. HUBBARD

and and material. the charcoal bone,shell, other Thirdly, seedconcentrations pieces, from areunderestimates, as intruding haveundoubtedly for roots calculated Servia-Varytimides a of and material. loss A broken rendered unrecognisablesignificant proportion thefossil differences be relied can on. of25-50% maybe possible. Clearly, onlygross ClassC samples and Allthesamples undoubtedly are (Hubbard Clapham1992),whose and forwhich sophisticated methodsof analysisare originis poorly understood, inappropriate. in are of The results thevarious analyses summarised table 5.14. In fig.5.10,theoverall and ofthesamplesare compared usingindicesofheterogeneity cleanness compositions is to to and Clapham1992).The IndexofHeterogeneitydesigned try indicate (Hubbard in andtheRubbish that of thenumber separate episodes maybe mixedtogether a sample; of an to Indexis designed showthecontribution cleanedcropsto thesample.Following ofRob Scaife(pers.comm.1993),thesamplesize has been plotted excellent suggestion of This dimension. allowstheconsequences statistical as a sampling (logarithmically) third the in intoaccount interpreting diagrams. to error be taken to is and of the is An obvious question whether richness thesamples related therubbish were from that it be indices: might expected therubbish-rich deposits samples heterogeneity material of material. theconcentrationcarbonised As ofcarbonised with concentrations low to a of from matter grammes cubicmetre about200 sites in archaeological can range per on would havetobe plotted a logarithmic m'3 pure carbonised this, material), too, kgper (for uniform scale. The Servia-Varytimides samples,however,displaya low and rather of With exception thepitsample(zembil the material. of concentration carbonised 3540), material to of raisedtheoverallconcentration carbonised where charcoal the fragments for dating weresubmitted C14 and groats 16 g m3 (7.9 g ofsmallcharcoal about fragments - BM 1157),theconcentrations carbonised c. weremainly 2-3 g m3): ten material of are concentrations not unusualon and a hundredfold timesas muchvariability higher in are sites.The seed concentrations indicated fig. 5.10, whichshowsthe prehistoric it rubbish content: is not of the between samplesin terms their considerable similarity in withtheothers this is quitecomparable thatzembil the obviousfrom rawdata 3540 and 3627 are the thatzembilia Nor do theraw data immediately 3552 suggest respect. the similar: or 'cleanest' indeed, contiguous (andzembil 3620) areso very they samples, that Sincethe identical. are that indicates they probably of (effectively) 'envelopes uncertainty' constitute do in fact that it excavation comefrom units, seemslikely they adjacent samples a single sample. cereals/chaff/ on Fig. 5.11 showsa plotoftheServia-Varytimides samples a triangular with samplesizes. the Errors associated the with circles weedsgraph, indicating Standard is of most thesamples obvious and thecircles of between The high only degree overlap At mean composition. the96% level (two of of the indicate 68% limit theestimate the distinct. wouldremain richest Standard Errors), thethree samples only with similar Figs. 5.10 and 5.11 present information, different underlying essentially can be seen to be an of In bothcases,theapparent samples purity certain assumptions. the between samples of The error. degree overlap of artifact statistical displayed sampling frommanysourceswhichthe withthe mixingof material in fig. 5.11 is consistent context implies. archaeological

ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE: THE ARCHAEOBOTANY OF EN SERVIA

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Fig. 5.9. en plantremainsfrom timides:(a) speltoid Triticum dicoccum internode Servia-Vary (b) mahaleb' Cornus (impression); Prunus (c) sanguinea.

