HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION IN TIBET

Annual Report

2008

Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy

Cover Photo : Iconic images that say it all.

Monks of Labrang Monastery defiantly staging a protest during the government managed foreign media tour to the area in 9 April 2008.

A handcuffed monk indicted with criminal offence of murder, looting, arson and rioting being paraded on state television channel.

C ONTENTS

Executive Summary Civil and Political Liberties Right to Information Religious Freedom Appendices 1 List of known Current Political Prisoners of 2007 2. List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008 3. Table Listing Relevant International Human Rights Instruments Signed and/or Ratified by the Peoples Republic of China 3. Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations

5 13 61 83 124 126 165 166

Map of Tibet

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The year 2008 was historic for Tibet! The 49th anniversary of the Tibetan Peoples Uprising on 10 March 2008 sparked off an unprecedented magnitude of spontaneous mass popular protests in the so-called Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and the Tibetan areas outside the TAR; Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu and Yunan.1 The pan-Tibet political uprising this past spring is an eruption of popular resentment against the Chinese authorities five decades of misrule in Tibet which saw systematic gross violations of human rights in every sphere of life. To China and the world the year was a stark reminder that the Tibet issue needs to be urgently resolved. It is clearly evident that the policies designed and ordered from the faraway central government in Beijing have failed miserably in Tibet. Decades of state propaganda, especially aggressive in the years leading up to the Olympics year, about development in Tibet is torn apart. Tibetans in Tibet yearn for human dignity and fundamental human rights and they have spoken their aspirations clearly and strongly in the pan-Tibet peaceful protests this year. It was known from the beginning that 2008 being the year of summer Olympics in Beijing was going to be a noisy one for the Peoples Republic of China for its notorious human rights record. But interestingly nobody foresaw such a huge uprising in Tibet. It is clear that the outside world has underestimated the sentiments of the Tibetans inside Tibet. There were some reservations in certain sections of the international community that there have been some positive changes taking place inside Tibet. However, the uprising in Tibet has shattered that myth for the better. Tibetans inside Tibet are suffering and the Tibetans have spoken their hearts and minds clearly and strongly. The uprising in Tibet in 2008 saw at least 120 known Tibetans killed in police firing, at least 6500 Tibetans arrested, over a thousand cases of involuntarily or enforced disappearance, at least ten known cases of death due to torture, and at least 190 Tibetans sentenced to varying prison terms from nine months to life imprisonment.2 The Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy (TCHRD) believes that the actual figures could be manifold in light of the magnitude of the uprising in Tibet. However, the governments severe blockade of information which is often linked to leaking state secrets and punishable by lengthy prison terms under the charge of endangering state security for what is a standard practice of reporting human rights violation has enormously stifled the flow of information. In order to avoid international condemnation, the government engaged in a systematic and intermittent ban on communication channels. Those arrested for communicating to the outside world have been dealt with severely.3 The protests in Tibet subsequently led to the world wide condemnation of Chinese authorities use of brute armed forces on the Tibetans. Sympathetic individuals and Tibet supporters resonated the call for justice during the global relay of the Olympics

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 torch. Tibet supporters and other rights group activists sent a strong message of condemnation of the grave human rights situation in Tibet and in particular the brute use of armed forces on peaceful protesting Tibetans.4 The Chinese authorities in a counter measure whipped up nationalism amongst its citizens as well as those overseas.5 Nationalist Chinese lashed severe attacks on western media and dozens of anti-west websites were setup to launch cyber campaigns in conjunction with those on the ground.6 But the authorities quickly realized that the ordinary Chinese were experiencing a unique opportunity of protest and freedom of association facilitated by the authorities, which could in fact boomerang hard on the government in the future.7 This reluctance to accept criticism and prompting conflicts in the name of nationalism leads to the conclusion that China fails in these qualities to become a global superpower. One of the key characters of global superpowers is free speech and confidence in its people, yet China fails to exhibit these qualities. In its path to become a global superpower the world has to engage China, and China in turn has to heed with dignity the critique by other countries. The role of information and communication tools played a vital role during the uprising in Tibet in 2008. Unlike the past large scale protests in the late 1980s and early 1990s which were largely clustered in Lhasa, the protest which began on the 49th anniversary of the Tibetan Peoples Uprising on 10 March 2008 rapidly spread like a wild fire. Within a couple of days the protests had already engulfed the whole Tibetan plateau. Modern electronic gadgets and digital technology played a crucial role in the flow of information both within Tibet and to the outside world.8 Making it hard for the authorities to deny, evidence of state law enforcement agencies use of excessive armed force surfaced in the outside world in the form of mobile phone clips and graphic pictures.9 The Chinese authorities were quick to curb the flow of information by cutting channels of communication.10 When free and independent media persons were being denied access to Tibet to cover the protests, brave individuals took maximum use of modern technology to report the situation on the ground despite the risk of lengthy prison terms and torture when caught. In the absence of independent media; the risk was worth taking felt these brave individuals. Labrang monk Jigme Guris video testimony of torture11 and Dhondup Wangchens Leaving Fear Behind video documentary12 are some of the leading evidence tapes that have marked a milestone in the use of modern tools in proving human rights violations in Tibet. Following the March protests in Tibet, the Chinese authorities dismissed several interventions made by high profile entities entrusted with protecting human rights. In early April, a request made by the then United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Ms. Louise Arbour, to visit Tibet to independently assess first-hand the situation on the ground was declined by the Chinese government reasoning that the timing was not convenient.13 Additionally seven United Nations Special Procedures mandate holders issued a joint statement expressing their deep concern over reports of security forces firing on peaceful protesters.14 The statement called for restraint and non-violence by all parties, greater and unfettered access to the regions concerned for journalists and independent observers, guarantees for the free flow of information, and full implementation of international standards in regard to the treatment of protestors and those detained, both in the Peoples Republic of China and in other countries in which protests are taking place.15 The joint statement by experts was never heeded. The International Committee of the Red Cross which has the mandate to monitor the well-being of prisoners worldwide has never been given access to Tibet. PRCs denial of access to the UN mandates on human rights discredits these offices in general and in a way proves the allegations

Executive Summary of gross human rights violations made by the rights group. Clearly China has plenty to cover up in denying access to those entrusted with investigating human rights issues. The governments non cooperation with the UN Committee against Torture during the examination of the fourth periodic review of Chinas compliance to the United Nations Convention against Torture (CAT) and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment exposed PRCs total disregard of the UN human rights mechanism to protect people against torture although it is a state party to the convention. 16 One of the key components of the authorities crackdown upon the Tibetan protesters has been minimal tolerance and to strike deadly in order to quell the mass protests. On several occasions the authorities have indiscriminately opened fire into peacefully protesting Tibetans which have resulted in the deaths of many innocent Tibetans. The events in Lhasa, Kardze County and Ngaba County were especially drastic in nature of the retaliation by the armed forces and the actual figures of casualty during an event. On 14 March 2008, Lhasa went up in smoke as the city was gripped by protest. The Chinese armed forces fired live ammunitions on the protesting Tibetans and around 80 Tibetans were shot dead.17 There were unconfirmed reports of government agents firing indiscriminately in the cover of darkness. On 3 April 2008, at least 14 Tibetans were shot dead when armed security forces fired live ammunition indiscriminately into a protesting crowd near Tongkhor Monastery in Kardze County18. The protest broke out when monks of Tongkor Monastery (Ch: Donggu) in Zithang Township, Kardze County, Kardze Tibet Autonomous Prefecture (TAP), Sichuan Province, called for the release of two monks arrested for objecting to the Chinese Patriotic Education campaign in the monastery. The bodies of the dead were not returned to the families. On 16 March 2008, the Chinese security forces made a bloody armed retaliation over a protest in Ngaba County participated by thousands of Tibetans which resulted in the death of at least eight known Tibetan who died after sustaining bullet injuries.19 The actual number of deaths can be much higher as people have seen at least 30 Tibetans felled by the armed troops. The youngest among the dead was a 16-year-old girl; Lhundup Tso.20 The UN Committee against Torture in its concluding observation to the examination of the fourth periodic report of Chinas compliance to the Convention against Torture has in its recommendation specifically asked for the PRC to give a detail account of the events in Lhasa, Kardze and Ngaba County. PRC as a state party to the convention is bound to provide the details as required by international law and the reply is watchfully awaited by all the concerned parties including the TCHRD. A crucial tactic employed by the Chinese authorities in order to suppress Tibetan protests is the systematic use of torture in police stations, detention centres and prisons. Torture is used as a tool to break the nationalistic sentiments of the Tibetans and in order to spread a message of intimidation to those who dare to question the state and its officials.21 Many Tibetans have been tortured severely as an exemplary case to the others from active participation in protests. In some areas Tibetans have died as a direct result of torture whilst in the custody of state law enforcement agencies. As a direct result of relentless oppression by the Chinese security forces to combat peaceful protests, many anguished Tibetans have taken the ultimate drastic decision of committing suicide to free themselves from the authorities constant physical and mental torture.22 In Tibetan Buddhism, ending ones life is considered as one of the gravest forms of sins violating the fundamental principles of the religion. Buddhist monks of Tibet are known for their compassion, patience and resilience in the face of adversity. The cases of suicides by Buddhist monks in Tibet strongly corroborate the fact of use of relentless torture by the authorities.

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 Besides torture, cases of enforced and involuntary disappearances are enormous.23 To a certain extent the phenomenon is state sponsored as it is a deliberate attempt by the government to purge dissent by making individuals disappear. Denial of information regarding arrestees is a standard practice by the Chinese prison authorities. Family members are left to run from one police post to another in search of their loved ones although the state agencies are required to inform them mandatorily. In an apparent case of disappearance, Thabkhey and Tsundue, both monks at the Labrang Monastery disappeared after they defiantly briefed the media about the truth on the ground during the government organized media tour to the area on 9 April 2008.24 Midnight mass disappearance too was rampant especially from the monasteries. And perhaps the most prominent case of disappearance is that of the Panchen Lama, Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, who was abducted in 1995 by the Chinese government and has not been seen till date.25 When massive protests broke out in Tibet, the authorities in a counter measure unleashed the vicious patriotic education campaign in order to suppress the Tibetans after the immediate measure of direct brutal crackdown.26 The authorities implementation of patriotic education acted as rubbing salt on the fresh wounds already sustained by the Tibetans many of whom had either lost their near and dear ones in the protest or someone from the family got arrested or disappeared. The patriotic education campaign brought further psychological trauma amongst the Tibetan community especially in the monastic institutions. The campaign acts as a political tool to humiliate the Tibetans and break down their nationalistic sentiments. By early April, patriotic education campaign was being extended beyond the monasteries into the community of lay Tibetan society in rural areas of Ngaba County. Patriotic education work teams arrived in homes and ordered Tibetans to condemn the recent protests, denounce the Dalai Lama and pledge allegiance to the Communist Party. Eight points were forced to be reiterated in front of a camcorder and those who refused to cooperate were threatened with imprisonment. One of the key components of the patriotic education campaign is the vilification of the Dalai Lama. The opposition and launching of criticism on the Dalai Lama had been the broad policy formulation adopted by the leadership in Beijing. The strategy was to discredit the Dalai Lama of his moral authority and as the legitimate leader of the Tibetan people. Since China maintained a rigid system of information blockage and embargo on Tibetan people inside Tibet, the Chinese leadership presumed that tarnishing the image of the Dalai Lama could win over the hearts and minds of the Tibetan people. However, it was not to be. Despite almost 50 years of rule by China, the Dalai Lama rules the hearts and minds of the Tibetan people. In the pan-Tibet spring 2008 protests, registered around 300 separate events covering over 90 counties in the so-called Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) 27 and the Tibetan areas outside the TAR, the call for the return of the Dalai Lama was unanimous. At a point when the protests in Tibet started to turn violent, the Dalai Lama expressly called for an immediate end of violence attached with a warning of resignation if the Tibetans start to abandon the path of non-violent struggle.28 The violent agitation dramatically subsided for the Tibetans can not go against the words of the Dalai Lama against all odds. The Dalai Lama has showed them the path of non violence and at this critical juncture too the exiled leader continues to lead the Tibetan struggle through non violence. Beijing has repeatedly downplayed the nature of the Tibetan protests through the prism of criminal activities such as looting, smashing, arson, theft and rioting.29 Beijing refuses to see the reality of the political nature of the pan-Tibet popular protests.

Executive Summary On 17 March 2008, Zhang Qingli, the TAR Communist Party Secretary, urged that there be quick arrests, quick hearings, and quick sentencing of the people involved in the protests,30 which was virtually a political directive to circumvent guarantees for a fair and impartial legal due process. In view of such express orders, fast-track courts in a clear exercise of summary execution of judicial process passed verdicts quickly.31 Handing life imprisonment term and lengthy prison terms up to 20 years in a record one and half months time is self explanatory about the nature of judiciary in Chinese administered Tibet. The nature of the court proceedings and the official interpretation of the Tibetans activities obviously bring forward the questions of competency of the court and the official downplaying of the nature of the Tibetan activities. The fast paced court verdicts were clear mockery of law and due process.32 In fact in all cases there was absence of due process as required under international law. The purpose and nature of the court in Lhasa obviously is only to provide a legal rubber stamp on pre-concluded convictions without the concept of innocent until proven guilty.33 Courts in China clearly are not for protection and delivery of justice and on the contrary it acts as a vehicle to legitimize state actions. For instance, 21 Chinese lawyers who had publicly offered to defend Tibetan protesters were forced to withdraw their assistance after judicial authorities in Beijing threatened to discipline them and suspend their professional licenses.34 The authorities claimed that the Tibetan protesters were not ordinary cases, but sensitive cases. The TCHRD documented at least 190 Tibetans being handed prison terms ranging from nine months to life imprisonment for individuals as young as 16 years old to 80 years old. Out of the total sentenced so far, seven received life imprisonment terms while 90 Tibetans were sentenced to 10 years or more. The Tibetans have been largely sentenced under the charges of endangering state security; a controversial legislation which has neither ever been defined properly nor mentioned its scope of application.35 The legislation is used as a blanket cover to strike anyone daring to question the state. In the aftermath of protest, Tibetan Communist Party members and the civil servants were racially targeted for their loyalty. According to Chinas Tibet Information Centre on 10 July 2008, 13 Tibetan party members under Lhasa City were expelled from the Communist Party for their involvement in the March 14 riot and their failure to uphold the three themes under the renewed patriotic education campaign. In another instance the Tibetan CCP members and civil servants were served with the issuance of a two-month ultimatum on 14 July 2008 to recall their children studying in schools run by the Central Tibetan Administration or face expulsion from party membership and government job.36 Consequently at least 24 students have been pulled out of schools in India and another equal number of students have already made plans to return.37 Every year minors below the age of 18 form the largest number of refugees arriving from Tibet in pursuit of broad based modern education in schools established by the Dalai Lama and the Central Tibetan Administration in India. As against the usual figure of around two thousand refugees escaping Tibet, this year only 627 Tibetans38 have managed to arrive in India. At the height of political repression in Tibet in 2008, calls of restraint were consistently issued by the various heads of states as well as world bodies such as the United Nations. In the backdrop of the summer Olympics in Beijing in August 2008, the calls for improvement in human rights in China and particularly dialogue by China with the Dalai Lama to resolve the Tibetan issue were heightened. Although certain issues like pollution in Beijing and free access to foreign journalists were relatively tackled, the Tibet issue remains stagnant. Chinas refusal to address the issue sends a wrong signal of irrel-

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 evance of non-violent movements to the various contemporary struggles being waged in the world. China is head strong in its resolution to pressurise world leaders against meeting with the Dalai Lama and it does so openly. China cancelled a major EUChina summit scheduled at the end of November 2008 because the Dalai Lama would then be visiting Europe around the same time and was scheduled to meet President Sarkozy, the EU President.39 Such a move by China in flexing its economic muscles was unprecedented.40 The Sino-Tibet dialogue started in 2002 collapsed after eight rounds of talks till date. At the height of mass protests in Tibet, the Envoys of the Dalai Lama visited China to secure the well being of the Tibetan arrestees and diffuse the tension in Tibet.41 The Tibetans inside and outside of Tibet banked on the visit for some tangible results finally after years of parleys between the two sides. Despite enormous tension on the ground the visits turned out to be another futile diplomatic exercise.42 The eighth round of talks was a litmus test of sincerity of the Chinese side since it took place after the Beijing Olympics and hence was devoid of pressure on China. As per the strategy China made unprecedented disclosures about the latest talks blasting the Dalai Lama and dismissing the Tibetan demands as motive of independence or half independence or independence in disguise etc.43 Soon after the exile Tibetans gathered for a special meeting in Dharamsala which was the first of its kind.44 The meeting enjoyed the mandate of free voice of the Tibetan people. Around 560 delegates from 19 countries around the world during the five day meeting resolved to end the negotiations until genuine political will is shown by China.45 Despite the Tibetan sides genuine attempts to engage in a result oriented dialogue, China seemingly tried to gain the upper hand by showing of engagement with the Tibetan envoys until the end of Olympics in August. Chinas strategy was to delay all criticisms at least until the end of the summer Olympics and it has been executed skilfully with an unprecedented press conference soon after the eighth round of talks.46 The year 2008 was historic for Tibet with a chain of events throughout the year. The Tibetans inside Chinese occupied Tibet have spoken their heart out with great sacrifices. The brave individuals have championed the spirit of non-violence in the face of extreme adversity. The year 2009 marks the 50th anniversary of exile for the Tibetans. In a conflict ridden world, the Tibet question, especially in the aftermath of the spring 2008 protest, poses a serious moral challenge to the world. Its a test of the worlds conscience about the relevance of a non violent struggle and peace and dialogue. Tibet needs humanity to support it in this critical juncture of its history and humanity needs Tibet to continue to show light in the path of non-violence as the only hope for the solution for long standing political issues.

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Executive Summary
14 UN human rights experts call for restraint and transparency as mass arrests are reported in the Tibet Autonomous Region and surrounding areas in China, Press Release, United Nations, 10 April 2008, available at http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/ huricane.nsf/view01/04E93C974F48F850C1257 427002D7EAD?opendocument Ibid Concluding Observations of the Committee Against Torture on the fourth periodic report by the Peoples Republic of China to the implementation of the Convention Against Torture, Geneva, 3-21 November 2008, OHCHR, CAT/C/ CHN/CO/4, available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/ bodies/cat/docs/CAT.C.CHN.CO.4.pdf Eighty killed in Tibetan unrest, BBC, 16 March 2008, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/ 7299212.stm Pictures of Tibetans shot dead by Chinese armed police on 3 April 2008, Press Release, TCHRD, 17 April 2008, available at http://tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080417.html Photographic evidence of the bloody crackdown on peaceful protesting Tibetan at Ngaba County, Sichuan Province, on 16 March 2008, Press Release, TCHRD, available at http:// tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080318c.html Middle school student shot dead in Ngaba County, Press Release, TCHRD, 20 March 2008, available at http://tchrd.org/ press/2008/pr20080320a.html TCHRD commemorates 11th UN International Day in Support of Victims of Torture, Press Statement, TCHRD, 26 June 2008, available at http://tchrd.org/press/2008/ pr20080626.html Two monks commit suicide in Amdo Ngaba, Press Release, TCHRD, 4 April 2008, available at http://tchrd.org/press/ 2008/pr20080404a.html More cases of Enforced and Involuntary Disappearance surfaces from Tibet, Press Release, TCHRD, 25 September 2008, available at http://tchrd.org/press/2008/ pr20080925.html Monks Disrupt Media Tour in China, Jim Yardley, New York Times, 10 April 2008, available at http://www.nytimes.com/ 2008/04/10/world/asia/10tibet.html?fta=y Panchen Lama spends his 19th birthday under house arrest, Press Statement, TCHRD, 25 April 2008, available at http:// tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080425.html TCHRDs Briefing Paper to the Committee Against Torture to List of issues to be considered during the examination of the fourth periodic report of CHINA (CAT/C/CHN/4), pg 7-9, 29 October 2008, available at http://www2.ohchr.org/ english/bodies/cat/docs/ngos/TCHRD_China_cat41.pdf TCHRD Press Statement on the 60th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Press Release, TCHRD, 10 December 2008, available at http://tchrd.org/ press/2008/pr20081210.html Dalai Lama Threatens to Resign, New York Times, 19 March 2008, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/19/ world/asia/19dalai.html

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EndNotes
1 Scores of Tibetans arrested for peaceful protest in Lhasa, Press Release, TCHRD, 11 March 2008, available at http:// tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080311.html TCHRD Press Statement on the 60th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Press Release, TCHRD, 10 December 2008; Out of the 190 sentences passed by the courts in Tibet till date, seven Tibetans have been sentenced to life imprisonment term. Chinese court sentences seven Tibetans between 8 years to life Imprisonment, Press Release, TCHRD, 16 December 2008, available at http://tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20081216.html Clashes along Olympic torch route, BBC, 6 April 2008, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/ 7332942.stm The Chinese turn on their nationalism, C. Gopinath, Business Line, 12 May 2008, available at http://www.thehindubusiness line.com/2008/05/12/stories/2008051250280900.htm FM spokesman: Anti-CNN website reflects Chinese peoples condemnation, Xinhua, available at http://news. xinhuanet.com/english/2008-03/27/content_7871585.htm China activists must curb zeal, BBC, 18 April 2008, available at http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2008/04/beijing-triesto-rein-in-nationalist-beast/ New technology triggers battle for information from Tibet, AFP, 18 March 2008, available at http://afp.google.com/ article/ALeqM5gyuONfqd4fnQB61MMrrD-PjyMDjw Photographic evidence of the bloody crackdown on peaceful protesting Tibetan at Ngaba County, Sichuan Province, on 16 March 2008, Photo Release, TCHRD, available at http:// tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080318c.html Tibet: China blocks YouTube, protests spread, bloggers react, BoingBoing.net, 16 March 2008, available at http:// www.boingboing.net/2008/03/16/tibet-china-blocks-y.html A Voice from Tibet, Voice of America, 3 September 2008, available at http://www.voanews.com/tibetan/archive/200809/2008-09-03-voa1.cfm?CFID=60281078& CFTOKEN=98883722 Leaving Fear Behind, official website at http:// leavingfearbehind.com/ China says not now to Arbour visit, Human Rights Tribune, 11 April 2008, available at www.humanrights-geneva.info

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29 17 jailed for Lhasa violence, Xinhua, 29 April 2008, available at http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/29/ content_8073067.htm China: Tibetan Protesters Denied Fair Trial, Human Rights Watch, 29 April 2008, available at http://www.hrw.org/en/ news/2008/04/29/china-tibetan-protesters-denied-fair-trial Chinas legal wrangle of Tibetan popular uprising: A Critique, Press Release, TCHRD, available at http://tchrd.org/press/2008/ pr20080503.html China: Tibetan Protesters Denied Fair Trial, Human Rights Watch, 20 April 2008, available at http://www.hrw.org/en/ news/2008/04/29/china-tibetan-protesters-denied-fair-trial Chinas legal wrangle of Tibetan popular uprising: A Critique, Press Release, TCHRD, available at http://tchrd.org/press/2008/ pr20080503.html Chinese Lawyers suppressed for offering legal service to Tibetans, Central Tibetan Administration, 12 May 2008, available at http://www.tibet.net/en/flash/2008/0508/ 120508.html Leaking State Secrets: Beijing Finds Nothing Noble in Speaking Out on Human Rights, Rebecca Novick, The Huffington Post, 29 July 2008, available at http:// www.huffingtonpost.com/rebecca-novick/leaking-statesecrets-bei_b_115535.html Two months ultimatum issued to the Tibetan Communist Party members and government employees to recall their children studying in exile schools. Press Release, TCHRD, 15 July 2008, available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/ pr20080715.html 24 Tibetan Children Return Home, Gaurav Bisht, Hindustan Times, 25 December 2008 Figure according to Tibetan Refugee Reception Centre, Dharamsala, between 1 January 31 December 2008 China confirms EU summit off over Dalai Lama row, EUbusiness, 27 November 2008, available at http:// www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1227729724.75/ Angry China flexing muscle with Europe over Tibet: analysts, AFP, 26 November 2008, available at http://www.google.com/ hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iYwGuTNGRSZJIeR1PG3L79sgKaw China and envoys of the Dalai Lama hold talks about Tibet, Mian Ridge, Christian Science Monitor, 6 May 2008, available at http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0505/p99s01-duts.html China says serious differences in talks with private envoys of Dalai Lama, Peoples Daily, 10 November 2008, available at http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90785/ 6530513.html China says no compromise on national sovereignty, refutes Dalais so-called middle way, Xinhua, 10 November 2008, available at http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-11/10/ content_10336956.htm Dalai Lama calls special meeting on Tibet, International Herald Tribune, 28 October 2008, available at http:// www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/10/28/asia/AS-India-DalaiLama-Tibet.php 45 Recommendations of the First Special General Meeting Convened Under Article 59 of the Charter, Official Website of the Central Tibetan Administration, November 2008, available at http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id=595& articletype=f lash&rmenuid=morenews China holds press conference on talks with Dalai Lama, Xinhua, 10 November 2008, available at http:// news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-11/10/content _10334510.htm

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CIVIL AND POLITICAL LIBERTIES

Introduction:
In retrospect, the year 2008 witnessed one of the most repressive periods with unprecedented violations of Tibetan peoples human rights and freedom by the Chinese authorities in Tibet. The Chinese authorities responded with overwhelming force to suppress cascaded protests beginning 10 March which later swept across much of the ethnic Tibetan areas by the end of the March this year. It is highly deplorable and condemnable that the Peoples Republic of China (PRC), despite being a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and a state party to UN treaties on human rights, fails to respect and uphold the basic principles set forth in the UDHR and that the most blatant forms of violations are regularly occurring in the region with impunity. Chinese authorities continue to practice a systematic denial of human rights of the Tibetan people. Mr. Wang Chen, director of the State Council Information Office, acknowledged human rights problems in China by saying that human rights development still has quite a few things less than satisfactory,1 but would see progress as the modernization drive went on. However, the Chinese authorities continue to commit the most blatant human rights violations that are inconsistent with the Constitutions and the International laws. China even failed to fulfill several Olympics related commitments including press freedom, media access, the free flow of information, and freedom of assembly. Beginning on 10 March 2008, the 49th anniversary of 1959 Tibetan uprising against Chinese rule, a wave of protests by Tibetans swept across the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR) and surrounding Tibetan areas in four other provinces under Chinese administrative division of Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan which are home to millions of ethnic Tibetans. The protest was the biggest reemergence of nationalist protests since 1987-1989, which were largely restricted to Lhasa, however the recent protests have been much wider in scope, composition and magnitude extending into several neighboring provinces with high concentration of Tibetans and these protests continued to occur even after one of the biggest military and security operations in the region for many years. As a result of the Chinese government crackdown beginning March this year, the repression of the freedoms of speech, religion and association has increased dramatically coupled with complete lockdowns of the Tibetan plateau to the outside monitoring agencies. The composition of protesters was very varied comprising almost every section of Tibetan communities such as monks, nuns, students2 studying even as far as Lanzhou3 and Beijing,4 laypeople, farmers, activists, retired employees, nomads5 etc. Over the past few years the Centre has documented a trend of increase in political prisoners with the majority comprising of monks and nuns despite systematic repression through official policies such as strike hard6 and patriotic re-education7 campaigns. Such campaigns and flawed government

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 policies might have succeeded in subduing the people for the time being but at the same time it has given rise to a high level of resentment against these repressive policies which served as a latent potential for resurgent protests in the past months. The composition of political prisoners this year has been more varied and for larger than any previous record. led a peaceful march from Tsuklhakhang Temple to Barkhor Street in Lhasa shouting pro-independence slogans, distributing pamphlets and raising the banned Tibetan national flags at Barkhor Street in Lhasa. All were arrested immediately by the Public Security Bureau (PSB) officials following a brief protest march on Barkhor Street - one of the busiest market areas around the city.9 The arrested Tibetans were reportedly beaten severely and manhandled by the PSB officials. Shops and vendors in the area were ordered to shut down and police continued to patrol the streets. Similar protests were reported from Mangra County, Tsolho (Ch: Hainan) TAP Qinghai Province where about 137 monks of Lhutsang Monastery and over 200 laypersons marched towards the County seat.10 Since then protests had spiraled out in other parts of Tibet. The turning point of the protest was on 14 March in Lhasa, when a scuffle ensued between the monks of Ramoche Monastery who were blocked by the security forces from proceeding with their protest that morning. The scuffle escalated into a major confrontation when local Tibetans joined in by pelting stones, setting fire to police vehicles and shops. The police cordoned off all roads leading out of and into Lhasa with armed paramilitary forces patrolling the streets.11 There were reports of gunshots being fired to disperse the protesting crowd12. Around 25 deaths of Tibetans were reported from protests at Ramoche Temple, Jokhang Temple and Tromsigkhang Market with reports of hundreds of injured Tibetans.13 However, Chairman of the TAR regional government, Jampa Phuntsok, told that no gunshots were fired.14 The following morning, curfew were imposed in the entire Lhasa city with entry into city completely cut-off by positioning many new check posts at all entry points into the City. All the roads and shops remained closed in the city with heavy presence of armored military vehicles and additional contingent of Peoples Armed Police (PAP)- paramilitary troops

Monks of Drepung Monastery marching towards Lhasa City on 10 March 2008

It all began on 10 March 2008, when several hundred of monks of Drepung Monastery in the outskirts of Lhasa, began a planned, peaceful march from their monastery into central Lhasa in an effort to draw attention to restrictions on their freedom of religion and with specific demands regarding the lifting of government controls over religious practices. They were reported to have been demanding the easing of the government imposed Patriotic reeducation campaign which subjects monks, among other things, to political classes, forces them to write denunciations of the Dalai Lama, and intensifies the presence of police monitors within monasteries. Halfway to Lhasa, the monks were stopped from proceeding further by Chinese armed police at a road checkpoint. A few monks from the group suspected to be the ringleaders were also arrested by Public Security Bureau (PSB) officials.8 In a separate incident, around more than a dozen visiting monks of Sera Monastery and lay persons,

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Civil and Political Liberties sent into the city to suppress people from demonstrating again. The Chinese government quickly sealed off Tibet and Tibetan areas in the neighboring provinces with thousands of Peoples Armed Police (PAP) and Public Security Bureau (PSB) forces resulting in surrender, arrest and detention of more than 2300 Tibetans in the first month following Tibet unrest.15 Although the Martial law was not officially declared the situation had the presence of all its elements and it had been effectively imposed in all but name, however, the chairman of the TAR government said it was not under the martial law.16 Peaceful Tibetan protesters shouted slogans calling for Tibets independence17 and the swift return of the Dalai Lama to Tibet,18 the release of Panchen Lama,19 and freedom of religion20 and human rights.21 Due to the incendiary and anarchic character of the protest and subsequent blackout in information, the exact cause and course of events has yet to be established. The protests were all peaceful except for a few instances where the protesters turned violent and resorted to rioting. According to official Chinese media reports, a total of 12 county level areas with rioting were registered. This Centre however, registered over 300 separate events of protests of different magnitudes covering 90 Counties in the TAR and in the Tibetan areas outside the TAR.22 The Chinese state run media generally reported only the protests during which some Tibetans turned violent in order to give legitimacy to the subsequent crackdown that ensued, and characterized all of the protesters linked to such events as rioters. According to the official state media, Xinhua, 18 civilians and one police officer died as a result of the March rioting,23 but Chinese officials have not yet provided information on the death from indiscriminate firing from security officers, suppression and repression of civil liberties, including peoples right to freedom of expression, opinion, assembly and movement besides other fundamental human rights. Due to the magnitude and scale of protests since March this year amidst severe restrictions on the flow of information, it is impossible to cover each and every event and subsequent violations of human rights here in this chapter. However, the TCHRD has published a booklet highlighting the events that had unfolded in Tibet in chronological order for further reference. Tibet is going through one of the most difficult periods in recent times with massive deployment of armed security personnel and police forces thereby curtailing individuals fundamental human rights. Particularly, the major cities and towns in the TAR as well as the eastern part of Tibet which was one of the most restive areas in venting their emotions through series of protests. These Tibetan regions in Sichuan, Gansu and Qinghai witnessed intimidating presence of convoys of military trucks with Peoples Armed Police (PAP), Peoples Liberation Army (PLA)and Public Security Bureau (PSB)personnel. Temporary new military camps and camouflaged bunkers were built around most restive places with frequent roadblocks to prevent the movement of people especially monks and nuns. New measures were implemented to curtail and repress the free practice of religion in Tibet, to deny the Tibetan people any meaningful right of freedom of expression, and to marginalize Tibetans through a concerted effort to augment the influx of Chinese settlers. In the aftermath of the protest on the 14 March, Chinese authorities in the name of restoring order, resorted to such measures of brutal crackdowns as are reminiscent of the Martial Law period which was imposed in Lhasa on 8 March 1989 for 13 months24 under the then TAR Party Secretary Hu Jintao, now the President of the PRC. These included arbitrary arrest and detention of thousands of Tibetans, unnecessary and excessive use of force,

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 including lethal force, intimidation, shooting dead unarmed Tibetan protesters,25 while many died as a result of beatings in custody, several monks and nuns committed suicide,26 some were found in psychologically unstable conditions upon release.27 The locking of monks and nuns inside their monasteries and nunneries,28 imposing a strict and heavy police presence on all cities and most major towns of any significant size,29 severely restricting travel within Tibet, and re-launching patriotic re-education campaigns not only in monastic institutions but among the party members and general populace30 were resorted to. Such actions by the Chinese security agencies not only contravene the International conventions that China signed and ratified but also go beyond the general conscience of a civilized nation. All journalists and foreign tourists were expelled from Tibet shortly after the protest cycle started31 and a complete information blackout to control the flow of information into and out of the region without any outside observers was imposed. the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which China has signed and committed to ratify, provides: Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference. 2. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice.34 Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao in an interview with CNN during the inauguration of the UN General Assembly said; In the freedom of speech and the freedom in news media coverage are guaranteed in China. The Chinese government attaches importance to, and protects, human rights. We have incorporated these lines into the Chinese constitution, and we also implement the stipulation in real earnest. I think for any government, what is most important is to ensure that its people enjoy each and every right given to them by the constitution. I dont think a system or a government should fear critical opinions or views.35 Such repeated claims were also made by Zhang Jun, vice president of the Supreme Peoples court by saying that citizens have the rights to express their ideas under the legal system, which includes suggestions to and criticisms on the government. The rights are protected by law and Constitution.36 However, in the backdrop of recent series of protests across the Tibetan plateau since March this year, the freedom of expression took a real beating as otherwise gallantly pronounced in the Constitution and other major international covenants, to which the PRC is a signatory.

Muffling of Right to Freedom of Expression

For us, access to news is blocked; we are not allowed to watch news or put up a satellite dish nor are we allowed to listen/watch news from the United States and other foreign countries. We are ordered to watch and listen to domestic broadcasts. We are told not to listen to foreigners nor to talk to them. As such, where is the freedom of expression?32 Freedom of Expression is a fundamental human right, which is a prerequisite to the enjoyment of all human rights. Article 35 of the Constitution of the PRC guarantees freedom of expression, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession and of demonstration.33 Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaims: Everyone has

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Civil and Political Liberties Over the past year, the Chinese government and Communist Party continued to deny Tibetan people the ability to fully exercise their rights to free expression and opinion. The TCHRD noted on China absolute lack of free press, freedom of expression and opinion, and severe ideological control bereft of transparency, a pervasive censorship of the Internet, radio and other electronic media, restraints on a citizens ability to express and publish freely. The year 2008 was no different when it comes to the muffling of freedom of expression of Tibetan people inside Tibet under the Chinese rule. Censorship and manipulation of the press and Internet for political purposes worsened due to a major turn of events in Tibet since March. The Chinese government officials continued to use vague laws to punish journalists, writers, artistes, rights advocates, and others for peacefully exercising their right to free expression, particularly those who criticized the government despite a pledge to grant greater press freedom for the Olympic games and official assertions of China becoming more open.37 A culture of fear and a palpable sense of fear and self censorship are pervasive in Tibet in the post protest periods. There is a deep seated and widespread zero-tolerance level on activities or viewpoints deemed or suspected as a challenge to the Communist Partys control over society. The consequences of official information control are often more serious because of the increased level of sensitivity regarding nationalism and state unity. This is exacerbated by the Partys tendency to label all peaceful expression of cultural or religious identity or concerns as political issues of separatism. The Chinese authorities continued to use vague, imprecise and sweeping elements in its laws to punish journalist, writers, rights advocates, artistes and others for peacefully exercising their right to free expression particularly those that are critical of the government and Communist party. The UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention (UNWGAD) in 2004 recommended that the crime of endangering national security be defined in precise terms and an exception be introduced into the Criminal Law to the effect that the peaceful activity in the exercise of the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is not considered criminal.38 To date, this recommendation has not been implemented. As a result, it has created a culture of fear, where Tibetans live under constant conditions of heightened repression and heavy restrictions which further undermine their ability to freely exercise their right to freedom of expression and opinion. Among the most popular of these provisions to punish peaceful expression continued to be the inciting subversion of state power crime under Article 105(2) of the Criminal Law.39 Following are a few examples of the muffling of Tibetan peoples right to freedom of expression and opinion by the Chinese authorities. These persons paid the price for exercising those rights and freedoms enshrined in the Chinese Constitution and major international covenants that PRC has signed and ratified. Jamyang Kyi, a renowned singer and who was working for Qinghai television was sometime arrested by the security officials sometime in the beginning of April from her office in Xining Municipality, Qinghai Province. Known for being vocal for womens rights, Jamyang had frequently contributed articles in her Tibetan language blog. The police searched her house thoroughly, including her personal computers,40 two of which were seized from her home and she was found to have viewed overseas websites. She was believed to have passed on information abroad through a friend. Jamyang Kyi was charged with suspicion of endangering state security. She was bailed on 21 April 2008 after having to pay a substantial fine.

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

Targeting Tibetan writer

he Tibetan writer and blogger, Tsering Woeser, has been the target of threats and hacker attacks because of her articles about the situation in Tibet. Her blog and Skype (Internet telephone) account were hacked on 27 May.41 My password was changed and I can no longer connect to my account, she told Reporters Without Borders (Reporters Sans Frontieres - RSF), referring to her Skype account. As far as I can tell, the hacker is already in communication with some of my contacts, which puts them in a situation as dangerous as mine. Woeser, whose books have been banned and who lives in Beijing, has been placed under house arrest and has been prevented from travelling abroad. The authorities have also pressured her husband, essayist Wang Lixiong. Because readers in China have no access to her books, Woeser has made extensive use of the Internet to disseminate her writings. Rangjung, a 28-year old father of two children, who was working as a news reporter and a newscaster at the local Sertha television station was detained by security personnel from his home and taken to an unknown location on the midnight of 11 September 2008. His family members and closed associates did not know the reason for his arbitrary arrest in the wee hour of the night. At the time of his detention, the security personnel also impounded two laptops from his room.42 However, he was known to have been released towards the end of September.43 Jigme a.k.a Jigme Guri a Tibetan Buddhist monk of Labrang Monastery, who provided a rare firsthand account of Chinas crackdown on Tibetan protesters to foreign media was arbitrarily arrested by around fifty PAP and PSB of Sangchu County on 4 November 2008 from Labrang monastery for unknown reason.44

Jigme who was earlier arrested on 22 March 2008 by four armed personnel while returning to his monastery from a market was detained and tortured for two months in the detention centre for his suspected role in one of the biggest protests that took place in Labrang on 14 March 2008. He was released on medical ground after months of detention during which he was intensively interrogated to extract confession by means of torture that he was left unconscious twice from injuries he suffered. At the beginning of September, the Voice of Americas Tibetan Service in its Wednesday program Kunleng aired a video from Jigme giving detailed accounts of Tibetan peoples aspirations, torture and inhuman treatment meted out to monks of Labrang Monks who were detained during March Protest at the County government headquarters. In a telephonic interview with the Associated Press on 12 September, Jigme gave detailed accounts of the Chinese crackdown on Tibetans which was still going on months after the events. He later went into hiding fearing authorities repercussion for exposing Chinese brutal crackdown on Tibetans.45 Dhondup Wangchen, an amateur filmmaker, from Hualong, Haidong (Qinghai) was detained by authorities on or about 26 March 2008.46 Dhondup Wangchen and his assistant Golog Jigme, who was also arrested on 23 March, made an amazing documentary showing the true life of Tibetans in Tibet entitled Leaving fear behind. Dhondup was held in Ershilipu Detention Center in Xining (Qinghai), and was last seen in Guangsheng Binguan on or about 12 July 2008. There is no information on his current status and condition.