346

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hulledbarley[Hordeum distichon). d. of Plate 5.2. Cast of a daub impression a head of two-row

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cereals/chaff/weed graph seeds of Fig.5.11. Triangular (oneapex only) theServia-Varytimides the Error limits from sampling the statistics. showing one Standard arising analyses,

5.6.4 Notes on Certain Taxa

monococcum Triticum

einkorn internodes verydistinctly was Thisis a character One ofthecarbonised hirsute. in and the to ofthewildwheats barleys, which seed is dispersed attached therachis typical andneedstobe buried as fast possible protect from as to it internode, irretrievably hungry and other consumers. is conceivable wildeinkorn It that is ants, birds, {Triticum boeoticumj in but is here, crop, theinternode notas hairy represented as a weedintroduced thewheat wildeinkorn. Another as a proper in (beyond possibility ordinary intra-specific variability we of is the recent between cropplants) that areseeing consequence relatively cross-breeding in einkorn were that wildanddomestic as growing together a field weedandcrop. Although wouldbe particularly neither circumstance as with untoward, one is dealing unexpected, an early introduction agriculture somewhere in Greece,and wildeinkorn of from else is to native thesouthern eastern of and lowlands of accepted be a (rare) nowadays generally Greece(Tutin al. 1980). (The natural et distribution wildcerealsis hardto establish, of as as domesticated relatives. Wild mayhave been spreadinvoluntarily weedsof their they einkorn wildbarley particularly and are as controversial, theyare so widespread the former as to and thelatter It beingfound farn as Crimea, extending Creteand N Africa. that remains thewidespread however, wildemmer restricted, maybe noted, very despite in andpersistent cultivation Triticum of times. Recent dicoccumprehistoric distribution maps in can be found Johnson (1975) and Davis (1985).)

35

R. N. L. B. HUBBARD

To judge by thesynthesis Greeken agriculture table 5.15, theidentifications of in of two-seededeinkornmay have been somewhatoptimistic. There were no utterly unmistakable zembilia somefragments specimens, although 3540,3627 and 3636 contained that resembled type. this strongly A singleseed was foundthatstrongly resembled breadwheat:however, was almost it terminal emmer certainly another just grain. The seeds of two-and six-row hulledbarleyare distinguished each other the from by oftwisted in thelatter. Whenfound their presence grains together, identification ultimately becomesa matter statistics of seemedto (Kylloand Hubbard1981). Onlyfour samples contain twisted ofthese(ifthat correct) twostraight is the in grains: grains zembilia 3651be 2 must attributed six-row to hulledbarley, thetwo-row and form must assumed be to be absent from sample. this The measurementsthemedian of in floret thecastofthehead oftwo-row hulled barley can be compared with Iraqiwildbarley an collection follows: as
H. distichon H. spontaneum Hordeum var. distichon H. v.var. vulgre d. and Triticum aestivum

(to Length base ofawn) Breadth Thickness Width base offloret at

Panicum miliaceum

10.2 2.5 c.0.9 1.89

11.0 2.8 1.7 2.36

mm mm mm mm

An impression common of millet tentatively was identified Argissa Hopf(Milojcic at et by al 1962).The single carbonised recovered Servia-Vary seed at timides wasattributable that tothis taxon toocovered was with adherent mineral itsidentity be absolutely for to certain. The wildsub-species pea,Pisum of sativum elatius a finely-granulated whereas has testa, ssp. domestic onesusually have a smooth seed-coat. Bothtypes sculpturing beenseen of have on neolithic are well and peas at Servia(whenspecimens sufficiently preserved) both also occurin domestic types peas. are Whilemost theseedsofL. sativus shapedlikethehead ofan axe,theterminal of seeds the seeds and can areflattened-conical sometimes resemble rounded-tetrahedral of V ervilia. to L. but twomore, that couldbe attributed terminal sativus; later Twoseedswerefound in in seeds werefound a samplewhichhad been mislaid roommuchbetter preserved L. is These seedswerefairly Vicia unmistakably ervilia. sativus well-documented changes. is the from en of Thessaly(HalsteadandJones 1980), while V. ervilia equallyreliably at recorded Nea Nikomedeia (van Zeistand Bottema1971). In the absenceof better vetch ervilia. it to that theServia-Varytimides seedsare Vicia all evidence, is safer assume
and Lathyrus sativus Viciaervilia Pisumsativum

ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE: THE ARCHAEOBOTANY OF EN SERVIA Cornussanguinea

351

about4.5 mm in diameter, seeds of dogwoodare approximately The oil-rich spherical, scars and have somecharacteristic in theshapeofa crossat one end (fig.5.9 c). resemble cherry wild but The seedsofP. mahaleb endocarps, havea prominent superficially of suture are sucha that flat at hilum one end,and lackthethickened margins theventral stones. feature plumand cherry of characteristic Theythusresemble hazelnuts(fig. tiny to wild has but ecology theordinary cherry, has a much 5.9 b).Fragrant cherry a similar The and distribution. seedsare edible,and also have manyother moresoutherly easterly uses. traditional was of A single burnt 3540, withsome fragment a hazel nutor filbert foundin zembil in zembil The piece seemedtoo largeforCorylus colurna (which, 3644. fragments possible and conicalhilum), in theabsenceofthebase,which has is whencomplete, a shallowly and has constriction and above itin C. rather in C. avellana C. maxima, which a slight flat was that maxima Hillmanpoints out),no preciseidentification possible.It is strange (as either. and does notturn in thelater is so rare, up deposits Corylus in The shellsseemedrather were thin shellfragments found several Almond samples. Almondis a Near Eastern variablecharacter. and it was butthisis a notoriously plant, delicious immoral nibbleat,or tokeepthe and to a item something presumablyluxury a children plant,it could have been grownlocally; but its quiet. Although foreign in Housley'sanalyses from laterneolithic the that deposits suggests it rarity comparative All and assumes that shells the an import notan introduction. this, was always however, almond- butthere another is domestic almondthat the are from familiar verysimilar another smalltreewitha rather the shells.This is Prunus have produced webbii, might which from distribution P. amygdalus, is distinguishable itsdomesticated that morewestern itsseedsanditsnarrower leaves.Suchminor size differences relative bythesmaller of only of with wildancestors domestic the forms. theother On associated arenormally hand,P. distinct whenthey even seemtoremain and (for grow together instance amygdalus P. webbii barriers that are and in in Crete), cross-breeding; that, preventing implying there sterility is to P. is that also wouldimply P. webbii notancestral P. amygdalus.webbii basically a turn, fromthe Aegean islands Asiaticplant,but is commonin Crete,is reported western N In as and 1943),and is found far and w as Bulgaria Yugoslavia. theabsence (Rechinger to which here. ofcomplete seeds,itis notpossible be certain speciesis represented
Fagus Corylus Prunus mahaleb

Piunusamygdalus

most but but one were Severalbeechcupulefragments found, tiny unmistakable, larger is and F sylvatica notF orientalisrepresented. lesscharacteristic. Presumably
Cuscutaeuropaea

Galium resemble about 1.3-1.5 x 1.1-1.2 mm,and rather Dodderseedsmeasure seeds, in reticulated rather but have a characteristic surface, whichthe walls of the coarsely the It are reticulation ofirregular height. is as though seed had been rolledin fineball-