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Civil and Political Liberties

Torture: Unabated in Tibet

They would hang me up for several hours with my hands tied to a rope.. hanging from the ceiling and my feet above the ground. Then they would beat me on my face, chest, and back, with the full force of their fists. Finally, on one occasion, I had lost consciousness and was taken to a hospital. After I regained consciousness at the hospital, I was once again taken back to prison where they continued the practice of hanging me from the ceiling and beating me47 This was not the first time that the use of torture for and inhuman treatment of the Tibetan protesters came to be known but the year rather witnessed one of the most ruthless suppressions of the Tibetan people by the Chinese agencies. Except for a couple of isolated cases, the protests were by and large very peaceful conforming to non-violent standards. However, the authorities brutality and use of force were far disproportionate to the threat posed by peaceful protesters. The Centre registered at least 120 known deaths of Tibetans as a direct result of armed retaliations by the law enforcement agencies during and after the protests. The Centre is particularly concerned about the treatment of hundreds of Tibetans detained as a response to the protests in Tibet. Torture and ill-treatment tend to flourish in an environment characterized by secrecy, lack of transparency, failure to respect fair trial rights and lack of accountability, such conditions were fertile for the high prevalence of torture ever more in Tibet after the unrest. In order to hide its repression in Tibet, Beijing sealed off virtually the entire plateau to foreign journalists and observers and imposed information blackout despite promising increasing openness in the buildup to and after the Olympic games. For these reasons the Centre fears for the safety and well-being of those now

in detention or disappeared since March this year. The UN Committee Against Torture (UNCAT) in its concluding observations (CAT/C/CHN/CO/ 4) on the fourth periodic report of the PRC on the implementation of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment released on 21 November 2008, delivered a damning assessment of Chinas record on torture. The Committee recommended the PRC to probe the deaths of Tibetans killed in the spring 2008 protests in Tibet and to adopt measures to prohibit and prevent enforced disappearances and to provide information on the fate of missing persons including the XIth Panchen Lama- Gedhun Choekyi Nyima.48 The Committee also asked China to ensure that all persons detained or arrested in the aftermath of the Spring 2008 events have prompt access to an independent lawyer, independent medical care and the right to lodge complaints free from official reprisal or harassment.49 The report identified three over-arching problems, which, collectively, stood in the way of ensuring the legal safeguards that the Committee generally recommended to all States parties to the Convention as necessary for the prevention of torture: there are the 1988 Law on the Preservation of State Secrets of the PRC; the reported harassment of lawyers and human rights defenders; and the abuses carried out by unaccountable thugs who used physical violence against specific defenders but enjoy de facto immunity.50 Notwithstanding the entry into force of Chinas revised Criminal Code and Criminal Procedure Law51, police, prison guards, and other security officials routinely torture Tibetan detainees, particularly, those held for political crimes.52 China delegation chief at UN, Li Baodong, defended himself against allegations of torture submitted by various human rights defenders before the UN Committee Against Torture, by saying China had zero tolerance53 for tor-

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 ture and about the reported brutal physical and mental treatment of the detainees.54 The Chinese Representative to the UN even stressed that that China had been conducting various awareness-raising and training sessions for law enforcement and judicial officials and the perpetrators were punished.55 In fact most of these perpetrators enjoy impunity for their acts. The widespread used of torture and ill treatment of detainees in Tibet is corroborated by numerous reports and pictures produced in the interviews with Tibetans refugees who suffered torture. Despite recommendations, China has made no clear and discernable improvement in prohibiting the use of torture, cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment. Government personnel as well as by persons affiliated with or working on behalf of the state routinely employ all these torture methods to such a wide extent that their practice must be considered systematic. Despite recommendations made by the UN Convention Against Torture in May 2000, which were reiterated by the Special Rapporteur on Torture following his mission to China in November- December 2005,56 many aspects of current Chinese law still provide fertile grounds for torture. Chinas legal definition of Torture is much narrower than that of the CAT and does not include all elements of the definition as articulated in the Article 1 of the CAT, which states that, For the purposes of this Convention, torture means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions. (Emphasis added.) Specifically, Chinese law fails to define torture as clearly including severe mental pain and suffering; the Chinese definition only recognizes torture when it is practiced by specific officials (members of the judiciary and guards at detention facilities), at particular locations (official detention facilities) for particular purposes (extracting confession or witness testimonies). Excluded from the definition is the use of torture outside of official detention facilities, for purposes other than those stated in the Regulations, and by other public officials such as members of Public Security Bureau (PSB) and Peoples Armed Police (PAP). Neither is torture by individuals acting at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of public officials and hired thugs, is considered torture in Chinese law. The specific provisions of the State partys Penal Code cited in its Fourth Periodic Report (paras 134 and 135) do not set forth a definition of torture that fully complies with the definition detailed in the CAT. Article 247 of the Chinese Criminal Law (CL) prohibits several offences related to the prohibition of torture, including extortion of a confession from suspects or defendants under torture by a judicial officer, as well as extraction of testimony by violence from witnesses through the use of force by the judicial officers,57 however, it provides only for prosecution of judicial officials for these offences, and not other, broader categories of personnel such as PSB and PAP, whereas Article 248 of the Criminal Law prohibits physical abuse of detainees and prison inmates and the instigation of detainee-ondetainee violence by an officer of an institution of confinement, such as a prison, detention centre or

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Civil and Political Liberties custody house. These two articles prohibit only the use of force or physical abuse and do not prohibit infliction of mental torture. These two articles provide a category of personnel thus potentially excluding from prosecution of individuals who might be in a position to inflict torture or other ill treatment. There are many legal and procedural loopholes for the rampant use of torture in China and Tibet. At the root of the high prevalence of torture is a lack of effective restraints on the coercive powers of law enforcement agencies. This has several causes, including the priority given to political considerations over the individual rights and the lack of genuine independent oversight or check on the agencies. The Criminal Justice system remains highly vulnerable to political interference. The police, procuratorate and courts are not independent and remain under the supervision of the Chinese Communist Part (CCP). Political consideration can often affect the outcome of the individual cases, including whether or not to investigate and punish alleged acts of torture or other ill-treatment. This is apparent in the politically-sensitive cases, including those which challenge vested interests at either the local or national level. This lack of independence also compromises the effectiveness of channels of complaint with regard to allegations of torture or other ill-treatment. In the cases which are deemed politically sensitive, the authorities continue to use broad and ambiguously defined provisions of the Criminal Law relating to social stability or state security as a political tool to silence dissent. Articles 102, 103, and 105 under the section Crimes of Endangering National Security of the revises Criminal Law, refer to broad and ambiguously defined crimes of splitting the State, undermining the unity of the country, subverting State power, or overthrowing the socialist system. This year alone many Tibetans who were sentenced under such provisions were in fact peaceful protesters detained in violation of their rights to freedom of expression but many Tibetans were in fact convicted under the charges of endangering state security, espionage, inciting spllitism etc.58 They are at high risk of torture or other ill-treatment during detention and imprisonment. The Criminal Procedure Law (CPL) gives police broad discretion to detain suspects for long periods in pre-trial detention. Detainees access to their families and legal representatives is limited, discretionary and conditional. Under the CPL the police should inform the family of a detainee about their detention, arrest and place of detention within 24 hours, except where it would hinder the investigation.59 However, in practice, communication with the family is frequently denied until the detainee is brought to trial or sentenced. In the case of Tibetan detainees since the protest, many of whom were detained incommunicado for a long period of time. In some cases the whereabouts of detainees came to light only when brought to trial in the court for sentence. For example, Norbu Tsering, arrested on 18 March 2008 for his participation in the protest in Kardze TAP Sichuan Province, was held incommunicado and there was no information on his whereabouts until his court trial on 30 October 2008 at Dartsedo. He was sentenced to 9 years imprisonment by Kardze Intermediate Peoples Court in Dartsedo (Ch: Kangding) Sichuan Province.60 One of the most vivid testimonies of torture was given by Jigme a.k.a Jigme Guri of Labrang Monastery who was nearly tortured to death by the Chinese security forces after his detention. According to Jigme, After keeping us at the detention center for a few days, they took us to the jail. At the prison, the soldiers commanding us in Chinese one, two, three, as some of us could not understand Chinese, they scolded us - they would call us animals, fools, and beat us with batons. When we asked why they were beating us, they replied, you people cannot understand Chinese language and mock us. My question is: In the Charter and Constitution of

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 Jigme Gyatso a.k.a Golog Jigme, a 39-year old, who assisted Dhondup Wangchen for filming amazing documentary showing the true life of Tibetans in Tibet in Leaving Fear Behind, was arrested on 23 March and his friend on 26 March respectively. Jigme was severely tortured after his arrest. He was temporarily released from Kachu (Ch: Linxia) prison on 15 October 2008 and is back in his monastery in Labrang Tashikyil in Gansu Province. Jigme, after his release, was told by the authorities that he will be under observance and his probation will last one year. During his detention the interrogators beat him continuously and hanged him by his feet from the ceiling for hours and kept him tied for days on the interrogation chair. During the interrogations he fainted several times due to the beatings.63 The severe beating stopped after the My 12 Sichuan earthquake and there was noticeable improvement in his treatment after 11 August. Their crime was to film Tibetans peaceful expression of their views on the Beijing Olympic Games. An elderly Tibetan woman, Ama Tsanglo, was brutally beaten by the Township party secretary for refusal to denounce the Dalai Lama during a meeting called by the authorities of Getse Township, Drango County (Ch: Luhuo) on 26 March.64 80-year-old Alak Khasutsang, a former chief of Rong Gonchen Monastery in Rebkong County (Ch: Tongren) Malho TAP, Qinghai Province sustained severe head injury during police crackdown on Tibetan protesters when he tried to diffuse the tension between the protesters and the Chinese security forces on 17 April at Rebkong.65 Three Tibetans detained by the Kardze County PSB officials were savagely beaten, kicked and punched at the site of the demonstration before being taken away to the county detention centre on 11 June 2008.66 The detained Tibetans were identified as Namsey Lhamo, a 30- year-old mother of

Jigme, a monk of Labrang Monastery spent one month in Hospital before being discharged

the Peoples Republic of China, it is enshrined that, in the regional areas of different nationalities, the language of that particular nationality is to be used and that the regional nationality must be given the right to govern. Then why is it that, in the Tibetan areas, instead of using Tibetan language, Tibetans are not only verbally abused as animals and fools but are physically beaten just because they do not understand the Chinese language?61 He went on to elaborate on the inhumane treatment and torture he had undergone, There is no differentiation on the basis of ones actions or age. For instance, monks as young as fourteen and fifteen and as old as sixty and seventy were arrested. No difference is made whether they are involved in protests or not. We had no clothes on our back nor shoes on our feet. Two monks would be tied together and put in the vehicle to be driven away. They are thrown in the vehicle like you would throw logs of wood. Even if some of them had their heads injured, and for some, their hands broken, they were all taken to the prison. Relatives or friends were not allowed to bring food, clothing or beddings. We had to huddle together to bear the cold. The reason why we were so severely beaten is solely because we are Tibetans. For that we feel extremely sad.62

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Civil and Political Liberties two children and farmer from Raga Village, Dando Township, Kardze County, Tenzin Dargyal, a 32years-old father of an infant and a farmer from Kardze County and another monk whose identity could not be ascertained. Lobsang Thabkhey: On 1 April 2008, seven monks67 were arrested from Labrang Monastery in Sangchu (Ch: Xiahe) County, Kanlho, TAP Gansu. After several days detention, 30 year-old Thabkhey was released in a mentally unstable condition due to indiscriminate torture inflicted on him by security forces while in custody. Use of torture was evident from bruise marks from beatings all over his body. It also implied that he other monks were also brutally tortured in police custody.68 Tsering Tsomo, 27 year old nun of SamtenLing a.k.a Watak Nunnery in Drango County, Kardze TAP Sichuan Province was savagely beaten by the Chinese security forces who surrounded her and pounded her with iron rods, kicked and punched her indiscriminately for staging a peaceful solo protest in Drango County on 8 June 2008.69 The news of her arrest led to further protests by fellow nuns who took out a peaceful march to show their solidarity and support, however, they too were not spared with security forces using brute force. Electric prod and iron rods were used on the peaceful protesters, severely injuring scores of them. Ten protesters were seriously injured and were taken to a nearby hospital for treatment. Scores of protesters were detained by the security forces and taken away in waiting military trucks to the County Detention Centre. In addition, the family members and relatives of those injured and hospitalized were not allowed to meet their loved ones. Ven. Jampa Lhamo and Ven. Rinzin Wangdon On 23 May 2008, two nuns of Dargay Hardu Nunnery: Ven. Jampa Lhamo, a 30 year old, from Sadul Village and Ven. Rinzin Wangdon, a 23 year old from Lharinyan Village, Kardze County, Kardze TAP Sichuan Province, staged a peaceful protest at Kardze County. Long before the two nuns could further carry on their peaceful protest in front of the county government headquarters, a group of Kardze County Public Security Bureau (PSB) official detained the nuns. The two nuns were severely beaten and manhandled by the PSB officials at the site of the demonstration before being taken off to Kardze County PSB Detention Centre for further questioning.70 Tsewang Dakpa: Three monks from Drango County in Kardze TAP were so brutally beaten by the security forces for staging a peaceful protest in front of the County government headquarters that they were seriously injured. One of them, Tsewang Dakpa, a 22 year old from Jangtha Township, Drango County, in particular sustained multiple and severe injuries from which, the eyewitnesses recounted they had slight chances of his survival.71

Death due to Torture:

Tibet has witnessed one of the highest number of deaths from torture this year. Torture is routinely and systematically employed by the law enforcement agencies in detention centers, police stations and prisons in order to break Tibetan nationalistic sentiment and in order to spread a message of intimidation to those who dare to question the state and its officials. In some cases Tibetans have died as a direct result of torture whilst in custody of the law enforcement agencies and while others were released in their near death condition from torture in order to shun responsibility. TCHRD has documented numerous cases of death of Tibetans from torture. Following are a few examples.

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 Nechung: 38-year-old Nechung, a mother of four children died days after being subjected to brutal torture in the Chinese prison. She hailed from Charu Hu Village in Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP Sichuan Province. After participating in peaceful protests on 16 and17 March 2008 in Ngaba County, she was arrested on 18 March for allegedly being the first person to pull down the doorplate of the Township office.72 On 26 March 2008, she was released from the prison in a critical condition after spending nine days in prison undergoing brutal torture at the hands of prison guards. There were bruise marks on her body, she was unable to speak or eat properly, constantly vomiting and had difficulties while breathing. After the release, her relatives immediately took her to the County government hospital for treatment. However, the County government hospital refused to admit her to the hospital for timely medical treatment, apparently under influence and intimidation of the local authorities. After remaining in critical condition for 22 days without medical treatment she died on 17 April 2008 in an abject state of neglect and apathy of local authorities. Even after her death, the authorities issued a terse warning to Tibetan monks for offering prayers and ritual rites for the deceased soul. Dawa: Dawa, a 31 year old farmer died on 1 April 2008 after being subjected to brutal torture by the Chinese prison guards. A resident of Dedrong Village, Jankha Township, Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa City, TAR, Dawa was arrested while participating in a peaceful protest in Phenpo County on 15 March 2008. During two weeks of detention in prison, he was subjected to torture by the prison guards. When it became evident that his health was failing, the prison authorities quickly released him on 27 March 2008 under the pretext of medical treatment in order to shun responsibility for his death. At the time of release, his health was already in a very critical condition. After spending four days in hospital, he died on 1 April 2008.73 Adding insult to the injury, the authorities charged the deceaseds family with a fine of 1000 yuan (US $125) for causing destruction to public property and bringing damages to economy.74 Paltsal Kyab, (age around 45) a Tibetan from Sichuan province, died on 26 May 2008, five weeks after he was detained by police in connection with protests which had taken place in and around Tibet since mid-March 2008. According to eyewitnesses, severe injuries to his body suggested that he had died as a result of brutal torture in police custody.75 His family had no news of his situation until 26 May when two Charo Township authorities informed the family of Paltsal Kyabs death. According to witnesses who saw his body: the front of his body was bruised and covered with blisters from burns; his back was also bruised without a single area of natural skin tone; bruising was also evident on his wrists, elbow joints, just below his shoulders, his biceps and forearms. Five Tibetans were confirmed to have died as a result beatings and torture either during or in the aftermath of Chinas brutal crackdown on the Tibetan protesters. They were denied the medical attention. The five victims were identified as Sonam Phuntsok and his wife (unnamed), Jampa Lhamo, 45, from Chamdo, Tenzin Norbu from Lhasa, Ngawang Tsering from Markham. Of these, Sonam Phuntsok died as a result of head injury sustained during the torture by prison officials and his wife who was blind also died of head injury. Both spent their last twenty years begging near the entrance of Ramoche Temple, in Lhasa, which was one of the hotspots for political demonstrations on 14 March this year. Jampa Lhamo from Chamdo TAR was reportedly tortured since her detention on 29 March and released in critical condition due to torture. She succumbed to injuries on 28 November at her home. Tenzin Norbu from Meldrogungkar County, Lhasa, was arrested in March and underwent inhuman torture during detention. His body was later handed over

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Civil and Political Liberties to his family. Ngawang Tsering from Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture, TAR died as he was denied urgent medical attention under pressure from authorities while in hospital.76 Lobsang Jinpa: Lobsang Jinpa, a 32-year-old monk of Ngaba Kirti Monastery, in his signed suicide note on 27 March 2008, clearly states, I do not want to live under the Chinese oppression even for a minute, leave aside living for a day. Lobsang committed suicide being unable to bear the brutality and humiliation that was being inflicted upon the monks, including him, of the Kirti Monastery by the authorities in their crackdown on the monastery to arrest participants and leaders of the protest in the area.79 Legtsok: 75-year old Legtsok of Ngaba Gomang Monastery committed suicide on 30 March 2008. Days before committing suicide, Legtsok accompanied by two other monks while on their way to perform prayer rituals at the house of a Tibetan family encountered a large contingent of Chinese security forces heading towards Ngaba Gomang Monastery to quell the protesting peaceful monks at the monastery. The Chinese forces brutally beat Legtsok and detained him for a few days. Later he was released and sent back to the monastery. He repeatedly told his two disciples he cant bear the oppression anymore.80 Thokmey a.k.a Tsangpa Thokmey (prefix name used of his origin) a monk of Ramoche Temple committed suicide on 22 March 2008 following massive crackdown by the Public Security Bureau (PSB) and Peoples Armed Police (PAP) forces in Ramoche Temple.81 Lhundrub, a 17-year-old boy, described as one of the best students at the Chentsa (Ch: Jianza) County Middle school in Malho Prefecture of Qinghai Province committed suicide by jumping from the roof of the his three-storey school building at around 4 pm on 18 October 2008. 82 The report said Lhundrub had left a note for his parents, teachers and fellow-students, saying he was committing suicide not for any personal reason but to make the

Suicide from Psychological trauma due to torture:

The definition of torture under the Chinese Criminal Law is bereft of and does not recognize psychological torture such as sleep deprivation, lengthy interrogation sessions, threatening individuals and safety of individuals families, solitary confinement as torture. These methods of torture are widely used for they leave no apparent physical trace, thus rendering it more difficult for the victim to collect evidence to seek legal redress. Suicides resulting from unbearable mental torture have been recorded in the past. This year was no different. As a direct consequence of relentless oppression by the Chinese security forces, many anguished Tibetans attempted to77 and others took the drastic step of committing suicide to rid themselves of persistent physical and mental torture. Suicide is one of the gravest forms of sins violating the cardinal precepts of the Buddhist doctrine. This year witnessed suicide even by monks who were known for their patience and resilience in the face of adversity. The cases of suicides point to an indication of Tibetan monks being pushed to the extreme edge of endurance and helplessness in the face of oppression and repression by the Chinese authorities in Tibet. For instance, two monks in Ngaba County committed suicides in late March 2008 as a direct result of the authorities constant harassment in the aftermath of massive protests in the area which saw tens of thousands participating in the protest eventually leading to the death of at least 23 known Tibetans after the authorities resorted to indiscriminate firing into the protesting crowd.78

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 point that there was no freedom and basic human rights for Tibetans under Chinese rule. The Centre believes there are many similar cases which have failed to reach the outside world as the crackdown was brutal and ruthless in nature with severe restrictions on the flow of information to and from Tibet after the unrest. One poignant aspect here is that there were many cases of Tibetan families not being allowed to take custody of the dead bodies to offer traditional funeral services but instead were given the ashes of the deceased.83 There were even multiple witness accounts from Lhasa stating that bodies of the dead were loaded into military trucks and disposed of in a most unceremonious manner. ported for a single day.84 The Chairman of the TAR government, Jampa Phuntsog, denied that security forces carried or used any destructive weapons as they suppressed the unrest in Lhasa.85 Chinese officials have not acknowledged the deaths of Tibetan protesters as the result of lethal force used by Chinese security forces.86 Contrary to evidence from numerous and corroborated sources that the Chinese armed police had killed scores of protesters by opening fire, China claimed that any deaths that had occurred were due to law-breakers rather than police using disproportionate force against unarmed civilians. The state-run media has emphasized the consequences of Tibetan violence, especially the deaths of 18 civilians and 1 policeman in the March 14 Lhasa riot.87 International media and non-governmental organizations also reported Tibetan violence, sometimes against ethnic Han and Hui individuals resulting in deaths in Lhasa.88 On one occasion, TAR PAP Head, Huo Ya, during a meeting in Lhasa told that March 14 riot is an opportunity for its personnel for improving training and to show their dedication.89 The PAP and PSB were forefront in carrying out violent crackdown on Tibetans. The failure to launch official investigation into the death of Tibetans resulting from indiscriminate firing by the security forces into a crowd of largely peaceful demonstrators in Kardze, Ngaba and Lhasa has been highlighted by the UN Committee Against Torture in its observations.90 In its conclusions the Committee demanded that China should conduct a thorough and independent inquiry into the reported use of excessive force, including against peaceful demonstrators and notably monks, in Kandze county, Ngaba county and Lhasa.91 Incidents of Chinese security forces firing lethal weapons against Tibetan protesters took place on at least eight occasions outside the TAR area: On 11 March in Daocheng (Dabpa) county, Kardze TAP, Sichuan province;92 on 16 March in Ngaba (Ch: Aba) County, Ngaba

Death due to indiscriminate firing:

In the recent crackdown on Tibetan protesters, one of the key components has been minimal tolerance and deadly strikes in order to quell the mass protests. On several occasions the security officials have indiscriminately opened fire into peaceful Tibetan protesters which have resulted in the deaths of many innocent Tibetans. The 14 March Lhasa unrest resulted in the largest number of Tibetan fatalities re-

A 40 year old Ghegyam from Soru Ma Village, Amdo Ngaba who was killed in 16 March 2008.

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Civil and Political Liberties Prefecture, Sichuan Province;93 on 16 March in Machu (Ch: Maqu), Kanlho TAP Gansu Province;94 on 18 March in Kardze County, Kardze TAP;95 on 24 March in Drango County( Ch: Luhuo), Kardze TAP;96 on 29 May in Kardze County, Kardze TAP;97 on 3 April in Kardze County, Kardze TAP;98 on 5 April in Tawu (Ch: Dawu) county, Kardze TAP.99 The following are a few known cases of indiscriminate firing by the Chinese security forces which led to the death of many Tibetans across Tibet since March protests. a) On 3 April 2008, at least 14 Tibetans100 were shot dead when armed security forces fired live ammunition indiscriminately into a protesting crowd near Tongkor Monastery in Kardze County.101 The protesting monks of Tongkor Monastery (Ch: Donggu) in Zithang Township, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province were calling for the release of two monks arrested for objecting to the Chinese Patriotic education campaign in the monastery. The official state media Xinhua, admitted the incident did take place but described it as riot mentioning only the injury to one government official102 and did not mention about the deaths, arrests and injuries among the Tibetan protesters. The bodies of the dead were not returned to their family members. Three Tibetans who were fatally injured by gunshot were identified as Nyima, Kalpo a.k.a Kabhuk and Thupten Gelek, all from Sheru Village and monks of Tongkor monastery.103 b) In a separate incident, on 18 March 2008, when around 300 Tibetans from all walks of life staged a peaceful protest demonstration in the main market square of Kardze County and the bystanders joined the protest. According to the eyewitnesses account from the scene of demonstration, the Chinese paramilitary troops started firing live ammunition indiscriminately into the demonstrators from the rooftop of a building. The protesters started dispersing in all directions for cover. After a short while, three dead bodies were found lying on the road. Two of them were identified as Gonpo Nadul, Nyiga and the name of the third victim is still unidentified. At least 15 protesters were also injured during the indiscriminate firing by the Chinese security forces. Out of the 15 injured Tibetans, identities of the five, two females and three males were known. They are Pema Dechen, Chemi Gonpo, Lobsang, Tseten Phuntsok and Shao Mimi.104 c) On 16 March 2008, thousands of Tibetans monks of Kirti Monastery in Ngaba County (Ch: Aba), Ngaba TAP Sichuan Province, gathered for a prayer session. Shortly after the end of the morning prayer session, thousand of monks erupted into spontaneous a protest which was later joined by lay people and monks of the neighboring area. The Chinese security forces made a bloody armed retaliation which resulted in the death of at least 23 Tibetans105 who died after sustaining bullet injuries. One of the victims has been identified as Lobsang Tashi, a former monks in his mid 20s.106 The actual number of

A 16 year old Lhundup Tso who was killed in 16 March 2008 in Amdo Ngaba.

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 deaths can be much higher as people have seen at least 30 Tibetans felled by the armed troops. The dead bodies were later brought into Kirti Monastery from the protest scene for prayers. The youngest among the dead was a middle school student, 16-year-old girl Lhundup Tso.107 The names of those identified are, Tashi Wangchuk, Ghegyam, Norbu, Lotse, Ghepan, Thalo, Ngudrup Tso, Atisha, Sangye, Tsezin with identities of others not able to ascertained.108 d) Kunga, an 18-year-old monk of Chokri Monastery, Drango County (Ch: Luhuo xian), Kardze, TAP was shot dead by PSB and PAP when around 200 monks and nuns of Chokri Monastery and Ngyoe-go Nunnery of Drawo Township in Drango County staged a protest on 24 March 2008 at the County government headquarters. Tsewang Dhondup, a 30-year-old monk of the aforementioned monastery was critically injured from gun shot fired by the Chinese security forces during the same protest109. e) Choetop, a 22-year-old nomad from Ponkor Toema Township, Darlag County, Golog, TAP Qinghai Province was shot dead on 28 April 2008 following protests by monks of Ponkor Monastery and nomads of Dralag County, after the arrest of a number of Tibetans by the Chinese security forces. The security forces took away the body of the deceased and till date the dead body has not been returned to Choetops family for funeral rites.110 f ) A 23-year-old Tibetan farmer, Jinpa, from Jangkha Township, Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa city, TAR was killed after police opened fire on demonstrators in Phenpo County, on 15 March 2008.111 Demonstrations in Phenpo on 15 March involved monks from Gadhen Choekor Monastery joined by laypeople, calling for the release of those detained earlier. g) An eyewitness account recounts that a 21-year old student, Rigden Lhamo of Thingkha Township, Kardze County, was shot by gunfire and injured by the Chinese security forces during her solo protest in Kardze County.112

Enforced or Involuntary Disappearance of Tibetans:

According to the International Convention for the Protection of All person from Enforced Disappearance, enforced disappearance is defined as The arrest, detention, abduction or any other form of deprivation of liberty by agents of the State or by persons or groups of persons acting with the authorization, support or acquiescence of the State, followed by a refusal to acknowledge the deprivation of liberty or by concealment of the fate or whereabouts of the disappeared person, which place such a person outside the protection of the law.113 According to the Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, proclaimed by the General Assembly in its resolution 47/133 of 18 December 1992, an enforced disappearance occurs when persons are arrested, detained or abducted against their will or otherwise deprived of their liberty by officials of different branches or levels of Government, or by organized groups, or private individuals acting on behalf of, or with the support, direct or indirect, consent or acquiescence of the Government, followed by a refusal to disclose the fate or whereabouts of the persons concerned or a refusal to acknowledge the deprivation of their liberty, which places such persons outside the protection of the law.114 The act of enforced disappearance of persons infringes upon an entire range of human rights embodied in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and set out in both International Covenants

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Civil and Political Liberties on Human Rights as well as in other major international human rights instruments. Enforced disappearance has been classified a particularly heinous violation of human rights.115 Enforced disappearances entail a deprivation of liberty, refusal to acknowledge the deprivation of liberty or deliberate concealment of the fate and the whereabouts of the disappeared person, and the placing of the person outside the protective precinct of the law and often subjected to torture and brutality which usually accompany it. In a way the victim is effectively vanished. A disappearance is a double edge sword of suffering: for the victims frequently subjected to torture and in constant fear for their lives, and for the family members, who unaware of the fate of their loved ones, experience a kind of mental torture. Enforced or Disappearances per se can also involve serious violations of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, approved by the United Nations Economic and Social Council in 1957,116 as well as in the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials and the Body of Principals for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment, adopted by the General Assembly in 1979 and 1988 respectively.117117 In resolution 34/169 of 17 December 1979, the General Assembly adopted a Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials and transmitted it to governments with the recommendation that favourable consideration should be given to its use within the framework of national legislation or practice as a body of principles for observance by law enforcement officials. Article 5 of the Code reads as follows: No law enforcement official may inflict, instigate or tolerate any act of torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, nor may any law enforcement official invoke superior orders or exceptional circumstances such as a state of war or threat of war, a threat to national security, internal political instability or any other public emergency as a justification of torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Disappearance violates the right to a family life as well as various socio-economic and cultural rights. In fact, it has been found that the disappearance of the family principal bread earner leaves the family members in a desperate economic and social situation. More and more cases of enforced or involuntary disappearance of Tibetans are surfacing from various sources since the March protest in Tibet. There are at least more than a thousand Tibetans whose current whereabouts and well-being remains completely unknown to their family members, friends, close associates or their affiliated monasteries. This phenomenon of enforced or involuntary disappearance has largely been left undefined, unchecked and unpunished for a long period of time in China, whereas the United Nations recognizes the gravity of the phenomenon and deems it as a crime against humanity. In Tibet there are people who are made to disappear for exercising their rights and for protesting against human rights violations. It is done mostly in the context of a widespread and systematic way under a climate of impunity where the perpetrators are free to do what they want without accountability. The adoption of International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced or Disappearance by the United Nations General Assembly on 20 of December 2006 sparked a ray of hope for the families of the disappeared. However, to date, the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) has not signed the Convention yet but it is very much needed to ratify the new treaty and to pass domestic laws that criminalize enforced disappearance. The PRC should stop this practice which is anti-life and causes of untold sufferings. The Convention has four main as-

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 pects: combating impunity as it puts an obligation on states to bring enforced disappearance offenders to justice; Prevention of this practice as the Convention provides for a number of procedural safeguards so that people dont go missing and most importantly everyone deprived of liberty is allowed to communicate with his family members and counsel on the information on the detention and whereabouts; the convention acknowledges the right of the families to know the fate of their relatives and also recognizes that victims of enforced disappearance have a right to reparation for the wrong that was done to them; and finally the Convention establishes enforcement by letting international experts to monitor compliance and review reports by states and individual complaints. Since this atrocious practice of enforced disappearance is common in Tibet, the government of the PRC should stop this antilife practice that causes untold sufferings to victims, their families and close associates. The disappearance of every person brings terrible sorrows and sufferings to his or her family. The long and agonizing search for the victims whereabouts usually ends in a fruitless undertaking. The normal life that their families used to have is now shattered by emotional and psychological devastation, economic dislocation, uncertainty Their lives are even at risk for having to undergo the same fate that their loved ones succumbed for seeking truth, justice, redress and reparation. The Centre affirms the right of every person to life, liberty and dignity and therefore, the right not to be subjected to enforced disappearance. The essential value of ones existence is to live freely without discrimination, prejudices and harm. Enforced disappearance does not only violate these basic human rights by physically removing a person from the protection of the law but it also denies the families of the disappeared persons the right to know the truth and to seek justice. Its time to make a joint call for an end to the sufferings brought about by this cruel practice used to silence political dissidents and their family members. In majority of cases that have taken place over the decades in Tibet, investigations have not been conducted. When the state fails to investigate this atrocious practice, it paves the way for an increase of serious human rights violations. The assurance of full reparation for the family members of the victims of enforced disappearance has never been done and is out of question for the Tibetans in the region. However, the state should ensure that the perpetrators are brought to justice. The following instances shed light on the situation. a) The continued abduction and disappearance of the XI th Panchen Lama, Gedhun Choekyi Nyima for the past thirteen years since the tender age of 6, is one of the living examples of the Chinese governments adamant practice of enforced disappearance. The UN Committee Against Torture (CAT) calls to provide information on the fate of missing persons including the XI th Panchen Lama.118 In a response to a question raised by a Committee Expert, Ms. Felice Gaer to Mr. Li Baodong, Permanent Representative of China to the UN office on whereabouts of Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, during the CAT hearing of response of China on 10 November, Mr. Li told the committee that, following inquiries, it had been found that he (Gedhun Choekyi Nyima) and his family were living a normal life and they did not want to be disturbed.119 However, it has been the same old rhetoric pronounced by China over the years on the question of Panchen Lamas whereabouts. b) The whereabouts of 80 monks of Drepung Monastery located on the outskirts of Lhasa City, still remains unknown after months of clampdown following the March protest. Drepung Monastery was one of the prominent

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Civil and Political Liberties centres of political dissent in the past and featured prominently in the recent March protest. Many of the visiting monks housed in the three biggest monasteries in Tibet are mostly from Amdo and Kham regions (outside TAR) who represent a substantial chunk in three major monasteries and do not possess the official registration card. The Chinese authorities in Tibet have particularly targeted those monks from outside TAR with expulsion. Lobsang, a monk of Drepung Monastery, hailed from Lhatse County, Shigatse Prefecture TAR, disappeared from the monastery following the March protest in the Tibetan capital. There is no information on his whereabouts until now.120 c) Similarly, Thabkhey and Tsundue of Labrang Monastery who defiantly briefed in front of the state managed foreign media tour in Sangchu County (Ch: Xiahe Xian) in Gansu Province, TAP on 9April 2008 were not seen since their sudden disappearance after putting a daring act in front of the visiting foreign medias. Local residents fear that the security personnel secretly lifted them away for their daring act. Although the family members of the monks approached the local Public Security Bureau (PSB) headquarters regarding their whereabouts, the authorities feigned ignorance about the duo. Till date, no information on their whereabouts or to which detention centre they have been taken was made known to their family members or their affiliated monastery.121 d) Sonam Rabgyal, 39 year old native of Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture, TAR and a former Chanzoe (manager and treasurer), Damdul and Rabgyal and two other monks of Ramoche Temple were detained on 7 April 2008 after PSB and PAP forces carried out a midnight raid on monks residence. On that night around 70 monks were detained. Although all were released after days of interrogation in the detention centre, the whereabouts and conditions of the five aforementioned monks still continue to be completely elusive and unknown to their family members and affiliated monastery.122 e) The whereabouts of a Tibetan HIV/AIDS activist working for a foreign NGO based in Lhasa, Wangdue, in his early 40s remained unknown until his court trial on 27 October 2008.123 He was arbitrarily detained by Lhasa City PSB officials from his home on 14 March 2008.124 f ) The Centre recorded a case where the death of a disappeared person surfaced only after two of her colleagues were later sentenced by the Court. Guru, a 25 year old nun of Samtenling a.ka. Watak Nunnery in Drango County, Kardze TAP Sichuan Province involved in June protest in Drango County disappeared and the news of her death since her disappearance came to light only after two of her colleagues Tsering Tso, 27 and Ugyen Lhamo 32 were sentenced to 2 years imprisonment by Drango County Intermediate Peoples Court.125 The death of Guru sheds a light on the risk involved and calls for the immediate protection of all persons from enforced and involuntary disappearance. The International communities and particularly the UN Working Group on Enforced and Involuntary Disappearance (UNWGEID) should press for the government of PRC to disclose and make the whereabouts and status of Tibetan detainees public.

Olympics and the ground situation in Tibet:

The Uprising in Tibet since March this year calls into question Chinas policies in Tibet over the past

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 Central Committee for Comprehensive Management of Social Security in order to intensify efforts to preserve social order ahead of the Beijing Olympics, issued orders to eliminate conflicts, chaos, and other activities concerning social order between March and September. The mouthpiece of Chinas ruling Communist Party, the Peoples Daily, reported, We should make concerted efforts to properly resolve outstanding problems affecting social harmony and stability.128 Olympics symbolize peace, harmony and progress. The Principle 4 of the Olympic Charter states, (the) practice of sports is s human rights.129 Similarly, Principle 5 of the charter stress the importance of the Olympic spirit against any form of discrimination when it states, any form of discrimination with regard to a country or a person on grounds of race, religion, politics, gender or otherwise is incompatible with belonging to the Olympic Movement.130 Mr. Liu Jingmin, the Vice President of the Beijing Olympics bid team told in 2001 that, by allowing Beijing to host the Games you will help the development of human rights.131 Accordingly, Mr. Jacques Rogge, the President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in April 2002 reassured that the Olympic Games will improve human rights in China. The Dalai Lama and the Tibetan government in exile has, since the onset, supported the Beijing Olympic Games as a fitting tribute to Chinas ancient civilization, and a respect to the Chinese peoples aspirations. However, in the name of Olympic security, the government of China intensified security clampdown amounting to stifling of Tibetan peoples basic human rights. Particularly, severe restrictions were imposed on the peoples freedom of movement especially the three biggest monasteries viz. Sera, Drepung and Gaden Monastery were virtually sealed off with the movement of monastic populace strictly controlled. Those Tibetans living in Beijing and other Chinese cities were

A photograph taken in late July 2008 shows numerous police trucks and several tents supposedly used for the extra officers brought in to contain the protests in Kardze Township.

five decades. Although it cannot be flatly assumed that the Olympics did provide the main impetus for the protests, it is likely that some Tibetans factored it into their decision to participate in the protest. In the beginning of the year intensification of repression particularly in the urban areas of Tibet in a run up to the March 10 anniversary of the 1959 Uprising was evident, because authorities knew it too in advance. The authorities took stringent measures to impose an information blackout to hide the repression in Tibet as part of their attempts to present a rosy picture of a happy life for Tibetans under the communist rule. Tibetan protest which escalated and spiraled into most of the Tibetan plateau threatened to derail the Chinese leaders desire for a grand success of 2008 Olympics. As a consequence, suppressing dissent and maintaining stability took the centre stage in the run up to the Olympics. The authorities heightened intolerance towards political dissent- be it a call for the return of the Dalai Lama, Tibetan independence, or more freedom and human rights- was evident from the heavy security clampdown in TAR and Tibetan areas outside TAR in the aftermath of the March Protest and especially prior to the Olympics torch relay at the Mount Everest126 and in the Tibetan capital.127 The Chinese authorities had already tightened their grip on the activities of the Tibetan people inside Tibet preceding the Beijing Olympics. Earlier the

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Civil and Political Liberties put under scanner and a majority of them asked to return to their native places. Similarly, all the hotels and guesthouses and lodges wherever Tibetan people were found to be staying, came under the scanner of the relevant police department. In a press conference during the third Chinese state sponsored media tour of Tibet on 3 June, in response to a question raised by a Hong Kong based journalist, Pema Thinley, the Vice-Chairman of the TAR government acknowledged the intensification of the security forces and identified what he saw as its three main motivations. He concluded that the increased pressure from the Chinese government might be an effort to reduce the possibility of further unspecified incidents in Lhasa during the Olympic torch relay, secondly to check any untoward incident during Saka Dawa (a Buddhist holy month) and finally to crush pro-Tibet Independence activists. Mr. Thinleys perspective reemphasizes earlier comments made by Chinese authorities in Tibet who have promised to severely punish and give no indulgence to Tibetans who would try to sabotage the torch relay.132 Mr. Thinleys perspective reemphasizes earlier comments made by Chinese authorities in Tibet who have promised to severely punish and give no indulgence to Tibetans who would try to sabotage the torch relay. Beginning June this year, several thousand of the Peoples Armed Police (PAP) and Public Security Bureau (PSB) forces were redeployed into main market squares, streets, major monasteries and road junctions around Lhasa city to check and respond to any untoward incidents during the Olympic torch relay, initially planned as a three-day extravaganza, but curtailed to one day on 21 June from Norbulingka to Potala Palace square in Lhasa. An official internal circular had been sent to Chinese government departments ordering their heads to discourage their own employees, as well as the common citizens, from taking part in any political activities during the torch relay.133 It was a welcome move that the Chinese authorities allowed journalists from 29 foreign media groups to cover the Lhasa leg of the Olympic torch relay. However, the level of access that the foreign medias had is still a big question mark because of the authorities close monitoring and control. Since there was a complete lockdown in Tibet and restrictions on the travel of independent international observers to Tibet, as well as severe media censorship, the Chinese authorities had a pseudo state-sanctioned license to commit human rights abuses, including arbitrary detention, beatings, and abductions of Tibetans. While the government of the PRC complained about the politicization of Olympics to avert international criticism of her human rights records, it is but PRC government herself who from the very onset of the Olympic Games has involved the issue of human rights to politicize the Games at the first place. In the Olympics torch relay to the Mount Everest China used the Games as a tool to push forward its political agenda. Zhang Qingli, the TAR hardline Communist Party Secretary during the Lhasa leg of Olympic torch relay in Tibet, bombarded the selected audience with political rhetoric saying, Tibets sky will never change and the red flag with five stars will forever flutter high above it, and We will certainly be able to totally smash

A defiant monks of Labrang Tashi-Khyil Monastery staged a protest in front of a government-controlled media tour on 9 April 2008.

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 the splittist schemes of the Dalai Lama clique.134 True to the communist style of ruling, Lhasa was under lockdown with police and troops every few meters along the torch relay routes with shops ordered to shut. While in Beijing during the actual games, the government designated special locations or zones for public protest during the 2008 Olympic Games, but no protests received approval, and the harassment of applicants for protest permits was reported. Many Tibetans and Tibet support group activists who demonstrated against the government prior and during the Beijing Olympic were detained,135 questioned and deported.136 ment department or the Party for leniency without penalty. It further stated that those who have participated in splittist activities should surrender voluntarily for leniency. It is outrageous that those who have participated in peaceful political activities in free and democratic countries should be punished anyway as the regulation requires the returnee to surrender voluntarily for leniency. This is not the first time that such an ultimatum was issued. In 1994 a policy was instituted demanding that parents recall their children from India lest they be demoted or expelled from their jobs, and their children lose their rights to residence permits if they did not return to Tibet within a specified time. Many parents recalled their children studying in exile schools and many ended up terminating their education. The new regulation aims to put the Tibetan employees and members through a political litmus test of their ideological loyalty to the party and the government and to eliminate those with a history of political activism. The timing of the new regulation raises concern about the Chinese authorities intention towards managing Tibetan employees, party members and their children. Twenty four Tibetan children studying in different Tibetan Childrens Village Schools in India, whose parents are either government or party members, have already withdrawn from respective schools and left for Tibet since the issuance of this ultimatum. According to reports posted on the official website, Chinas Tibet Information Centre, dated 10 July 2008, 13 Party members under Lhasa City were expelled from the Communist Party for their involvement in the March 14 riot and their failure to uphold the three themes under the renewed patriotic education campaign.138

Fresh Ultimatum to TAR Party members and Civil Servants:

Recently the Chinese authorities have embarked on numerous premeditated measures and steps to tighten control over the Tibetan people targeting every strata of Tibetan society. The latest targets were identified as ethnic Tibetan Communist Party members and the civil servants with the issuance of twomonth ultimatum on 14 July 2008 to recall their children studying in educational institutions run by the Dalai clique or face expulsion from party membership and government job.137 A new official regulation jointly prepared by the TAR Communist Partys Discipline Inspection Commission (Ch: Jie Wei) and TAR Government Discipline Committee (Ch: Jian cha ting) targeted Tibetan party members and government employees whose children are studying in exile educational institutions. The regulation stated that government employees and communist party members should recall their children from exile educational institutions run by the Dalai clique within two months, and should voluntarily surrender and explain before the concerned govern-

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Civil and Political Liberties Since the largest and the most sustained anti-government protest in Tibet for the past many decades, the severity of restrictions put on peoples freedom of movement was well demonstrated by the number of Tibetan refugees who arrived this year. The year registered one of the lowest number of refugees arrival in the past more than few decades. The total number of Tibetans who arrived was documented as 627 139 till 31 December 2008 and amongst those many arrived in the early beginning of this year, prior to the protest in March. Despite fears of arrest, separation, death, deportation and enormous risk to their safety on the high Himalayan mountain passes, an average of more than 2000 to 3000 Tibetan arrive in India and Nepal each year to escape Chinese brutality. Various possible reasons could be attributed to such an abrupt slump in the number of Tibetans seeking better and safer life in exile. One of the primary reasons could be recent political unrest in Tibet which led to severe crackdown on Tibetans peoples right to freedom of movement. Another could be the authorities issuance of ultimatum to ethnic Tibetan civil servants and party members who have been told to recall their children studying in educational institutions run by Dalai Clique. On average majority of the escapees comprise of minors seeking better educational opportunities in exile. At the same time the revamp and security reinforcement on the adjoining border areas in recent times could be a primary reason for the slump. According to media reports, prior to the Olympic torch relay to the top of Mount Everest in May, severe restrictions were imposed on the routes which usually serve as escape routes for Tibetan escapees.140 With the report of new police patrol stations being built and inaugurated in November on the Nepal- Tibet border it would further check the flow of people into Nepal.141 Apart from these measures, numbers of Tibetans without the official registration card in Lhasa City were deported to their native places when they arrived in big monastic institutions around Lhasa for further studies. For instance, on 25 April 2008, 675 monks, including 405 monks studying at Drepung Monastery and 205 monks studying at Sera Monastery were deported to Qinghai Province by the security officials in the TAR.142 Many of the monks were originally from Qinghai and others from neighboring Tibetan autonomous areas in Sichuan Province.143

Absence of International fact finding mission amidst complete lockdown:

Weve enduredtorture. Now our main hope is that the International media and the United Nations investigators come to Tibet and check on the real situation and then report on it after they assess their findings. This is our main hope.144 Following the March protests in Lhasa and other traditional Tibetan areas, the Chinese authorities have repeatedly disregarded demands made by the Dalai Lama,145 the Tibetan Government-in-Exile, the United Nations146 and international human rights monitoring groups to allow independent international observers into Tibet to monitor on the continuing protests in the light of sealing off the region, long term restriction on human rights monitoring there and the reactions of the Chinese government that occur in the aftermath. However, none of these requests were heeded by the Chinese authorities. Chinese security forces imposed and maintained measures to keep the entire plateau lockdown to the outside world as Tibetan protest spread and Chinese government response gathered momentum. Chinese security forces resorted to confiscating cell phones,147 computers, turned off mobile transmis-

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 sion facilities,148 with reports of lost valuables following raid by security forces in monasteries.149 Authorities threatened Tibetans with severe punishment if they leaked information to the outside world.150 Such threats and warnings have also been made elsewhere in Tibet as authorities sought to achieve an information blackout. The recent sentencing of seven Tibetans between 8 years to life imprisonment by Lhasa Intermediate Peoples Court on alleged charges of illegally offering information outside China are unprecedented in their severity for those accused of passing on information to the people outside and indicates a new hardline approach in blocking news on the current crackdown in Tibet. The Chinese government continued to deny access to the international media and foreign tourists to the TAR after dropping the plan to open the region to such visitors on 1 May 2008.151 Chinas Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesman, Qin Gang, confirmed on 12 June 2008 that the TAR remained temporarily closed to foreign journalists and blamed the closure on the Dalai clique and their access was blocked post March 10 protest.152 In response to international condemnation of the brutal crackdowns on the protesters, the Chinese government organized three official media tours to Lhasa153 and Labrang154 and permitted 15 diplomats155 to visit Lhasa in late March, but seriously restricted their ability to speak freely to Tibetans.156 The Dalai Lama stated in an interview that the most important gestures he would like to see from the Chinese government would be to permit international journalists to travel to the Tibetan areas of China to look and investigate, so the picture becomes clear.157 In early April, a request was made by Ms. Louise Arbour, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, to the senior Chinese diplomats in Geneva to visit Tibet to independently witness the first-hand human rights violations in the ongoing crisis in Tibet. Her request was declined by the Chinese government on the grounds that the timing was not convenient.158 Similarly, the International Committee of the Red Cross, which is mandated to visit detention facilities and check on the well-being of prisoners worldwide, has never been allowed to carry out such work in China, and particularly in Tibet since 10 March protests, when mass arrests and detentions across Tibet were reported. In addition, six United Nations Special Procedures mandate holders issued a joint statement expressing that they were deeply concerned by reports of security forces firing on protesters and alleged killings.159 The joint statement calls for greater and unfettered access to the regions for journalists and independent observers, guarantees for the free flow of information, and full implementation of international standards in regard to the treatment of protesters and those detained, but all of these demands were ignored. Such callousness on the part of the Chinese authorities in not heeding to the calls of the international communities especially the United Nations for an unfettered and independent observation of the ground situation in Tibet was partly timid and importantly to keep the lid of oppression and human rights violations tightly closed from international exposure.

Arbitrary arrest and detention: Unabated

The Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy has been able to count over 6500 people who have been detained since the March 10 protest across the Tibetan plateau though many were released after being detained, others released after paying hefty monetary fines or sentenced with heavy prison sentence ranging from few years to life. The information has been obtained from sources inside Tibet,

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Civil and Political Liberties family members, monks, nuns, laypeople and relatives who have contact inside Tibet, various media reports including the Chinese official mouthpiece, Tibetan government in exile, and most importantly from the people who themselves have participated in the protest. The UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention (UNWGAD) defines the deprivation of personal liberty to be arbitrary if it meets one of the following criteria: (1) there is clearly no legal basis for the deprivation of liberty; (2) an individual is deprived of his liberty for having exercised rights guaranteed under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR); (3) there is grave non-compliance with fair trial standards set forth in the UDHR and other international human rights instruments.160 Chinas arbitrary detention of Tibetan people solely on account of their peaceful and legitimate human rights activities violates key rights protected in international laws and in domestic laws. Article 9 of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights (UDHR) clearly states, No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. It is also prohibited under article 9(1) of the ICCPR161, which states that: Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention. No one shall be deprived of his liberty except on such grounds and in accordance with such procedures as are established by law. Article 18 of the same covenant guarantees freedom of thought, conscience and religion and article 19 guarantees freedom of expression. Arbitrary detention remains the biggest obstacle for those who want to exercise their civil liberties as enshrined in the Constitution. Of all the current known cases of Tibetans who were held arbitrarily in detention centers, many were detained without arrest warrant and without being formally charged. In virtually all cases, arrestees were never given absolutely no explanation as to why they were being arrested nor were they shown any arrest warrant at the time of their arrest. The vast majority of arbitrarily arrested individuals are held incommunicado and their whereabouts are concealed from their family members and associates. From the very outset of the unrest in Tibet, Chinese leadership did not miss any opportunity to put the blame squarely on the Dalai Lama and the Dalai clique for the Tibetan protest and rioting in the run-up to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games,162 at the same time China blindly failed to acknowledge the role of pent up frustration among Tibetans on its policies over the years. Amidst this climate of uncertainty and tension, Zhang Qingli, the Communist Party Secretary in the TAR clearly stated Chinas intention when he said: We are currently in an intense bloody and fiery struggle with the Dalai clique, a life-and-death struggle with the enemy.163 The same sentiment was demonstrated by Ragdi, Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the 10th National Peoples Congress, by saying that the recent riot in Lhasa had exposed a cut-throat combat between the Tibetan people and the Dalai clique with its Western supporters.164 Arbitrary detention is used to stem political dissent; moreover, there are no independent institutions or complaint mechanisms to protect the peoples human rights. There is an urgent need of standard minimum requirements for the treatment of alleged persons who are arbitrarily detained and need for a code of conduct for law enforcement agencies. The international human rights instruments protect personal liberties, and state that no one shall be arbitrarily deprived of that liberty. The UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention (UNWGAD) has identified three categories of arbitrary deprivation

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 of liberty. They include: no legal justification; deprivation of liberty mentioned in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; and no fair trial. In Tibet, all three are standard practices and they are rampantly and widely practiced. Very few details are available about the thousands of Tibetans whom the Chinese security agencies detained or who died, or disappeared, or fired on, or injured when armed forces suppressed protests or riots and maintained a security lockdown. Instead, Chinas state-run media reported extensively on property damages and personal injury that Tibetan protesters caused from 14 to 19 March in locations such as Lhasa city, Ngaba County, and Labrang County. The authorities failed to provide details about the thousands of Tibetans whom they acknowledge to have detained as a result of the incidents. Official media reports rather overworked to project the violent side of the protest and trump up nationalist feeling among common citizens in Mainland China to gain legitimacy for its policies and suppression of Tibetan peoples freedom and fundamental human rights. Moreover, officials have provided little information about the suppression of peaceful Tibetan protests that took place over a period of weeks in scores of counties where Chinese state media did not report rioting, and where security officials reportedly detained thousands of more Tibetans. The Lhasa authorities have warned that there would be repercussions for Tibetans who spread rumours, create disturbances and deceive the public, as part of the political campaign against separatists.165 Five people were detained in June166 and under the same official diktat 59 Tibetans were detained at the end of December this year.167 However, despite enormous risk to their safety and authorities resorting to ever harsher measures to gag and subdue people from leaking information to the outside world, Tibetans were able to use mobile and internet technologies to highlight the atrocities suffered by Tibetans at the hands of Chinese security forces. As a result of the authorities attempt to blackout the information from leaking out coupled with stern warnings issued, the list of political prisoners cannot be comprehensive and full details about the number of Tibetans in detention since 10 March protest is not known. In addition to rampant cases of arbitrary detention and arrest by Chinese security forces since March protest, the law enforcement agencies and security forces have issued numerous public notices in different locations for suspects to surrender within a deadline. For example: On 15 March the Higher Peoples Higher Court, Regional Peoples Procuratorate and the regional Public Security Bureau of TAR issued a notice demanding protestors to give themselves in for leniency by Monday midnight (17 March).168 The notice further stated that those who surrender and inform will be exempt from punishment, it also stated, those who cover up or shelter the lawbreakers would be punished in accordance with the law.169 Such surrender notices are a typical exercise by the authorities against the Tibetan protestors airing their grievances and deep-rooted resentment over many years of mistreatment and denial of fundamental human rights. Similarly, a notice both in Chinese and Tibetan language was jointly issued by the Gannan Prefectures courts, prosecutors and public security bureau, following protests in Labrang (Ch: Xiahe), Luchu (Ch: Luqu), Machu (Ch: Maqu), Chone (Ch: Zhuoni), Tewo (Ch: Diebu) and Hezuo County. These were pasted around the town on 13 March which warned protesters or criminals as the notice called them to surrender until midnight of 25 March, to hand themselves in to be treated leniently and to face harsh treatment if they failed to do so or those who hid them.170 Numerous arrest warrants were issued by local authorities against those sus-

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Civil and Political Liberties pected of having participated in the protests.171 A similar threat and tactic was employed in curbing the 1987-1989 pro-independence demonstrations of Tibetan people in Lhasa. The tactic is a clear ploy by the Chinese authorities to trap the Tibetan demonstrators by inciting fear and intimidating the demonstrators to give in. The Chinese authorities will never live up to their promise of offering leniency to those who surrender, as was in the case of 19871989 demonstrations in Lhasa. tained another 432. According to the official report dated 9 April, a total of 1870 of those detained or arrested were released including 413 monks.176 In Ngaba County (Ch: Aba) Ngaba TAP Sichuan Province, the official report cited the surrender of 381 Tibetans to the police. 177 While in Phenpo Lhundup (Ch:Linzhou) County, TAR 94 Tibetans surrendered.178 The reports did not provide any detailed information about any of the detainees. Based on the 9 April179 report and revelation by the Chinese at the UN,180 the status of more than 1,269 of the persons who had surrendered or been detained remained unknown after official announcement of only 69 Tibetans having been sentenced so far.181 The admission of such a high number of Tibetan protesters being detained by the authorities is in itself revealing and we believe that the number could be much higher. The only official acknowledgement of arrests resulting from peaceful protests appeared in the official Tibet Daily, which reported 13 arrests stemming from a crowd shouting reactionary slogans and [holding] a self-made banner of snow mountain lions to gather a crowd and stir up trouble182- a reference to the detention of Sera monks outside the Jokhang Temple on 10 March. Following are some of the known instances of arbitrary detention and arrest which were recorded since March although the Centre has compiled a list of known arrests and detentions in detail in a special publication: a) 15 young novice monks, a few of them as young as thirteen years old and originally from Tsenshab Gyatsoling Monastery in Pelbar County, Chamdo Prefecture TAR, who were studying as visiting students at Drepung Monastery were arbitrarily detained by Lhasa PSB officials on 18 March 2008 and were reported to have been tortured and ill-treated for their participation in the March protest in Lhasa. The detained novice monks were known to have been detained at Lhasa for

Official reports on arrest, detention, sentence and release:

Going by the Chinese state media reports between March and April confirm the detention of 4434 people described as rioters who participated in protests in March. They had either been or had surrendered by 9 April in Lhasa, Gannan, Phenpo Lhundup County and Ngaba TAP, but this figure does not include all Tibetan areas where protests took place. To dissect the Chinese State media reports of total number of the Tibetans reported detained or surrendered: Firstly in Lhasa, a total of 1315 Tibetan people were detained or surrendered. Of these 953172 were officially arrested and a total of 362 surrendered themselves.173 According to the latest official revelation, from the total 69 were sentenced to imprisonment for committing crimes of arson, looting, obstructing government functions etc, while seven had been sentenced for committing crimes of treason or illegally offering information to people outside China and eight were still under judicial investigation. The remaining 1231 suspects had redeemed themselves and had been released after receiving education and administrative punishment.174 Whereas in Kanlho (Gannan) TAP, a total of 2644 were arrested between 14 March and 9 April, of which according to official media reports a total of 2204175 including 519 monks had surrendered and the police formally arrested 8 people and de-

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 five months and later transferred to their place of origin, Chamdo, where they were detained for more than a month before being finally released on 14 November in the presence of Township heads and representatives from Tsenshab Gyatsoling Monastery under conditions that they would not participate in any secessionist act in future, that their behavior would be under scrutiny and they would not be allowed to be readmitted in the monastery. b) Four Tibetans from Nangchen County, Jyekundo (Ch: Yushu) TAP Qinghai Province were arrested on 26 July 2008 by the Chinese PSB for protesting against the Summer Festival planned by the Chinese government to greet the Beijing Olympic games. The four youth, Asang Bersatsang, Ngoesoe Konkyaptsang, Jamsang and Gadho voiced their disapproval of the summer festival at Drokshog Township, Nangchen county, by saying, this is not the year to celebrate as Tibetans have suffered untold repression under the Chinese regime, rather it is time to mourn and offer prayers (for those who died or were imprisoned in recent protests across Tibet).183 c) Over 55 nuns of Pangri Na Tashi Gepheling Nunnery in Sungo Township, Kardze County, were arrested by Chinese security forces for staging a peaceful protest on 14 May 2008184 against the ongoing Patriotic re-education campaign in nunneries and monasteries and against the authorities high-handedness in killing, torturing and arresting peaceful Tibetan protesters in many parts of Tibet. d) A highly revered Tibetan religious head, Tulku Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche of Tehor Kardze Monastery was arbitrarily arrested from his home in the early morning hour on 18 May 2008 for unknown reasons.185 He was the chief spiritual preceptor and the head of Pang-ri and Ya-tseg

Trulku Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche

Nunneries in Kardze. Much loved and respected for his religious vocation and for looking after the welfare of local Tibetans in Kardze County, the charismatic figure was also a source of inspiration and hope because he had constructed an old age orphanage and opened two chemist shops for the local Tibetans. The arrest of Tulku Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche serves as a dark reminder of Chinas campaign against prominent religious figures inside Tibet who have been viewed by the Chinese authorities as a direct challenge to their authority. In the past, many prominent Tibetan religious figures such as Khenpo Jigme,186 the founder of the famed Sertha Buddhist Institute, Tulku Tenzin Delek,187 the founder of Kham Nalanda Monastery, who championed the welfare of Tibetan people and Bangri Rinpoche,188 the founder of Gyatso orphanage school in Lhasa were arrested under false and fabricated charges. e) Twelve monks of Shelkar Choedhe Monastery in Dingri County, Shigatse Prefecture, TAR were arbitrarily arrested by scores of Chinese PAP and PSB forces when they stormed their residences on the night of 19 May 2008,

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Civil and Political Liberties following the monks protest against the Chinese work team visit to conduct the patriotic reeducation campaign on the same day.189 Before their arrest that day, monks were barred from their monastery compound and their cell phones confiscated to curb the report of the incident from leaking to the outside world. The monks were even threatened with dire consequences if found leaking information to the outside world. f ) 32 monks of Ratoe Monastery in Chushul County, Lhasa Municipality TAR were arbitrarily arrested from their residences in the early morning raid conducted by hundreds of Chinese security forces on 16 March.190 Of the initial 50 monks who were arrested, 18 were released and the remaining 32 monks are still held at Chushul PSB detention Centre including a 42-year old former political prisoner, Namkar and 38 year-old Thupchok, a prominent Democratic Management Committee (DMC) work team member of Ratoe Monastery. The monks took out a peaceful protest march on 14 March in Nyethang Township, Chushul County, which was later, joined by ordinary Tibetans. g) Following protests by Tibetans in Ponkor Toema and Mema Township, Darlag County, Golog TAP Qinghai Province between 21 28 March 2008, hundreds of Tibetan protesters were arrested by the Chinese security forces, injuring many and killing a nomad during the security forces crackdown. Many of those detained were later released and charged a hefty fine of 20,000 Chinese yuan as a punishment (US $ 2,500). 191 The Chinese security forces even lured the hiding Tibetans to surrender by promising leniency in punishment. In contrary, two Tibetans who voluntarily gave themselves up to the security forces on 27 March were severely beaten and tortured.192 h) A total of 572 monks including novices as young as ten years old from Ngaba Kirti Monastery, in Ngaba County (Ch:Aba Xian), Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Province, were arrested by the Chinese PAP and PSB forces following a two-day raid on monks residences on 28 and 29 March 2008.193 During the sudden and thorough raid, monks with modern communication gadgets such as mobile phones, cameras, computers or MP3 players in their residences were arrested under suspicion of having communicated with the exile Tibetan communities. The PAP and PSB ransacked every room of the monastery, baring every box and cupboard with rifle butts. There were even reports of security forces taking advantage by taking away valuable items from monks residences. The sources also confirmed that in an attempt to hurt the religious sentiment of the Buddhist monks, the PAP and PSB officials forced monks to step over the portraits of the Dalai Lama found in monks residences. The security forces even took photographs of monks who were coerced to hold the banned Tibetan national flag and portrait of the Dalai Lama to use as evidence of their crimes. The sources confirmed that symbolic ceremonial weapons hung on the statues of protecting deities inside the monastery altar were also reported to have been confiscated, and were termed as being weapons used by the protesters. i) On 29 March, a similar raid was carried out by the PAP and PSB officials at around dusk in Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery (a branch of Amdo Ngaba Kirti Monastery) in Dzoge County (Ch:Ruanggui/Zoige Xian) Ngaba TAP Sichuan Province. Scores of monks were arrested from their residences after the raid. The officials confiscated weapons displayed on the altar for protecting deities in the monastery, alleged to be weapons used by the protesters. Shortages of food, water and medical attention in the

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 monastery were reported after successive protests broke out in Ngaba County.194 j) On 30 March, a similar raid was carried out by PAP and PSB on every residence of Gomang Monastery in Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP Sichuan Province. At least twenty monks from the monastery were known to have been arrested after the raid. At least 15 to 20 monks of the same monastery were known to have been arrested in the earlier protest in Ngaba County.195 k) On 30 March, at least 20 monks of Ngamey Dongri Monastery (a branch of Ngaba Kirti Monastery) in Ngaba County were arrested by PAP and PSB officers for unknown reasons with report of a few people surrendering to the authorities. Sources confirmed that PAP and PSB officials reportedly beat several elderly people in the area with rifle butts. l) Following a huge peaceful solidarity march and prayer session by people from all walks of life for those who had died since March protests on 25 March 2008, three Tibetans were arbitrarily arrested from their home in the early morning raid carried out by the PAP and PSB officials in Holka Township, Tsigorthang County (Ch: Xinghai Xian) Tsolho TAP Qinghai Province on 26 March 2008.196 Arrestees are: Rinbum Gyal and Tsewang both in their late 20s and a female whose identity could not be confirmed. In addition, a Public Notice imprint with the official stamp of PSB was issued demanding protesters of the illegal 25th March protest to surrender voluntarily for leniency. At the same time, it warned protesters of severe punishment if they failed to surrender to the authorities within three days deadline. m) On 27 March, four people, Malle and Tsekyab Gyal both male in their late 20s from Holkha Township and two Tibetan businesswomen from other parts of Tibet were arrested by the security forces for unknown reasons after hundreds of additional PAP and PSB officials in military trucks flooded into the Holkha Township.197

Harsh and disproportionate Prison Sentences:

Since the eruption of protests in the Tibetan areas in March 2008, Beijing has repeatedly downplayed the nature of Tibetan protests and attempted to project the Tibetan protests through the prism of criminal activities such as looting, smashing, arson, theft and rioting. Beijing refuses to see the reality of the political nature of the pan-Tibet popular protests. On 17 March 2008, Zhang Qingli, the TAR Communist Party Secretary, urged that there be quick arrests, quick hearings, and quick sentencing of the people involved in the protests, which was virtually a political directive to circumvent guarantees for a fair and impartial and due legal due process.198 The Chinese authorities announced the first sentences of Tibetans on 29 April 2008,199 with prison terms ranging from three years to life imprisonment since the protest and unrest broke out in Lhasa and various Tibetan areas under Chinese administration beginning 10 March 2008. On 29 April 2008, the Lhasa fast-track court, in a record one and half months time, sentenced thirty Tibetans, 200 of which three Tibetans (Pasang, Sonam Tsering and Tsering), were handed down life imprisonment terms, between 15-20 years prison term to seven others, and the rest for terms ranging from three to 20 years201 in connection with the riots in Lhasa and neighboring counties on 14 March in what is characterized the proceedings as an open court session. 202 The actual trial proceeding had

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Civil and Political Liberties been conducted covertly on 21 to 25 April 2008. Clearly, the harshness of the sentences indicate that it is not a case of petty criminal activity only, but involves the larger issue of political dissidence, which the state media deliberately fails to mention. The Xinhua report stated, Two men, including a Buddhist monk identified as Basang (Passang), who is from Toelung Dechen County (Ch: Doilong Deqing) received life sentences... Basang was accused of leading 10 people, including five other monks, to destroy local government offices, burn down shops and attack policemen... Of the five monks, two were sentenced to 20 years, and the other three to 15 years in jail. The other man who received a life sentence was identified as Soinam Norbu (Sonam Norbu), a driver for a Lhasa real estate company.203 No details were given on the 10 other people sentenced. Similarly, on 19 and 20 June 2008, four local courts in Lhasa and the Lhokha (Ch: Shannan) Prefecture announced prison terms for another 12 Tibetans.204 The identities of those 12 Tibetans were not disclosed in the report. None of the sentences involved accusations of manslaughter, indicating that the most severe sentences, possibly the death sentence, may still be forthcoming as evident by a state media report on 11 July, in which Executive Vice Chairman of the TAR Pema Trinley had stated that another 116 suspects were on trial, it would be decided under Chinese laws whether some would be sentenced to death.205 It is not known whether this comment of no death sentences have been carried out to date was made in order to appease the international community prior to the Olympics or whether it was meant to highlight that these sentences could be forthcoming after further evidence was collected. Earlier the provincial peoples court (here TAR Higher Peoples Court) would have the authorities to sentence the defendant to death but after amendment to the Chinese Organic Law of the Peoples Court that came into effect on 1 January 2007, all death sentences should be reviewed and approved by the Supreme Peoples Court.206 The nature of the court proceedings and the official interpretation of the Tibetans activities obviously bring forward the questions of competency of the court and the official downplaying of the nature of Tibetan activities. The sentencing was a clear mockery of law and due process. In fact in all cases, there was absence of due process as required under international laws in a state with a rule of law such as filing of document, engaging independent lawyers, case verification, consultation from both parties, non-extraction of confession through torture, etc., the purpose and nature of the court in Lhasa obviously is only to provide a legal rubber stamp on pre-concluded convictions without the concept of innocent until proven guilty. On several occasions, the TAR Communist Party and Government officials have called for a swift and quick judicial process to strike back at the separatists and the Dalai clique.207 On 4 April 2008, Lhasa City Deputy Party Secretary said that amongst the protesters arrested in Lhasa, 800 Tibetans would be brought before the court. During a conference of TAR court officials in the evening of 2 April 2008, TAR government Vice-Chairman, Pema Thinley, urged the usage of law as a tool to strike back at the enemies. He called for swift and quick judicial proceedings for those involved in March protest.208 A leading human rights watchdog, Human Rights Watch challenged the legitimacy of the sentencing procedures carried out in Lhasa stating that the Tibetans were denied access to a meaningful defense through the lawyers they had chosen.209 In an image released by the state media of the trial, one of the Tibetans defendants is seen sitting on a chair during the court session indicates torture and inhu-

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 man treatment in detention, which is blindly denied by the Chinese authorities. While Amnesty International stated in a recent report that many hundreds, possibly thousands, of Tibetans languish in prisons or detention centers without the government publicly acknowledging their whereabouts or formally charging them with a criminal offence.210 * Of the number of sentences handed out by various county courts since March unrest, the oldest was a 81-year old, Paljor Norbu, an octogenarian Tibetan woodblock printer who was detained by the Chinese PAP on 31 October from his home in Lhasa on suspicion that he had printed prohibited material, including the banned Tibetan flag which had been used by Tibetan protesters during the pan-Tibet protest. Paljor Norbu was sentenced to 7 years imprisonment. No information on his detention and charged levied against him were made known to his family members nor were his whereabouts. His workshop was known to have been sealedoff by the authorities following his arrest and employees prohibited from returning. There were reports of police confiscating books and woodblocks from the shops collection.211 * The youngest of those sentenced up to now by the Chinese court is Kunga, a 16-year old boy from Machu County, who was sentenced to 12 years in prison. The charge made against him was not known but he was involved in the Machu protest and was reportedly arrested on 11 April and was asked to pay a large fine of up to 15, 000 yuan which he was unable to pay.212 * Two Tibetans who may have been involved in the same protest in Machu County in April. Lama Kyap, a 20 year old monk from Upper Nurma village, TseuNur Township in Machu was sentenced to 15 years. Kechok, in his thirties , was sentenced to 13 years.213 * Three Tibetan men in their twenties from Lotah Township in Ngaba TAP Sichuan were sentenced to life and two others for long sentences on charges of beating, smashing and looting. Kalbah, 23-year old was sentenced to life on around 10 July 2008, while 27-year old Tsekho was sentenced to 13 years and Terzhoe, 25, sentenced to 15 years, all at the Ngaba Intermediate Peoples Court and all three were denied adequate legal representation with around 17 other Tibetans from the area in custody awaiting trial.214 * On 14 July 2008, Dartsedo (Chinese: Kangding) Peoples Court in Kardze TAP Sichuan Province sentenced Adruk Kalgyam, a 27-yearold nephew of Ronggey Adrak, to five years imprisonment after being held incommunicado for ten months. Adruk Kalgyam, a father of two young daughters was sentenced for the crime of inciting splittism.215Kalgyam was arrested on 3 September 2007 after his opposition to the patriotic education campaign conducted in Lithang county following the arrest of Tibetan

Paljor Norbu, an octogenerian Tibetan detained and later sentenced to 7 years imprisonment

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Civil and Political Liberties nomad, Ronggye Adrak (Adruk Kalgyams uncle), in August 2007 which led to large-scale protests by nomads in the area.216 On 13 July 2008 his family was told that he was to be sentenced the following day by the Dartsedo Peoples Court. His family was allowed to speak to him on 14 July. Kalgyam told them that he had been hospitalized for one month due to earlier maltreatment in prison. Kalgyam told his family that he had been subjected to solitary confinement in a dark cell on a number of occasions, which had led him to faint sometimes. His family reported that scars from handcuffs were still visible.217 * On 29 October, the state media reported that three county level courts of the TAR sentenced 14 Tibetans to varying prison terms on alleged crimes ranging from endangering public security, robbery, smashing or looting and creating disturbances in so called March riot. 218 According to the same report, Tenzin Yeshi, Tashi Namgyal and Gaden Chodak (a.k.a Gaden) of Gachoe Monastery were involved in spearheading a violent riot on 14 March 2008 in Phenpo Lhundup County (Ch: Linzhou Xian). The report cited that, Tenzin Yeshi and Tashi Namgyal were arrested from the site of the riot by the Public Security Bureau (PSB) officials whereas Gaden Chodak managed to escape from the site and reached his Monastery, where he later instigated other monks, Lobsang Tsemey (lay name: Passang), Tenpa Dhondup and Lobsang Theychu (lay name: Tashi Norbu) to jointly prepare independence leaflets to cause unrest. On the next day, forty monks of the monastery headed by Lobsang Tsemey led a demonstration towards Phenpo Lhundup County PSB Headquarters.219 The same report says Doloe, Lhakdon and Dorjee Dolma were charged with arson, looting, killing, disrupting public order and assaulting government offices among other crimes. Phenpo Lhundup County Peoples Court sentenced Lobsang Tsemey and Doloe to 15 years imprisonment with deprivation of political rights for five years and monetary fine of 2000 yuan each for violating article 289, 263(4) and 293 of the Chinese Criminal Law. Whereas, Gaden Chodak, Lhakdon, Tenpa Dhondup, Lobsang Kheychu, Dorjee Dolma, Tenzin Yeshi, Tashi Namgyal were sentenced between 5-14 years of imprisonment by the same court. Clearly the harshness of sentences handed down indicate that it is not a case of petty criminal activity only, but involves the larger issue of political dissidence which the state media deliberately fails to mention. * Similarly in another verdict, the Lhasa Municipality Court sentenced Phuntsok Tenpa, Phuntsok and Phuntsok Drakden to varying jail sentences of 3 years and 9 months, 2 years and 9 months, and 2 years 6 months respectively for their crimes of obstructing the administration of public order by vandalizing public properties, looting, arson, insulting the national flag, disrupting public order as per the article 277 and 293 of the Chinese Criminal Law.220 * In October, Chinese peoples Court of Chamdo sentenced eight Tibetan monks from Thanggya Monastery (Ch: Tongxia) Monastery for allegedly bombing a government building in Gyanbe Township, Chamdo Prefecture on 23 March and the court verdict says, Gyurmey Dhondup and Kalsang Tsering were sentenced to life in prison while others received sentences between five and 15 years.221 Gang Weilai, the judge who presided over the case told that the monks did not appeal against their sentences. While some observers have noted that the monks were sentenced on 23 September, but it was not made public which is common practice in China for sensitive cases.

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 * On 29 October 2008, five Tibetans were given lengthy prison sentences ranging from 3-10 years imprisonment term by the Kardze Intermediate Peoples Court in Dartsedo (Ch: Kangding) Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province on different charges ranging from endangering state security to disrupting public order and other crimes. On 29 October, 2008, the aforementioned court sentenced Sherab Sangpo, a 26-year old monk of Dongthog Monastery in Kardze County to 6 years in jail on charges of endangering state security for his act of raising the handwritten banned Tibetan national flag on 26 March protest in Kardze. The same court sentenced Loga from Kardze to 3 years in jail for his participation in the March protest. Whereas two other Tibetans, Ngoega, 53-year old from Serchu Village and Norbu Tsering, a 49-year old from Drukhang Village, Kardze county, were handed down with 8 and 9 years imprisonment terms on charges of endangering state security for their participation in a political demonstration on 18 March 2008 at county headquarters.222 The fifth person whose name could not be ascertained but was known to be from Sertha County, Kardze TAP was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment term on 28 October 2008 by the same court. * On 23 October 2008, Kardze Peoples Intermediate Court in Dartsedo County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province sentenced four Tibetan monks of Amchok Dialectics Monastery to prison sentences ranging from 7 to 13 years for their alleged crime of endangering the State security. The four monks of Amchok Dialectics Monastery were identified as Ludrub Yeshe, Ludrub Phuntsok, Tsultrim Gyatso and Ludrub Tendar. They were arrested for participating in peaceful protests on 16 and 17 of March 2008 in Tibet. Ludrub Yeshe, 33, and Ludrub Phuntsok, 23, both hailed from Marthang County, Ngaba TAP Sichuan Province were both sentenced to 13 years of rigorous imprisonment on alleged charges of endangering the State security. Whereas Tsultrim Gyatso, 43, and Ludrub Tendar, 43, from Ngaba were sentenced to 9 and 7 years in jail on same charges.223 * Thirty-year old Tibetan cadre Weilza Norzin Wangmo, was sentenced on 3 November to five years imprisonment on alleged charges of sending information abroad by emails and phone calls about the situation in Tibet. Weilza Norzin Wangmo, was an employee Judicial Bureau at the Trochu County Ngaba TAP Sichuan Province before her sudden arrest by security forces.224 * Lhasa Intermediate Peoples Court sentenced seven Tibetans for their involvement in the socalled March 14 Riot with sentences ranging from 8 years to life imprisonment. Of these five Tibetans were sentenced on 27 October whereas two other Tibetans were sentenced on 7 November 2008 respectively.225 On 27 October 2008, five Tibetans were sentenced between 8 years to life imprisonment and deprivation of political rights on charges of endangering state security to committing crimes of treason or illegally offering information to people outside China. The Lhasa Intermediate Peoples Court convicted and sentenced the following Tibetans to varying prison terms. Wangdue, in his 40s was sentenced to life imprisonment and deprivation of political right for life on charges of endangering state security; Migmar Dhondup226 was convicted of the same charge and sentenced to 14 years imprisonment and five years deprivation of political right; Phuntsok Dorjee, Tsewang Dorjee, and Sonam Dakpa were sentenced to 9, 8 and 10 years imprisonment and five years deprivation of political rights each respectively on charges of

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Civil and Political Liberties treason or illegally offering information to people outside China.227 According to the official report given in the Lasa Evening News dated 8 November, defendants violated articles 110228 and 111229 of the Criminal Law of the Peoples Republic of China constituting the crime of espionage, endangering state security and providing intelligence illegally to organizations outside of China. The report further stated that, Wangdue and Phuntsok Dorjee being recidivists should be punished severely in accordance with the law.230 Both were former political prisoners who had a spent few years in a Chinese prison in Tibet. The same court on 7 November sentenced Yeshi Choedon, in her 50s and retired health worker, to 15 years in jail and deprivation of political rights for five years on charges of endangering state security and Sonam Tseten was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment with deprivation of political rights for five years on charges of treason or illegally offering information to people outside China. Wangdue, now in his early 40s, is a former political prisoner and HIV/AIDS activist working as project officer for the Burnet Institutes Centre for International Health. His whereabouts remained unknown until his court trial on 7 November 2008. A program manager of the institute said they had not seen him since the events in March.231 The Lhasa City Public Security Bureau (PSB) officials arbitrarily detained him from his home on 14 March in Lhasa.232 * Four Tibetan men were sentenced to varying prison terms ranging between 3-6 years by Dartsedo Peoples court for their involvement in protest in Kardze TAP.233 Thubten Gyaltsen, 19, from Minyak, Tsewang Dragpa, 21, and Tenpa Choephel from Yulshul were handed jail terms of three, four, and five years respectively by the Dartsedo Peoples Court for their role in June protests. Whereas the fourth man, a monk from Golog Serthar Buddhist Center,was sentenced to six years imprisonment after taking part in 14 May protests. The family members of convicts were not informed nor were they offered a chance to engage lawyers to defend the cases. * In November, the Kardze Intermediate Peoples Court sentenced nine Tibetans who were involved in 18 March Protest in Kardze County to varying jail terms. In some cases detainees were severely beaten during three months of detention in Kardze.234 The above named Tibetans who were convicted and given lengthy prison sentences were not granted even the minimal rights that are supposed to be provided under Chinese criminal procedures. Violations included the failure to notify their family of their formal arrests or of the trial date;235 the failure to allow defense representation of own choice in court; the failure to communicate the full verdict of the trial; and, the refusal to inform the family of their current whereabouts and of where the convicted would serve their prison terms. In practice, communication with the family is frequently denied until the detainee is brought to trial or sentenced. The identity of the detainees, their whereabouts, the nature of any charges brought against them and eventual sentencing are routinely shrouded in secrecy. In many cases the defendants were detained from the site of the demonstration or during night raids and held incommunicado to their family members and affiliated monastery or associates until their hearing at the court trial and sentence which put them outside the reach of even the most basic legal oversight with greater risk of torture or degrading treatment in detention centers.

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 The relevant Chinese authorities in almost all the known cases said that the charges brought against alleged convicts were in accordance with the law,236 but, by definition, those laws restrict free speech, and until the government of PRC brings its law in conformity with international human rights norms, Tibet will continue to witness more cases of its people incarcerated for the alleged crime of separatism, espionage, endangering national security or treason while exercising the fundamental human rights. The Vice-Chairman of the regional government of the TAR, Pema Tsewang, in a remark during a meeting with visiting members of the Australian House of Representatives on 4 November 2008, said that 55 Tibetans had been handed down with sentences ranging between three to life for their involvement in the March 14 riot in the Tibetan Capital.237 However, it was not known whether this figure included the total of 42 Tibetans sentenced earlier on 29 April and 20-21 June.238 The bald comment was devoid of any details about names, charges, jail terms, dates of court trials and other details. In the latest revelation, Mr. Li Boadong, Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations Office at Geneva, in response to the UN Committee Against Torture (CAT) expert during a hearing told, After judicial proceedings, 69 had been sentenced to imprisonment for committing crimes of arson, robbery, theft, obstructing government functions, trouble-making in the streets, gathering to disrupt public order or attacking State organs; seven had been sentenced for committing crimes of treason or illegally offering information to people outside China, and eight were still under investigation by the judicial organs.239 The authorities had earlier said no Tibetans had so far been sentenced to death,240 raising the possibility of such punishment in the future trials. According to the Centres documentation, there are hundreds of Tibetans who are still held without any charges and at least 190 Tibetans were known to have been sentenced so far by various county level courts in TAR and Tibetan areas outside the TAR for their participation in the series of protests this year. Of these 7241 Tibetans were sentenced to life imprisonment for the their participation in Tibet protests whereas 90 Tibetans were sentenced to 10 years or more of imprisonment. There are still many Tibetans serving lengthy sentences in various prisons during the past year, there was no development on sentence reduction or an early release from imprisonment. A few examples of these are Bangri Rinpoche242 (detained in 1999 and serving 18 years commuted from life imprisonment for inciting splittism); Trulku Tenzin Delek243(detained in 2002 and serving life imprisonment); or Ronggye Adrak (sentenced in November 2007 to 8 years imprisonment for shouting political slogans at annual festival)244; Adruk Lopoe245(sentenced in November 2007 to 10 years); Kunkhen246 (Sentenced to 9 years in November 2007) In the environment where there is complete absence of any independent media and monitoring agencies in Tibet, the authorities use of judicial proceedings as an official reprisal instead of protection of fundamental human rights of the Tibetans was alarming and calls for fair trials for people detained under suspicion of having participated in the protest. The Centre notices severe flaws in the authorities handling of their cases. Such flaws include a consistent failure to establish a distinction between a peaceful and a violent protester, statements by the Procuratorate (public prosecutor) at the time of the suspected protesters arrest that assumed their guilt rather than their innocence, secret trial proceedings and denial of right to a counsel. For instance, 21 Chinese lawyers who had publicly offered to defend Tibetan protesters were forced to

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Civil and Political Liberties withdraw their assistance after judicial authorities in Beijing threatened to discipline them and suspend their professional licenses.247 The authorities claimed that the Tibetan protesters were not ordinary cases, but sensitive cases.248 The Chinese governments efforts at using intimidation to prevent the involvement of mainland Chinese lawyers in defending the Lhasa cases highlights a deliberate policy of secrecy, discrimination and abuse of the legal system. Some of the protests which turned violent have resulted in deaths, damages properties and injury. The Centre condemns such attacks and acknowledges the Chinese authorities right and duty to prosecute and punish individuals who had committed violent acts and protect all individuals against violence, however, it should not suspend the due process of guarantees. The Centre is highly concerned that in restoring order, the authorities resorted to measures, which violate international human rights laws and standards. Moreover, in a sophisticated move in order to divert the direction of Tibetan peoples call for more freedom and respect for human rights in Tibet, the court verdicts in late April and June indicate the authorities attempts to criminalize the Tibetan peoples protests. The major fault in the Chinese Criminal justice system is that it remains highly vulnerable to political interference. The Police, procuratorate and courts are not independent and remain under the supervision of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). In many cases political imperatives can often affect the outcome of individual cases, particularly apparent in the politically sensitive cases, including those who call for independence or challenge vested interests at either the local or national level. The lack of independence in judiciary also compromises the effectiveness of channels of complaint be it competency of the law or allegation of torture or other inhuman treatment. Particularly, in cases that are deemed politically sensitive, the authorities continue to use broad and ambiguously defined provisions of the Criminal Law relating to social stability or state security as a political tool to silence dissent. Articles 102, 103, and 105 under the section Crimes of Endangering National Security of the revised Criminal Law, refer to broad and vaguely defined crimes of splitting the State, undermining unity of the country, subverting State power, and overthrowing the socialist system.249 Many of the Tibetans sentenced under such provisions in the past and this year are in fact peaceful activists detained in violation of their right to freedom of expression and opinion. The Centre expresses its deepest shock and is outraged at bogus trials and harshness of the sentences by various courts over the past months during which at least 190 known Tibetans have been sentenced so far. The Centre is extremely concerned about the eight Tibetans who, as the Chinese official told, are still under judicial investigation.250 Any prison sentence can amount to a death sentence in Tibet where torture and inhuman treatment of a political prisoners is well documented reality. The fairness and transparency of the legal proceeding is highly questionable as trials were held behind closed door and many of the convicted had been held incommunicado and had disappeared since their arbitrary detention by the law enforcement agencies.

Conclusion:
Over the past few months, Chinas human rights practices have reflected its authorities zero tolerance of Tibetan peoples activism and the instrumental use of law for political purposes. Human rights transgressions in China remain systematic and widespread and the communist regime continues to trample upon civil liberties and democratic rights of Tibetans.