352

R. N. L. B. HUBBARD

had after hadhardened. introduced it An when wassoft, they beenremoved it and bearings in It is common w Macedoniatoday. is slightly that dodder very American surprising the in samples from later deposits. plantdoes notappear inter-breed, Manyspeciesofoak growin uplandMacedonia,and sincetheysometimes The and themn can modern cupuie, specimens be quitedifficult. fragmentary identifying withQ. pedunculiflora the and in leafimpressions a piece of burnt daub, are consistent robur. closely-related Q. linseed was an impression The best-preserved 3.5 measuring x 2.1 x 0.8 mm. thatoughtto the Brassica finereticulation In the singleseed foundthatresembled not was unfortunately observable. this characterise type in hilum thefashion theboragefamily. of that Somesmallseedswerefound had a lateral and witha much seeds [c 1 mm),butnot so smooth wereof thesize of Myosotis They suaveolens Thegenera seeds. resembled butsmoothish, hilum. Heliotropium tiny, They bigger haverather similar labiate in and Teucriumtheclosely-related however, (mint) family, Ajuga or of T scordium: scorodonia hila.The seedsappeartobe of Teucrium common, (woodsage), ofthis aromatic and rather representatives culinarily-important woody, notvery widespread, in fairly found which generally are dampplaces. growing family, reticulation coarseshallow with very a seeds(about1.3 x 0.5 x 0.6 mm), Smallcylindrical in side (gemmate-baculate hilumovermostof theopposite on one face,and a smooth nutlets. resemble modern chamaepitys Ajuga elongated material): thus very tiny, they in are seeds lentil-like of C. album common archaeobotanical The small, radially-wrinkled, lowis theNear East. C. botrys common, of Europeand throughout samples all periods 0.8 of those C. album than smaller Its and (about growing, aromatic. seedsaresignificantly and in cross-section, are rather often as mmdiameter, opposedto about1.2 mm), angular in of with smooth-scabrate, a radial arrangement low elongatedprotuberances wellin fossil but specimens. sculpturing material, often any lacking distinctive preserved 5.6.5 Early Neolithic Agriculture in Greece en relevant of that someother with is compared of The archaeobotany Servia-Varytimides the It willbe seenthat closest in sites table 5.15,using (Hubbard1980). analysis presence and site with Thessalian ofPrdromos the is match to be found (Halstead Jones1980).In the thesamplefrom rubbish too. tells the things If we exclude fact, comparison us other come seeds from Servia-Varytimides from 3540), the samplesof carbonised pit (zembil
album and C. botrys Chenopodium Verbena officinalis Teucrium scordium cf. Brassica Linum usitatissimum cf. Quercus pedunculiflora

ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE: THE ARCHAEOBOTANY OF EN SERVIA

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recovered from contexts. different excavation similar Although squares, logically they might - thecourtyard. Whentreated one form sample the match however, results separately, the Prdromos results much more closely- implying thatthe samplesare actually the Whenitis assumed thesamples that from zembilia independent, despite circumstances. the comeseven (as 3552, 3627 and 3628 are notindependent fig.5.10 suggests), match and that tentative the identificationtwo-seeded of einkorn zembil in better; ifitis assumed the is This close relationship theThessalian with 3627 is mistaken, similarity closerstill. archaeobotanical evidence consistent thepottery, is with which shows also Thessalian strong On theother has sativus whileServia-Varytimides has hand,Prdromos Lathyrus parallels. As more comparative information the of emerges, archaeobotany the site of Nea Nikomedeia and suggests anomalous, (van Zeistand Bottema1971) remains distinctly a cultural tradition existed thecoastbeyondtheHaliakmon on that quitedistinct gorge. The cultivation six-row of nakedbarleyand Viciaervilia resembles lateragricultural far If traditions. it is legitimate use prehistoric to to wherethe earliest agriculture indicate neolithic Greececame from and it seemsthat of had prehistoric agriculture reflected rather thananyother kindof constraint, at leasta millennium for peoples'preferences, and a half(Hubbard1990) - thentheclosest analogueofNea Nikomedeia's agriculture seems be atHacilar(Helbaek1970) (except to thatTriticum aestivum present was there). By the Thessalian in et contrast, earliest (final agriculture column table 5.15; Argissa (Milojcic al 1962),Seskloand Ghediki(J.M. Renfrew Soufli(J.M. Renfrew and 1966), 1973), Achilleion M. Renfrew ancestral thatof theSeskloculture to 1989)) seemsproperly (J. of is andsubsequent traditions theidentity theVetch' unknown, onlyone Hordeum and (but var. vulgre one H. distichon unambiguous); apparently and are and vulgre pointsto a northern Levantine theevidence themislaid from zembil However, (in origin. sample 3640) was that vetch the cultivated Servia-Varytimides Vicia at ervilia notLathyrus and sativus (as that was waspreviously shows thesituation evenmore than believed) complicated appeared to be thecase (Hubbard1995).UnlesstheThessalian farmers en cultivated Lathyrus both sativus Vicia and is slightly quitedistinctly) different. it Were ervilia, (but Servia-Varytimides notfortherarity nakedand six-row of at barley so common Nea Nikomedeia one that a link between twoagricultural the traditions: might say Servia-Varytimides represented and maybethatis whatit willproveto be. It is interesting comparethesewiththe to of and Stanley-Price also (Waines archaeobotany Kirokitia 1977),presumably colonised the from samearea.The majordifferences in theexploitation six-row lie of hulledbarley and broadbean (Vicia faba)in Cyprus. Broadbeanis a mysterious possibly In Britain, crop, archaeologically under-represented. there someevidence is that was grown earlier it in times a green as prehistoric vegetable rather for seeds(Hubbard, Hinton1982).Ifthis than its in werealso thecase inprehistoric it the and perplexing archaeobotanical record of Europeas a whole, wouldexplain sparse this it a conclusion cometousing absence evidence, to the as Although seems dramatic plant. thededuction broadbeanwas (like that an but flax) ubiquitous 'invisible' ofprehistoric crop In evidence. fact, there some hardfact is to Europemakessenseof otherwise confusing supportthis apparentlywild speculation:Follieri (1982) has reported Viciafaba bread/macaroni hulledand nakedbarley, and einkorn, emmer, wheat, (accompanying from one Italianneolithic sites. wouldimply, It Rendina, oftheearliest lentils) however, that earliest the farmers anything unsophisticated as other were but evidence European also suggests above). (see
Vicia ervilia.

354

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ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE: ARCHAEOBOTANY/INSECTS

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nutlet The single identification ofTeucrium scordium (Eleocharis) andthetentative spike-rush These are thought-provoking. plantslikemarshy Does thisindicate thatduring ground. of theoccupation theServia-Varytimidescropswerebeingcultivated theadjacent site on This damp but flatarea below the sitemayhave been attractive thefirst river flats? to colonists becauseit mayhave had a thinner, moreherbaceous and shrubby, vegetation which wouldhavebeen easyto clear. thanelsewhere, of was Maybethepattern events as follows: groupofThessalian a colonists arrived thelocality, at cleareda space fortheir belowtheServia-Varytimides and builtsome houses, site; cropson theriver flood-plain from woodson theterrace the behindto thes and w, levelling ofthe usingsaplings part siteto makea courtyard, usingtheearth daub. Rubbish and for was dumpedin thepit in and accumulated the courtyard area. (Many of the cereal and pulse crop remains recovered werevery and there werelotsofrunt and einkorn small, Later, barley grains.) stimulated thearrival another of ofcolonists, whenthecombined by perhaps contingent timber construction firewood, ring-barking mature for effects cutting of and and the trees sufficient spaces,fields had created wereincreasingly above thelevelof open exploited theflood was at plain,and a newsettlement established to thehigher up ground themain the where bestspring closeto hand,and thesettlement safefrom was was site, flooding. R. N. L. B. H.

5.7 INSECT REMAINS insect remains quitefrequently are encountered waterlogged in environments Although of (and thusare a standard sites) component northern Europeanurbanarchaeological are site. werefound Servia, at prehistoric Threebeetlefossils they rarein the'ordinary' as in all preserved impressions pottery. The finds therefore reflect effort the partly put intothepost-excavation of in and investigation impressions pottery daub. Table 5.16. Contextual details theinsect for remains.
Zembil Servia Servia Servia-Varytimides 333$ 36 3653 Trench D10/A-B F20/A Q,12-5 <i4> <i6> <i4> P265 P21 Pit3 mn ln en Phase Four Seven

of couldbe identified anyaccuracy.It was obviously with Onlythefirst thesespecimens a liveindividual had fallen that ontothewetclayofa potthat notyetbeenburnished: had itwas originally in to and are of complete itsantennae, itselytra folded theposition rest, that and ontothepot.It wasidentified P. M. Hammond showing ithad fallen notflown by oftheNatural as weevilSitophilus, Museum, London, thecommon History grain probably S. granarius (Curculionidae). othertwo specimens L. The were also attributable this to