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 China has failed to live up to its commitments in the area of human rights since bidding for the Olympics way back in 2001. China cannot bask on the Olympic success, rather it has to genuinely work even harder towards the unfinished work of improving human rights if the image-obsessed China wants to bolster her status internationally. China must adhere to international standards of human rights both for its own citizens and for the people of Tibet. The Centre has observed ongoing human rights abuses, increased repression in Tibetan areas with continuing tension, heightened restrictions on monastic institutions and communities. The human rights environment in Tibet that China had tried to project to the outside to the world has not improved; it has rather deteriorated since March. No tangible progress in the eight rounds of talks251 (one informal and two round of talks this year) between the Dalai Lamas envoys and relevant Chinese ministries was made as the talks were termed as failure.252 The formal call by the Dalai Lamas envoys during the informal meeting in Shenzhen city on 4 May 2008 to discuss the critical situation in Tibet, and the call to the Chinese authorities to release Tibetan prisoners, allow injured protesters to receive adequate medical treatment, and allow unfettered access to Tibetan areas by tourists and media organizations253 remain mostly unheeded. At the height of unrest in Tibet, China had declined the request made by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights for a visit to Tibet during the height of unrest in March citing inconvenient timing.254 At the same time six UN Special Procedure Mandate holders expressed deep concern over the reports of firing on protesters and alleged killings.255 In one of the very few pushes by the UN General Secretary, Mr. Ban Ki-moon, he called for a dialogue to resolve the issue of Tibet.256 There hasnt been any visit by any prominent international committee such as Red Cross which is mandated to visit detention facilities and check on the well being of prisoners worldwide, to Tibet following numerous reports of arbitrary detention and injuries in the aftermath of Tibet protests. The Centre calls on the PRC to allow for such a visit to verify the prisoners and facilitate humanitarian aid work to those in detention centres and prisons. Repeated appeals made by the Dalai Lama,257 the exiled Tibetan government-in-exile258 and the international communities259 to allow for independent international observers to assess the situation were deliberately ignored,260except for three state organized press tours. The Centre deplores the Chinese propaganda machinery downplaying the current situation in Tibet and the authorities for adding fuel to the already volatile situation by an increasingly repeated vilification campaign against the Dalai Lama- one of the primary reason for mass protest when Chinese authorities revamped their patriotic re-education campaign in Tibet requiring denunciation of their spiritual teacher-the Dalai Lama. While it is widely known that the Tibetans were sentenced for showing their political dissent, the state media has downplayed the whole nature of their activities as petty criminal offenses by projecting the cases as that of looting, arson, theft, rioting etc., rather than acts of expression of political dissidence. Beijing refuses to see the reality of the political nature of the panTibet popular protests. In order to shun its repression in Tibet, China virtually sealed off the Tibetan plateau despite the promise to increase openness in the buildup to the Olympics and imposed communication blackout in the entire Tibetan plateau. Clearly the harshness of sentences handed down indicates that it is not a case of petty criminal activity only, but involves the larger issue of political dissidence which the state media deliberately fails to mention.

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Civil and Political Liberties As observed and recommended by the United Nations Committee Against Torture (CAT) to PRC to probe the deaths of Tibetans killed, missing in the spring 2008 protests in Tibet and to adopt measures to prohibit and prevent enforced disappearances, TCHRD wants to reiterate that China should ensure that all persons detained or arrested in the aftermath of the Spring 2008 events have prompt access to an independent lawyer, independent medical care and the right to lodge complaints free from official reprisal or harassment. It should end the practice of enforced disappearance, arbitrary detention, torture, information blackouts, and respect and comply with international standards of human rights practices and its own constitutional guarantees. While such responses by the authorities may help to quell protests and unrest in the short run, the Centre is concerned that such violations will only stoke further resentment, compromising any future effort to address legitimate grievances held by many Tibetans over Chinese Communist Partys misrule and erroneous Tibet policy over the past more than fifty years. Despite major changes in various spheres in China over the past decades, the political system of totalitarianism has remained unchanged. A totalitarian regime demands complete loyalty from its citizens and there is little tolerance of individuals freedom of thought and expression. Unless the fundamental rights of the citizens are fully respected without any reservation, there is little hope for improvement in human rights. In Tibet, there is an additional cause for repressive policies and that is its unfounded fear of Tibets secession from China.

EndNotes
1 China registers historic progress in human rights; Xinhua News, 9 December 2008; reported in China Daily. Available at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-12/09/ content_7286703_5.htm China closes down Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastic School; TCHRD Press Release; 17 April 2008; available at http:// www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080417b.html Students staged a protest in eastern Tibet TCHRD Press Release, 16 March 2008; http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/ pr20080316d.html Beijing students in silent protest for Tibet, By Jane Macartney; Times Online; 17 March 2008, available at http:/ / w w w. t i m e s o n l i n e . c o . u k / t o l / n e w s / w o r l d / a s i a / article3568810.ece Hundreds of Tibetan nomads and farmers protest in Luchu County TCHRD Press Release, 19 March 2008; available at http://tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080319b.html Strike Hard Campaign: China crackdown on political dissidence; TCHRD Topical Publication; 2004; Read at http:/ /www.tchrd.org/publications/topical_reports/strike_hard2004/strike_hard-2004.pdf Closing the Doors: Religious Repression in Tibet; TCHRD Topical Report; 1998; Read at http://www.tchrd.org/ publications/topical_reports/closing_doorsreligious_repression-1998/ Also available in Centres Annual Reports Religion Chapter. Scores of Tibetans arrested for peaceful protest in Lhasa TCHRD Press Release, 11 March 2008. Available at http:// www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080311.html Ibid and Picture identities of visiting monk students of Sera Monastery arrested on 10 March 2008 from Barkhor Street, Lhasa, for their pro-Tibet protest. TCHRD Press Release, 12 March 2008. Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/ p001.html Ibid Tibet reeling under tense situation-Nuns of Chutsang Nunnery join the protest TCHRD Press Release, 14 March 2008, Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/ pr20080314.html Tension intensifies in Lhasa, TCHRD Press Release, 14 March 2008. Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/ pr20080314a.html Death toll mounts as Tibet Uprising Continues: TCHRD calls upon UN to send a Fact Finding Mission, TCHRD Press Release, 15 March 2008. Also available at http:// www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080315a.html

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14 We fired no gunshots: Tibetan government chairman Xinhua News, 15 March 2008. Available at http://news.xinhuanet. com/english/2008-03/15/content_7792955.htm China arrests over 2300 Tibetans in Tibet, TCHRD Press Release, 5 April 2008. Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/ 2008/pr20080405b.html ibid Tibet reeling under tense situation- Nuns of Chutsang Nunnery join the protest; TCHRD Press Release; 14 March 2008; http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080314.html Tibetans Clash With Chinese Police in 2nd City, New York Times, Jim Yardley, 16 March 2008. The New York Times reported that according to a Tibetan in India who spoke by phone to Tibetan protesters in Xiahe county, Gansu province, thousands of protesters on March 16 shouted slogans including, The Dalai Lama must return to Tibet. Scores of Tibetans arrested for peaceful protest in Lhasa, TCHRD Press Release,11 March 2008; available at http://www.tchrd.org/ press/2008/pr20080311.html. On March 10 in Guinan (Mangra) county, Qinghai province, a few hundred protesters shouted slogans calling for the Dalai Lama to return to Tibet; Around 40 Middle School Students Arrested in Marthang, TCHRD Press Release, 17 March 08. Approximately 100 Tibetan middle school students in Hongyuan (Kakhog, or Marthang) county, Sichuan province, demonstrated inside the school compound,calling for the return of the Dalai Lama to Tibet. See, e.g., Protest Erupts After Prayer for Deceased in Drango County, TCHRD Press Release, 25 March 2008. More than 400 monks in Luhuo (Draggo) county, Ganzi TAP, Sichuan province, shouted slogans on March 25 including, Release [the]Panchen Lama.; Also Hundreds of Tibetans Protested in Chentsa, Malho TAP, Qinghai Province, TCHRD Press Release, 25 March 2008. Hundreds of Tibetans protesting on 22 March in Jianza (Chentsa) county, Huangnan (Malho) TAP, Qinghai province, carried photographs of the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama, and shouted slogans including, Release the eleventh Panchen Lama Erdeni Gedun Choekyi Nyima. Also read Latest Updates on Tibet Demonstrations, Radio Free Asia, 25 March 2008. More than 1,000 monks and other Tibetans shouted slogans on March 18 in Xiahe (Sangchu) county, Gannan (Kanlho) TAP, Gansu province, including, Release the Panchen Lama. China Detains Drakar and Gaden Choeling Nuns in Kardze, TCHRD Press Release, 17 May 2008. Two nuns were detained for calling for religious freedom, among other things. The detentions sparked a larger protest resulting in the detention of at least 10 more nuns. Tibet Monks Disrupt Tour by Journalists, Associated Press (AP), reprinted in New York Times (Online), 27 March 08. On March 27, a group of Jokhang Temple monks shouted that there was no religious freedom when a group of international journalists on a government-handled tour visited the temple; Monks Disrupt Media Tour in China, The New York Times, By Jim Yardley and Jake Hooker, 10 April 2008; available at http:// www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/world/asia/10tibet.html Protesting monks storm media tour in western China; Guardian.co.uk; 9 April 2008; Details at http:// sport.guardian.co.uk/breakingnews/feedstory/0,,7448086,00.html. The report cited, The Dalai Lama has to come back to Tibet. We are not asking for Tibetan independence, we are just asking for human rights, we have no human rights now. TCHRD Press Statement on the 60th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, TCHRD Press Statement, 10 December 2008 Questions, answers about casualties, damages of recent riots, Xinhua News, 26 March 2008. Available at http://eng.tibet.cn/ news/today/200803/t20080326_371196.htm MARTIAL LAW ENDS IN TIBETS CAPITAL; New York Times; Nicholas Kristof; 1 May 1990; Retrieved at http:// query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE3DE1430 F932A35756C0A966958260 At least eight shot dead in Tongkor Monastery in Kardze TCHRD Press Releases, 5 April 2008 and At least seven shot dead in demonstration in Ngaba County, TCHRD Press Releases, 16 March 2008. Two monks commit suicide in Amdo Ngaba, TCHRD Press Release, 4 April 2008; also available at http://www.tchrd.org/ press/2008/pr20080404a.html Tortured monk released in unstable mental condition, TCHRD Press Release, 9 April 2008. Also available at http:// www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080409.html Tibet reeling under tense situation- Nuns of Chutsang Nunnery join the protest, TCHRD Press Release, 14 March 2008. Also available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/ pr20080314.html Death toll mounts as Tibet Uprising Continues: TCHRD calls upon UN to send a Fact Finding Mission, TCHRD Press Release, 15 March 2008, Available at http://www.tchrd.org/ press/2008/pr20080315a.html China launches renewed Patriotic education campaign across all sections in Tibet, TCHRD Press Release, 24 April 2008. China blocks Tibet coverage, Chinese journalists stifled as unrest continues, NewsWatch, 19 March 2008. For detail read at http://www.newswatch.in/newsblog/555 Youtube: Jigmes testimony of Chinese torture; Jigme, a monk of Labrang Monastery who was arrested, tortured, released and rearrested gave his testimony to foreign media. The full text of his testimony can be viewed at http:// www.unmadeinchina.org/contStd.asp?lang=en&idPag=551 Constitution of the PRC Article 35. Article 51, however, states: The exercise by citizens of the Peoples Republic of China of their freedoms and rights may not infringe upon the interests of the state, of society and of the collective, or upon the lawful freedoms and rights of other citizens. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted by General Assembly resolution 2200A(XXI) of 16 December 1966, entry into force 23 March 1976, article 19 [hereinafter ICCPR]. In March 2008, Premier Wen Jiabao reiterated Chinas commitment to ratify the ICCPR, saying we are conducting inter-agency coordination to address the issue of compatibility between Chinas domestic laws and international law so as to ratify the Covenant as soon as possible. Ministry

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of Foreign Affairs (Online), Premier Wen Jiabao Answered Questions at Press Conference,18 March 2008 Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao was in New York for the inauguration of the United Nations General Assembly, he was interviewed by CNN Fareed Zakaria on 23 September 2008. The full transcript of the interview could be found at http:// edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/29/ chinese.premier.transcript/#cnnSTCText OR could be watched at http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/ 09/29/chinese.premier.transcript/#cnnSTCVideo Freedom of Speech enshrined in Chinas Constitution; Xinhua News; 15 March 2008; Details at http://news.xinhuanet.com/ english/2008-03/15/content_7794684.htm Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao was in New York for the inauguration of the United Nations General Assembly, he was interviewed by CNN Fareed Zakaria on 23 September 2008. The full transcript of the interview could be found at http:// edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/29/ chinese.premier.transcript/#cnnSTCText OR could be watched at http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/ 09/29/chinese.premier.transcript/#cnnSTCVideo Report of the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention (UNWGAD). Mission to China, E/CN.4/2005/6/Add.4, para.23; Can be accessed at http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/ UNDOC/GEN/G05/102/74/PDF/ G0510274.pdf?OpenElement PRC Criminal Law, enacted 1 July 79, amended 14 March 1997, 25 December 1999, 31 August 2001, 29 December 2001, 28 December 2002, 28 February 2005, 29 June 2006, art. 105. Central Tibetan Administration, Update on Tibet protests: Updates on Tibet Demonstrations ,16 April 2008. Available at http://www.tibet.net/en/flash/2008/0408/16B0408.html Tibet still closed to foreign press despite unprecedented post-quake openness in Sichuan; Reporters Sans Frontier; 30 May 2008; Also available at http://www.rsf.org/ article.php3?id_article=27254 Tibetan journalist whereabouts still unknown week after arrest, TCHRD Press Release, 24 September 2008. Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080924.html Bod kyi dus bab, Tibet Times, Vol 429, 30 October 2008 China re-arrests monk who exposed Chinese crackdown to foreign media, TCHRD Press Release, 4 November 2008. Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/ pr20081103b.html h t t p : / / w w w. u n m a d e i n c h i n a . o r g / c o n t S t d . a s p ? lang=en&idPag=551 Tibetan Filmmaker Jigme Gyatso released from prison Leaving fear behind, Press Release available at http:// www.leavingfearbehind.com/press-release.html Youtube: Jigmes testimony of Chinese torture; Jigme, a monk of Labrang Monastery who was arrested, tortured, released and rearrested gave his testimony to foreign medias. The full text of his testimony can be viewed at http:// www.unmadeinchina.org/contStd.asp?lang=en&idPag=551 CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 19 OF THE CONVENTION, Concluding observations of the Committee against Torture, CHINA, 41st Session, 3-21 November 2008, Geneva, Pg No. 8 http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/ cat/docs/CAT.C.CHN.CO.4.pdf ibid CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 19 OF THE CONVENTION, Concluding observations of the Committee against Torture, CHINA, 41st Session, 3-21 November 2008, CAT/C/CHN/CO/4 Geneva, available at http:// w w w 2 . o h c h r. o r g / e n g l i s h / b o d i e s / c a t / d o c s / CAT.C.CHN.CO.4.pdf Chinas revision to its 1979 Criminal Procedure Law and Criminal Code entered into force on, respectively, January 1, 1997 and October 1, 1997. See Tibet Information Network (TIN). Hostile Elements: A study of Political Imprisonment in Tibet: 1987-1998, at 6 (1999) Chinas revised Criminal Procedure Law substitutes the crimes of endangering state security, subversion, and attempts to overthrow the state for the prior crime of counter revolutionary activity. But in practice, the underlying content of the law has remained intact and there is little evidence to suggest that the move is anything more than an attempt to bring criminal definition in line with international norms.. Most pertinent to Tibet are article 102 to 106, which redefine and expand the scope of crimes against the security of the state, the new practical equivalent of counter-revolutionary crimes. See generally Human Rights in China and Human Rights Watch/Asia, China: Whose Security State Security in Chinas New Criminal Code (1997). Article 103 of the new Criminal Code is devoted expressly to crimes of Splittism, a provision clearly aimed at pro-independence movements and activists in restive ethnic minority regions such as Tibet, Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia. Id at 17. Committee Against Torture hears response of China, United Nations Office, Geneva, 10 November 2008. Also available at h t t p : / / w w w. u n o g . c h / 8 0 2 5 6 E D D 0 0 6 B 9 C 2 E / (httpNewsByYear_en)/B2DAD5A2D673AA85C12574 FD0049F039?OpenDocument Dalai lama accused of ethnic splitting, By Mure Dickie, Financial Times, 10 November 2008, Available at http:// w w w. f t . c o m / c m s / s / 0 / b 6 e 6 b 0 b 6 - a f 4 9 - 1 1 d d - a 4 b f 000077b07658,dwp_uuid=9c33700c-4c86-11da-89df0000779e2340.html Committee Against Torture hears response of China, United Nations Office, Geneva, 10 November 2008. Also available at h t t p : / / w w w. u n o g . c h / 8 0 2 5 6 E D D 0 0 6 B 9 C 2 E / (httpNewsByYear_en)/B2DAD5A2D673AA85C12574 FD0049F039?OpenDocument SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON TORTURE HIGHLIGHTS CHALLENGES AT END OF VISIT TO CHINA, United Nations Press Release; 2 December 2005. For detail read at h t t p : / / w w w. u n h c h r. c h / h u r i c a n e / h u r i c a n e . n s f / 0 / 677C1943FAA14D67C12570CB0034966D?opendocument Criminal Law of the Peoples Republic of China, available at http://www.china.org.cn/english/government/207320.htm China sentences 14 Tibetans for March unrest in Tibet;

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TCHRD Press Release; 3 November 2008; Chinese court sentences five Tibetans between 3 - 10 years imprisonment for Kardze Protests; TCHRD Press Release; 5 November 2008; Chinese court sentences seven Tibetans between 8 years to life Imprisonment; TCHRD Press Release; 16 December 2008 Article 64 and 71 of the Chinese Criminal Procedural Law states, Article 64 When detaining a person, a public security organ must produce a detention warrant. Within 24 hours after a person has been detained, his family or the unit to which he belongs shall be notified of the reasons for detention and the place of custody, except in circumstances where such notification would hinder the investigation or there is no way of notifying them. Whereas the article 71 of the CPL states that; When making an arrest, a public security organ must produce an arrest warrant. Within 24 hours after an arrest, the family of the arrested person or the unit to which he belongs shall be notified of the reasons for arrest and the place of custody, except in circumstances where such notification would hinder the investigation or there is no way of notifying them. Chinese court sentences five Tibetans between 3-10 years imprisonment for Kardze Protests TCHRD Press Release; 5 November 2008. Also available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/ 2008/pr20081105.html Youtube: Jigmes testimony of Chinese torture; Jigme, a monk of Labrang Monastery who was arrested, tortured, released and rearrested gave his testimony to foreign medias. The full text of his testimony can be viewed at http:// www.unmadeinchina.org/contStd.asp?lang=en&idPag=551 Ibid Tibetan Filmmaker Jigme Gyatso released from prison Leaving fear behind, Press Release available at http:// www.leavingfearbehind.com/press-release.html Elderly Tibetan woman brutally beaten for refusing to denounce Dalai Lama, TCHRD Press Release; 27 March 2008. A former chief of Rong Gonchen Monastery in critical condition TCHRD Press Release; 18 April 2008; Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080418.html China detains at least three Tibetans for peaceful protest in Kardze, Tibet, TCHRD Press Release; 11 June 2008; available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080611.html The arrestees were Gendun Gyatso, 30 years, Gyurmey, 40 years old, Gelek Gyurmey, 30 years old, Sangay, 30 years old, Samten, 32 years old, Yonten, 34 years old and Thabkhey, 30 years old; all given in Tortured monk released in unstable mental condition, TCHRD Press Release; 9 April 2008. Also available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/ pr20080409.html Tortured monk released in unstable mental condition, TCHRD Press Release; 9 April 2008. Also available at http:// www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080409.html China detains scores of nuns calling for the release of solo protester and critically injures three monks in Kardze Protests TCHRD Press Release; 9 June 2008; also available at http:// www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080609.html China tortures and arrests two nuns of Dargay Hardu Nunnery for peaceful protest, TCHRD Press Release, 26 May 2008; available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/ pr20080526.html China detains scores of nuns calling for the release of solo protester and critically injures three monks in Kardze Protests; TCHRD Press Release; 09 June 2008; Available at http:// www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080609.html A Tibetan woman succumbs to torture. TCHRD Press Release; 5 May 2008. Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/ pr20080505.html A Tibetan died of torture in Phenpo County, TCHRD Press Release; 2 May 2008. Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/ 2008/pr20080502.html A Tibetan died of torture in Phenpo County TCHRD Press Release; 02 May 2008. Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/ 2008/pr20080502.html Peoples Republic of China Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review, Fourth session of the UPR Working Group of the Human Rights Council February 2009; Amnesty International, 1 September 2008 Updates on Casualties in Tibet demonstrations: Tibetan Government in Exile; 22 December 2008; http://tibet.net/en/ index.php?id=645&articletype=flash&rmenuid=morenews Tibetan news in English: Tibetan Monks in Critical Condition After Attempted Suicide, as Protests Mount, Radio Free Asia, 13 March 2008. Available at http://www.rfa.org/english/news/ breaking_news/tibet_protest-20080313.html? searchterm=None. China arrest over 572 monks from Kirti Monastery in twoday raid, TCHRD Press Release; 1 April 2008; http:// www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080401.html Two monks commit suicide in Amdo Ngaba, TCHRD Press Release; 4 April 2008 Ibid Five Ramoche monks missing since April raid, TCHRD Press Release; 29 September 2008, also available at http:// www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080929.html A schoolboy committed suicide to prove that there is no freedom and Basic Human Rights in Tibet, Press Release, Tibetan Solidarity Committee, 28 October 2008. Available at http://www.stoptibetcrisis.net/pr281008.html Pictures of Tibetans shot dead by Chinese armed police on 3 April 2008 TCHRD Press Release; 17 April 2008. Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080417.html Eighty killed in Tibetan unrest; BBC NEWS, 16 March 2008; Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/ 7299212.stm Governor Denies Use of Lethal Force in Lhasa Riot, By Yi Ling, Lin Chin, Xinhua News, 17 March 2008, available at http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-03/17/ content_7809010.htm Throughout the process, [security forces] did not carry or use any destructive weapons, but tear gas and water cannons were employed, Jampa Phuntsog told reporters in Beijing. Police: 4 rioters wounded in Aba of Sichuan, Xinhua News, 21 March 2008 reported that security forces in Aba County fired on and wounded four Tibetan protesters on March 16. Police fired on and wounded four rioters out of self defense,

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a police official said. 18 civilians, 1 police officer killed by Lhasa rioters, Xinhua News, 22 March 2008. Retrieved from http:// english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/6378824.html 88 Lockdown in Lhasa as Olympic torch heads for the roof of the world; TIMES Online; Jane Macartney; 28 April 2008. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/ article3828410.ece The article says, China says order has returned to the city since the riot on March 14 in which Tibetans rampaged through the streets, stabbing and stoning ethnic Han Chinese and setting fire to hundreds of shops and offices 89 http://info.tibet.cn/news/zfzx/dzdt/t20080414_303014.htm (In Chinese) dated 13 April 2008 90 CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 19 OF THE CONVENTION, Concluding observations of the Committee Against Torture, CHINA, 41st Session, 3-21 November 2008, Geneva http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/ CAT.C.CHN.CO.4.pdf 91 Ibid 92 Complete One-Week Update on Tibet Protests, Tibetan Government-in-Exile, 18 March 2008. The TGiE reports 3 Tibetans shot and killed and 10 others shot and injured. 93 Middle School Student Shot Dead in Ngaba County, TCHRD Press Release; 19 March 2008. At least 23 people including as young as 16 years old student, Lhundup Tso, were confirmed dead following Chinese Armed police shot many roundsof live ammunitions into the protesters . . . . 94 The World Will Not Look Away. Demonstrations in Amdo Machu and Region, TibetInfoNet, 19 March 2008. 95 At Least Three Tibetans Shot Dead in Kardze Protest, TCHRD Press Release, 18 March 2008. Also available on http:/ /www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080316a.html 96 One Shot Dead and Another in Critical Condition in Drango Protest, TCHRD Press Release; 24 March 2008. Also available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080324a.html 97 China fires gunshot on peaceful protester in Kardze TCHRD Press Release, 29 May 2008, available at http://www.tchrd.org/ press/2008/pr20080529.html 98 At least eight shot dead in Tongkor Monastery in Kardze, TCHRD Press Release, 5 April 2008. Also available at http:// www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080405a.html 99 Tibetans Wounded in Sichuan Protest, Radio Free Asia, 5 April 2008; Troops Settle Down in Chinas Restive Sichuan, Radio Free Asia, 5 April 2008. 100 The Tibetans who died have been identified as follows: Bhu Bhu Delek, age 30, Druklo Tso, age 34, Khechok Pawo, age 20, Tsering Dhondup(younger), Lhego (Pet name), age 35, Kunchok Sherab, age 30, Tseyang Kyi, age 23, Lobsang Rinchen, age 25, Sonam Tsultrim, age 22, Thupten Sangden, age 27, former chant master from Thongkor Monastery in Kardze, Tsewang Rigzin, age 38, disciplinary master, Tsering Dhondup (elder) age 43, Tenlo, age 32 and Kelsang Choedon, age 35. Pictures of Tibetans shot dead b Chinese armed police on 3 April 2008 TCHRD Press Release dated 17 April 2008 87 101 At least eight shot dead in Tongkor Monastery in Kardze TCHRD Press Release, 5 April 2008. Also available at http:// www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080405a.html 102 Riot in Tibetan-inhabited Garze leaves one official injured, Xinhua News, 4 April 2008. Also available on http:// news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/04/ content_7919956.htm 103 At least eight shot dead in Tongkor Monastery in Kardze, TCHRD Press Release, 5 April 2008 104 Atleast three Tibetans shot dead in Kardze Protest; TCHRD Press Release; 18 March 2008; http://www.tchrd.org/press/ 2008/pr20080318f.html 105 China arrest over 572 monks from Kirti Monastery in twoday raid TCHRD Press Release, 1 April 2008; available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080401.html 106 Eight dead bodies brought into Ngaba Kirtim Monastery, TCHRD Press Release, 16 March 2008. 107 At least seven shot dead in demonstration in Ngaba County TCHRD Press Release, 16 March 2008. Also available on http:/ /www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080316a.html 108 Middle School Student shot dead in Ngaba County, TCHRD Press Release, 19 March 2008. 109 One shot dead and another in critical condition in Drango Protest, TCHRD Press Release, 24 March 2008. http:// www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080324a.html 110 A Tibetan nomad shot dead in Amdo Golog, hundreds arrested, TCHRD Press Release, 29 April 2008. 111 A Tibetan died of torture in Phenpo County, TCHRD Press Release, 02 May 2008 112 China fires gunshot on peaceful protester in Kardze TCHRD Press Release, 29 May 2008, available at http://www.tchrd.org/ press/2008/pr20080529.html 113 Article 2 of the International Convention for the Protection of All Person from Enforced Disappearance. Find more on the convention at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ disappearance-convention.htm 114 Declaration on the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance, UN General Assembly resolution 47/133 of 18 December 1992; Details of the resolution can be found at http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/(Symbol)/ A.RES.47.133.En?OpenDocument 115 United Nations Working Group on Enforced and Involuntary Disappearances, Fact Sheet No 6 (Rev 2), Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (2006) 116 Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners; Adopted by the First United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, held at Geneva in 1955, and approved by the Economic and Social Council by its resolution 663 C (XXIV) of 31 July 1957 and 2076 (LXII) of 13 May 1977. Available at http:// www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_comp34.htm 118 CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 19 OF THE CONVENTION, Concluding observations of the Committee Against Torture, CHINA, 41st Session, 3-21 November 2008, Geneva http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/ CAT.C.CHN.CO.4.pdf

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119 Committee Against Torture hears response of China, United Nations Office, Geneva, 10 November 2008. Also available at h t t p : / / w w w. u n o g . c h / 8 0 2 5 6 E D D 0 0 6 B 9 C 2 E / (httpNewsByYear_en)/B2DAD5A2D673AA85C12574 FD0049F039?OpenDocument 120 More cases of Enforced and Involuntary Disappearance surfaces from Tibet, TCHRD Press Release, 25 September 2008, also available on http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/ pr20080925.html 121 More cases of Enforced and Involuntary Disappearance surfaces from Tibet TCHRD Press Release, 25 September 2008, also available on http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/ pr20080925.html 122 Five Ramoche monks missing since April raid, TCHRD Press Release, 29 September 2008 also available at http:// www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080929.html 123 Chinese court sentences seven Tibetans between 8 years to life Imprisonment; TCHRD Press Release, 16 December 2008; http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20081216.html 124 A Tibetan AIDS activist disappears in Tibet TCHRD Press Release, 9 October 2008. Also available at http:// www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20081009.html 125 More cases of Enforced and Involuntary Disappearance surfaces from Tibet TCHRD Press Release, 25 September 2008, also available on http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/ pr20080925.html 126 No tourists allowed on Mount Everest torch leg; Associated Presse; 10 April 2008. Retrieved from http:// www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24050770/ 127 Lockdown in Lhasa as Olympic torch heads for the roof of the world; TIMES Online; By Jane Macartney; 28 April 2008; http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/ article3828410.ece. Also Tensions are High as the Olympic Torch Arrives in Lhasa; TCHRD Press Release; 20 June 2008; http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080620.html 128 Scores of Tibetans arrested for peaceful protest in Lhasa TCHRD Press Release, 11 March 2008; available at http:// www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080311.html 129 For Olympic Charter read at http://en.beijing2008.cn/spirit/ symbols/charter/index.shtml 130 Ibid 131 Falling Short: As the 2008 Olympic approach, China falters on Press Freedom, A publication of the Committee to Protect Journalist, available at http://www.cpj.org/Briefings/2007/ Falling_Short/China/2.html 132 http://2008.huanqiu.com/top/2008-06/131632.html (In Chinese language ) and ibid 133 Tensions are High as the Olympic Torch Arrives in Lhasa; TCHRD Press Release; 20 June 2008; http://www.tchrd.org/ press/2008/pr20080620.html 134 China condemns Dalai Lama in Tibet; Reuters; By Chris Buckley; 21 June 2008; http://www.reuters.com/article/GCAOlympics/idUSPEK19916620080621 135 Beijing Olympic Tibet protests: Parents defend arrested Briton By Richard Spencer and Peter Foster, Telegraph, 6 August 2008; http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/ olympics/2510709/Beijing-Olympic-Tibet-protests-Parentsdefend-arrested-Briton.html. Beijing: Five US activists detained after lighting up Free Tibet LED Throwies banner near Olympics site, By Xini Jardin, 19 August 2008; Read at http://www.boingboing.net/2008/08/19/beijing-activistsde.html; Beijings Olympic Protest Parks Quiet, Activists Deported, Journalists Detained; By Daniel Schearf; Voice of America; 13 August 2008; http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/200808/2008-08-13-voa27.cfm; Pro-Tibet activist to be deported after Olympic protest; AFP, 15 August 2008; http:// afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gZFOxZXj Osni2z3Ftela6d9EQQ0w Two months ultimatum issued to the Tibetan Communist Party members and government employees to recall their children studying in exile schools. TCHRD Press Release, 15 July 2008. for detail read at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/ pr20080715.html Ibid Office of the Tibetan Reception Centre based in Dharamsala. Nepal Puts Everest Off Limits During Chinas Olympic Torch Relay in May; By Somini Sengupta; New York Times; 15 March 2008; http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/15/world/asia/ 15nepal.html According to news given in http://sinchew.com.my/node/ 66337?tid=4 (In Chinese Language) dated 1 January 2009 Tibetan Monks Still Held in Qinghai, Radio Free Asia (Online), 28 August 08. The remaining 57 monks from outlying areas were said to have been taken from smaller Lhasa monasteries. Ibid Youtube: Jigmes testimony of Chinese torture; Full text of his testimony can be viewed at http://www.unmadeinchina.org/ contStd.asp?lang=en&idPag=551 An Appeal to the Chinese People, Private office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama; TCHRD Press Release, 27 March 2008. Read at http://www.dalailama.com/news.220.htm UN human rights expert call for restraint and transparency as mass arrests are reported in the Tibet Autonomous Region and surrounding areas in China. Press Release, United Nations, 10 April 2008. 12 monks of Dingri Shelkar Choedhe Monastery arrested for opposing the Patriotic re-education campaign TCHRD Press Release, 31 May 2008; available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/ 2008/pr20080531.html; Monks reveal concerns about Chinese allegations on weapons caches, views on Olympics International Campaign for Tibet (ICT) 17 April 2008; Police Seize Weapons, Ammunition in Southwestern China Monastery, Xinhua News, 29 March 2008. http:// news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-03/29/ content_7881679.htm Five Ramoche monks missing since April raid, TCHRD Press Release, 29 September 2008, also available at http:// www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080929.html A former chief of Rong Gonchen Monastery in critical condition TCHRD Press Release, 18 April 2008; Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080418.html The Chinese authorities have issued terse warning to the monks

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about leaking the information to the outside world following the severe crackdown by the Chinese authorities. Tibet To Reopen to Tourists on May 1, Xinhua News; 3 April 2008. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/03/ content_7912583.htm Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Transcript of Regular News Conference by PRC Foreign Ministry on 12 June 2008, Moderated by Spokesman Qin Gang, 12 June 08 (Open Source Center, 12 June 08). After MFA Spokesman Qin Gang stated that the Chinese government is not to blame for the closure of Tibetan areas to journalists following the 3.14 serious violent criminal incidents, a journalist asked, Who is to blame, then? Qin replied, Do you really have no idea? Of course, it is the Dalai clique. Crying monks disrupt Chinas Tibet media tour, Telegraph, By Richard Spencer in Beijing,. Dated 29 March 2008; Available at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/ 1583050/Crying-monks-disrupt-China%27s-Tibet-mediatour.html Monks Disrupt Media Tour in China The New York Times, By Jim Yardley and Jake Hooker, 10 April 2008; available at http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/world/asia/ 10tibet.html Foreign diplomats visit Tibet amid boycott debate AFP. 28 March 2008; For details read at http://www.france24.com/ en/20080328-foreign-diplomats-visit-tibet-boycott-debatechina Diplomats unhappy over restrains during Lhasa trip Rediff.com, Raghavendra in Beijing, 29 March 2008; available at http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/mar/29tibetrow2.htm Full Transcript of Interview with the Dalai Lama, Financial Times, 25 May 2008. Then stop, inside Tibet, arresting and torture. This must stop. And then they should bring proper medical facilities. And most important, international media should be allowed there, should go there, and look, investigate, so the picture becomes clear. China says not now to Arbour visit Human Rights Tribune, 11 April 2008. More details could be read at www.humanrights-geneva.info UN human rights expert call for restraint and transparency as mass arrests are reported in the Tibet Autonomous Region and surrounding areas in China. Press Release, United Nations, 10 April 2008. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, Fact Sheet No. 26. The ICCPR provides that the deprivation of an individuals liberty is permissible only on such grounds and in accordance with such procedure as are established by law, and that an individual must be promptly informed of the reasons for his detention and any charges against him or her. Door of Dialogue Still Opens to Dalai: Premier, Xinhua news, 18 March 2008. There are ample facts and plenty of evidence to prove that the riot in Lhasa was organized, premeditated, masterminded and incited by the Dalai Lama clique, said Wen. CTAs response to Chinese government allegations Part Four; Central Tibetan Administration, 14 July 2008; http:// www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id=61&articletype=press Radgi sees Lhasa riot cut-throat combat; Xinhua, dated 20 March 2008. available at http://eng.tibet.cn/news/today/ 200803/t20080320_37712.htm http://chinatibetnews.com/xizang/fazhi/2008-06/02/ content_104490.htm (Chinas Tibet News in Chinese Language dated 2 June 2008) Ibid China detains 59 over Tibet rumours; BBC News; 25 December 2008 Internet portals carry images of wanted Lhasa riot suspects Xinhua News, 21 March 2008; available at http:// news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-03/21/ content_7833165.htm Death toll mounts as Tibet Uprising Continues: TCHRD calls upon UN to send a Fact Finding Mission TCHRD Press Release, 15 March 2008. Available at http://www.tchrd.org/ press/2008/pr20080315a.html Town silent amid Chinese build-up BBC News, Michael Bristow, dated 20 March 2008. Available at http:// news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7307223.stm Arrest warrants issued against 24 criminal suspects in Lhasa riot, Xinhua News, 20 March 2008; available at http:// english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90785/ 6377656.html 953 suspects in Lhasa riots detained; Xinhua News; 9 April 2008; http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/09/ content_7945267.htm Ibid CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 19 OF THE CONVENTION, Concluding observations of the Committee against Torture, CHINA, 41st Session, 3-21 November 2008, Geneva, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/ CAT.C.CHN.CO.4.pdf Media tour in Gansu interrupted, resumes soon; Xinhua News; 9 April 2008; http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/ 09/content_7945941.htm Ibid 381 rioters in Aba county surrender to police; Xinhua News; 25 March 2008; as reported in China Daily http:// w w w. c h i n a d a i l y. c o m . c n / c h i n a / 2 0 0 8 - 0 3 / 2 5 / content_6561974.htm China Tibet News, 19 March 2008. Can be read at http:// www.chinatibetnews.com/xizang/lasa/2008-03/19/ content_121762.htm (In Chinese) Official: more than 2,200 people surrender to police after Gannan riots; Xinhua News; 9 April 2008; Available at http:/ /news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/09/ content_7949150.htm CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 19 OF THE CONVENTION, Concluding observations of the Committee against Torture, CHINA, 41st Session, 3-21 November 2008, Geneva, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/ CAT.C.CHN.CO.4.pdf. IN the report Mr. Li Baodong revealed

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that a total of 1231 people were released. 181 Ibid 182 China puts ethnic-Tibetan area of Sichuan under lockdown after protest deaths Jane Macartney in Beijing, TIMES ONLINE, 26 March 2008; available at http:// w w w. t i m e s o n l i n e . c o . u k / t o l / n e w s / w o r l d / a s i a / article3617551.ece 183 China arrests four Tibetans for protesting against festival to greet Olympics TCHRD Press Release, 30 July 2008. 184 China arrests 55 nuns of Pang-ri Nunnery for protesting TCHRD Press Release, 17 May 2008; available at http:// www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080517.html 185 China arrests a popular religious figure in Kardze County, TCHRD Press Release, 19 May 2008; Also available at http:// www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080519b.html 186 Khenpo Jigme Phuntsok, Abbot of Serthar Buddhist Institute Dies, TCHRD Press Release, 7 January 2004; available at http:/ /www.tchrd.org/press/2004/pr20040107.html 187 Unjust Sentence: A Special report on Trulku Tenzin Delek, Topical Report by TCHRD, 2004. For detail read at http:// www.tchrd.org/publications/topical_reports/unjust_sentencetrulku_tenzin_delek-2004/trulku.pdf 188 Death Sentence For Bangri Rinpoche Commuted to Life Imprisonment, TCHRD Press Release, 16 December 2004; available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2004/ pr20041216.html 189 12 monks of Dingri Shelkar Choedhe Monastery arrested for opposing the Patriotic re-education campaign TCHRD Press Release, 31 May 2008; available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/ 2008/pr20080531.html 190 China detains 32 monks in Chushul County, TCHRD Press Release, 9 May 2008; Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/ 2008/pr20080509a.html 191 A Tibetan nomad shot dead in Amdo Golog; Hundreds arrested, TCHRD Press Release, 29 April 2008, also available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080429.html 192 Ibid 193 China arrest over 572 monks from Kirti Monastery in twoday raid TCHRD Press Release, 1 April 2008; available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080401.html 194 ibid 195 Ibid 196 In solidarity, Tibetans march with prayers in Tsolho TCHRD Press Release, 3 April 2008; available at http://www.tchrd.org/ press/2008/pr20080403a.html 197 Ibid 198 h t t p : / / w w w . x z e d u . c o m . c n / d o n g t a i / p n e w s / 20080317173436.shtml (In Chinese language) 199 Judges and Lawyers: Rioters in Lhasa unrest receive fair trial. Xinhua, dated 1 May 2008 http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/ 2008-05/01/content_8089222.htm 200 Translation of an official Chinese news report which gave details of 30 Tibetans sentenced at Lhasa City Intermediate Peoples Court.( Available at http://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/ 2008/04-29/1235410.shtml) Following trial according to law at Lhasa City Intermediate Peoples Court, verdicts have been issued on trials of the first instance finding Basang [Pasang] and a total of 30 defendants guilty of the crime of arson, looting, the crime of stirring up criminality, the crime of gathering others to attack organs of the state, the crime of obstructing public duties and the crime of theft. The defendants Basang [Pasang], Suolang Ciren [Sonam Tsering], and Ciren [Tsering] were sentenced to life imprisonment according to law; the defendants Jinmei [Jigme], Gesang Bazhu [Kalsang Bagdro], Gema Dawa [Karma Dawa], Duojue [Dorje], Mima [Migmar], Awang Quyang [Ngawang Choeyang] and Bazhu [Bagdro] were sentenced to fixed terms of 15 years and above; the defendants Yajie [Yargyal], Qupei Zhazi [Choephel Tashi], Duoji Dajie [Dorje Dargye], Awang [Ngawang], Gesang Ciren [Kalsang Tsering], Mima [Migmar], Suolang Ciren [Sonam Tsering], Luoang Sangdan [Lobsang Samten], Cidan [Tseten], Peisang Zhaxi [Palsang Tashi], Laba Ciren (Sr.) [Lhakpa Tsering Chewa (Sr.)], Luosang Zhaxi [Lobsang Tashi], Laba Ciren [Lhakpa Tsering], Taqing [Tharchin], Tudan Jiacuo [Thubten Gyatso], Zhaxi Jiacuo [Tashi Gyatso], Gesang Dunzhu [Kalsang Dhondup], Danzeng Jiancai [Tenzin Gyaltsen], Gesang Nima [Kalsang Nyima] and Yixi [Yeshe] were sentenced to different fixed terms of between three years and 14 years. Ibid Judges and lawyers: Rioters in Lhasa unrest received fair trial, Xinhua, 1 May 2008. Available at xinhuanet.com or http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-05/01/ content_8089222.htm 17 jailed for Lhasa Violence; Xinhua news, 29 April 2008. Available at http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/29/ content_8073067.htm No death penalty handed down so far over Lhasa violence. Xinhua report, Lhasa, 11 July 2008. Available on http:// news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-07/11/ content_8527795.htm No death penalty handed down so far over Lhasa violence. Xinhua report, Lhasa, 11 July 2008. Available on http:// news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-07/11/ content_8527795.htm China revises law to limit death sentence, Xinhua News, 31 October 2006, available at http://chinadaily.com.cn/china/ 2006-10/31/content_721226.htm China jails 17 Tibetans in a swift and quick court proceeding; TCHRD Press Release; 29 April 2008; http:// www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080429a.html Ibid and http://cn.chinaviewnews.com/doc/1006/1/1/8/ 100611881.html?coluid=7&kindid=0&docid=1006611881 (In Chinese language) China: Tibetan Protesters Denied Fair Trial, Human Rights Watch, 29 April 2008. Also available on http://www.hrw.org/ en/news/2008/04/29/china-tibetan-protesters-denied-fairtrial Peoples Republic of China: Tibet Autonomous Region: Access Denied Amnesty International, 18 June 2008, also available at http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country, AMNESTY,,CHN,,485f48ec2,0.html China: Free prominent Tibetan cultural figure; Human Rights Watch, Press Release, 5 December 2008. Available at http:// www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/12/05/china-free-prominent-