356

R. N. L. B. HUBBARD

articulated with legsbroken atthetibiae but but weredead specimens, the off genus; they in thebasesofpots. had or femora, which been impressed are cerealcrops, Sinceall thefinds ofone ofthecommonest are pestsofstored they of interest. climatic, No or ecological,evolutionary, verylimitedpalaeoentomological Thismaybe contrasted thebreeding with is behavioural history madebythefinds. colony Veselinovo in Tell ofSitophilus periodemmer cropfrom Azmakin preserved a carbonised find Oryzflephilus of which was accompanied theearliest by (Cucujidae)to date Bulgaria, this associated As (Hubbard, genuswas originally unpublished). thenamesuggests, latter in tomb It rice with crops. hadbeenfound Tutankhamun's (Zacher 1937),buttheBulgarian status find beyondanydoubt. European putsthegenus'indigenous weevils are the as they from entomological are pointofview,theServiagrain Boring interest. without notentirely the the Firstly, dead weevilsimplyan overheadsourceof corpses;and thissupports in of We of ofstorage crops theroof-spaces thehouses. evidence Do/C,for instance) (from thantheexception, and that was therulerather in mayfeelmoresecure concluding this theneolithic it that continued occupation. throughout the was showthat pottery of in the Secondly, impressions thesurfaces piecesofpottery ontothework. werefalling where dead weevils the driedindoors, if insect remains: of of return to theoddity thescarcity carbonised us the Finally, finds One answer is chitin? can seedsand fibres be preserved carbonisation, notinsect why by in of environment cropsstored that be it that(ofcourse) is. It might thought thesmokey or schematic non-existent and of theroof-space a househeated woodfires with chimneys by in of examination cropsstored such a effect. couldhave a protective However, cursory that in theearly1970sindicated a heavydose ofwoodin conditions a Romanian village of for One on effect weevils' tarhadlittle scarcity carbonised appetite. reason theapparent it the the inside seeds,and unless seed is broken, theweevils is weevils that develop grain or carbonised and is fragile (whether hollowed-out The seed,however, appearsnormal. of the that to reduced tiny among debris most not)is rapidly fragments areunrecognisable as larvaeare notimmediately Carbonised recognisable Sitophilus archaeological samples. are involved quite Sincetheobjects seeds. smallConsolida resemble such:they superficially that material passesthrough lost be overlooked, in themassoffine small, maysimply they sieveand whichdoes not alwaysreceiveexhaustive theordinary mmmainrecovery 2 in be of Evidence grain-weevil attention. therefore, easily missed 'ordinary' infestation, might Carbonised contexts. rubbish from archaeobotanical hearths, pits,and similar samples buttheseby insect for the stored infestation; cropsprovide bestopportunity recognising as examination theyare nearlymono-specific. theirnaturetend to invitesuperficial in to are meansthat the they likely concentrate the Moreover, smallsizeofthespecimens or that conclude vessel.One must of bottom thestorage non-discovery, non-recognition, of of to is crop non-recovery likely provethe reasonforthe scarcity finds carbonised pests. R. N. L. B. H.

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21 5-1 Q.

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Fig. 5.8. Graphs Serviaw the of comparing majoragricultural components prehistoric

p. Corrigendum 332

and Serviawith .1components prehistoric of those Sitagroi-Photolivos Bulgaria. of

Corrigendum 346 p.

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and Fig. 5.10. Scatter of Indices(with diagram Indicesof Heterogeneity Rubbish for of uncertainty) theServia- timidhes associated Vary envelopes samples.