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tibetan-cultural-figure 212 Tibet at a Turning point: The Spring Uprising and Chinas New Crackdown; A Report by International Campaign for Tibet, 2008 Pp.82 213 Ibid 214 Unfair trial and a suicide of compulsion Tibetan Solidarity Committee, Press Release, 17 July 2008. Also available at http:/ /www.stoptibetcrisis.net/pr170708.html 215 Adak Kalyam is sentenced for five years for splittism; Tibet Watch, 19 July 2008. Available at http://www.freetibet.org/ campaigns/ucs-190708-adak-kalgyam-sentenced-five-years-1 216 Two Tibetans arrested in Lithang after Patriotic education campaign TCHRD Press Release, 8 October 2007, available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2007/pr20071008.html 217 Adak Kalyam is sentenced for five years for splittism; Tibet Watch, 19 July 2008. Available at http://www.freetibet.org/ campaigns/ucs-190708-adak-kalgyam-sentenced-five-years-1 218 China sentences 14 Tibetans for March unrest in Tibet. TCHRD Press Release, 3 November 2008, also available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20081103.html 219 Ibid 220 Ibid. Tsering Nyima, 21: 10 years imprisonment Trinley Wanggyal, 21: 5 years imprisonment 221 China jails Tibetan monks convicted in bomb blast, The Associate Press, Gillian Wong, 14 October 2008. Available at http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/10/14/asia/AS-ChinaTibet-Monks-Jailed.php. Also Eight Tibetan monks sentenced to lengthy prison terms for alleged bomb blast:; Free Tibet Campaign; 14 October 2008; The Identities of the convicts are Gyurmey Dhondup (Ch: Jinmei Dunzhu), 28: life imprisonment Kalsang Tsering, 20: life imprisonment Dorjee Wangyal (Ch: Duoji Wangjie), 31: 15 years imprisonment Rinchen Gyaltsan (Ch: Renqing Jiangcun), 27: 10 years imprisonment Tsewang Yeshi (Ch: Ciwang Yixi): 9 years imprisonment Kunga Phuntsok (Ch: Genga Pingcuo),19: 10 years imprisonment 222 Chinese court sentences five Tibetans between 3-10 years imprisonment for Kardze Protests; TCHRD Press Release, 5 November 2008. Also available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/ 2008/pr20081105.html 223 TCHRD November interview 224 TCHRD November Interview No 7, 2008 225 Chinese court sentences seven Tibetans between 8 years to Life imprisonment, TCHRD Press Release, 16 December 2008. The details of their indictment can be read on Lhasa Evening News (Ch: Lasa Wenbao) in Chinese Language dated 8 November 2008; Available at http://www.lasaeveningnews.com.cn/epaper/uniflows/02/20081108/ 02_30.htm 226 A batch of 1995 and former student of SOS Tibetan Childrens Village School, Migmar Dhondup, who have gone missing after the March protest in Lhasa until his trial on 27 October 2008. Migmar Dhondup, a commerce student who graduated in 1995 and was originally from Dingri County (Ch: Tingri Xian), Shigatse Prefecture, TAR. Like many exile Tibetan returnees, Migmar Dhondup work in Lhasa as tourist guide before his disappearance during the March Lhasa protest. 227 Chinese court sentences seven Tibetans between 8 years to Life imprisonment, TCHRD Press Release, 16 December 2008. The details of their indictment can be read on Lhasa Evening News (Ch: Lasa Wenbao) in Chinese Language dated 8 November 2008; Available at http://www.lasaeveningnews.com.cn/epaper/uniflows/02/20081108/ 02_30.htm 228 Article 110 of the Criminal Law of the PRC states; Whoever endangers national security by committing any of the following acts of espionage shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment; if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixedterm imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years: (1) joining an espionage organization or accepting a mission assigned by the organization or its agent; or (2) directing the enemy to any bombing or shelling target. 229 Article 111 of the Criminal Law of the PRC states, Whoever steals, spies into, buys or unlawfully supplies State secrets or intelligence for an organ, organization or individual outside the territory of China shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years; if the circumstances are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment; if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights. 230 Lhasa Evening News (Ch: Lasa Wenbao) dated 8 November 2008; can be read at http://www.lasa-eveningnews.com.cn/ epaper/uniflows/02/20081108/02_30.htm (In Chinese language); The translated version of the report can be found at http://www.highpeakspureearth.com/2008/12/tibetan-ngoworker-given-life-sentence.html 231 Australian aid group says Tibet worker has been missing since March; Associated Press, 22 December 2008; as given in the International Herald Tribune; http://www.iht.com/articles/ 2008/12/22/asia/23tibet.php 232 A Tibetan AIDS activist disappears in Tibet, TCHRD Press Release, 9 October 2008; available at http://www.tchrd.org/ press/2008/pr20081009.html 233 Sichuan Court Jails Tibetans; Radio Free Asia; 20 November 2008; available at http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/ dartsedo-11202008090026.html 234 Chinese Court Jails More Tibetans; Radio Free Asia, 22 November. Available at http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/ jail-12222008165412.html 235 Under the Criminal Procedural Law (CPL) the police should inform the family of a detainee about their detention, arrest and place of detention within 24 hours, except where it would hinder the investigation (article 64 and 71). 236 A reminder to China that the world has not forgotten Tibet; The Independent, By Clifford Coonan, Wednesday, 12 March 2008. Lhasa Evening News (Ch: Lasa Wenbao) dated 8 November 2008; can be read at http://www.lasaeveningnews.com.cn/epaper/uniflows/02/20081108/ 02_30.htm (In Chinese language); The translated version of the report can be found at http://www.highpeakspure

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earth.com/2008/12/tibetan-ngo-worker-given-lifesentence.html Sentences for 55 people handed down so far over Lhasa violence, Xinhua report, 4 November 2008, Also available on http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-11/04/ content_10307184.htm No death penalty handed down so far over Lhasa violence. Xinhua report, Lhasa, dated 11 July 2008. Available on http:/ /news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-07/11/ content_8527795.htm Committee Against Torture hears response of China, United Nations Office, Geneva, 10 November 2008. Also available at h t t p : / / w w w. u n o g . c h / 8 0 2 5 6 E D D 0 0 6 B 9 C 2 E / (httpNewsByYear_en)/B2DAD5A2D673AA85C12574 FD0049F039?OpenDocument No death penalty handed down so far over Lhasa violence. Xinhua report, Lhasa, dated 11 July 2008. Available on http:/ /news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-07/11/ content_8527795.htm Bassang, a monk of Toelung Dechen County, and Sonam Norbu, a driver of Lhasa real estate company were sentenced to life on 29 April 2008; 17 jailed for Lhasa Violence; Xinhua news, 29 April 2008. Available at http://news.xinhuanet.com/ english/2008-04/29/content_8073067.htm ; Eight Tibetan monks sentenced to lengthy prison terms for alleged bomb blast:; Free Tibet Campaign; 14 October 2008; The Identities of the convicts are Gyurmey Dhondup (Ch: Jinmei Dunzhu), 28 and Kalsang Tsering, 20 sentenced to life imprisonment; Kalbah sentenced to life Unfair trial and a suicide of compulsion Tibetan Solidarity Committee, Press Release, 17 July 2008. Also available at http://www.stoptibetcrisis.net/ pr170708.html; Wangdu, HIV/AIDS activist sentenced to life on 27 October 2008; Chinese court sentences seven Tibetans between 8 years to Life imprisonment, TCHRD Press Release, 16 December 2008. Death Sentence For Bangri Rinpoche Commuted to Life Imprisonment TCHRD Press Release; 16 December 2004; Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2004/ pr20041216.html Save Trulku Tenzin Delek; A Special Information brochure by Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy. Available at http://www.tchrd.org/publications/brochures/ trulku_tenzin_delek-brochure.pdf Ronggye Adrak and others sentenced to lengthy prison terms between three to ten years TCHRD Press Release; 20 November 2007. Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/ 2007/pr20071120.html Ibid Ibid Chinese Lawyers suppressed for offering legal service to Tibetans www.tibet.net, Central Tibetan Administration, dated 12 May 2008 Ibid Criminal Law of the Peoples Republic of China, available at http://www.china.org.cn/english/government/207320.htm Committee Against Torture hears response of China, United Nations Office, Geneva, 10 November 2008. Also available at h t t p : / / w w w. u n o g . c h / 8 0 2 5 6 E D D 0 0 6 B 9 C 2 E / (httpNewsByYear_en)/B2DAD5A2D673AA85C12574 FD0049F039?OpenDocument The Dalai Lamas Special Envoy Lodi Gyari and Envoy Kelsang Gyaltsen met on May 4, 2008, in Shenzhen city, Guangdong province, for an informal meeting; On July 1 and 2, 2008, the Dalai Lamas envoys met in Beijing with UFWD officials, including UFWD Head Du Qinglin, for the seventh round of formal dialogue; The eight round of talk was held between Oct. 31 to November 5 at Beijing with UFWD Vice Minister Sithar and Pema Triley, Executive Vice Chairman of the Tibet Autonomous Region China says no progress in talks with Dalai envoys; AFP; 9 November 2008; available at http://afp.google.com/article/ ALeqM5jUGZTqBXFfsV6rpfIwZwF5MRXoxw. Also refer to Dalai Lama accepts failure over Tibet talks with China; By Danielle Demetriou, Telegraph; 3 November 2008, Available at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/ 3370349/Dalai-Lama-accepts-failure-over-Tibet-talks-withChina.html Statement by Special Envoy of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Kasur Lodi Gyaltsen Gyari, Tibetan Government-in-Exile, 8 May 2008 China says not now to Arbour visit Human Rights Tribune, 11 April 2008. More details could be read at www.humanrights-geneva.info UN human rights expert call for restraint and transparency as mass arrests are reported in the Tibet Autonomous Region and surrounding areas in China. United Nations Press Release, 10 April 2008. China still open to Tibet dialogue: govt; AFP; 12 December 2008; Retrieved from http://www.google.com/hostednews/ afp/article/ALeqM5hCFbUYPAjzAfEQuHkvXKb Hw6GK9Q Dalai Lama Calls for International Probe Into Tibet Protests; By Anjana Pasricha, Voice of America News; 17 March 2008; http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2008-03/2008-0317-voa15.cfm?CFID=83265219&CFTOKEN=96389444 Tibetan Solidarity Committee; The Tibetan Government in exile; Press Statement, 5 April 2008; http:// www.stoptibetcrisis.net/pr050408.html UN human rights expert call for restraint and transparency as mass arrests are reported in the Tibet Autonomous Region and surrounding areas in China. United Nations Press Release, 10 April 2008; Amnesty International; 15 March 2008; http:/ /www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/tibet-protestsindependent-un-investigation-needed-20080315 Death toll mounts as Tibet Uprising Continues: TCHRD calls upon UN to send a Fact Finding Mission TCHRD Press Release; 15 March 2008; available at http://www.tchrd.org/ press/2008/pr20080315a.html

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RIGHT
Introduction
In opposition to the rights promised by the Peoples Republic of Chinas (PRC) constitution and by the international community, freedom of information is systematically restricted in China. While the PRC promised to relax their usual control and censorship over various forms of communication in 2008, no such reform was introduced. Chinas Olympic year has passed and Chinese citizens remain without the basic human right to freely transmit information. The PRCs strict policing of information allows the government to maintain control over thought in China and Tibet. By preventing individuals from being able to freely investigate stories on Chinese soil, the PRC stops information regarding their illegal and often inhuman practices from being discovered. By censoring what information citizens can receive, the PRC is able to promote pro-Chinese viewpoints and to repress reports critical of their administration. By preventing citizens from airing their own opinions, the PRC is better able to portray Chinese citizens as faithful to the communist regime. In all, this control allows the PRC to manipulate information so that the governments rule in Tibet seems both legitimate and supported by Tibetans. Those who support the PRC and the PRCs practices are made to look more numerous while dissidents are portrayed as a few splitists who are at-

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INFORMATION

tacking an ideal government. This section of the report will aim to highlight the practices used by China to turn information into propaganda, will expose specific instances of these practices being put into action, and will address the legality of such actions.

International and Domestic Standards for the Right to Information

Establishing the importance of the right to information, the United Nations passed a resolution during the first General Assembly which stated that freedom of information is a fundamental human right and is the touchstone of all the freedoms to which the United Nations is consecrated.1 Indeed, it is a fundamental right because only through the free flow of information can citizens be aware of their rights and of the issues to which these rights apply. The importance of free information was further fortified on 10 December, 1948 when the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Article 19 of the declaration explicitly grants individuals the right to freedom of opinion and expression, a right which includes the freedom [...] to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.2 This definition of freedom of information was also made legally binding for the mem-

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 ber states of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) which contains its own article 19, an essential replica of article 19 of the UDHR. An additional list of demands on freedom of information regimes was put forth in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizations (UNESCO) Declaration on Fundamental Principles concerning the Contribution of the Mass Media to Strengthening Peace and International Understanding, to the Promotion of Human Rights and to Countering Racialism, Apartheid and Incitement to War.3 Among this list are the principles that: Access by the public to information should be guaranteed by the diversity of the sources and means of information available to it. Journalists must have freedom to report and the fullest possible facilities of access to information. It is essential that journalists and other agents of the mass media, in their own country or abroad, be assured of protection guaranteeing them the best conditions for the exercise of their profession. These precedents have clearly defined the right to information. By contrasting these principles against the reality in China today, it is clear that Chinas citizens lack freedom of information for which the PRCs stringent policies are to blame. The PRC has outwardly accepted the importance of freedom of information by supporting international standards regarding the right (China is a member state of UNESCO and has signed, but not ratified, the ICCPR).4 Section 35 of Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China further promises that citizens of the Peoples Republic of China enjoy freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly of association of procession and of demonstration.5 Clearly, both the International community and China recognize that citizens should have the right to freedom of information. In practice, however, formal and informal censorship techniques (justified by a liberal interpretation of national security) are used to limit freedom of information in China in each of the three areas recognized by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to constitute freedom of information: 1. The right to seek information; 2. The right to receive information; 3. The right to impart information. The combination of various policies work to effectively impose restrictions in these three areas. Whereas the right to seek information includes the rights of journalists and citizens to have access to government documents and the right to conduct investigations, the PRC allows embodies little transparency and frequently restricts journalists movements. Whereas the right to receive information means the right to freely access factual information, the PRC scrambles radio transmissions from nonChinese sources and utilizes a sophisticated censorship system to prevent access to the Internet. Whereas the right to impart information entails the freedom to print or broadcast without without prior permission, the PRC utilizes a complex bureaucratic censorship hierarchy to hold journalists accountable for following predetermined, state held positions on news events, and prevents individuals from disseminating information by jamming cellular phones, cutting phone lines, and confiscating computers.

National Security and State Secrets

Chinese national and state security laws are essential to repressing freedom of information as they often serve as the legal basis for arresting dissidents and censoring information; however, a little analysis suf-

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Right to Information fices to show that the Chinese interpretations of national security and state secrets are illegal. As explained in a report published by the US Congressional-Executive Commission on China (CECC), China commonly exploits national security and state secrets laws to punish those who manage to overcome the restrictions placed on freedom of information: Prosecuting individuals for national security violations, in particular subversion, is currently the most common method used by Chinese authorities for silencing those who, in spite of the legal, political, psychological, and technological barriers that authorities have erected to prevent Chinese citizens from expressing their opinions, nevertheless attempt to exercise their right to publish their political views.6 The legal basis for the PRCs interpretation of its national security comes from articles 102 through 112 of Chinese Criminal Law.7 Of these 10 articles, article 105 (which criminalizes subversion of the national regime) and article 111 (which criminalizes providing state secrets or intelligence to an organization, institution, or personnel outside the country) are most commonly used as a legal base to imprison dissenters.8 The PRC relies on a broad interpretation of subversion and state secrets to be able to apply the aforementioned aspects of Chinese Criminal law to a boundless number of citizens and situations. All opinions, expressed or held, which contradict the official PRC position on any issue are viewed as subversive, and any information which directly or indirectly concerns the PRCs governing (regardless of the content of that information) is viewed as a state secret. The implications of these overly wide interpretations of subversion and state secrets are again explained by the Congressional-Executive Commission on China: Chinese laws require that anyone intending to disclose information relating to state secrets, national security, or the nations leaders must get prior government authorization. The law then defines these terms to encompass all forms of information pertaining to politics, economics, and society. The government therefore has the right to censor any information on these topics, and anyone who publishes such information without prior authorization has violated the law, regardless of the actual contents of their writings.9 The ability to prosecute individuals for communicating such a wide range of information is essential to Chinas ability to more completely limit freedom of information. While the ICCPR cemented a States right to impose limitations to the free flow of information by recognizing that the right could be subject to certain restrictions, exploration of when these restriction may be legally imposed illustrates that the PRCs application of exemptions stands in direct opposition to accepted international standards.10 The question of what constitutes a legal freedom of information restriction for national security reasons was outlined in the Johannesburg Principles, a document produced by a group of experts in international law, national security, and human rights and endorsed by the UN Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression. Among these principles are the tenets that : Any restriction on expression or information must be prescribed by law. The law must be accessible, unambiguous, drawn narrowly and with precision so as to enable individuals to foresee whether a particular action is unlawful.11

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 Any restriction on expression or information that a government seeks to justify on grounds of national security must have the genuine purpose and demonstrable effect of protecting a legitimate national security interest.12 The enumerable and undefined actions that the PRC considers to pose a threat to Chinese national security are neither unambiguously prescribed by law nor have a genuine purpose of protecting national security. Rather, the PRC uses national security laws as a means to prosecute any individual who upsets the PRCs totalitarian regime. This reality degrades the state of freedom of information in China and offers the PRC an effective, albeit illegal, tool in suppressing Chinese citizens expression. which means it is forbidden to write a report on this subject and Dont send a reporter, which means journalists only have permission to publish the standard article from the Xinhua agency or to copy the reports [...] from a local media.13 This published report demonstrates that far from supporting freedom of information, China systematically restricts a reporters freedom. An unfortunate array of stories have been off limits to domestic reporters under these reporting bans. These reporting bans, however, are only a second level restriction when compared to other censorship techniques in place in the PRC. Regardless of if a news story is off limits to Chinese reporters, any investigation (whether sanctioned or not) will have negative consequences for the journalist if the research leads to a publication that China finds troublesome. Emphasizing this fact is the case of Tsering Woeser, an important Tibetan writer and blogger who was detained in Lhasa for eight hours on 21 August for taking pictures of the police presence in the city.14 Woesers husband, speaking on his wifes behalf, explained that the police required Woeser to delete all of the photographs she had taken despite the fact that the pictures were taken legally and of public spaces. Woesers detainment shows that regardless of what official position regarding journalism exists, regulations can be ignored and the right to seek information can be eroded.

The Right to Seek Information

The right to seek information entails that journalists are allowed to gather information through their own investigations and that individuals have access to government records. The PRC denies citizens the right to seek information by both preventing foreign and national journalists from conducting objective reporting and by avoiding transparency in its governing. These restrictions allow the PRC to promote an image of their government as a humane body which does not have to rely on force to govern Tibet.

Restrictions on Domestic Journalists Restrictions on Foreign Journalists

Domestic journalists in China do not have the freedom to conduct objective investigations which are ensured by a general freedom to information. As noted by Reporters Without Borders, The Propaganda Department in China recently released a glossary to explain to domestic journalists how to comply with the rules of discipline set up for news. Among the defined terms are Reporting banned, While reporting bans have a measured significance for domestic reporters who are controlled by a vast and often overlapping system of freedom of information repression, foreign journalists (who are less subject to Chinese criminal law) are subject to a greater degree to Chinas treatment of journalists. Unfortunately, while China has outwardly commit-

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Right to Information ted itself to relaxing restrictions on foreign journalists, obstacles still remain for those who want to travel in China and report freely. Demonstrating their promise to promote openness, in October 2008, the PRC transformed temporary rules set up during the Olympics to foster better flow of information into permanent laws. Making it easier for foreign journalists to travel and report in China, journalists are no longer required to register for permission to conduct interviews and no longer need to be accompanied on these interviews. In addition, journalists need permission to travel to a smaller number of areas in China; although, they still need to ask for permission to do reporting in Tibet and other areas that are off-limits to foreign reporters.15 These policies, however, did little to improve the situation for foreign journalists during the Olympics and have proved to have little value now that they have been made into law. As reported by Human Rights Watch, during the Olympics, foreign journalists were subjected to systematic surveillance, obstruction, intimidation of sources, and pressure on local assistants.16 These realities made the openness promised by the Chinese during the Olympics elusive. The PRC continues to use similar tactics to repress free reporting. A July 2008 survey conducted by the Foreign Correspondents Club of China found that forty percent of 163 reporters had experienced some form of interference since the new press regulations were put into place, including intimidation of sources, detentions, surveillance, official reprimands, and even violence against foreign correspondents, their staff and sources.17 These restrictions on foreign press freedoms were repeatedly put into place during 2008. Following a bloody attack on paramilitary forces in the Uighur populated region of Kashgar, foreign journalists in the area were harassed and prevented from seeking objective information and evidence. The AFP reported that the police entered an AFP photographers hotel room and forced him to delete photos he had taken of the scene.18 The same journalists, as also reported by AFP, were followed by plainclothes police as they moved around the area, a tactic often used by China to keep reporters aware that their presence is unwelcome. In limiting the freedom to seek information, the PRC also relies on intimidating sources so that they will be less likely to speak with foreign correspondents. Demonstrating the specific consequences that sources face, a foreign correspondent in Beijing explains: When I returned to Beijing, I was told by my source that she had been fired because of [local] government pressure [because] it had gotten angry with the [international poverty relief group] and it was [a choice] of either firing her or closing down their [operations]. The problem for me now is that in this case we did ask for [official] permission [for interviews] and it was grantedand they told me clearly that regulations allow foreign journalists to interview whomever they want, if the other side consents. But for this woman, [that interview means] she has lost her job.19 Sources are also threatened with charges of subversion and divulging national secrets if they are quoted as saying anything that the PRC finds unflattering to its regime. Often, the interviews themselves are used as evidence to land the sources in prison. The possible consequences that sources face for speaking freely also encourage conscientious reporters to practice self-censorship in order to protect their interviewees. As one correspondent in Beijing describes:

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 Sources arent secure at all [the authorities] can take out [their revenge] on the people who work for you, who show you the way. Those potential reprisals set the bar for [television] reporting uncomfortably high because its very hard to assess before you go in whether or not a story is worth it [in terms of risk to sources]. In order for me to do a story, I need to individualize it, to focus on one person who tells a story which can resonate with people, but under the current circumstances I can no longer do that.20 Intimidating sources is effective in both preventing citizens from granting interviews and in discouraging reporters from publishing the interviews they are granted. It is another method used by the PRC to to create comprehensive restrictions to the freedom to information and degrades the existence of a basic human right in China. In all, the Foreign Correspondents Club of China (FCCC) has reported 178 cases of journalist interference from 1 January to 2 December, 2008. Coupled with the even harsher climate for domestic journalists in the country, journalists are barred from freely seeking information in China and the PRC is therefore more able to limit the freedom of information within its borders. Even when permits are granted, however, foreign journalists cannot report freely. During their research, journalists with official permission from the MOFA to report in Tibet have been blocked at times by local officials and correspondents, [...] faced micro-managed schedules which interfered with independent reporting, and the constant presence of official guides or minders who intimidated potential local sources.21 These methods of obstructing foreign investigations were utilized after protests broke out in Lhasa on 10 March. Two days after the demonstrations started, China stopped issuing TAR travel permits to journalists and expelled over 25 correspondents who were already in the area.22 The methods of expulsion included confining Hong Kong based television crews to their hotels in Lhasa until they could be flown out of the TAR and threatening other journalists with the revocation of their official press accreditation if they did not leave Lhasa on their own accord.23 James Miles, a China correspondent for the Economist, was on a state sanctioned visit to Lhasa at the time and was allowed to stay until the scheduled end of his trip; however, Miles believes he was allowed to stay because the Chinese enjoyed his reports of Tibetan violence against Han Chinese and did not want the bad press associated with expelling an officially permitted journalist.24 Once Miles left Lhasa, it was not until 26 March that foreign reporters were able to re-enter the area, but they were only allowed to enter as part of a government arranged, three-day trip. The reporters were escorted around the city by official PRC representatives and, although not directly barred from leaving their hotels at night, they were discouraged from spending time on their own in Lhasa. As one reporter on the trip describes, the journalists were not allowed to report freely and were instead shown a

Restrictions on Foreign Journalists in Tibet

The climate for foreign journalists has been even less welcoming for reporters who want to travel to Tibet. While journalists are officially allowed to travel in China without special permits, travel to the TAR requires permission from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA). Applying for a permit is a cumbersome process and is therefore used to prevent journalists from conducting research in Tibet.

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Right to Information carefully planned view of Lhasa which followed the party line: Everything weve been shown is isolated to fit a narrative that [the Chinese authorities] have constructed. We all came in here with our eyes open. We know theres an attempt to use us to convey a particular representation.25 Since then, access to the TAR for foreign journalists has consisted mainly of a few state-organized trips. During these trips, the presence of security officials intimidated possible sources into withholding their accounts of Chinese violence and prevented journalists from freely seeking information.26 Beyond the restrictions within Lhasa, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs closed areas including the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), about half of Sichuan province, and parts of Qinghai, Gansu, and Yunnan provinces.27 Reporters were stopped when boarding flights to these various areas in Western China and turned back at checkpoints along roads into regions where uprisings had taken place.28 When asked about the restrictions to correspondents travel in China, Foreign Ministry Spokesman Qin Gang responded vaguely: Given the circumstances in some areas, Chinese lawenforcement authorities have the right to take special measures in line with the law. And I hope the press and journalists would understand this and cooperate with them. You just said that the Regulations allow free reporting by foreign journalists in China, however, there is no absolute freedom anywhere in the world. Besides, Article One of the Regulations stipulates that these Regulations are formulated to facilitate reporting activities by foreign journalists in China in accordance with the laws of the Peoples Republic of China. We hope foreign journalists abide by Chinese laws and relevant regulations.29 For reporters who did manage to make it into Tibetan areas deemed sensitive, Public Security Bureaus in those regions restricted movement by explicitly mandating where taxi drivers could take foreigners and by intimidating personal drivers to ensure that they would not take their passengers anywhere they could gather relevant information from: Police in these provinces also openly pressured some taxi drivers to limit the destinations to which they would take foreign correspondents. A Beijing-based foreign correspondent who successfully traveled overland from Lijang to Zhongdian in Yunnan province discovered that police who had waved him through a checkpoint into Zhongdian had instructed the driver to ignore the correspondents destination requests, and instead drop him off at the local headquarters of the Public Security Bureau.30 The FCCC reported 30 instances of reporting obstructions in the nine days following the Tibetan Uprising alone.31 These cases of interference included barring ABC News crews from filming Tibetan neighborhoods in Chengdu and turning multiple reporters away at checkpoints into areas such as Xiahe and Linxia. Some of these journalists had their footage confiscated and reviewed, had their passport information recorded, and were trailed after their encounters with Police. When Stephanie Sy, one of the journalists who encountered such interference, informed the police of the rules set up for the Olympics which gave foreign reporters permission to report freely, the police simply shrugged and hailed [them] a taxi.32 The limitations posed by the PRC coupled with geographical challenges present harsh challenges to reporting in Tibet. Jonathan Watts of the U.K. newspaper The Guardian summarizes the difficulties nicely:

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 [The] trouble has been breaking out hundreds of miles apart in an area roughly the size of Western Europe. Chasing the incidents is like racing from London to Zurich to Lisbon, while trying to dodge the police and avoid putting sources in danger at the same time. In the past seven days, we have taken seven flights, been driven for 30 hours and covered a distance roughly equivalent to 10 times the length of Britain. Security restrictions havent helped. I have twice woken-up before dawn to avoid checkpoints on six-to-eight hour journeys that ultimately ended in failure, when the police stopped me, found I was a journalist and sent me back.33 Foreign Journalists were also barred from reporting about events unrelated to the Uprisings to ensure that the information blockade was comprehensive. This included banning correspondents from Tibetan regions of Sichuan after an 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred in the province in 2008.34 While journalists were able to freely report in the Chinese regions, the Tibetan areas remained closed so that media could not learn about the human rights abuses that occurred in the region following the March Uprising: The government is allowing the foreign media a remarkable and unprecedented level of freedom in Sichuan, Reporters Without Borders said. It should be extended to the Tibetan regions which the international press has not been able to visit freely since the Lhasa riots on 14 March. The government is clearly trying to prevent the foreign media from confirming the few reports emerging about arrests of Tibetans and reeducation campaigns being carried out since then.35 As noted by Amnesty international, The sealing off of Tibetan-populated areas of Western China by the authorities makes it impossible [...] to confirm the details of reported human rights violations.36 This commitment to preventing the international community from discovering what occurred in Tibetan regions of China following the March protests ultimately prevented foreign journalists from being able to investigate the extent of damage caused by the earthquakes in Tibetan areas of China. Consequently, estimates of the number of Tibetan lives lost in the quakes range from 100 2871.37 China also forbade journalists from covering the Olympic torchs passage through Lhasa to prevent information regarding the Uprisings from reaching foreign audiences.38 The army presence in Lhasa was stepped up in preparation for the passage and individuals, including foreign tourists, were confined to their homes during the ceremony and ordered to keep their windows shut and covered.39 According to Lhasa residents, the restrictions were put in place because the level of security in the streets and the absence of an audience along the route made it too embarrassing to show.40 Like the Sichuan Earthquake, the Olympic torch coverage was limited to ensure the foreign journalists remained barred from entering Lhasa. Surely, if the situation for foreign journalists reporting in China is bad, the situation in Tibet is worse. Reporters who covered the March rioting in the TAR received death threats from Chinese citizens who were angered by biased western reporting and were presented by the PRC with a host of previously discussed obstacles to conducting their duty as journalists.41 The willingness of the MOFA to ignore Chinese regulations regarding foreign reporting is highly unfortunate and a legitimate freedom to seek information in the area cannot exist until China abides by their own laws and regulations.

Open Government Systems

Beyond providing journalists with a positive environment to conduct investigations, freedom to seek information also entails that governments be transparent and that citizens have access to public docu-

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Right to Information ments. The PRC outwardly recognized the importance of government transparency by passing The Open Government Information Regulation on May 1, 2008; however, only time will tell if the regulation has any true positive effect. The regulation calls for local governments to both release information on their own accord and to establish systems to make information available to citizens by request. The scope of what information should be available to the public is broad and includes information that involves the vital interests of citizens, legal persons or other organizations.42 Unfortunately, the definition of what information should not be disclosed is equally broad. Article 8 of the regulation prohibits disseminating any information that may endanger state security, public security, economic security and social stability. If the past is any indication of how broad definitions of state security can be used to limit the free flow of information in China, the Open Government Information Regulation will have little real effect. Indeed, the consequences of broad restrictions on open government systems have been noted by the special rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, a position established by the UN as a watchdog for freedom of information abuses. The rapporteur has endorsed a set of principles regarding freedom of information among which is the principle that: A refusal to disclose information may not be based on the aim to protect Governments from embarrassment or the exposure of wrongdoing; a complete list of the legitimate aims which may justify non disclosure should be provided in the law and exceptions should be narrowly drawn so as to avoid including material which does not harm the legitimate interest.43 The Chinese system encompasses no list of legitimate aims which may justify non disclosure, and the exceptions to freedom of information are far from narrowly drawn. While the choice can always be made to apply a liberal interpretation of what should constitute an exception, until the Chinese freedom of information system more closely adheres to the principles advocated for by the special rapporteur, individuals abilities to seek information from the government will remain limited. By placing limitations on foreign and domestic journalists, and by utilizing an open government information system which allows information to be restricted under broad definitions of state security, the PRC prevents individuals from having the genuineness to seek information in China. Limiting the right to seek information serves to keep the PRCs disregard for human rights from being seen by the international community. Therefore, China is better able to portray itself as a legitimate government which is supported by the people rather than the military. Without the right to both conduct independent investigations and to have access to government records, a right to seek information cannot exist. As long as this reality exists, the PRC will continue to manipulate information to present itself as the rightful ruler of Tibet.

The Right to Receive Information

As recognized by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to freedom of opinion and expression, true freedom of information also entails that citizens have the right to receive objective information through any medium. To prevent individuals in China from enjoying this right, the Chinese government jams radio programs that are broadcast in Tibetan and utilizes the worlds most complex censorship system to prevent free access to the

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 Internet. This media embargo combined with the efficacy of the Governments media monopoly prevents individuals throughout the TAR and mainland China from having access to various forms of information. It is a degraded freedom to receive information which allows the PRC to present its citizens solely with information that is favorable to its regime and which promotes its political goals. and sustain freedom and democracy by broadcasting accurate and objective news and information.46 In line with the general commitment to relax censorship for the 2008 Olympics, China promised to stop jamming radio signals; however, the country failed to live up to its promise. Voice of Tibet actually saw a decrease in its availability due to jamming during the Olympics. The Norway based station reports that around 100 antennae were installed in Tibet to jam the three short-wave frequencies that are internationally registered by VOT, a measure which supplemented the eight jamming-broadcasts which are already in use throughout China to make the station inaudible.47 Indeed, although they promised to respect the free flow of information during the Olympics, several radio stations remained inaccessible in China due to what the PRC has labeled technical problems. In reality, China further proves a lack of commitment to establishing freedom of information by its successful attempts to prevent several radio stations from broadcasting in China.

Radio in Tibet
For many Tibetans who are either illiterate or lack access to a television, radio broadcasts are an essential source of news and information. Unfortunately, stations such as Radio Free Asia (RFA), Voice of America (VOA), and Voice of Tibet (VOT), which broadcast in the Tibetan language, are routinely jammed in cities in the TAR and throughout mainland China. Ngab Jigme, the director of the RFA Tibetan Service, explains the censorship of RFA in an interview with a correspondent from Phayul.com: Since about 1999 China started jamming radio signals and then it was difficult to listen to our radio in many parts of Tibet, particularly in big towns. Many people informed us, we tried to change frequencies and add frequencies but the obstruction was also becoming bigger and so we were losing many listeners.44 Voice of America, like RFA, is also subject to jamming in China. In a statement to the CongressionalExecutive Commission on China, Joan Mower, (the communications coordinator for the agency which oversees both VOA and RFA) attributed 25% of the cost of broadcasting to China to measures aimed at overcoming Chinese jamming.45 As recognized by Mower, the frequency jamming is an obstacle to getting through to the Chinese people which makes it difficult to accomplish their mission to promote

Internet Censorship
While China has faced little criticism for jamming radio stations, the complex Internet censorship system dubbed the Great Firewall of China that the PRC uses to restrict free access to information on the web has sparked international concern for the state of human rights in China. In addition to technologically based Internet restrictions, the PRC also relies on business partnerships and vague definitions of state security to suppress the right to receive information via the Internet that is enjoyed by free citizens. As China ranks second to the US in the number of Net-using citizens with 210 million Internet users, these restrictions affect an unfortunate number of individuals.48

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Right to Information This system enables China to block thousands of URLs which are related to issues such as Tibetan independence, human rights, and democracy. In a study conducted by the OpenNet Initiative, China was found to be blocking nearly 2000 websites including the websites for Amnesty International, CNN, and several blog hosting sites.51 The same report found the censorship to be so severe that websites which do not contain any sensitive material are also restricted due to over-blocking (for example, falu.com, a website selling machines which manufacture cotton swabs, was censored for having a similar name to the Falun Gong movement, a banned religious group).52 Again, in preparation for the Beijing Olympics, the Chinese government promised to relax these restrictions and to give citizens true access to the World Wide Web; unfortunately, this didnt happen. After foreign journalists in Beijing reported not being able to access Amnesty Internationals website as well as several news websites, IOC press commission chairman Kevan Gosper admitted that IOC officials agreed to let let the PRC to censor certain websites during the Olympics on 30 July 2008.53 By meticulously documenting Internet users behavior, the PRC further limits what information is available to citizens in China as Internet users must conduct self censorship to avoid being punished for breaking vague Internet laws. The documentation of Internet usage begins at the ISP level: ISPs are required by law to record a customers account number, phone number, and IP address and to maintain these records for sixty days.54 Cybercafes (known as wangba in China) are also involved in tracking Internet usage. All cybercafes are required by law to keep records of their patrons identities for sixty days and must regularly report what sites Internet users visited to local Public Security Bureaus.55 Wangba owners must also dis-

Chinese Security Personnel policing the internet

Internet service in China is provided by nine staterun Internet Access Providers (IAPs) which connect the Internet in China to the global Internet backbone. These connections are bought by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) who then sell the Internet access to individual Internet users. The connections between IAPs and ISPs, and between ISPs and individual users, are established through a system of routers. It is at the router level that censorship first takes place.49 The same technology that is used to block certain URLs (websites) to prevent the spread of viruses can also be used to block information that is deemed to be subversive from passing through IAP routers. Furthermore, the Ministry of Information Industry (MII), which oversees all ISPs in China, ensures that the Internet Service Providers block sensitive information by holding the ISPs legally responsible for any information they display. Any ISP that does not follow the MII regulations risks having their operating license revoked and possible imprisonment of its staff.50

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 connect users who attempt to access any blocked website and report them to the appropriate officials.56 Failure to comply with any of these regulations can result in fines or imprisonment. Individual Internet users must also register with their local police bureau within 30 days of signing up with an ISP so that they can be held accountable if their Internet Service Provider reports that they have attempted to visit any banned sites.57 Through this system of tracking Internet users, web surfers are held highly accountable for adhering to laws regarding appropriate Internet Behavior. These laws, as established by the Computer Information Network and Internet Security Protection and Management Regulations, mandate that no unit or individual may use the Internet to harm national security, disclose state secrets, harm the interests of the State, of society or of a group.58 As no explanation for what constitutes harming national security or interests of the State is given in Chinese law, authorities can use these vague definitions to essentially punish any action they wish to punish. This threat offers real encouragement for individuals to censor their own Internet browsing and prevents citizens from enjoying their right to receive information. Internet Content Providers (ICPs) must also conduct self censorship as they are subject to equally vague laws regarding state security, and they risk losing their operating licenses if they fail to comply with these regulations. Article 15 of the Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services (a document which outlines the laws which ICPs must adhere to), forbids ICPs from disseminating content that impairs national security, divulges State secrets, subverts State sovereignty or jeopardizes national unity.59 This prevents ICPs from posting news from non-sanctioned sources or any other information that could possibly be deemed to threaten national security60 ICPs that provide search engines must also ensure that Internet users are not able to use their search engines to access restricted information. These responsibilities also apply to foreign companies who wish to obtain profitable Chinese ICP operating licenses and have to the much publicized, self-imposed censorship techniques of companies like Yahoo! Inc., Microsoft, and Google. A study conducted by Human Rights Watch found that these companies search engines restrict the freedom to receive information through website de-listing and keyword blocking nearly as often as Chinese search engines do.61 That is, to abide by Chinese Internet law, these companies prevent searches for specific URLs and sensitive keywords from turning up any results. These restrictions prevent Internet users in China from enjoying a meaningful right to receive information. When criticized for their compliance in providing services which restrict free access to the world wide web, Michael Samway, V.P. & Deputy General Counsel for Yahoo! Inc. replied, Failure to comply in China could have subjected Yahoo! China and its employees to criminal charges, including imprisonment.62 As ICP operating licenses in China are extremely valuable, Yahoo! was willing to abide by Chinese laws. The restrictions on ICPs in China combine with router-based technological censorship and a criminal system that encourages self-censorship to prevent free access to the Internet in China. Chinese Internet users are unable to access a wide range of URLs which deal with topics that are perceived to be harmful to the PRC, are prevented from freely searching the world wide web due to search engine censorship, and must limit what information they attempt to access because of the ever present threat of being convicted for breaking vague Chinese criminal law. These policies are effective in ensuring that

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Right to Information individuals in China cannot use the Internet to receive access to fair information and as such further limit the freedom to information in China. Xinhua further propagated misinformation during the Tibetan Uprising by relabeling peacefully marching monks as a lawless mob and by misreporting the number of deaths.68 While western media described an event in which paramilitary police opened fire on hundreds of monks, nuns and Tibetans who tried to march on a local government office in Western China leaving two dead and about 6 wounded, Xinhua, reporting on the same incident, simply said that one officer was killed when police confronted a lawless mob in Luhuo.69 Examples of Xinhua reports which conflict with foreign reports of the same event abound. On 4 April 2008, the International Campaign for Tibet reported that 8 Tibetans were killed while protesting against a Patriotic Re-Education campaign which forced monks to denounce the Dalai Lama. Xinhua, reporting on the same event, wrote only of a riot in Kardze and reported no deaths.70 Because information published by Xinhua (or other state agencies) is the most widely accessible form of information in China, it has a tremendous role in informing citizens. Individuals cannot access news sources that conduct objective reporting and must instead base their understandings of domestic and world events on stories which promote a clear, proChinese agenda. The inaccurate information that is propagated by the Chinese government to replace information offered by free media sources degrades the state of freedom of information in China. Ultimately, while obstacles to freely receiving information exist, the PRC will be able to continue its use of information to meet political goals within its borders.

Misinformation
Essential to a true right to receive information is the right to access accurate information. Contrastingly, in place of the internationally based information sources that China blocks, state approved news agencies offer intentionally inaccurate information which promotes specific political agendas. In 2008, this included using the media to portray largely peaceful protests in Tibet as violent uprisings and Chinas violent crackdown on protesters as peaceful riot control. This premeditated presentation of the riots served to discourage Chinese citizens from sympathizing with the Tibetan cause and instead they tried to garner support for the PRC. During the 2008 Tibetan Uprising, China blocked access to YouTube and other information sources to prevent non-sanctioned news from being accessible.63 When general access to YouTube and websites such as BBC.com was restored, videos and articles about the protests remained inaccessible.64 In place, the PRC sponsored news company, Xinhua, supplied China with its only information regarding the demonstrations.65 Xinhua under-reported the number of Tibetan deaths by over onehundred and accused the Dalia Lama, a longtime non-violence advocate, of inciting the Uprising.66 Despite claiming to have proof that the riots were instigated by the Dalai Lama, the PRC refuses to share their sources with the international community. The PRC has also continuously discredited the confirmed death tolls published by international agencies like TCHRD and instead insisted that only 18 Tibetans and one police officer were killed in Tibet during the protest.67

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

The Right to Impart Information

The freedom to impart information entails that individuals have the right to freely express themselves via any medium. Limiting this right, China has constructed a media monopoly by utilizing a complex bureaucratic structure to control what is said in the Chinese media and has taken away citizens freedom of expression by prosecuting individuals who speak freely under the as aforementioned Chinese criminal law. China also poses physical barriers to imparting information by further censoring the Internet, jamming cellular phones, cutting phone lines, and confiscating computers and other communication devices. In all, preventing individuals from speaking freely allows the PRC to make dissidents appear less common and using the state-controlled media to present dissidents as criminals makes them appear less rational.

dividuals involved in distributing sensitive material.73 Tibetan newscasters are particularly vulnerable to these punishments as the Communist Party seems willing to prosecute Tibetans more often and with less reason than their Chinese counterparts. Jamyang Kyi, a popular Tibetan TV presenter, singer, and producer, was seized from her office at a Qinghai TV station on 1 April 2008 and held incommunicado for a month before being placed under house arrest.74 Although police have given no reason for arresting Kyi, she is thought to have been targeted for her past efforts to preserve Tibetan culture.75 Unfortunately, Jamyang Kyis imprisonment is not a lone occurrence among Tibetan members of the media. Others such as the Tibetan newscaster Washu Rangjung (who has recently been released) was arrested in September 2008 for undisclosed, media related reasons.76 Because of only state agencies being qualified to own media in China, all domestic sources of information are subject to the standards set by the CPD. These regulations mandate that the members of the Chinese media limit their own freedom to impart information to ensure that they are not imprisoned. Combined with the previously-discussed systems of censorship which often prevent internationally based reporting from reaching China, these limitations on free speech enable the PRC to control all legal media in China. Bureaucratic control of the media in China also allows the PRC to use information to achieve political goals. By focusing on the Tibetan violence aimed at the Han Chinese and Muslim populations of Lhasa, the PRC was able to downplay the presence of peaceful protests during the Uprising and reduce the movement to a small number of violent events.

Bureaucratic Control of Chinese Media

The coordination of Chinese media is orchestrated by the Communist Partys Central Propaganda Department (CPD), which determines how sensitive stories should be covered and which topics should be ignored completely.71 The policies set by the CPD are relayed to the General Administration of Press and Publication (GAPP) and the State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television (SARFT) which then must ensure that the media sources under their control follow CPD positions: GAPP has authority over publishers and written publications (including those on the Internet) while SARFT has authority over radio, television, film, and Internet broadcasts.72 To enforce compliance with media regulations, authorities fine or shutdown outlets which do not comply with the CPD, demote or dismiss the leadership of rogue media sources, or imprison the in74

Right to Information This careful portrayal of the Uprising serves to both portray Tibetans as a violent and dangerous community and to foster ill will towards the group. The Dalai Lama expressed his concern with this fact when he said, The state medias portrayal of the recent events in Tibet, using deceit and distorted images, could sow the seeds of racial tension with unpredictable long-term consequences. This is of grave concern to me.77 Using state-run news sources to disseminate propaganda is unfortunately common. Chinese coverage of the Uprising portrayed cases of rioting and arson as acts of violence while ignoring the root causes of the actions. CPC-approved media ignored issues of Tibetan independence and instead portrayed the Uprising as criminal acts orchestrated by separatists.78 Ignoring over half a century of human rights abuses was, in the end, an effective propaganda tactic and was made possible by the bureaucratic control of Chinese media. By strictly controlling the media, China was able to downplay their responsibility for the unrest and to weaken the Tibetan independence movement. It was a portrayal that contradicted foreign accounts which reported that the Uprising began as monks peacefully protesting in Lhasa and only escalated after Chinese troops began using violent methods of repression. It was a misrepresentation which benefited the PRCs political control and highlighted why freedom of information is limited in China. Just as the Internet Content Providers that offer search engines must conduct self censorship, ICPs which provide E-mail services scan and censor the messages that are sent over their servers. Messages that contain sensitive terms in the subject line or body of the text are not transmitted and their senders are reported.79 Because this system of E-mail filtering is conducted by the individual service providers and is not centralized, what specific information gets blocked varies; however, E-mail censorship, although inconsistent, prevents individuals from imparting information via the Internet. China also limits the right to impart information by blocking messages sent through Tom-Skype (the Chinese version of the Internet based voice and chat client Skype). When users download Tom-Skype in China, they are also forced to unknowingly download files which give Tom-Skype censorship capabilities.80 Banned words are not transmitted to the intended recipient during chats and information about the sender of the banned word is recorded.81 China further limits the right to impart information by controlling blog content. Tests of three large Chinese blog hosting sites (BlogCN, Blogbus and Blogdriver) conducted by the OpenNet Initiative showed that when authors attempted to upload posts which contained certain banned key words, censorship technology kicked in and prevented the user from completing the post and issued a pop-up alert.82 Tsering Woeser has also experienced the controls put on bloggers first hand. Following the 10 March Uprising, Woeser (who has published several books that are now banned in China) was immediately placed under house arrest in Beijing. Despite this physical restriction, Woeser remained capable of blogging about the Uprisings until her Blog was hacked.83 Woeser then switched to a Blog hosted by a foreign server and reported that three town-

Internet Based Barriers to Imparting Information

Besides prosecuting individuals for not adhering to strictly coordinated media regulations, China also utilizes technological barriers to prevent individuals in China from transmitting information freely. This includes blocking E-mails, chat transmissions and sensitive blog posts.

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 ships in Luhuo (Draggo) County, Ganzi (Kardze) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (TAP), Sichuan were surrounded by military police and phone calls could not get through to those townships following protest activity in the area.84 Three days later, on 27 March, she further reported that phone calls and other means of communication are only able to intermittently get through to the Sera and Drepung monasteries in Lhasa.85 Unfortunately, due to the strict Internet censorship in China, this information was inaccessible to many in China. By preventing Internet users from imparting information through E-mails, Skype chats, and blogs, China reduces the Internets value as a tool for communication. These communication restrictions allow China to control what information about Chinese practices is available both domestically and internationally and prevents citizens from using the web as a platform to discuss issues which could erode the PRCs control. betan areas during the unrest. During a raid on a monastery, the Tibetan Center for Human Rights and Democracy reports monks with modern communication gadgets such as mobile phones, cameras, computers or MP3 players in their residences were known to have been arrested under suspicion of having communicated with the exile Tibetan communities.88 Similar actions were confirmed by Xinhua, the state-run news agency, which reported police as saying that communication facilities including satellite phones, receivers for overseas TV channels, fax machines and computers were confiscated following a raid on another monastery.89 Another source also reported that private telephone and mobile phone lines were either blocked or cut throughout Tibet.90 One interviewee, describing the communications black out, said: I have been staying home and have not been able to keep in touch with my friends. My cell phone has no signal. When people call me, the message says its turned off. But in fact I never turned it off.91 Similar communication difficulties were noted by a reporter in an RFA article who described encountering failed connections to land line phones and calls to cell phones that were immediately cut off when trying to contact sources in Daofu (Tawu) County, Ganzi TAP, and Sichuan.92 The same journalist reported that calls to previous sources were answered with either busy signals or Tibetan music.93 Foreign students at Lhasa University were also targeted and had their mobile phones and computers confiscated. They were also banned from leaving the campuss premises unless they received a permit which granted students between one to two hours to buy personal items.94

Other Barriers to Imparting Information

The PRC also attempts to limit individuals right to impart information by imposing barriers to communicating via telephone or computer. As reported by Human Rights Watch, the phone lines going into Ganden monastery near Lhasa were cut after the Peoples Armed Police surrounded the monastery following a pro-independence protest on 12 March.86 Amnesty International also reports that following the outbreak of the Tibetan Uprising, Police and security forces were reported by reliable sources to have confiscated mobile telephones, computers, and other electronic communication equipment in hundreds of raids on monasteries, nunneries and private homes.87 Indeed, many sources have confirmed reports of communication being impeded into and out of Ti-

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Right to Information These communication restrictions were meant to prevent information about the repression of the Uprising from reaching foreign audiences. By preventing individuals in China from imparting information, and by preventing foreign journalists from seeking information, the PRC ensured that it was free to handle the largely peaceful Tibetan Uprising with as much brutality as desired. The number of Tibetans killed while the international human rights community remained shut out of China clearly indicates the importance of freedom of information. communicate with foreign sources despite the obstacles in place are often arrested. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees reported that Nyima Drakpa was detained late April 19 in Tawu [in Chinese, Daofu] county in Sichuan for allegedly sending photos of protests and passing information to reporters in Hong Kong.97 Tibet post also reports that two monks, Choejor and his brother Dorje Tashi, were unexpectedly arrested on charges of passing information to outside sources in early July 2008.98 In addition, the International Campaign for Tibet reports that Walza Norzin Wangmo, a Tibetan Cadre in her thirties from Kyungchu township of Ngaba Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, (TAP) was sentenced to five years for passing information about the Uprising over the telephone to a foreign source. Her exact whereabouts, like those of the two before mentioned monks, are unknown.99 Dhondup Wangchen and Jigme Gyatso were also arrested for relaying information to foreign audiences. These two individuals created a documentary entitled Leaving Fear Behind which contained interviews with Tibetans from the Amdo region of Tibet who were unhappy with the Chinese rule.100 Shortly after the film-makers sent the documentary to safety in Switzerland, they were arrested. Jigme Gyatso was recently released after seven months of torture and interrogation while in prison. Describing Jigme Gyatsos torturous experience, the Swiss company which produced the film said, The interrogators beat him continuously and hanged him by his feet from the ceiling for hours and kept him tied for days on the interrogation chair.101 Dhondup Wangchen is still reported to be in a prison in Qinghai province in Eastern Tibet. Not only do individuals in China not have the right to freely impart information, the PRC has also made refusing to hold PRC-supported beliefs a punish-

Freedom of Expression
Although freedom of expression is promised by the PRC constitution, it is not a freedom that is supported by Chinese policies or criminal law. Previously discussed restrictions offer physical obstacles to expression while the enforcement of vague state security laws effectively makes expression a punishable crime. These two conditions combine to limit freedom of expression and, therefore, the right to impart information in China. The risks associated with freely imparting information became never more apparent than during the March 2008 Uprisings when journalists were unexpectedly greeted by a group of monks during a stateplanned visit to the Jokhang Temple in Lhasas old city. Attempting to break the communications embargo that China was enforcing, the monks shouted, Do not believe them and Tibetans have no freedom, before Chinese handlers rushed the journalists to their buses.95 It was an effort to practice their right to free expression which will have severe consequences for the monks welfare.96 The monks were certain that they would be punished for their comments as it is common for Tibetans to be arrested for practicing their right to freely express themselves. Those who manage to

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 able offence. Illustrating this fact, twelve monks who refused to denounce the Dalai lama during a Patriotic Re-Education campaign were imprisoned. According to a source contacted by TCHRD: Ven. Khenrab Tharchin, a member of so-called Democratic Management Committee (DMC) of Shelkar Choedhe Monastery stood up while the campaign was in session by openly opposing the patriotic re-education and even told the visiting work team that he could denounce the Dalai Lama as required under the campaign. Another eleven monks of the same monastery stood up in support of Ven. Khenrab Tharchin and adamantly opposed the campaign in unison.102 Following the incident, the monastery was blocked off and the monks cellular phones were confiscated to prevent them from further practising their right to impart information. The twelve monks were then taken to an unknown location where they remain to date.103 Besides being punished for passing information abroad or for refusing to submit to PRC-promoted beliefs, individuals are also punished for imparting seemingly benign information within Chinas borders. As reported by Amnesty International, Dabe, a well-known Tibetan comedian and singer, was detained on 31 March and held for one month before being released. The founder of a Tibetan school for nomads and a teacher at the school have also been arrested.104 No reasons were given for these arrests and it is likely that these individuals were targeted simply because their expressions strengthened Tibetan culture. Wangdue (one name only) was also seemingly arrested for being an independent-minded Tibetan. Known for the HIV-Aids education work that he conducted in Lhasa, Wangdues expression should have been applauded by Chinese authorities.105 Rather, Wangdue was held at an unknown location for several months after being seized from his home in Lhasa on 14, March 2008 and has since been given a life sentence on charges of espionage and divulging state secrets.106 As these arrests illustrate, it is not safe to freely impart information in Tibet. Anything that is said or done can effectively become a cause for arrest and encourages Tibetans to say and do less. There is no better, evident example of the risks associated with free expression than the sheer number of protesters who were arrested during the 2008 Unrest. The PRC relies on this risk to discourage anti-PRC expression and portrays those who do resist in a negative way so that it can present its rule as a legitimate government supported by the Tibetan population.

Conclusion
Following the 10 March Uprising, foreign news sources such as CNN and BBC were criticized for mislabeling photographs taken in Nepal as being taken in China. While this misinformation was certainly objectionable, it was a symptom of the state of information in China. Because journalists were unable to go into China to collect information and because individuals inside China were prevented from sending information out of Chinas borders, foreign journalists had little solid information to convey to international communities. This lack of internationally available information is the very purpose of the PRCs freedom of information controls. If the government had shown foreign audiences that they were relying on horrific practices to suppress the Tibetan Uprising, they would not be able to continue asserting that Tibet is a happy piece of the Motherland. Instead, the PRC prevented the free flow of information regarding the riots so that it could manipulate reality.

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Right to Information Physically restricting the flow of information and encouraging self censorship by prosecuting citizens indiscriminately and harshly allowed China to present the Uprising as a faction of criminal splitists who did not convey the general sentiment. To avoid international criticism for these restrictions to freedom of information, China institutes laws that are common among freedom of information regimes (such as the Open Government Information Regulation and the laws set up during the Olympics for foreign reporters). The PRC, however, then often disregards these regulations by either relying on broad and illegal definitions of state security to skirt criminal law or by simply ignoring the regulations. This system of operation has granted the PRC some deniablity in its practices; however, as this report has shown, information which does manage to make its way out of Chinas borders clearly indicates that freedom to information does not exist in China. Until the PRC makes a real commitment to give citizens access to free flowing information, the Chinese government will continue to use information as a political tool rather than an enabler of human rights.

EndNotes
1 United Nations General Assembly Resolution 59 (I), 14 December 1946; Available at http://daccessods.un.org/TMP/ 1873478.html. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 217 A (III), Article 19, 10 December 1948, Available at http://www.un.org/ Overview/rights.html. Declaration on Fundamental Principles concerning the Contribution of the Mass Media to Strengthening Peace and International Understanding, to the Promotion of Human Rights and to Countering Racialism, apartheid and incitement to war, 28 November 1978; Available at http:// portal.unesco.org/en/ev.phpURL_ID=13176&URL_DO= DO_TOPIC&URL_ SECTION=201.html. TCHRD Annual Report 2007, Appendix 5. Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China, 4 December 1982; Available at http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/constitution/ constitution.html. ECC, Silencing Critics by Exploiting National Security and State Secrets Laws, 5 April 2006; Available at http://www.cecc.gov/ pages/virtualAcad/exp/expsecurity.php. Criminal Law of the Peoples Republic of China, Part II Special Provisions; Available at http://www.com-law.net/findlaw/ crime/criminallaw2.html. CECC, Silencing Critics by Exploiting National Security and State Secrets Laws, 5 April 2006; Available at http:// www.cecc.gov/pages/virtualAcad/exp/expsecurity.php. Ibid. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Mar. 23, 1976; Available at http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/ b3ccpr.htm. The Johannesburg Principles on National Security, Freedom of Expression and Access to Information, 1996; Available at http:// www.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/johannesburg.html#12. Ibid. Reporters Without Borders, China Annual report 2008; http:/ /www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=25650 China: Tibets most famous woman blogger, Woeser, detained by police, The Times Online. 26 August 2008; Available at http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/ article4607454.ece

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15 China issues new rules giving foreign journalists more freedom, Peoples Daily Online, 18 October 2008; Available at http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/ 6517161.html Human Rights Watch, China: Olympics Media Freedom Commitments Violated, 2 July 2008; Available at http:// www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/07/03/china19250.html Foreign Correspondents Club of China, FCCC 2007 Survey: Press Release, 3 August 2007; Available at http:// www.fccchina.org/when/FCCCSURVEYAUG2007.PDF Clampdown in China Muslim region after bloody attack on police, Agence France-Presse, 3 August 2008; Available at http:/ /afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iwkS6EFLs3g L5UDYWVQB1aDSrYUA Human Rights Watch, Chinas Forbidden Zones, 6 July 2008; Available at http://thinkweb.hrw.org/en/node/62149/section/ 6 Ibid. Human Rights Watch, Chinas Forbidden Zones, 6 July 2008; Available at http://thinkweb.hrw.org/en/node/62149/section/ 6 Reporters Without Borders, Crackdown in Tibet away from the eye of the media in new violation of Olympics pledge, 17 March 2008; Available at http://www.rsf.org/article.php3? id_article= 26248 Human Rights Watch, Chinas Forbidden Zones, 6 July 2008; Available at http://thinkweb.hrw.org/en/node/62149/section/ 6 Ibid. International Campaign for Tibet, Jokhang monks peaceful protest changes Beijing propaganda offensive, 27 March 2008; Available at http://www.savetibet.org/news/newsitem.php ?id=1255 Human Rights Watch, Chinas Forbidden Zones, 6 July 2008; Available at http://thinkweb.hrw.org/en/node/62149/section/ 6 CECC, China Blocks Foreign Reporters From Covering Tibetan Protests, 16 April 2008; Available at http:// w w w. c e c c . g o v / p a g e s / v i r t u a l A c a d / i n d e x . p h p d ? showsingle=104496 Human Rights Watch, Chinas Forbidden Zones, 6 July 2008; Available at http://thinkweb.hrw.org/en/node/62149/section/ 7 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Peoples Republic of China Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Qin Gangs Regular Press Conference, 20 March 2008; Available at http:// www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/2511/t417074.htm Human Rights Watch, Chinas Forbidden Zones, 6 July 2008; Available at http://thinkweb.hrw.org/en/node/62149/section/ 7 Foreign Journalists Denied Access to Tibet, Interesting Times, 19 March 2008; Available at http://wpfc.org/blogs/2008/03/ foreign-journalists-denied-access-to.html Ibid. Jonathan Watts, Dispatches: Reporting from China: Mountain roads are a greater risk than the police, The Guardian (London), March 24, 2008. Amnesty International, Peoples Republic of China: Tibet Autonomous Region: Access Denied, June 2008; Available at Available at http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/ 085/2008/en/815a7bd6-3d33-11dd-a518-c52d73496467/ asa170852008eng.html Reporters Without Borders, Tibet still closed to foreign press despite unprecedented post-quake openness in Sichuan, 30 May 2008; Available at http://www.rsf.org/article.php3? id_article= 27254 Amnesty International, Peoples Republic of China: Tibet Autonomous Region: Access Denied, June 2008; Available at http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/085/2008/ en/815a7bd6-3d33-11dd-a518-c52d73496467/ asa170852008eng.html Central Tibetan Administration, Tibet Aspect of China Quake, 19 June 2008; Available at http://www.tibet.net/en/ index.php?id=219&articletype=flash Macartney, Jane, Olympic Flame Reaches Lhasa but Tibetans are Kept in Dark, Times Online, June 23, 2008; Available at http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/spor t/olympics/ article4193065.ece Ibid. Ibid. Human Rights Watch, Chinas Forbidden Zones, 6 July 2008; Available at http://thinkweb.hrw.org/en/node/62149/section/ 7 Regulations of the Peoples Republic of China on Open Government Information, 5 April 2007; Available at http:// www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/Intellectual_Life/ Ch_OGI_Regualtions_Eng_Final_051607.pdf Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative Right to Information: International; Available at http:// www.humanrights initiative.org/programs/ai/rti/international/ intl_standards.htm Interview: Radio Free Asia a Tibetan Media Force, Phayul, 7 November 2006; Available at http://www.phayul.com/news/ article.aspx?c=5&t=1&id=14602&article=Interview %3A+Radio+Free+Asia+%E2%80%93+a+Tibetan+ Media+Force CECC, Statement of the Broadcasting Board of Governors, 9 December 2002. Available at http://www.cecc.gov/pages/ roundtables/120902/mower.php?mode=print&PHPSESSID= a88e47930de37de29325cab0f8c8adf9&PHPSESSID= a88e47930de37de29325cab0f8c8adf9 Ibid. Reporters Without Borders, China continues to jam international radio stations during Olympic Games, 19 August 2008; Available at http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_ article=28222 210 Million Internet Users in China, Peaples Daily Online, 21 January 2008; Available at http://english. peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90781/90877/6341926.html OpenNet Initiative, Internet Filtering in China in 2004-2005: A Country Study; Available at http://opennet.net/studies/ china#52

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50 International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, Review of Chinas Internet Regulations and Domestic Legislation; Available at http://www.ichrdd.ca/ english/commdoc/publications/globalization/ legislationInternet ChinaEng.pdf. OpenNet Initiative, Internet Filtering in China in 2004-2005: A Country Study; Available at http://opennet.net/studies/ china#52 Ibid. Human Rights Watch, China: International Olympic Committee Abets Censorship, 30 July 2008; Available at h t t p : / / w w w. h r w. o r g / e n / n e w s / 2 0 0 8 / 0 7 / 3 0 / c h i n a international-olympic-committee-abets-censorship OpenNet Initiative, Internet Filtering in China in 2004-2005: A Country Study; Available at http://opennet.net/studies/ china#52 Human Rights Watch, Freedom of Expression and the Internet in China; Available at http://www.hrw.org/legacy/ backgrounder/asia/china-bck-0701.htm. China and Internet Censorship, CNN; Available at http:// edition.cnn.com/interactive/world/0603/explainer.china. internet/frameset.exclude.html. Regulations on the Administration of Internet Access Service Business Establishments [Internet Cafs], 29 September 2002; Available at http://www.cecc.gov/pages/virtualAcad/exp/explaws.php. Computer Information Network and Internet Security, Protection and Management Regulations, Article 4, 11 December 1997; Available at http://www.fas.org/irp/world/ china/netreg.htm. Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services, 25 September 2000; Available at http://www.chinaitlaw.org/ ?p1=print&p2=050306173518 OpenNet Initiative, Internet Filtering in China in 2004-2005: A Country Study; Available at http://opennet.net/studies/ china#52 Human Rights Watch, Race to the Bottom: Corporate Complicity in Chinese Internet Censorship, 9 August 2006; Available at http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2006/08/09/racebottom. Ibid. Nystedt, Dan Update: Google News, YouTube blocked in China amid Tibet riots, IDG News Service, 17 March 2008; Available at http://www.infoworld.com/article/08/03/17/ Google-News-YouTube-blocked-in-China-amid-Tibetriots_1.html Williams, Jon, Denied Access, BBC News, 18 March 2008; Available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/theeditors/2008/03/ 18/index.html 10 dead in violent protests in Tibet capital, USA Today, 15 March 2008; Available at http://www.usatoday.com/news/ world/2008-03-14-china-tibet_N.htm Police Search Door to Door in Lhasa, CNN, 17 March 2008; Available at http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/ asiapcf/03/15/tibet.unrest/index.html Questions, answers about casualties, damages of recent riots, Xinhua News, 26 March 2008. Available at http://eng.tibet.cn/ news/today/200803/t20080326-371196.htm Paramilitaries Open Fire on Hundreds of Monks and Nuns at Tibet Rally, Times Online, 25 March 2008; Available at http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/ article3612661.ece Ibid. International Campaign for Tibet , Eight Tibetans Killed in Kardze, 4 April 2008; Available at http://newsblaze.com/ story/20080405003632nnnn.nb/topstory.html Council on Foreign Relations, Media Censorship in China, 18 March 2008; Available at http://www.cfr.org/publication/ 11515/. Ibid. Ibid. Amnesty International, One thousand protesters unaccounted for in Tibet lock-down,20 June 2008; Available at http:// www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/report/china-onethousand-protesters-unaccounted-tibet-lock-down20080620 Ibid. TCHRD, Tibetan journalist whereabouts still unknown week after arrest, October 2008; Available at http://tchrd.org/ publications/hr_updates/2008/hr200810.html#journalist. Hutzler, Charles, Police Close of Lhasas Muslim Quarter, Associated Press, 28 March 2008; Available at http:// w w w. u s a t o d a y. c o m / n e w s / t o p s t o r i e s / 2 0 0 8 - 0 3 - 2 8 172085298_x.htm Ibid. OpenNet Initiative, Internet Filtering in China in 2004-2005: A Country Study; Available at http://opennet.net/studies/ china#52 Villeneuve, Nart Tom-Skype Filtering in China, 15 June 2006; Available at http://www.nartv.org/2006/06/15/tomskype-filtering-in-china/. Skypes China Spying Sparks Anger, Reuters, 3 October 2008; Available at http://www.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/ idUSTRE49238X20081003 OpenNet Initiative, Internet Filtering in China in 2004-2005: A Country Study; Available at http://opennet.net/studies/ china#52 PEN American Center, China: Tsering Woeser; Available at http://www.pen.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/1919/prmID/ 174 CECC, China Human Rights and Rule of Law Update: Tibet Items from the June 2008 CECC Newsletter, 26 June 2008; Available at http://www.cecc.gov/pages/virtualAcad/ newsletterListing. phpd?NLdate =20080625&show=TIBET Ibid. Human Rights Watch, China, India, Nepal: Free Tibetan Protesters, 13 March 2008; Available at http://www.hrw.org/ en/news/2008/03/13/china-india-nepal-free-tibetanprotesters. Amnesty International, Peoples Republic of China: Tibet Autonomous Region: Access Denied, June 2008; Available at http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/085/2008/ en/815a7bd6-3d33-11dd-a518-c52d73496467/asa

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170852008eng.html TCHRD, China arrest over 572 monks from Kirti Monastery in two-day raid, 1 April 2008; Available at http:// www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080401.html. Police seize weapons, ammunition in SW China monastery, Xinhua, 29 March 2008; Available at http:// news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-03/29/content _7881679.htm TibetNet, Marshall Law Situation in Tibet, All but in Name, 15 March 2008; Available at http://www.tibet.net/en/flash/ 2008/0308/150308.html. Ibid. CECC, China Human Rights and Rule of Law Update: Tibet Items from the June 2008 CECC Newsletter, 26 June 2008; Available at http://www.cecc.gov/pages/virtualAcad/ newsletterListing. phpd?NLdate =20080625&show=TIBET Ibid. TibetNet, Marshall Law Situation in Tibet, All but in Name, 15 March 2008; Available at http://www.tibet.net/en/flash/ 2008/0308/150308.html. Macleod, Collum Monks Disrupt Tibet Media Tour, USA Today, 28 March 2008; Available at http://www.usatoday.com/ news/world/2008-03-27-tibet_N.htm International Campaign for Tibet, Jokhang Monks Peaceful Protest Changes Beijing Propaganda Offensive, 27 March 2008; Available at http://www.savetibet.org/news/ newsitem.php?id =1255 UNCHR, Tibetan Detained for Media Contact, 27 May 2008; Available at http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/ publisher,RFA,,, 48491296c,0.html Tibetan Arrested for Conveying Grievances, The Tibet Post International, 11 July 2008; Available at http:// www.tibetpost.net/index.php?option=com_content&task =view&id=690&Itemid=26 International Campaign for Tibet, Disappearances continue across Tibet: Tibetan woman sentenced for talking on telephone, 27 March 2008; Available at http:// www.savetibet.org/news/newsitem.php?id=1387 Reporters Without Borders, Two Tibetan documentary filmmakers held for past six months in Tibet, 16 September 2009; Available at http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id _article=28572 Reporters Without Borders, Monk who helped make Tibet documentary says he was tortured while in prison, 20 October 2009; Available at http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_ article=29020 TCHRD, 12 monks of Dingri Shelkar Choedhe Monastery arrested for opposing the Patriotic re-education campaign, 31 May 2008; Available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/ pr20080531.html Ibid. Amnesty International, Peoples Republic of China: Tibet Autonomous Region: Access Denied, June 2008; Available at http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/085/2008/ en/815a7bd6-3d33-11dd-a518-c52d73496467/ asa170852008eng.html 105 TCHRD, A Tibetan Aids Activist Disappears in Tibet, October 2008; Available at http://tchrd.org/publications/ hr_updates/2008/hr200810.html. 106 TCHRD News Release

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RELIGIOUS FREEDOM
Introduction
The Year 2008 was a year of protest and chaos inside Tibet, the year in which Chinas persecution of religious beliefs and practice in Tibet had reached an unprecedented scale. This year saw two important developments in China: the hosting of 2008 Beijing Olympics, which was widely hailed as a coming out party for Chinese people and the outbreak of the protests in Tibet. Amidst all the glitz and glitter, Tibet erupted into a series of massive demonstrations and protests as a dark reminder to the Chinese leadership that all was not well in Tibet. The scale of protests, agitations and demonstrations throughout Tibet made it the largest popular uprising against the Chinese occupation since 1950. Unfortunately, old habits die hard. In the 21st century, China still prefers to crackdown on all peaceful demonstrations and protests without the slightest hesitation and remorse. The peoples uprising inside Tibet was dealt with the same cruelty and apathy as was witnessed in 1959, 1987, 1988 and 1989. Since the beginning of the Third Tibet Work Forum, the communist Partys most consistent policy towards Tibetan Buddhism has been the strict and stringent regulation of Tibets religious institutions and of separatist elements in the Tibetan society under the campaign slogan of patriotic education, coined as early as 1996. It gave enormous powers and legal immunity to the government law enforcing agencies to carry out political and legal strikes against the monasteries, stupas, temples and other cultural learning centres, which were periodically visited, inspected and ransacked to uncover antiChina and splittist materials such as history books, pamphlets and literature from the government-inexile. The other face of Chinas campaign against the Dalai Lama has been consistently implemented in Tibet. The Dalai Lamas photos were banned from display, be it in monasteries or the homes of the ordinary Tibetan people. Under the anti-Dalai campaign, the Buddhist monks and devout Tibetans were forced to denounce the Dalai Lama and write lengthy criticism essays. Those of the monks who refused to comply with this political and ideological requirement were expelled and in some cases awarded harsh sentences. In the past, this kind of anti-Dalai campaign has been restricted to prominent Buddhist learning centres; however, in recent times, it has penetrated almost all parts of Tibetan society, including lay communities. In the schools, the students were taught patriotic education and loyalty to Party as part of their academic curriculum. At times, patriotic sessions and meetings were conducted in public for swearing allegiance to the Communist Party and to fight the Dalai splittist groups and the hostile western forces.

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However, during and after the Tibetan uprising movements inside Tibet, the fundamental human rights of Tibetan people have been severely violated. The Chinese government has committed illegal arrests, unlawful sentencing, tortures and killings in order to contain the protest. Since the March 14 protests, the Chinese government has renewed on an unprecedented scale of an ideological struggle against the Tibetans under the banner of patriotic education campaign. As a result, this year, Tibet saw its severest attacks on her religious identity and culture. It was not just a violation of the freedom of worship and practice but a systematic crackdown on the Tibetan Buddhist culture and way of life. In this chapter, TCHRD has documented the consequences of the patriotic education campaign in Tibet in 2008. Amongst hundreds of cases of religious persecution during the year, a few of the prominent ones are highlighted and discussed here in a most objective and dispassionate manner.

ers like Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang having been purged from their positions. Moderate and liberal policies were replaced by hardline thinking. Deng personally questioned his soft approaches to Tibet and ordered the revision of policies on Tibet. The revival of Tibetan nationalism and consciousness directly challenged the legitimacy of the Chinese rule in Tibet. The solution for the resurgent and restive Tibet was to issue hardline policy and to counter mounting international criticism on Chinas rule in Tibet. The new approach in Tibet directly affected the Tibetan cultural sentimentalism, identity and subtle expression of Tibetan nationalism or consciousness. The era of Chinas hardline policy on Tibet has been often described as the second Cultural Revolution by Tibetan people inside Tibet. The first imminent sign of the coming of the ultra leftist rule in Tibet became clear when Yi nationality TAR Party Secretary Wu Jinghua was replaced by little known Hu Jintao, an ultra leftist leader, who had earlier governed the minority region of Inner Mongolia with iron clad rule. Hu Jintao owed his dramatic ascendancy to Chinas national politics to his hardline and repressive crackdowns in Tibet after the Lhasa demonstrations. Although, his leadership in Tibet was marked by iron clad rule, however, no major repressive policies were pronounced during his leadership tenure in Tibet. In 1992, he was replaced by Chen Kuiyuan, yet another leader with notorious reputation for his highhanded clampdown on the minority regions, who was accredited with the success of cracking down on resurgent and pro-independence forces in the western restive region of Xinjang or formerly known as East Turkestan. He was widely believed to be responsible for introducing a policy of demographic aggression in Xinjang, turning the majority Uighurs people into a minority in their region. In the light of his past track record, Chens leadership

Chinas Conflict With Tibetan Buddhism and the Dalai Lama

The late 1980s were the most turbulent times in China, both inside mainland China as well in the restive region of Tibet. The power structure of the Communist echelons in Beijing had undergone a sea change, those of moderate and progressive lead-

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role in Tibet had a profound implication for Tibet and its cultural survival. Earlier during the decade of liberal polices and reforms in Tibet, there were a generation of leaders who favoured Tibetanised approach to development and reforms in Tibet, giving paramount importance to cultural characteristics of Tibet. Above all, the most important positions in Tibet were held by Tibetan national cadres and officials, who had preferred a soft approach towards preserving the cultural identity of Tibet. All those changed with the coming of Chen Kuiyan as TAR Party Secretary. Chen Kuiyuan was born in 1941 in Kangping, in the north eastern province of Liaoning. He became a member of the Communist Party in 1965 after he completed his graduation from the political education department of the Inner Mongolia teachers college in 1964. He later became the Regional Standing Committee member of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regional Party Committee. He was assigned with the task of looking after higher education and was appointed as the vice-chairman of the autonomous regions government. It was during his leadership in Tibet that Chinas new tough line policy policy on Tibet became evident. Deng Xiaoping issued two dictums, stability and the fast track economic development as a solution to the Tibet problem. In other words, to ensure stability or absolute rule of Party in Tibet, it was necessary for the Party and China to strengthen its battle against international criticism and to launch an ideological campaign against the Dalai Lama. The second dictum calling for the fast track economic development was to entice and silence the discontented Tibetan people within Tibet, to remind them that their fate and prosperity was inevitably linked with the Party and Chinas big brotherly protection.

However, the stability and the fast track economic development were not clearly defined as to what it meant and how it was to be implemented. Then in July 1994, the Third Forum for Work in Tibet was convened in Beijing. The Tibet Work Forums were important meetings where key policy decisions and directions were proposed and adopted. The then reformist leader Hu Yaobang convened the first two Tibet Work Forums in April 1980 and in 6 March 1984. During those two Tibet Work Forums, sweeping reforms were carried out in Tibet, the leftist approach to Tibets problem and rule was replaced by more pragmatic, Tibetan oriented, Tibetan culture centric policies and reforms, which were graciously welcomed by the Tibetans. However, the Third Tibet Forum was to reverse the reforms and concessions earlier in place in Tibet. It made a clearly defined shift in terms of Chinas dealings with Tibet. [...it provided a central mandate for the shift away from policies of positive discrimination in favour of an increasing role for Tibetans in government and the economy and Tibetan culture and language in general Proponents of policies taking into account the special characteristics of Tibet that had been introduced during the 1980s ad encouraged by moderate leaders like Hu Yaobang were now attacked at a central level, reaffirming the position that Chen and other hardliners in Tibet had taken in 1992. Economic and security policies, which had been pursued since 1992, were now given official sanction from the centre and moved beyond criticism.1 By this time, in early 1990s, the paramount leader Deng retired from Partys central stage but wielded immense power behind the scenes until his death in February 1997. He was succeeded by his own chosen man Jiang Zemin, a man with dubious back-

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ground, who masterminded the crackdown on the Falung Gong spiritual movement in China in mid 1990s. Jiang Zemin provided full political backing to Chen Kuiyuan in implementing his economic policies in Tibet. The drive to open up to and integrate the TAR into the Chinese state was initiated in line with Deng Xiaopings spring offensive in 1992, which called for the introduction of high-speed economic reforms. Economic policies first implemented by Chen in 1992 and officially endorsed by the Third Forum in 1994 created commercial incentives and removed administrative obstacles for Chinese migrants to come to Tibet to set up private businesses or to work as labourers on the numerous construction projects being launched. Lhasa in particular experienced a massive transformation in its ehtnic balance. By the end of his time in power, as Jiang Zemins Western Development campaign was getting underway, official statistics were showing a considerable expansion in the TAR economy.2 On the surface, the Third Forum stressed stability and fast track economic development of Tibet as a way forward to resolve the Tibet problem. However, in reality its main mission was to root out politically unreliable Tibetan cadres and to step up the continued import of the Chinese national cadres into Tibet. Chens role in Tibet was to adhere to the central Party lines struggle against the Dalai Lama and to test the faith and loyalty of Tibetan cadres and officials in Tibet. It had been the case that the Tibetan cadres and officials were not trusted by the Chinese leadership in Beijing. For the Tibetans, Chen Kuiyuans leadership in Tibet was a death blow to their religious and cultural survival. During his tenure in Tibet, Chen presided

over the three major campaigns that oversaw the persecution of Tibets religious and cultural life to its sad fate. The three notorious campaigns were Spiritual Civilisation, Patriotic Education and Strike Hard. Those campaigns later made Chen into something like an anti-Buddha figure in Tibet. He was immensely resented and detested by the Tibetans. Chen Kuiyuans unpopularity amongst Tibetans was based largely on his hardline stance on Tibetan religion and culture. In July 1997 he made an extraordinary speech in which he stated that Buddhism was a foreign import into Tibetan culture (Buddhism was first introduced in the midseventh century) and that it is utterly absurd to describe Tibetan culture as Buddhist. The Chinese authorities, who constantly portray Tibetans as backward, usually attribute this to Tibetan culture and religion - both of which are significantly underpinned by the Tibetan language. Chens comments were attacking the notion of Tibetan culture as expressed by the Dalai Lama and other leading Tibetan figures, and he was setting the context for a new ideological defines outside - primarily Chinese - influence as essential to ensuring the strengthening of the culture.3 On 5 April 1996, an announcement on Tibet Daily called for a drive to conduct the Patriotic Education in Tibets religious institutions. The aim of the campaign was to thoroughly eradicate the Dalai splittist forces influences.4 In the same article in the Tibet Daily, the ban on the display of the photographs of the Dalai Lama was ordered. Earlier, the ban on the photograph of the Dalai Lama was only restricted to government offices and departments.

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On 14 May 1996 during the 4th plenary session of the 6th CPPCC Tibet Regional Committee meeting, Chen Kuiyuan made the most important speech on the campaign against the religious institutions and the Dalai Lama. In the speech, he said that: the most important task in maintaining social stability in the TAR was the struggle against the sabotage activities of the Dalai clique of using religion to split the country.5 Chen in his speech accused the Dalai Lama and his followers of the crime of sabotaging China. He elaborated: Maintaining social stability is one of the two most important matters in our region. In maintaining stability, the most common, prominent task is to struggle against the sabotage activities of the Dalai clique. In the past few decades, ever since the Dalai clique first turned against the motherland, their destructive activities in planning to split the motherland have never stopped. Therefore, the political and class struggle in opposition to the Dalais splittist clique has also never stopped. The basic conditions if we are going to discuss development, discuss improving the peoples livelihood, discuss the establishment of a unified, prosperous, cultured, socialist, new Tibet, are to resolutely resist the sabotage activities of the Dalai clique and create a social environment which concentrates its efforts on carrying out economic construction.6 The opposition to and launching criticism against the Dalai Lama had been the broad policy formulation adopted by the leadership in Beijing. The strategy was to discredit the Dalai Lama of his moral authority and as the legitimate leader of the Tibetan people. Since China maintained a rigid system of information blockage and embargo on Tibetan

people inside Tibet, the Chinese leadership presumed that tarnishing the image of the Dalai Lama could win over the hearts and minds of the Tibetan people. However, it was not to be. Chen while delivering his speech mentioned the views of a senior central Party leader as under: Comrade Liu Ruihuan spoke very clearly, the Dalai is the head of a splittist political clique which is plotting the independence of Tibet he is a faithful tool of the international powers which oppose China, he is the main source of all the social unrest in Tibet, he is the greatest obstruction thwarting the establishment of normal order in Tibetan Buddhism. How can a Communist Party member pay homage to such a person? If we give up the struggle against the Dalai, stability cannot be realised in Tibet. Every true member of the Communist Party must have a correct understanding of the nature of the Dalai clique. The Dalai clique will risk death to carry out splittist and sabotage activities and panders forces in containing China.7 The part of the strategy to fight any form of spiritual devotion and allegiance to the Dalai Lama was directed against the Tibetan members of the Communist Party, particularly those of cadres and officials holding government positions. Chen in his speech, emphasised on the need to tackle the influence of the Dalai Lama within in the Tibetan communist party members: Some Party members think that to criticse the Dalai is a religious offence that will offend the people, and not only do they not participate in the struggle themselves, they also reproach the Party and the people for participating in the struggle. This is completely incorrect. Communists are atheists. If you

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take the Dalai as a religious idol and in the anti-splittist struggle avoid criticising the Dalai, then in your political life you cannot lead the people to struggle resolutely and effectively against the splittist clique which is headed by him. We do not recognise him at all as a religious authority.8 An ideological campaign in the religious institutions was to be launched. Chen called for direct supervision and regulation of the religious learning centres. He accused the Dalai Lama and his followers of using religion to split the country. The enemy is clearly using religion to split the country, how can we then sit back and watch them take control of our monasteries and subvert the political rights of the people and do nothing about it? In order to beat the splittist and saboteur activities of the Dalai clique and protect the normal religious life of the masses of religious devotees, we must carry out a carefully differentiated rectification of the monasteries within out region. Resolutely support the patriotic, devout and law-abiding monks and nuns, those monasteries which have been manipulated by the Dalai clique and where the monks and nuns frequently cause trouble, protect the true holy and pure nature of the monasteries and the canons and doctrines of Buddhism, and do not allow them to be manipulated or used by hostile elements.9 Similarly, during the 4th session of the CPPCC 6th Tibet Regional Committee on maintaining stability and initiating development in Lhoka prefecture, a Tibetan official, Jampa Losel from Lhoka prefecture, called on the Tibetan cadres to step up the regulation and management of the monasteries. He spelled out three ways to fight splittist elements in the religious monasteries.

The first step was to carry out a serous implementation of a firm and long term policy on religion. Jampa Losel remarked that there was a need to restrict religion as a mere belief or practice solely confined within the monasteries. He remarked that Tibetan Buddhism had many ills and so should be kept away from the general society: Religious freedom implies the freedom to believe in Buddhism or not believe in religion. It implies the right to believe in religion as well as the obligations of citizenship, and it is protected by the Constitution. No one is allowed to misuse religion to oppose the Partys leadership and socialism, to split the motherland and to sabotage the solidarity of the nationalities, to damage peoples health and the good traditions of the community, or to offend against the law by committing crimes. We emphasise that religion is not allowed to interfere with administration, law, education and marriage. Monasteries are not allowed to restore their old jurisdiction relationship.10

The Case Studies

Tibetans arrested during Monlam Festival in Amdo Rebkong

On 21 February 2008, over 200 Tibetans Chinese authorities in Rebkong [Ch: Tongren] County, Malho, Tibet Autonomous Prefecture (TAP), Qinghai Province, mostly monks were arrested in Amdo Rebkong after the Chinese authorities ordered to stop the gathering and celebration of Monlam Chenmo, The Great Prayer Festival. Chinese police tried to question a Tibetan man which provoked and agitated Tibetans around him and led to a major clash. The Tibetans started shouting slo-

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gans calling for the Independence of Tibet and prayed for the Long Life of the Dalai Lama, which lasted until 10 p.m. The Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy (TCHRD) documented the arrest of Tibetans during the Monlam festival in Amdo Rebkong. According to one report, a protest erupted when police tried to question one man, other Tibetans gathered around him, and a group of Tibetans outside a restaurant began shouting slogans and attacking police with sticks and stones. As reinforcement to the existing police forces, more police forces were sent and around 200 people-mostly monkswere detained although most have since been released. According to one source, during the clash and protests, many Tibetans raised slogans for the independence of Tibet and prayed for the long life of His Holiness the Dalai Lama and the demonstration went on until about 10 p.m. The protest gained intensity when police detained some monks and took them away. However, under the pressure of a massive Tibetan demonstration, the local government was forced to release all of those who were arrested.11 Simultaneously, the agitated Tibetans started attacking the police men with sticks and stones. Moments after the clash three truckloads of armed police came to the spot to bring the situation under control. One eye witness reported to Radio Free Asia Many of the monks who were detained were participating in a masked dance performance, which is a major event in the Monlam Festival.12 When police tried to question one man, other Tibetans gathered around him, and a group of Tibetans outside a restaurant began shouting slogans and attacking police with

sticks and stones, witnesses said. Under the pressure of a massive Tibetan demonstration, the local government had to release all those who were arrested on the first day of protest. Many of them were severely beaten and tortured. Other protests erupted around the same time, and the crowds damaged seven Chinese government vehicles, they said. Authorities sent in more police, and around 200 peoplemostly monkswere detained. Most have since been released, they said. [...] When police detained some monks and took them away, [the people] protested more intensely. Under the pressure of a massive Tibetan demonstration, the local government had to release all those who were arrested on the first day of protest. Many of them were severely beaten and tortured. Two of them who were really serious were taken away to Xining for treatment.13 In Tibetan Buddhism, Monlam Chenmo is one of the important religious festivals. The festival was started in the 14th century by the founder of the Gelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism. The festival celebrates the Buddhas spiritual victory over the forces of ignorance, anger, and greed and his attainment of enlightenment. For centuries, the annual two-week long festival of prayer, auspicious rituals, teachings and celebrations has attracted hundreds of thousands of pilgrims to the capital city of Lhasa from all parts of Tibet. Monlam Chenmo endured a ban by the Chinese government in 1959, when the Dalai Lama and his followers fled to India. However, the Monlam Festival was revived in 1985 but was again banned in 1987 following major demonstrations in Lhasa. It was revived again in 2004. In Gelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism, Monlam Chenmo has been an important religious event. During this annual religious festival thousands of monks from the three centres of learning, Drepung,

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Sera and Ganden assemble to recite texts and offer fervent prayers and eulogy to the Lord Buddha who is the source of all lineage teaching. It was on cassion where monks prayed for the well being of all sentient beings and universal peace. Examinations for the highest Lharampa Geshe degree, the highest degree in Buddhist philosophy in the Gelug tradition, would also be held during the week-long festival. In July 2004, Chinese authorities permitted the resumption of the Lharmapa Geshe examinations after 16 years of ban imposition. The participants of the Geshe Lharampa exam complained of poor quality and standard compared to the past tradition. Unrelated contents such as political propaganda of Communist Party were prerequisite for the passing of the test. Moreover, the candidates and the invigilators of the Geshe Lharampa exam were not fit and eligible. Wide restrictions on religious studies, ban on travels to different monasteries to receive oral and explanatory teachings were impossible under the present regulation. Hence, without proper guidance, scholarship, knowledge on texts, experiential teachings, it has been impossible for monks to receive the level of instruction necessary to pass the Geshe Lharmapa exam in strict adherence to its true tradition. While the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) always asserts a claim that the freedom of religious practice and worship is respected in Tibet, however, the cases of bans, limitations and restrictions on Monlam Chenmo and other major religious celebrations actually demonstrate a violation of religious freedom in Tibet. The Chinese government has always been fearful of a large gatherings of Tibetans during any of the major religious celebrations, since the trends in the past show that the Tibetan people moved by sentiments and nationalism tend to erupt into demonstrations.

Large scale demonstration took place in 1959, 1987, 1988, 1989 and 2008. Hence major religious celebrations continue to be held under the nose of heavy security presence and vigilance.

Religious teaching stopped in Golog, Amdo

On 17 March 2008, the Tibetan devotees consisted of lay and clergy receiving a religious sermon by a local religious teacher, Tulku Tenzin Pai Wangchuk in Chigdril County (Ch: Juizhi Xian), Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (TAP), Qinghai Province. Suddenly around 6 p.m. Beijing Time, the security police by force aborted the religious teaching against the wishes of the Tibetan devotees in Amdo Golog. The Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy (TCHRD) in monitoring the situation learned that around 200 Tibetan devotees consisting of lay people and clergy receiving a religious sermon from a local religious teacher, Trulku Tenzin Pai Wangchuk in Chigdril County (Ch: Juizhi Xian), Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (TAP), Qinghai Province this afternoon were disrupted suddenly with the Chinese security personnel demanding immediate stoppage of the religious sermon leading local Tibetans to protest. In a short duration, the Chinese security personnel surrounded and blocked the Tibetan protesters.14 This was yet another example of the high-handedness of Chinese authorities in enforcing their will and command on the Tibetan people without any regard for the feelings and aspirations of Tibetan people. The Chinese government continues to remain blind to the importance of the Buddhist religion in the every day life of the Tibetan people.

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Patriotic education in Thangkya Monastery

On 10 March 2008, a large patriotic education work team comprising of Religious Affairs Bureau (RAB) of the Township and County levels encircled the Thangkya Monastery (Ch: Tong Xia) in Gyanbe (Ch: Xianpi), Gonjo County (Ch: Congjue Xian), Chamdo Prefecture, TAR with the support of the Peoples Armed Police (PAP). The Thangkya Monastery monks15 were kept under close vigilance preventing them from escaping from the monastery premises while the patriotic education session was taking place inside the monastery. Anyone found crossing the bridge between the monastery and the town was stopped, searched and summoned for patriotic education sessions where they were forced to sign a paper denouncing the Dalai Lama. Tension between local township authorities and Thangkya monks had been high since last year when similar patriotic education campaign was conducted for the monks, forcing them to vilify the Dalai Lama. The monks and nuns were forced to sign papers denouncing the Dalai Lama, which several monks refused to do. The local authorities conducted patriotic education when they learnt that the monks of Thangkya Monastery had given up eating pork out of respect for the Dalai Lama (who was born in the Year of the Pig according to Tibetan Lunar Calendar). When the Chinese work team returned weeks later to the monastery, monks refused to cooperate and instead, put up Free Tibet posters in and around the monastery. During the last winter, at the conclusion of the patriotic education in 2007, Thangkya Monastery monks threw snowballs at the patriotic education work team. The monks even wrote Free Tibet messages in the snow as reported by Free Tibet Campaign (Free Tibet Campaign, 2008). 91

For years, the implementation of the patriotic education campaign has been to tighten partys control over religious institutions and to undermine the influence of the Dalai Lama amongst the Tibetan people. It is known in Tibetan as rgayl khces ring lugs bsam bloI slob gso, literally meaning love your country, love your religion, which sends the basic message that loyalty to the state is a prerequisite to being a good monk or nun. Refusal to sign the Chinese language anti-Dalai Lama documents, which most Tibetans do not understand, results in various forms of punishment, from evictions from monasteries and nunneries to torture and imprisonment. In 2007, the Chengdu Prefecture Communist Party Committee stated (translated from the original Chinese language document): Chamdo Prefecture both deepened patriotic education in monasteries as well as grasped the guidance of education for the masses thereby setting a strong and thorough foundation for the anti-splittist struggle, and for strengthening legal discipline and respect for the law among representatives from legal circles and knowledge of loving the country and loving religion.16

Chinese police pulled down a Buddhist flag in Ngaba County

On the morning of 16 March 2008, two trucks full of armed police arrived at the Gomang Monastery near Ngaba Township, Ngaba Prefecture (Ch: Aba), Ngaba Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (TAP), pulled down a Buddhist flag from the top of the monastery and raised a Chinese flag in its place. The monks were chanting inside the prayer hall of the monastery when the Chinese police were hoisting the Chinese national flag. The monks immediately rushed to the scene and requested the

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

Chinese police to stop hoisting a Chinese national flag in place of a Buddhist flag. However, the monks appeals were simply ignored. When the Chinese police left the monastery, the monks pulled down the Chinese flag and marched straight to Ngaba Township to protest over the police insult and violation of religious freedom. Thousands of monks from Kirti Monastery gathered at a place two kilometers away from Ngaba Township for a Mani Tantra Prayer Ceremony. The monks were later joined by lay Tibetans. While marching towards the County Court, the protesters shouted slogans calling for the return of the Dalai Lama, freedom for Tibet, and Chinese leave Tibet. The protest grew more intense as they were joined by students from the Ngaba County Middle School. Together, the protesters marched into the town, broke the gate of the local police station and entered the compound. The police hurled tear gas shells and fired live ammunition at the protesters, killing and wounding an unknown number of Tibetans on the spot.17 Local residents also said a massacre had occurred18 during the clashes in Ngaba County on that day. On 20 March 2008, local officials accompanied by armed police conducted a search at Kirti Monastery and began conducting patriotic education campaign, forcing monks to sign a statement of guilt and of loyalty to the Party and State, an initiative which gained intensity in the following days. Thousands of soldiers surrounded the monastery while military aircraft hovered above as systematic houseto-house searches in Tibetan homes around the area were conducted. Over 500 Tibetans were arrested for possessing photos of the Dalai Lama, communication equipments and other politically sensitive materials.19 The police confiscated and burned photos of the Dalai Lama and defaced religious objects in the monasteries.20

The detainees were told that they will be detained until the end of the Olympics, and once the Olympics are over, court proceedings will then begin.21 By early April, patriotic education campaign was being extended beyond the monasteries into the community of lay Tibetan society in rural areas of Ngapa County. patriotic education work teams arrived in homes and ordered Tibetans to condemn the recent protests, denounce the Dalai Lama and pledge allegiance to the Communist Party. Eight points were to be reiterated in front of a camcorder and those who refused to cooperate were threatened with imprisonment. The points were as follows: 1. I oppose the Dalai Lama; 2. I will not keep photos of Dalai Lama in my house; 3. My thinking is not influenced by the Dalai Clique; 4. I will not follow splittism; 5. The conspiracy to split nationalities cannot succeed; 6. I love the Communist Party; 7. I will follow the Party no matter what; 8. I recognize the Partys great kindness.22

Two monks commit suicide in Ngaba County

Two Tibetan monks in Amdo Ngaba Monastery, unable to bear the severe repression and presence of the Communist Party in their monastery, committed suicide. On March 27 2008, Lobsang Jinpa, a monk from Kirti Monastery took his life, leaving behind a suicide note which ended with a line, I do not want to live under the Chinese oppression even for a minute, leave aside living for a day. Three days later, a 75-year old monk named Legtsok, accompanied by two other monks were on their way to perform prayer rituals at a house of a Tibetan family when they encountered a large contingent of

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Chinese security forces heading towards Ngaba Gomang Monastery to quell the protesting monks at the monastery. The police brutally beat Legtsok and detained him for a few days. After his release from the detention, he returned to his monastery where he took his own life. On 27 March 2008, a monk Lobsang Jinpa of Ngaba Kirti Monastery committed suicide. He hailed from Ngasib Village in Amdo Ngaba. In his signed suicide note, Lobsang stated, the Chinese government has leveled false allegations against the monks of Kirti Monastery for leaking State Secrets to the outside world, leading and organizing the protests and for keeping the dead bodies of Tibetan protesters shot dead by the Chinese security forces. However, all the charges leveled by the Chinese government were not committed by anyone in Kirti Monastery, but carried out solely by me. The note further stated I led the peaceful protest, and I am solely responsible for the protest. The suicide note carried a poignant end line, it reads, I do not want to live under the Chinese oppression even for a minute, leave aside living for a day. [...] Just moments before his suicide, he sent two of his disciples to return the money owned by his other disciples and relatives that was kept with him for safe keeping. Minutes after his disciples departure, he committed suicide. When his disciples returned, they found him dead. He repeatedly told his two disciples that he cant bear the oppression anymore. Those words served as a premonition of his imminent death.23 According to Tibetan Buddhist teaching, taking ones life is one of the gravest forms of sins violating the cardinal precepts of the doctrine. Tibetan Buddhist monks have been

known for their patience and resilience in the face of adversity. The case of suicide is a clear evidence of Tibetan monks pushed to the extreme limits of human endurance and helplessness in the face of oppressive Chinese rule.

Chinese security police raids Kirti Monastery

In the aftermath of the days of protests in Ngaba County since 15 March 2008, the Chinese Peoples Armed Police (PAP) and Public Security Breau (PSB) forces arrested over a hundred monks from Ngaba Kirti Monastery in a raid on 28 March 2008. At around 12 noon (Beijing Standard time), PAP and PSB forces stormed into Ngaba Kirti Monastery, in Ngaba County (Ch: Aba Xian), Ngaba TAP Sichuan Province. At first the PAP and PSB forces barred the monks of Ngaba Kirti Monastery from venturing out of their rooms, followed by a sudden raid carried out in each and every monks room, ransacking any portraits of the Dalai Lama and looking for any incriminating documents. At around 5:00 PM (Beijing Standard Time) at least a hundred monks were known to have been forcibly taken away by the armed forces to Ngaba County PSB Detention Centre after the raid. The current atmosphere inside the Kirti Monastery is known to be very tense and volatile.24 Three days later, a total of 57225 monks, as young as ten years old, from Ngaba Kirti Monastery were arrested following a two-day raid on monks residence on March 28 and 29 2008. The Peoples Armed Police (PAP) and Public Security Bureau (PSB) forces came in hundreds to Ngaba Kirti Monastery, dispersed monks and lay visitors, sur-

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rounded the monastery compound and ordered surrounding shops to shut down. Each and every monks rooms were ransacked for portraits of the Dalai Lama, mobile phones, cameras, MP3 players, computers and other incriminating and politically sensitive documents which may have indicated communication with the exile Tibetan communities. In an attempt to damage the religious sentiments of the Buddhist monks, the PAP and PSB officials forced monks to step over the portraits of the Dalai Lama found in monks residences. The security forces also took photographs of monks who were coerced to hold the banned Tibetan national flag and portrait of a Dalai Lama to use as evidence of their crimes. As reported earlier by the Centre, more information on the number of monks arrested following two days of raids in Ngaba Kirti Monastery in Ngaba County (Ch:Aba Xian), Ngaba Tibet Autonomous Prefecture (TAP), Sichuan Province, is surfacing from the area. According to several credible sources, a total of 572 monks including novice as young as ten years old from Kirti Monastery were known to have been arrested in two days raid at the monastery by PAP and PSB officials. Before the launch of raids in the monastery on 28 March, hundreds of PAP and PSB reached the monastery, dispersed people, mostly devotees and visitors gathered around the monastery compound, and ordered surrounding shops to be shut down.26 During the raid, sandbag barricades were erected by PAP forces around Kirti Monastery and the surroundings area to curb any fresh outbreak of protest by the local residents of Ngaba County, Sichuan Province. At the same time, around 30 Tibetans, including two senior monks, Lobsang Tenzin and Lobsang Chodhar of Kirti Monastery, who had been arrested days earlier, were paraded around the streets

of Ngaba County in a military truck to intimidate lay protesters from participating in any further demonstrations. In the days following, similar raids took place on monasteries across Ngapa County, including Ngatoe Adue Monastery, Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery (a branch of Amdo Ngaba Kirti Monastery) in Dzoge County (Ch:Ruanggui/Zoige Xian), Gomang Monastery, Ngamey Dongri Monastery (a branch of Ngaba Kirti Monastery). There is no clear information on the exact number of monks arrested or about officials finding any incriminating documents after the raid on the monasteries.

Patriotic education in monasteries across Machu County

On 16 March 2008, a peaceful protest broke out in Machu County, Kanlho (Ch: Hannan) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture TAP, Sichuan Province. Over 1,500 local Tibetans protested in front of the County government headquarter calling for Independence for Tibet and Long Live the Dalai Lama. Immediately the Chinese authorities curtailed the movements of the Tibetan people in Machu County and dispatched work teams to monasteries to carry out patriotic education campaign.27 The local Tibetans were not allowed to travel from one village to another by any means. The Chinese authorities divided a total of 11928 local Chinese and Tibetan officials into task groups. It included police and Public Security Bureau (PSB) officers. They were then directed to nine monasteries in seven townships across the entire Machu County to conduct massive patriotic eduction campaign. The patriotic education sessions in the monasteries concerned with teaching the constitution of the Communist Party of China (CCP), the freedom of

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religious beliefs being stipulated in the Chinese Constitution, and the importance of denouncing the Dalai Lama, the Tibetan government-in-exile and separatist Dalai Cliques, referring to Tibetan organizations based in Dharamsala and International Tibet Support Groups. During the sessions, monks and nuns were made to condemn the Dalai Lama and Tibet groups as common enemies of the motherland. The monks were taught correct political views and behaviors as in the framework of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) since the majority of monks in those monasteries were believed to have been involved in the March anti-China protests and agitations, except for two monasteries in the Machu County.29 The local authorities ordered the Democratic Management Committees (DMC) in the monasteries to amend and enforce rules for the monks to participate in compulsory weekly patriotic education sessions or classes held three times a week. Each patriotic education class or session lasted about more than two hours at a stretch. Within days of patriotic education sessions, the situation in Machu County became uneasy and repressed. As a result, a large number of monks left or were forced to vacate the monasteries due to their unwillingness to denounce and condemn the Dalai Lama. A Tibetan monk from the Machu area spoke over a telephone, in which he said, It is a real disaster for monks what is going on in the monasteries today. The Patriotic Re-education Campaign is a very big obstacle for us in the monasteries in Tibet to practice traditional Tibetan Buddhism.30 Study topics as outlined in the Patriotic Education for Monasteries Propaganda Handbook No. 2: Handbook for Education in Anti-Splittism, issued by the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) Committee for Patriotic Education in Monasteries, included the following (translated from the original Chinese language document):

Section One: Ours is a country of many nationalities united as one 1. Our Motherland is a sacred nation. 2. Our Motherland is a country of many nationalities united. 3. Our countrys nationalities have built the great family of Chinas nationalities together. 4. The Tibet region is an inalienable part of China. Section Two: Tibet Independence is a plot hatched by Imperialists old and new 1. How imperialists invaded Tibet and put up the deception of Tibet Independence. 2. The villainous support by international antiChina forces for the Dalai Cliques attempt to split the Motherland. a) Local separatists encouraged by international anti-China forces promoted the splitting of the Motherland and put obstacles in the path of the PLA advance into Tibet. b) The violent uprising staged by the reactionary upper class and Tibet local government. c) The attempts by the exiled Dalai Clique to split the Motherland. d) International anti-China forces led by the U.S. step up support for the Splittist activities of the Dalai Clique. SECTION THREE: The real goal behind international anti-China forces support for the Dalai Clique (International Campaign for Tibet. (2004). When the Sky Fell to Earth: The New Crackdown on Buddhism in Tibet. Washington DC: ICT)

Portraits of the Dalai Lama destroyed in Ngaba Kirti Monastery31

On 28 March 2008, a strong contingent of the Peoples Armed Police (PAP) and the Public Security Bureau (PSB) forces stormed the Ngaba Kirti

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Earlier China detained 32 monks of Ratoe Monastery for staging a peaceful demonstration on 14 March 2008. The protest was first led by the Ratoe monks and later joined by the ordinary Tibetans. The protesters called for freedom in Tibet and Long live the Dalai Lama. On 16 April 2008, the Chinese security forces surrounded the monastery and raided the monks residence and living rooms for weapons and other incriminating materials. Ironically, amongst the detainees was 38-year-old Thupchok, a member of the Democractic Management Committee (DMC) work team appointed in the monastery- the very people the Chinese authorities relied upon in beating separatist forces in the monasteries and Tibetan society. It only showed the mockery of Chinas senseless patriotic education campaign in the religious institutions of Tibet. The Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy (TCHRD) is yet to receive information about their present condition and whereabouts.

Monastery in Ngaba (Ch: Aba) County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Province and raided the living rooms and residences in the monastery. During the raid the Chinese security forces ransacked, harassed and insulted the monks of Kirti Monastery. The pictures and portraits of the Dalai Lama inside the prayer wheel hut were torn apart, pierced, scrubbed and removed during the raid. This is an extreme violation of the right to worship and practice as laid down in the Chinese constitution which provides for the right to religious belief and practice.

China conducted patriotic education in Ratoe Monastery

On 14 March 2008, China conducted patriotic education campaign32 in Ratoe Moanstery in Nyethang Township, Chushul County, Lhasa Municipalty, Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR). The aim of the patriotic education conducted was to fight inroads made by the Dalai Clique and separatist forces. During the patriotic education campaign, the authorites repeatedly pressed the monks to surrender items, objects and materials related to separatism and splittism. Apparently not a single monk surrendered anything to the Chinese authorities in the monastery.

Monks arrested for refusing to denounce the Dalai Lama

On 2 April 2008, the Chinese authorities came to Ba-Chodae Monastery to conduct patriotic education. The Ba-Chodae Monastery situated in Bathang County (Ch: Batang), Kardze (CH: Ganzi) Tibet Autonomous Prefecture (TAP) housed around 250 monks. The work team of the Democratic Management Committee (DMC) ordered the monks to gather for a meeting, stating that it was an order from the government authorities. In the patriotic education session, there were twenty seven Peoples Armed Police (PAP) personnel who addressed the meeting and ordered the monks to sign off documents denouncing the Dalai

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Lama. The document apparently in Chinese language contained statements which stated that it was the Dalai Lama who organized and encouraged the recent protests in Tibet. Also during the patriotic education session, four monks, including two senior scholars from the monastery, Ngonro Yeshe and Jigme Dorjee, refused to sign the document. They were immediately arrested by the Peoples Armed Police (PAP). The identities of two other monks are still yet to be known. The four monks were branded as counterrevolutionaries and detained in the Bathang Police Station. The monks of BaChodae Monastery33 were reported to be under tight security imposed by the Chinese authorities, at the time when this information came out of Tibet. In another similar incident on 2 April 2008, the Chinese authorities came to Tongkhor Monastery, home to approximately 370 monks to conduct a patriotic education session to denounce the Dalai Lama as splittist leader. The chant master of the monastery, Lobsang Jamyang, also the head incharge of the monastery refused to co-operate with the Chinese work team stating that he would rather die than denounce the Dalai Lama under the patriotic education campaign. On the following day, during a religious ceremony a monk named Yeshi Nyima, along with Lobsang Jamyang announced their refusal to denounce the Dalai Lama or to be part in any of the propaganda sessions even at the cost of their lives. Not long after, around 3,000 armed police burst into the monastery, raided rooms and the monks living rooms. The Chinese police found photos of the Dalai Lama in the rooms of Geshe Sonam Tenzing, aged 74, and Tsultrim Phuntsok, whereupon they were instantly arrested. On the evening of 3 April 2008, around 370 monks and 400 ordinary Tibetans marched to the County headquarter where they shouted slogans such as

Long live His Holiness the Dalai Lama, we dont have freedom, we want freedom34 and demanded the immediate release of Geshe Sonam Tenzing and Tsultrim Phuntsok. In the backdrop of the Tibetans agitations, the Tongkhor Township authorities finally agreed to release both of them within a few hours. However when the Township authorities failed to release them, the local Tibetans and monks once again marched to the Township office to demand their release. This time, hundreds of armed police had already barricaded the road to the Township office. Soon, in the heat of the moment, a clash broke out between Tibetans and the Chinese police. The security police in order to suppress the protesters fired machine guns indiscriminately into the crowd, killing at least eight people and injuring an unknown number of Tibetan protesters. The Chinese soldiers maintained a tight control over the monastery for several months after the incident. Hundreds of Tibetans, including monks, nuns and lay people had been imprisoned in Kardze for taking part in peaceful protests against the Chinese rule since the demonstrations broke out across the Tibetan plateau on 10 March 2008. Tibetans in Kardze have been known for their strong sense of Tibetan identity and nationalism. Hardline Chinese campaigns against the Dalai Lama, imposition of patriotic education in monasteries, discriminatory economic policies have led to the loss of their land and livelihoods instilling deep resentment in the region towards the Chinese authorities.35

Ban on Buddhist ritual prayer in Kardze

On 5 April 2008, the local Tibetans led by monks of Nyitso Monastery in Tawu County (Ch: Daofu), Kardze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (TAP), Sichuan Province assembled to perform Tibetan Buddhist rituals following massive protests across

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the entire Tibetan plateau. Soon, the Chinese local authorities came to know about such religious activity at Nyitso Monastery, posted warnings to the local Tibetans to remain indoors or risk being shot at. However, despite the warnings of the local authorities, the monks and lay Tibetans braved odds and assembled at Nyitso Monastery to perform the Buddhist ritual. This time, the local authorities warned Tibetans that the entire ritual instruments and tools would be confiscated if they continues with the activity.

did not release five detained Tibetans. They told the county head that they were ready to die if he did not release the five detained Tibetans. The local authorities released the detained protesters immediately for fear of massive demonstrations. Kardze, one of the 18 counties in the prefecture, has been the site of more known political detentions of Tibetans by Chinese authorities than any other county outside the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) since the late 1980s.37

Monastic School closed by the Chinese authorities

In the aftermath of the Tibetan protests across Ngaba County, (Ch: Aba Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (TAP), Sichuan Province, on 8 April 2008, the Chinese authorities indefinitely closed down a school run by Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery. The primary reason for the closure of the school was that a number of students from the school participated in the 15 March protest alongside other monks of the Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery (a branch monastery of Amdo Ngaba Kirti Monastery), Dzoge County County, (CH: Zoige) Ngaba TAP. More than 500 students, both novice monks and children from surrounding areas were sent back to their respective places after the closure of the school. The school was established in 1986 by Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastic School. It educated primarily the novice monks below 18 years of age and children from surrounding nomadic areas in Tibetan language, literature and Buddhist philosophy. The school was immensely useful for the young monks below the age of 18, since it was the only viable means by which they received elementary education on Buddhist philosophy before entering a Monas-

Next day, on 6 April 2008, despite the massive deployment of hundreds of Chinese armed police, local Tibetans somehow managed to gather at Nyitso Monastery. Soon at the gathering, the monasterys senior monks announced to the public that the Buddhist ritual and the candlelight vigil was in accordance with the Dalai Lamas non-violence principles. Later, around noon, monks and lay Tibetans left the monastery but they were blocked by more than 400 armed police on the main road. At the time, the local authorities also told the crowd that only monks would be allowed to proceed with the ritual performance. It was at that point of time, that the lay Tibetans grew agitated and shouted, We dont have freedom in our own land, we want complete freedom, we must invite His Holiness to Tibet immediately, Chinese should return to China and Tibet and China should be separate countries. In response, the Chinese police fired live ammunition36 to disperse the crowd. Ten Tibetan protesters were shot dead and the five of the injured protesters were detained. Later the demonstrators once again gathered at the monastery, announcing that they were ready to sacrifice their lives if the authorities

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At the time of its closure, the school housed 504 novice monks39 and lay children from neighboring areas of Amdo Ngaba. Almost all of its students were from poor rural and nomadic areas where there was no schools and educational facility. The monastic school was a boon for the poor farmers and nomads who subsisted on daily earnings and hence could not provide for their childrens education. tery to study formal scriptural doctrine and treatise. Hence the closure of the school was a blatant violation of religious freedom by the Chinese authorities. It is often the case in Tibet that there are very few schools in rural areas. Hence the closure of such a school only adds to deprivation from basic education and aggravating illiteracy crisis in Tibet. The school was not free of any official interference in the past. In 1998, the Chinese authorities forcibly took over the governance of the monastic school from Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery two years after its establishment. However, irrespective of taking over governance by the authorities, the monastic school has been run and managed directly by Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery until its closure on 8 April 2008. Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastic School caters to educating primarily novice monks below 18 years of age and children from surrounding nomadic areas, on Tibetan language, literature and Buddhist philosophy. At the time of its closure, the school housed 504 novice monks and lay children from neighboring areas. Almost all of its students were from poor rural and nomadic areas where there is no education facility. The monastic school was a boon for the poor farmers and nomads who subsist on daily earnings and can not provide for their childrens education.38 In recent times, there is an ideological and policy drive in various parts of Tibet to discourage schools run by Tibetan societies and monasteries. The Chinese authorities often pressure parents, especially those who are the members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) or government employees to withdraw their children from monasteries in their home towns, private schools attached to monasteries, and Tibetan schools in India. This year alone, there are few cases of the Tibetan students in Tibet forced to return to Tibet due to the Chinese pressure on their parents, who if fail would face dire consequences, most probably losing jobs, positions in the local government and the membership in the Communist Party of China. In some cases the local authorities even confiscated identity documents of parents with children in Tibetan schools in India as a means of forcing the parents to make their children return home. 40 Monastic schools have long been the primary source and backbone of education in Tibet. Such schools catered to the need of education to Tibetans who could not pay exorbitant school fees laid down by the government. The Chinese government has been targeting monastic schools as they are deemed to be teaching splittist ideologies when in reality the curriculum in monastic schools is based on Tibetan culture and Buddhist philosophy.

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China detained 70 monks of Ramoche Temple in midnight raid

The Chinese government launched a series of clampdowns on Tibets religious institutions after massive demonstrations gripped Lhasa city for days. In what has been an indication of strengthening of control and regulation of the religious institutions, which were historically the bastion of Tibetan nationalism, the Chinese authorities resorted to preemptive moves to raid monasteries and monks residences. The Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy (TCHRD) learnt about a midnight raid at Ramoche Temple, Lhasa city, Tibet Autonomous Region TAR on 7 April 2008. During the midnight raid, about 70 monks were arrested and since then TCHRD had no information about their current whereabouts. On 7 April 2008, around 70 monks from Ramoche Temple were detained by the Peoples Armed Police (PAP) and Public Security Bureau (PSB) officials during the midnight raid carried out on monks residences. The detained monks were taken away to an unknown location, according to reliable sources. At present only a few monks are left in the Ramoche Temple, which previously housed around a hundred monks, with scores detained and taken away in the midnight raid. There is no immediate information on the condition and whereabouts of those detained. The Chairman of the Tibet Autonomous Region government, Qiangba Puncog, said at a press briefing of the State Council information office, that police had detained 953 suspects involved in the 14 March violence in Lhasa. Severe restrictions have been imposed on the movement of the monks of Ramoche Temple since 14 March protest in Lhasa. Credible

sources confirmed the case of one monk, Thokmey, committing suicide in Ramoche temple following massive crackdowns by the PAP and PSB on 22 March 2008. A similar restriction was imposed on all the major monasteries of Tibet including Drepung, Gaden and Sera, with all access to these monasteries severely restricted with 24X7 monitoring by a heavy presence of PAP and PSB officials since the demonstration broke out on 10 March in Lhasa and other parts of Tibet. Ramoche Temple was one of the important religious centres in Lhasa; it housed a few hundreds monks in it. The imposition of stringent regulations on religious institutions and learning centres was a blatant violation of the right to pursue religious study and worship in an environment of peace, freedom and stability. The arrest of religious practitioners and worshipers in midnight raids goes on to show how the Chinese government respects and honours the Tibetan clergy. In the name of security and stability, not for the Tibetan people but for the one party rule of the Communist Party, all sorts of religious persecution and crimes are currently being committed in Tibet.

Drepung monks detained during patriotic education

On 12 April 2008, a number of monks from Drepung Monastery in Lhasa, Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) were detained by the Chinese security officials following monks protest against the Chinese work team in the monastery to conduct patriotic education. This time a work team group called Legal Information Education Work Team was sent to the monastery to conduct legal education. However, it was not successful since

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scores of monks opposed and protested against the indoctrination. In the light of the monks protest, additional security forces were soon deployed in the monastery to control the agitated monks. As a result, a number of monks were immediately detained by the security forces for interrupting and blocking patriotic education on Legal Information Education. Till today there is no information about the condition and whereabouts of the monks of Drepung Monastery detained on 12 April 2008. Additional security forces in Drepung Monastery were deployed to contain the protest inside the monastery. All roads leading to Drepung Monastery were sealed off. The movements of monks in the monastery were severely restricted with security personnel curbing access to outside including the devotees. According to reliable sources, a new Work Team on Legal and Information Education arrived in Drepung Monastery to start Patriotic Education campaign to the Drepung monks. However, the monks protested in unison against the campaign. Later, security forces were called into the monastery by the Work Team to control the protesting monks. A number of Tibetan monks were immediately detained for interrupting and protesting the campaign and taken away to an unknown location by the security forces. There is no information on the condition and whereabouts of those detainees. The Patriotic Education campaign which was reinvigorated across various monastic institutions in Tibet requires monks to denounce the Dalai Lama and to oppose the ongoing protests in addition to usual political indoctrination sessions. The new work team

of legal and information education was primarily aimed at informing the monastic institutions about the legal and other consequences of taking part in political activities as most of recent protests across Tibet were led by the monastic community.41 The patriotic education campaign, which was intensified across various monastic institutions across Tibet in the post March protests, required monks to criticize the Dalai Lama, to oppose the protests that were sweeping other parts of Tibet and to diligently follow the political indoctrination sessions. The new work team dispatched to Drepung Monastery primarily aimed at informing members of the monastic institution about the legal consequences of involvement in political activities. In fact, a score of Drepung monks who first sparked off the March protests inside Tibet were arrested. It has been also the case that most protests and anti-China agitations were led by monks and nuns. At the 2007 Regional United Front Nationalities Work Conference, the Lhasa City Communist Party Committee reported (translated from the original Chinese language documents): The government smoothly managed the monasteries according to lawPatriotic education and propaganda on the legal system for the broad masses of monks and nuns42was broadened, hard strikes were made against an extremely small minority of stubborn elements and a system was established for ensuring monks can receive all rules and regulations for religious work to proceed in a regulated way. The Lhasa City Communist Party also outlined the following plans for prefectural-level tasks to be carried out for 2008: Persist in maintaining the guide for religious work of protecting and respecting for the law,

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stopping any breaking of the law, resisting infiltration and striking hard against crime; Isolate and attack to the greatest possible degree the extremely small minority of splittists; Unify to the greatest possible degree the broad masses of patriotic monks, nuns and religious masses; Thoroughly implement the Regulations on Religious Affairs and the TAR Measures for Implementing the Regulations for Religious Affairs; Strengthen management according to law; Protect the regular order of religion and ensure the masses freedom of religious belief; Deepen a step further, patriotic education in the monasteries by extending the scope of training; Create professional religious personnel which is politically reliable, with religious attainments and with moral standards; Ensure that leadership powers at monasteries are in the highest hands of people in religious circles who love the country and abide by laws. (International Campaign for Tibet, 2007)

were collecting fragments of torn up photos of the Dalai Lama and carrying them in their hands. The authorities also looted valuable Buddhist statues, prompting Geshe Akhu Jamyang Gyatso43 to launch an immediate complaint to the central government in China. No legal action was taken by Kanlho Prefecture authorities against those responsible for the pillaging and ransacking of the monasterys treasured relics. The Chinese soldiers encircled the monastery prohibiting anyone to enter or leave the monasterys premises. The exact number of monks detained during the raid, their current whereabouts, condition and charges have remained unknown till date. In an attempt to discretely gather intelligence on the remaining monks at Labrang and to identify potential troublemakers in future, the Chinese local authorities created a new set of questionnaire for Labrang monks to fill. The monks were required to write down their true answers. The questionnaire included questions about the monks main communication with the outside world and whether or not the recent violent riots that took place in Lhasa city such as smashing, looting and burning go against the cardinal precepts of the Buddhist teachings. According to the person who leaked the questionnaire to the outside world, many Labrang monks simply returned the questionnaire sheet without answering any question, while a few of monks wrote comments. The questionnaire, translated below also created an atmosphere of unease and suspicion among the monks after the mass arrests and brutal crackdown on Labrang monks.

Amdo Labrang Monastery reeled under repression

On April 15 2008, over 160 monks of Amdo Labrang Monastery, Sanchu County, (Ch: Xiahe) Kanlho Prefecture (Ch: Gannan Tibet Autonomous Prefecture), Gansu Province were arrested by the Chinese Peoples Armed Police (PAP), days after 15 brave monks had protested and testified in front of a group of Western journalists about lack of freedom of belief, worship and human rights in Tibet. In a blitzkrieg move, armed troops burst into the monastery ransacking the monks quarters, smashing shrines and tearing the photos of the Dalai Lama. It was reported that after the ransacking of the Labrang Monastery, children on their way to school

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Questionnaire44
The purpose of this questionnaire is to understand the purpose of staying at a Tibetan Buddhist monastery in our country. You do not have to provide your name and your answers confidentiality will be kept. We request you to be truthful and choose the option that is true to the best of your knowledge. You can write suggestions on the above line. We thank you for your support. 1 Why did you wish to join the monastery? ! Your own wish ! Your parents, relatives or friends asked you to ! Other 2 What is the most important issue that has been overcome [since your admittance] to the monastery? ! The issue of getting and education ! The issue of finding a livelihood ! The issue of finding a profession ! Other 3 Who influenced you the most in the monastery? ! Your teacher !The reincarnate lama in your monastery ! Your monk mate ! Head of management committee 4 Who do you regularly communicate with? ! Your family ! Your teacher ! Your religious mate ! Other 5 Were you present at a mass gathering? Yes or no. ! If yes, once a month ! Once every six months ! Once a year 6 What is your main communication method with foreign countries? ! By internet ! By phone ! By mobile phone ! By letter post ! By voice post (note: unclear what this is) ! By letter post

7 What is your most common news avenue? ! Through phone ! Through mail ! Through television ! Through radio 8 Do you listen to news channels from within the country? ! Never ! Occasionally ! Always 9 Do you listen to news channels from outside the country? ! Never ! Occasionally ! Always 10 What is your primary source of income? ! Family ! Direct sponsor ! Sponsor through the monastery ! Religious payment from the monastery ! Help from the government ! Other 11How would you rate the facilities and environment for Buddhist study? ! Very good ! Good ! Normal ! Very bad 12 Where did you study Buddhism? ! Buddhist school ! Dialectics school ! From my teacher 13 What is your biggest worry in a day? ! Livelihood ! Education 14 Do you think you enjoy all the rights and responsibilities given to a normal human being? ! Yes ! No ! Dont know 15 Have you ever been to other countries to study Buddhism? ! Yes ! No 16 If yes, how long did you stay in foreign country? ! 1 year ! 1 year to 3 years ! 3 years to 5 years ! More than 5 years 103

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17 This year a few monks and nuns have carried out activities of smashing, looting, and burning. Do you think these activities go against Buddhist teachings? ! Yes ! No ! Dont know 18 In which areas do reincarnate lamas excel? ! Religious teaching ! Monastic management ! Publicizing the monastery ! Financial management of the monastery ! Political affairs 19 How would you rate the performance of the monastic Democratic Management Committee? ! Good ! Poor ! Needs improvement ! Difficult to say 20 What is religions influence on economy and social development ! More harm than good ! More good than harm ! Equal ! Difficult to say

which stated that the Dalai Lama and the hostile western forces organized and orchestrated the March 14 riots in Lhasa this year. Every week the work team came to the monastery to conduct patriotic education during which they were taught about the Dalai Clique and the hostile western forces undermining and obstructing the Chinese governments developmental projects and great strides they were making in Tibet. The Dalai always claimed that the Chinese government was always undermining and destroying Tibets culture and heritage to the outside world. This was all but a lie. The monks were issued strict instruction not to listen to the Dalai Lamas teachings and speeches. The work team officials issued a strict warning to the monks that, All of you are not supposed to follow his actions. All of you are patriotic and devout Buddhist monks and obedient citizens of China. You must understand that to oppose the Dalai is not about an issue of human rights and religious freedom. It is a political struggle, a struggle against the splitism and separatism. Therefore, all of you must study the legal framework of the Chinese constitution, be a loyal and good citizen of China. Make the best use of the economic policies and prosperity in Tibet. One aspect of the patriotic education in the monastery was to identify the Dalai Lama as a potent threat to Tibet and the territorial integrity of China. The work team officials said, The Dalai is not a religious leader; he misleads a few people and creates trouble and havoc in our country. All of you must not be misled by him; instead we must fight against his separatist activities. The Labrang monks were then advised to give up old thinking and bring changes to their ideology and views, which were described as a stumbling

Labrang Monk Testified to TCHRD about crackdown on religious freedom

Lodoe Khunkyab, a 20-year-old monk who recently came into exile testified to TCHRD about the crackdown on religious practice in Labrang Monastery, Sangchu County (Ch: Xiahe), TAP, Gansu Province. According to Lodoe Khunkyab45, the work teams of the patriotic campaign were permanently stationed in his Labrang Monastery and carrying out periodic patriotic education sessions, once every week. There were about 1500 monks in Amdo Labrang Monastery currently undergoing patriotic education campaign. He testified to TCHRD that Labrang monks were forced to denounce and criticize the Dalai Lama and made to sign a statement,

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block against Chinas transformation of Tibet into a developed, stable and prosperous region. The work team officials told the monks that, The fist step is this, all of you who wear Buddhas robes are struck in old thinking and ways, holding a stubborn attitude to change and holding on to old ideology and attitude. Instead, all of you must cultivate new ideas and be liberal in thinking and attitude. Cultivate and inculcate firm loyalty and faith in the Communist Party of China. Lodoe also said that raids and examination of monks residences and living rooms were routine exercises by the work team officials to look for the books, speeches, CDs and DvDs containing the teachings of the Dalai Lama and other incriminating materials. If anyone is found to have possessed, then a monk would be immediately arrested and expelled from the monastery. In addition, he would face serious legal consequences such as detention and imprisonment under the campaign.

forces and the local Tibetans erupted causing the 80year-old head Lama of Rong Gonchen Alak Khasutsang46 to intervene and diffuse the tension. However, during the crackdown by the Chinese security forces, the head Lama sustained sever head wounds and injuries. Various reports claimed that he was in a critical condition and was hospitalized in Xining City for medical treatment. Moreover, he was known to be suffering from a high blood pressure and till date there has been no information on his present whereabouts and health condition. It only highlighted the fact that the Chinese government didnt discriminate between important religious leaders and ordinary monks. On the evening of the same day, 17 April 2008, scores of Chinese armed forces burst into the monks quarters in Rong Gonchen and raided them. The monks were flushed out of their living rooms, made to kneel down with hands behind their head in a monastery courtyard. The Chinese security forces threatened the monks at gun point. Incidents like these and many others witnessed during this years crackdown on Tibetan people serve as grim reminders of what the Chinese government can do in the glare of international world. For a decade, Tibet had not witnessed religious persecution and crackdown of such a scale.

Head Lama of Rong Gonchen Monastery hurt

An instance of how the Chinese authorities treat and respect important religious figures inside Tibet, the religious head of Rong Gonchen Monastery in Rebkong County (Ch: Tongren Xian), Malho (Ch: huangnan) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province was hurt during a protest on 17 April 2008. On 17 April 2008, a group of 22 monks from Rong Gonchen Monastery in Rebkong carried out protest in Rebkong County market. On that very afternoon, over one hundred protesters were arrested by the Chinese security forces. In following moments, the situation in Rong Gonchen Monastery and in Rebkong County became tense and volatile. Soon confrontation between the Chinese security

Panchen Lama marks his 19TH birthday under house arrest

Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, recognized by the Dalai Lama as the 11th reincarnation of the Panchen Lama of Tibet marked his 19th birthday on April 25th, 2008 following more than a decade in Chinese custody. He has been missing for the past thirteen years along with his parents. After repeated attempts to locate and visit the boy, not one international agency or human rights organization has been allowed to

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meet with Gedhun Choekyi Nyima or his family, while their condition remains uncertain. In September 2005, Chinese authorities informed the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion and Belief that Gedhun Choekyi Nyima was in good health and just like any other children, leading a normal, happy life and receiving a good cultural education. In 2006, Chinese authorities refused repeated requests to arrange meetings between Gedhun Choekyi Nyima and international news agencies, stating that it was purely out of respect for the familys wishes to not be disturbed by outsiders and that they are being kept in protective custody47 Historically, the Panchen Lama, whose title means Great Scholar, has been one of Tibets most highly revered religious figures with a distinct relationship to the Dalai Lama. Tibetans speak of the elder of the two as the spiritual father of the younger and refer to the Dalai Lama as the sun and the Panchen Lama, as the moon. In the past, Panchen Lamas have played deciding roles in the recognition and education of the Dalai Lama, and vice versa. The Chinese historian, Ya Hanzhang, in his official biography of the Panchen Lamas said, By Tibetan tradition, a reincarnation of the Panchen could not be religiously legal without the Dalais recognition, and the same was the case with the Dalai, which is why control over the institution of the Panchen Lama is regarded as crucial for China (International Campaign for Tibet. (2004). When the Sky Fell to Earth: The New Crackdown on Buddhism in Tibet. Washington DC: ICT.) Khen Rinpoche Lobsang Tseten, the abbot of Tashi Lhunpo Monastery in south India, the Panchen Lamas monastic seat in exile, confirmed that at this stage in his studies, the Panchen Lama should have completed the second of the five major subjects of Tibetan Buddhism known as Madhyamaka, in ad-

dition to texts on the Perfection of Wisdom. Held under house arrest for more than a decade, Gedhun Choekyi Nyima has been denied the traditional monastic training his predecessors received, severely hindering the development of his intellectual capacity for Buddhist logic and debate. The abduction of the Panchen Lama recognized by the Dalai Lama and the subsequent arbitrary selection of another boy exemplified the Chinese governments systematic approach towards undermining both the authority of the Dalai Lama and the core belief system of the Tibetan Buddhism. Since Beijing realizes the close affinity of Tibetan Buddhism and Tibetan nationalism, it continues to exert its iron clad crackdown on religious practice as a means to prevent separatism. By controlling the selection, installation and education of reincarnate lamas, the Communist Party aims to groom politically correct monastic leaders, as seen in the case of the Chinese appointed Panchen Lama or Panchen Zuma (fake Panchen) as referred to by the ordinary Tibetans. The authoritarian measures imposed on Tibets centuries old monastic practices wholly contradict Chinas claim of freedom of religion. Lodi Gyari, Special Envoy of the Dalai Lama explained: The system of reincarnation is one of the core beliefs of Tibetan religious tradition. Chinas state custody of Gedhun Choekyi Nyima and imposition of its own candidate is nothing less than a violation of this core belief system, one of the fundamental tenets of Tibetan religious life. It is a source of deep resentment among Tibetans that an atheist state has claimed the legitimacy to reside over a century-old religious practice. (International Campaign for Tibet, 2007)

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Background information about the 11th Panchen Lama, Gedhun Choekyi Nyima
May 14th, 1995 The Dalai Lama announced the six-year old Gedhun Choekyi Nyima as the 11th reincarnation of the Panchen Lama. May 17th, 1995 Gedhun Choekyi Nyima and his parents disappeared from their home and have never been seen again. May 17th, 1995 Chadrel Rinpoche, the former abbot of Tashi Lhunpo Monastery (the traditional seat of Panchen Lama) who served as the chairman of the Search Committee for the Reincarnation of the 11th Panchen Lama and Champa Chungla, his assistant in the search committee disappeared from the Chengdu Airport. May 24th, 1995 The government of the Peoples Republic of China issued a statement describing the Dalai Lamas proclamation of Gedhun Choekyi Nyima as the Panchen Lama as illegal and invalid. November 29th, 1995 China proclaimed another six year old boy, Gyaltsen Norbu, to be the real incarnation of the Panchen Lama by the Chinese tradition of drawing lots from a golden urn. April 21st, 1997 the Shigatse Intermediate Peoples court sentenced Chadrel Rinpoche to six years of imprisonment with the charge of plotting to split the country and leaking state secrets for conveying a message to the Dalai Lama about the recognition process. Although his sentence ended on May 13th, 2001, his current whereabouts and state of health remain unknown. Article 34 and 37 of the Chinese Constitution stipulate that any person who has reached the age of 18 is entitled to fundamental rights such as the right to religious belief, education and occupation. Therefore, the continuing Chinese custody of the Panchen

Lama is a gross violation of the fundamental rights enshrined in the Chinese Constitution. Since the Panchen Lama has turned 19 this year, he is now no longer a minor to be kept under protection according to both domestic and international law. Therefore, regardless or whether he is Panchen Lama or not, the Chinese government must release him from protective shelter or house arrest that he has been under for the past 15 years. He has a right to live as a normal citizen under the Constitution of China. Since he is widely regarded by a large portion of Tibetan people as the true incarnation of the charismatic Tenth Panchen Lama, it is a must for the Chinese government to allow him to be who he is and what Tibetan people think of him. Chinas continuing detention of Panchen Lama is the most explicit proof its government undermining and violating the freedom of religious worship and practice in Tibet.

China arrested 16 monks in Markham patriotic education

Since early May 2008, the Chinese authorities had been conducting patriotic education in Markham County, particularly in two major monasteries, Woeser and Khenpa Lungpa Monasteries in Markham County (Ch: Mangkang) Chamdo Prefecture (Ch: Qamdo) Tibet Autonomous Prefecture (TAR) for some duration of time, under a broad patriotic education drive. The stepping up of the patriotic education had not gone well with the Tibetan people in the area. On 10 May 2008, a bitter and heated exchange of arguments took place between the annoyed monks and the work team members of the Democratic Management Committee (DMC). As a sign of total defiance, none of the monks of the monasteries

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signed the document or wrote essays denouncing the Dalai Lama, the spiritual leader of Tibet. The Chinese authorities responded to the defiant stance of the monks by arresting them. On 12 May 2008, 10 monks of Khenpa Lungpa were arrested. Similarly on 13 May 2008, 6 monks of Woeser Monastery were arrested by the Chinese security forces. The Patriotic re-education campaign was introduced in 1996 in Tibet to undermine Tibetan peoples loyalty to the Dalai Lama. It was also intended to win over the hearts and minds of Tibetan people on the side of the Chinese government. But on the contrary it has earned notoriety for its brazen attacks on the religious and cultural sentiments of the Tibetan people. The Woeser and Khenpa Monasteries each housed fewer than a hundred monks on regular basis. In the backdrop of the arrests of monks of Woeser Monastery, the remaining monks left the monastery which brought much sadness to the local Tibetan devotees who were unable to come to terms with the sudden closure of sacred monasteries.48 What remained of the scene at Woeser Monastery was a palpable silence and a desolate outlook. The empty monastery greeted the devotees when they came to offer prayers and pujas. [...] Sources told TCHRD that the few remaining monks left the monasteries and returned to their respective homes in a solemn act of protest. On usual days hundreds of devotees flock to the monasteries to offer their prayers and carry out religious rituals. Unfortunately, these days the devotees have none to turn to and a visible pall of silence looms over the monasteries and its

surrounding premises, in a desolate and forlorn state.49 The people detained under the patriotic education were: 1. Ngawang Tenzin, age 40, 2. Tenphel, age 19, Woeser Monastery 3. Rigyang , age 21, Woeser Monastery 4. Choegyal , age 23, Woeser Monastery 5. Lobsang Gyatso, age 19, Woeser Monastery 6. Tsangpa , age 17, Woeser Monastery 7. Lodoe , age 15, Khenpa Lungpa Monastery 8. Namgyal , age 18, Khenpa Lungpa Monastery 9. Butuk , age 13, Khenpa Lungpa Monastery 10. Jamyang Lodoe , age 15, Khenpa Lungpa Monastery 11. Tsepak Namgyal, age 15, Khenpa Lungpa Monastery 12. Kalsang Tashi, age 17, Khenpa Lungpa Monastery 13. Jangdrup , age 21, Khenpa Lungpa Monastery 14. Wangchuk , age 22, Khenpa Lungpa Monastery 15. Tenpa Gyaltsen, age 26, Khenpa Lungpa Monastery 16. Passang Tashi , age 3o, Khenpa Lungpa Monastery 17. Dhargye Garwatsang, age 19 (lay) 18. Kunchok Tenzin, age 21 (lay)?

China arrested 55 Pang-ri nuns in Kardze County

On 14 May 2008, 55 nuns of Pang-ri nuns in Sungo Township, Kardze County (Ch: Ganzi), Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province protested against the Chinese authorities for forcibly subjecting them to patriotic education. The Pang-ri Nunnery is located around 2 kilometers from the Kardze County headquarter.

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Pang-ri nuns were deeply hurt and angered by the manner in which the Chinese government handled the March 14 protests across the Tibetan plateau. The nuns were particularly offended and agitated by the Chinese governments accusation that the Dalai Lama masterminded the protests across all parts of Tibet. The continuous implementation of patriotic education in Tibets religious institutions and forcing monks and nuns to denounce the Dalai lama was the principle factor that drove them to protest. The nuns made a proclamation amongst themselves stating that: It is better to die than to denounce, criticize and attack the Dalai Lama, to sign off documents denouncing the Dalai Lama, if there is no place for us to worship and live, let us go somewhere else or die, if the Chinese authorities kill us, let us be killed, we have no regrets.50 A little while after the end of the meeting, on 14 May 2008, around 5 p.m. defying guns and crackdown, they marched to the County government headquarter to protest against Chinas repression and religious persecution. However, on the way, they were bundled up and arrested by the Chinese security forces in a ruthless fashion. One eyewitness described the scene to TCHRD. When the protesting nuns neared the County government headquarter, the personnel of Public Security Bureau (PSP) and Peoples Armed Police (PAP) immediately arrested the protesting nuns, bundled up and threw them into police vehicles and took them into custody within minutes. More than 55 nuns were arrested on the spot and their torn and fallen robes and clothes were reportedly scattered on roads. No one picked up the nuns robes for fear of being arrested by the security forces. Eyewitnesses say the nuns shouted slogans and

threw pamphlets into the air while being taken away in police vehicles for detention.51 It was reported that in the aftermath of the protest, the nunnery was kept under intense restriction and vigilance. The movements of the nuns were monitored by the Chinese authorities. The blockade was so severe that nuns must procure permission from the Chinese authorities to attend hospital for medical treatment. TCHRD did not receive follow up information about what happened to those detained nuns and as to their current whereabouts.

China detained Drakar and Ganden Choeling Nuns in Kardze

During the height of patriotic education in the month of April and May 2008, the nuns of Drakar and Ganden Choeling Nunneries in Kardze County52, (Ch: Ganzi) Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province were arrested by the Chinese authorities when the nuns protested against the implementation of the patriotic education in the nunneries. The nuns particularly protested against the denunciation of the Dalai Lama. During their protest, the nuns chanted slogans such as we want religious freedom, stop patriotic education campaign. On 11 May 2008, two Drakar nuns were arrested after they protested against the Chinese authorities in Kardze. They were: 1. Sonam Lhamo 2. Thupten Dolma. A day later on 12 May 2008, a group of nuns again protested in Kardze County and were immediately arrested by the Chinese security forces. The detainees were: 1. Tashi Gha

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2. Thinely 3. Sonam Yangzom 4. Tamdin Choekyi 5. Yangkyi 6. Lhamo Choekyi 7. Jampa Lhamo 8. Dickyi 9. Nyima 10. Bhuti On 14 May 2008, scores of the Ganden Choeling nuns protested against the Chinese authorities in Kardze County (Ch: Ganzi), Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province. However, the nuns were immediately arrested by a 300 strong Chinese security force. There is no information about their present status.

ismatic Buddhist religious figures inside Tibet were seen as a potent threat to the power and influence of the Communist Party in Tibet. As it had been the case in the past, renowned Buddhist teachers and heads were deemed as the special opponents of and threats to Chinas rule in Tibet since they commanded enormous influence and loyalty from ordinary Tibetans. In the past years, charismatic religious figures like the late Khenpo Jigme Phuntsok, the founder of Lalung Gar hermitage, Tulku Tenzin Delek, the founder of Kham Nalanda Monastery and Bangri Rinpoche, the founder of Gyatso Orphanage School in Lhasa were persecuted by the Chinese government. Tulku Tenzin Delek and Bangri Rinpoche were currently serving life imprisonment in the Chinese administered prisons for no reason and offense. The arrest of Tulku Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche serves as a dark reminder of Chinas campaign against prominent religious figures inside Tibet who are feared as individuals with the potential to mobilize Tibetans in challenging Party authority. In the past, many esteemed Tibetan religious figures have been arrested under false and fabricated charges, including Khenpo Jigme, the founder of famed Sertha Buddhist Institute, Tulku Tenzin Delek, the founder of Kham Nalanda Monastery, who also championed the welfare of Tibetan people and Bangri Rinpoche, the founder of Gyatso Orphanage School in Lhasa were also arrested under false and fabricated charges.53 Still there has been no information about their release from detention or about their current whereabouts and well being.

Tulku Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche arrested in Kardze

On 18 May 2008, at dawn the Chinese authorities arrested Tulku Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche, a highly revered religious figure in Kardze County, Kardze Prefecture (Ch: Ganzi) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province. No explanation was given about his sudden arrest as he was simply lifted from his residence by the Chinese authorities. As a charismatic Tulku (reincarnated being) of Tehor Kardze Monastery, he was a source of inspiration, deeply revered for his religious vocation. Incidentally, he was the chief spiritual preceptor of Pang-ri and Yatseg Nunnery in Kardze. He also initiated community service and social welfare programs in Kardze region, which included the establishment of an old age orphanage and two chemist shops. His arrest was preceded by arrest of the 55 nuns from Pang-ri Nunnery which he headed for protesting against the implementation of patriotic education in religious institutions. It reinforces the popular view that the influence and presence of char-

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Dingri monks arrested for defying patriotic education campaign

On 19 May 2008, the Chinese security forces arrested twelve monks from Dingri Shelkar Choedhe Monastery in Tingri County (Ch: Dingri Xian), Shigatse TAP, Tibet Autonomous Region TAR. The twelve monks were arrested during a night raid for opposing patriotic education session on 19 May 2008. The raid and the arrest of Dingri Shelkar Choedhe came in the light of an intense patriotic education drive which had intensified since early April 2008 across the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and other ethnic Tibetan areas in neighboring regions for a stipulated two-month period. The main call of the patriotic education campaign was to denounce the Dalai Lama and splittist forces also referred to as Dalai clique. On 19 May 2008, a senior monk Khenrab Tharchin, a member of the Democratic Management Committee (DMC) of Shelkar Choedhe Monastery (as a senior monk, who was relied upon and appointed by the Chinese officials to carry out the patriotic education in his monastery, but however was the first person to stand up and object to the patriotic education session in the monastery) stood up while the patriotic education session was in progress and openly opposed the patriotic education session stating to the visiting work team members that he could denounce the Dalai Lama as demanded by the campaign. During one of those campaigns re-launched since 1 April 2008, the Chinese work team visited Shelkar Choedhe Monastery in Tingri County (Ch: Dingri Xian), Shigatse Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) on 19 May 2008, to conduct the Patriotic re-education campaign which 111

Dingri Shelkar Monastery

resulted in a bitter and heated argument between the monks and the Chinese work team. According to the source, Ven. Khenrab Tharchin, a member of so-called Democratic Management Committee (DMC) of Shelkar Choedhe Monastery stood up while the campaign was in session by openly opposing the patriotic re-education and even told the visiting work team that he could not denounce the Dalai Lama as required under the campaign. Another eleven monks of the same monastery stood up in support of Ven. Khenrab Tharchin and adamantly opposed the campaign in unison. According to a source, after the incident, entry to the monastery was closed for faithful devotees and visitors. Monks were barred from leaving their monastery compound, even cell phones were known to have been confiscated to curb the report of the incident from leaking to the outside world. The monks were threatened with dire consequences if found leaking the information to the outside world.54 At the same time, another eleven monks stood up during the patriotic education in support of the view expressed by monk Khenrab Tharchin. In one single voice they opposed the implementation of patriotic education in a fierce manner. Later the Shelkar Choedhe Monastery was closed after the monks protest. The monastery remained closed to the local devotees and visitors alike.

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

The monks were locked inside the monastery and prohibited from leaving their monasterys compound. Viable communication instruments like cell phones were confiscated to prevent the information from reaching the outside world. The monks were threatened with dire consequences if found leaking information to Tibetan exile communities. On that very night of 19 May 2008, scores of Peoples Armed Police (PAP) forces and Public Security Bureau (PSB) officials stormed into the monastery and forcibly took away the twelve monks who had opposed patriotic education. Since then there has been no information about their current whereabouts and condition.

discussing the contents of the patriotic education campaign, holding denunciation session of the Dalai Lama and screening propaganda shows and teaching Chinese laws and regulations. According to the state run newspaper, Tibet Daily, dated 18 April, a two-month patriotic education campaign was launched in Zangri County in Lhoka Prefecture, TAR, for government employees, peasants, retired government employees and party members across all townships under Zangri County, pledged and reaffirmed the work ethics for the party cadres. The Zangri County Peoples Armed Police (PAP) and security forces were told that it was the right time to struggle and protest against the splittist forces. The heads of townships and PAP under those townships were educated about securing stability and further improving national security. In various educational institutions, students were indoctrinated with communist ideology and taught how Tibet has flourished under its rule and denounced the old and backward Tibetan society by showing films from the period of the Cultural Revolution. Peasants, nomads

China launched massive Patriotic Education campaign in Tibet

The stipulated two-month patriotic education campaign launched in the beginning of April 2008 had been preceded by unprecedented protests across the Tibetan plateau since 10 March 2008. This time the patriotic education permeated every section of Tibetan society, not just religious institutions. The April two-month patriotic education drive included government employees, security forces, farmers, nomads, private entrepreneurs and educational institutions. The principle slogan of the campaign was to fight and oppose the Dalai clique. It also called upon the Tibetan people to expose those who masterminded the March 14 riots, referring to the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan government-in-exile. Under the three themes, the renewed patriotic education campaign aims to educate the masses about opposing splittism, protecting stability and backing development, by holding meetings, inviting experts to give speeches, teaching and

Patriotic Education session in Chamdo [picture: Xinhua]

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and private enterpreneurs were told about the economic development achieved and the happy life enjoyed by the Tibetans under the patronage and policy of the Communist party. For the monastic institutes, under this campaign monks and nuns are educated to be patriotic towards the nation and ones religion and oppose splittist forces, to help maintain social stability, social legal institutes and to restore religious order. At the beginning of this month, alongside intensification of security, the Chinese authorities ordered more stringent ideological education and ramped-up propaganda in Tibet to build anti-separatist sentiment, according to the Tibet Daily, a state run newspaper of 3 April 2008. Under this campaign, work teams are especially sent to monastic institutes on a regular basis to undertake this campaign no matter whether the monastic populace is willing to attend or not however, they are compulsorily made to attend. The TAR Communist Party chief, Zhang Qingli ordered harsh punishments for local party officials found lacking in their commitment to Beijings official line. We absolutely will not condone violations of political and organizational discipline and will definitely find those responsible and mete out harsh punishment. He even told that efforts should be made to focus on negative portrayals of Tibet prior to the Communist invasion in 1950, and continued vilification of what Beijing calls the Dalai Lamas secret campaign to split Tibet from China and sabotage the Olympics, according to the state run newspaper Tibet Daily. On 3 April, more than eight people including monks, were shot dead and dozens left injured after fellow monks of Tongkor Monastery in Kardze County, staged a

peaceful demonstration calling for the release of two monks arrested earlier on 2 April for objecting the Chinese Patriotic Education campaign in the monastery. On 11 April, the TAR authorities sent the Legal information Education work team as a part of the patriotic education campaign in Drepung Monastery. They were confronted by the monks of the monastery objecting to the visit of the work team to conduct the campaign. These monks were later detained by the authorities. There is no information on the condition and whereabouts of the detainees. However, according to the Chinese official mouthpiece, Xinhau, dated 11 April, reported that a patriotic education group has arrived at the monastery to help maintain social stability, socialist legal institutions and restore religious order but suppressed the protest and detention of monks in its report and cited TAR government as saying the officials involved in the patriotic education campaign throughout Tibet have received the understanding and support of monks and religious followers. Mr. Zhang Qingli, the TAR Communist Party chief visited the Drepung Monastery on 18 April 2008. On the same day on 18 April 2008, the TAR Communist Party chief Zhang Qingli visited Sera Monastery giving assurance to the monks that the Communist Party committee and government of Tibet would protect the legal rights and interests of patriotic and devout monks and nuns. The Xinhua reported that the Buddhist service had resumed after being suspended due to Lhasa riot but the official mouthpiece completely skipped the report of the detention of around four hundreds monks of the

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monastery in an early morning raid on Sera Monastery. There is no information on the condition and whereabouts of those detained from the monastery. On 12 April, a special meeting was convened of the representatives of the various monastic institutions under all the eighteen counties of Kardze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (TAP) at Dartsedo and they were instructed to commence the patriotic education campaign immediately across all religious institutions in Kardze. According to official media reports, the campaign was reinvigorated across Lhasa city, educational departments in Lhasa and, in Lhoka and Chamdo Prefecture. On 3 April, monks of Wara Monastery in Jomda County, Chamdo Prefecture TAR confronted and challenged the work team from carrying on patriotic education campaign by saying even at the cost of our lives we will never defame and denounce our religious leader, the Dalai Lama. On 14 April 2008, the PAP forces ransacked the residences of monks of Tsang Monastery in Kawasumdo County (Ch: Thunde Xian), Tsolho TAP Qinghai Province and, confiscated pictures of the Dalai Lama. On 21 April, Dorjee Tsering, Lhasa City Mayor, has told that the Patriotic education campaign would be a standard litmus test for the party cadres. With the launch of renewed Patriotic education campaign especially in the monastic institutions, which were originally set up for providing religious practitioners with a conducive environment for meditation on

religious contents and for achieving inner peace, are being forcibly re-functioned to serve the Party as a production machinery of loyal political followers. Freedom of religion for Tibetan Buddhists would mean that authorities cease not only with their controls and restrictions in Tibetan Buddhist institutes but most importantly cease mixing up the partys ideological messages with religious traditions. Any attempts, the violent and destructive ones well as the nearly unperceivable ones that operate through indoctrination and manipulation, any attempts to assimilate politics and religion into a political version of religion are a gross violation of the peoples right to freedom of their religion.55

Labrang monks forced to memorize new patriotic booklet

On 7 July 2008, the work team arrived at Amdo Labrang Monastery in Sanchu County (Ch: Xiahe), Kanlho (Ch: Gannan) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture TAP to conduct fresh education on patriotism to the monks. Apart from the usual exercise, this time a small booklet (not more than ten pages) was distributed to the monks for study. The small booklet contained new campaign regulations. In addition to studying the booklet on patriotic education, the monks must memorize its contents. This kind of exercise pushed the campaign to a new height. Making mockery out of the solemn monastic tradition where a monk memorize and recite texts in front of his beloved teachers, this time the monks were made to memorizes the booklet and then recites in front of the work team officials. Such bizarre acts of humiliation and degradation of the monastic way of life were not just a violation of

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religious beliefs but in fact a direct assault on the cultural heritage of Tibetan Buddhism. Those of the monks who passed the recitation exam of the booklet were allowed to resume their normal daily religious routine in the monastery. The booklet had six points in it: These are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Be aware of the Communist constitution Welcome the Olympic Torch Relay in Tibet Do not listen to rumors from abroad Be aware of the rules of religious freedom Denounce the separatists Practice patriotic re-education in the monastery

New measures reveal renewed attacks on Tibetan Buddhism56

On 18 July 2008, new measures were introduced in Kardze County, Kardze Prefecture (Ch: Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province to purge monasteries and restrict religious practice. The measures reveal a renewed systematic attack on Tibetan Buddhism, at times reminiscent of attacks and rhetoric used during the Cultural Revolution era in Tibet. The new measures, which were enforced in hundreds of monasteries, were aimed at the core of Tibetan religious tradition and identity. The official edict was titled as, Measures for Dealing Strictly with Rebellious Monasteries and Individual Monks and Nuns57 (an order from the Peoples Government of Kandze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture No.2) states that monks and nuns with attitude problems, or those who refuse to change their thinking in line with Communist Party ideology, will be expelled from the monasteries or jailed. Abbots and other monastic leaders who fail to carry out Party orders on patriotic education and attitude transformation will be replaced by government appointed abbots and leaders. On 18 July 2008, the orders were posted in the Tibetan language on Chinas Tibet information website. The order was signed by Li Zhangping, the head of Kardze Prefecture. The document stated that the measures are aimed at dealing clearly with participants in illegal activities aimed at inciting the division of nationalities, such as shouting reactionary slogans, distributing reactionary writings, flying and popularizing the snow lion flag and holding illegal demonstrations.58 The new measures issued by the prefecture level government describe how monasteries with 1030% of monks or nuns participating in disturbances were sealed off, searched, detained under suspicion 115

The security environment at Labrang Monastery had been strengthened and tightened since 10 March 2008. The monks were strictly prohibited from leaving the monastery without permission from the Democratic Management Committee officials (DMC) appointed inside the monastery after 9 p.m. In addition to the curfew, over 60 paramilitary personnel had been permanently stationed in the monastery. The Chinese security guards had also built six new checkpoints to keep a close watch on monks activities and movements inside the monastery. The phone lines had been cut off and cell phones were confiscated from the monks to prevent the leaking of information to the outside world. During the patriotic education meeting, the work team officials and security personnel issued a terse warning against the dissemination of information to the outside world. All monks in the monastery should not contact abroad or accept phone calls from abroad. Monks who go against this rule will be fined a minimum of 15,000 Chinese Yuan. Rumors spread from outside cause instability to the minds of monks and the monks community.

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according to law. It also stated how the hidden banned items were handed over [to the authorities]. All religious activities will be suspended, inmates will be prohibited from leaving the premises, and they will be cleaned up and rectified in the proper manner.59 The ruling also stated, Monks and nuns returning to the monastery who cannot give a clear reason for having gone outside, who cannot make a clear stand with respect to the unification of the Motherland and rejection of the separation of nationalities will be expelled, and their cells demolished. Strong emphasis was also placed on the public rectification of senior lamas and religious figures, and states that those who fail to make their attitude clear or take a two-faced stance will not only be strictly warned, but will have to give a detailed examination of their behavior in front of a general assembly of the monastic community, and a written guarantee, and the giving of this examination and written guarantee will be shown repeatedly in newspapers and on television.60 The new edict shows the most detailed picture yet of the harshest crackdown on religion in Tibet in decades. A translation of the ruling follows below:

ing the division of nationalities, such as shouting reactionary slogans, distributing reactionary writings, flying and popularizing the snow lion flag and holding illegal demonstrations are listed below. ONE: Dealing strictly with monk and nun troublemakers. 1. In cases where those who have committed minor offences, show a good attitude in admitting their mistakes and submit a written statement of guilt, their head of household should be guarantor (that they commit no further offence), should keep them inside and ensure that they strictly follow re-education. 2. Those whose offences are greater but who are ready to admit them should, after undergoing re-education, make a sincere confession of guilt, give a voluntary account of the main points in their case and submit a written statement of guilt. Until they have done so, they will be held in custody doing reeducation. 3. Those guilty of serious offences who show a stubborn attitude will be counseled strictly, given a warning, stripped of their rights as religious practitioners and expelled from their monasteries, and held in custody doing reeducation. 4. Those involved in instigating splittism and disturbances, hatching conspiracies, forming organizations and taking a leading role will not only be strictly punished according to law, but will have their rights as religious practitioners annulled, be expelled from their monasteries, and henceforth not be able to serve as religious practitioners, no monastery will be allowed to take them in, and should they do so, the heads of that monasterys

Measures for dealing strictly with rebellious monasteries and individual monks and nunsOrder from the Peoples Government of Ganzi TAP, No. 2
These measures were decided by the third work meeting of the standing committee of the prefecture Peoples Government and are effective from the day of their promulgation. Head of prefecture: Li Zhangping, June 28, 2008. In order to defend social stability, socialist law and the basic interests of the people, the measures listed below have been resolutely drafted for dealing clearly with participants in illegal activities aimed at incit116

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management committee will be held responsible for supporting and harboring splittists and dealt with severely. TWO: Dealing strictly with trouble making monasteries. 1. Those monasteries with 10%-30% of monks or nuns participating in disturbances will be sealed off, searched, suspect persons detained according to law and any banned items they have hidden shall be confiscated. All religious activities will be suspended, inmates will be prohibited from leaving the premises, and they will be cleaned up and rectified in the proper manner. 2. Monastery management committees with officials participating in disturbances will be rectified in a timely manner, and in cases where an overt incident has occurred, or where there are no suitable personnel available, the local government will depute officials to assume control of management. During the period of cleansing and rectification, the monasterys financial control and all other management functions will be suspended. 3. During the period of rectification, those monks or nuns who do not assist the work of the committee, who do not agree to be registered and photographed, who leave the monastery premises as they please and refuse to correct themselves despite repeated reeducation, will be completely expelled from the monastery, will have their rights as religious practitioners annulled, will be sent back to their native places, and their residential cells will be demolished. Monks and nuns returning to the monastery who cannot give a clear reason for having gone outside, who cannot make a clear stand with respect to the

unification of the Motherland and rejection of the separation of nationalities will be expelled, and their cells demolished. 4. Monks and nuns at monasteries involved in disturbances must re-register, and their cells in the monastery must be collectively numbered. The limit on the number of monks or nuns allowed to join the monastery must be reduced in accordance with the number who participated in the disturbances and the number expelled. Monks and nuns who continue to profess splittism, who covertly assist or participate in disturbances, or refuse to comply with reeducation will be expelled. 5. The management committees of monasteries that do not improve following rectification, where monks and nuns go out again and make trouble, will be investigated, and in due course, according to law, they will be removed from the list of registered religious institutions and closed down. THREE: Strict checking that the management committees fulfill their responsibilities. Monks, Tulkus, Khenpos, Geshes and so on in the management committees of monasteries that, although not directly involved in disturbances, do not take a clear stand on the issue, do not fulfill their management responsibilities, are lax or implicated in instances of poor management, or fail to investigate and discipline monks and nuns who go outside and participate in disturbances must be subjected to careful scrutiny of their mistakes while undergoing criticism and re-education. 1. Management committee officials, Tulkus, Khenpos and Geshes who fail to make their attitude clear or take a two-faced stance will

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not only be strictly warned, but will be submitted to a detailed examination of their behavior in front of a general assembly of the monastic community, and obliged to give a written guarantee, and the giving of this examination and written guarantee will be shown repeatedly in newspapers and on television. 2. Management committee officials, Tulkus, Khenpos and Geshes who send secret reports or collude with foreign separatists, assist in disturbances, tolerate them, or incite others will be severely punished by law. In accordance with legal provisions, their political right of participation in government bodies, Peoples Congresses, Peoples Political Consultative Conferences and Buddhist Associations will be annulled, and all salaries paid for the performance of such various functions terminated. They will not be allowed to participate in religious activities with the rights of religious practitioners, and in the case of Tulkus, they will be stripped of the right to hold the incarnation lineage, and simultaneously the finances and financial management of monasteries under their control will be frozen and inspected, all instances of misappropriation of monastery funds or financial management contravening the regulations will be examined and dealt with according to law, as well as broadcast in prefectural newspapers and on television.

Obituary
Geshe Sonam Phuntsok passes away
This year saw the passing away of Geshe Sonam Phuntsok61, one of the most well known defenders of human rights and religious freedom inside Tibet. He was a popular and well known religious teacher and practitioner in Kardze, Kham region. He was an outright follower of the Dalai Lama and stood for the rights and the freedom of Tibetan people. He was arrested by the Chinese government in October 1999 under the charges of clandestine contacts with the Tibetan government-in-exile in India. He was a daring religious practitioner with firm beliefs and convictions who openly conducted and initiated Life Long prayer for the Dalai Lama, advising the Tibetan people to follow the teachings of the Dalai Lama and his spiritual guidance. After coming under the radar of the Chinese government for some time, he was later arrested on flase and fabricated charges. TCHRD pays sincere homage to Geshe Sonam Phuntsok for defying the Chinese regime in protecting and defending the freedom of worship and practice inside Tibet.

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Geshe Sonam Phuntsok a former political prisoner who spent five years in prison for his religious activities and for conducting a long life prayer ceremony for the Dalai Lama in October 1999, passed away on 5 April 2008 in Kardze after a prolonged battle with multiple illnesses following lengthy imprisonment and maltreatment in prison. As per the earlier information received by the TCHRD, Geshe Sonam Phuntsok, popularly known as Kardze Geshe, was in poor health for a long period of time since his release from Chuandong no. 3 Prison in Tazhu County in October 2004. Geshe Sonam Phuntsok, 57, was a hugely popular religious figure particularly in Kardze. Since his release from prison in October 2004, Geshe Sonam Phuntsok was put under virtual house arrest as movements outside his residence were severely restricted and Geshe had to seek official permission even for any medical treatment. His activities particularly in religious spheres were under constant surveillance by the authorities. TCHRD mourns the death of Geshe Sonam Phuntsok, a popular religious figure of Kardze and considers his untimely demise as a direct result of his lengthy imprisonment, maltreatment in prison and lack of timely medical attention after release along with constant mental harassment which he faced till his last breath. Profile Geshe Sonam Phuntsok was born in 1951 in Choesa Village, Shusar Township, Rongbatsa District, Kardze County, Kardze Tibet Autonomous Prefecture (TAP), Sichuan Province. Early in his childhood, he was ordained as a monk and at the age of 18 he received sacred initiation and other religious teachings from eminent Buddhist masters. In the 1980s he taught Tibetan literature to monks from 35 different monasteries. He also recorded historical descriptions of 13 monasteries in Kardze

TAP. Geshe was based at Dhargay Monastery in Rongbatsa District but often traveled to monasteries and remote villages throughout Kardze County to conduct religious ceremonies and teachings. In 1996, Geshe travelled to India to visit holy places for pilgrimage. He met with the Dalai Lama as part of his pilgrimage during that time. Geshe Sonam Phuntsok returned to Tibet and continued to conduct religious ceremonies for nearly three years thereafter. Arrest Geshe Sonam Phuntsok, along with two other monks, Sonam and Agya Tsering of Kardze Dargay Monastery, was arrested at gunpoint on 25 October 1999 by a team of around 20 Kardze County Public Security Bureau (PSB) suspicious on suspect of having clandestine contacts with the exile Tibetan Government. Geshe was barely clothed and barefooted at the time of arrest. He had prior to his arrest, initiated a long-life prayer offering for His Holiness the Dalai Lama. In an address he made around that time, he praised His Holiness the Dalai Lama and advised the people to follow his teachings. Aware of the consequences for such an action, he even told the public that he did not regret anything. On 31 October 1999, around 3000 local Tibetans gathered in front of Rongbatsa Government Office and demanded his immediate and unconditional release. A large crowd comprising of Tibetans from neighbouring counties also demanded the release of Geshe. About 600 PSB officers and Peoples Armed Police (PAP) threw tear gas shells and fired indiscriminately into the crowd to quell the protest. Many Tibetans were detained and some received imprisonment terms and other monetary fines for their acts. Tsering Wangchuk, a protester, died while in police custody.

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Sentence In March 2001, after a year and five months detention in Dartsedo Prison in Dartsedo County, Kardze TAP, Kardze Peoples Intermediate Court sentenced Geshe to a five year imprisonment term on charges of Inciting splittist activities among the masses, travelling to India on an illegal document procured from Lhasa, for seeking audience with the Dalai Lama and for taking photographs with him, illegally conducting religious ceremony on several occasions within Kardze County, and for conducting long-life prayer ceremony for the Dalai Lama in Rongbatsa. Ill health in prison During two separate visits to the prison, Geshes father and a relative were shocked to see him in frail health. His father, Agya Phuntsok, described that Geshe was lean, semiconscious and could not move properly. In December 2001, Geshe, suffered from high fever, diarrhea, dizziness and lethargy. Although, Geshe was taken to a nearby military hospital on two occasions, kept on three IV drips and hospitalised for seven hours, it did not bring about much improvement to his health. In June 2002, it came to be known that Geshe had ulcer and low blood pressure but not life threatening. Release Geshe Sonam Phuntsok was released after completing his five year prison sentence. On 26 October 2004, Chinese Public Security Bureau (PSB) Officials brought Geshe in a government vehicle to his native Rongbatsa District in Kardze County, Kardze Tibet Autonomous Prefecture (TAP), Sichuan. He had earlier arrived in Dartsedo County on 24 October 2004 after release from Chuandong no 3 Prison in Tazhu County and underwent medical treatment before arriving at Rongbatsa District.

After his release from the Chinese prison in October 2004, he had been virtually living under a state of house arrest until his death on 5 April 2008, at the age of 57.

Conclusion
The Tibetan protesters and demonstrators who called for freedom and religious freedom in Tibet were silenced by iron clad crackdown. Their aspirations and feelings were not addressed. This highlights the fact that China has not changed, as far as its dealings with Tibet are concerned. This colonial mentality of the Chinese government is the root of the on-going crisis in Tibet. In this sense, the feelings and aspirations of Tibetan people have not subsided. Instead, they are boiling and lurking beneath a thin veil of superficial normalcy. As has been seen in the past, protests will erupt again and again. There is no end to this vicious cycle of tyranny and rebellion. The only way to address and resolve the Tibetan issue is to accept and respect the fundamental aspirations and feelings of the Tibetan people in a humane and democratic manner. This year the Tibetan people in Tibet demanded freedom, freedom of religous belief and practice and the Dalai Lamas return to Tibet. These demands were not by guns and bullets by a totalitarian regime. Have the Tibetan people achieved their objectives through this the popular uprising? There is no clear and immediate answer to the question. Nonetheless, it has raised three fundamental questions regarding Chinas rule of Tibet. First, such widespread demonstrations have dismissed Chinas claim that the issue of Tibet was one conjured up by a few people under the inspiration of the Dalai Lama. Secondly, the peoples protests and slogans for free-

120

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dom and independence validated the criticism that Chinas policies inside Tibet had failed Tibetans, miserably, leading to their deep-seated resentment against their rule. Thirdly, the Tibetan people have had tremendous expectations from the stalled Dharamsala-Beijing dialogue. China has never been sincere with the Dalai Lamas envoys and has never taken the dialogue seriously. Chinas policy to prolong the resolution of the Tibetan issue has shown how dangerous it can be to play with the sentiments of the Tibetan people. The credible way forward to resolve the Tibet issue is to honour and respect the voice of the Tibetan people. By doing so, the Tibet issue will be resolved once for all. There is no other substitute. Under the present dialogue process, the Dalai Lama is putting forward Genuine Autonomy as opposed to Independence. China must seize this historic opportunity and must respond positively. It is only under the self governed entity of Genuine Autonomy that Tibetan Buddhism and culture can be most comfortable and best preserved. The Chinese government should not view the Dalai Lama as a separatist, instead he should be seen as a unifying person. He has consistently maintained the middle way approach for over more than twenty years. Still there hasnt been a single conciliatory response from the Chinese side. In fact, for millions of Tibetans, he is first and foremost, the spiritual leader and teacher of immense knowledge and wisdom. Therefore, the Chinese should allow the Dalai Lama to return to Tibet and be united with his people without any pre-conditions. As for the day to day situation inside Tibet, China must first respect and honour the fundamental human rights and the right to self-determination of the Tibetan people. It is also mandatory that all kind of control, regulation and government interference in Tibets religious institutions must be put to an

end. Since the Dalai Lama is a spiritual teacher of incomparable persona for this life and beyond for the Tibetan people, according to Tibetan Buddhist beliefs, all kinds of malicious and baseless personal attacks against him must be stopped forth with as these goes against the sentiments of the Tibetan people. As a first course of action, China must put an end to the patriotic education campaign currently being implemented in Tibet. It is also necessary to dismantle the work teams and the Democratic Management Committees (DMC), a political instrument through which the violation of religious freedom inside Tibet is currently taking place. Only then can the Chinese government ensure religious freedom and fundamental human rights for the Tibetan people in Tibet.

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

23

24

25

26 27

EndNotes
28 1 2 3

4 5

6 7 8

9 10

11

12

13 14

15

16

17

18

19 20

21

22

TIN, News Review: Reports from Tibet, No. 29, 2001, 10. TIN, News Review: Reports from Tibet, No. 29, 2001, 10. TIN, Background Briefing Papers: Political Campaigns (19961997), No. 30, pg 2. Ibid. TIN, Background Briefing Papers: Political Campaigns (19961997), No. 30, pg 2 Ibid. Ibid. TIN, Background Briefing Papers: Political Campaigns (19961997), No. 30, pg 3 Ibid. TIN, Background Briefing Papers: Political Campaigns (19961997), No. 30, pg 3 Tibetans arrested in Rebkong during Monlam Chenmo, Human Rights Update, TCHRD, February 2008, www.tchrd.org Tibetans, Chinese Police Clash at Festival, Radio Free Asia, 22 February 2008, Available at http://www.rfa.org/english/ news/tibet_clash-20080222.html Ibid. Hundreds of Tibetan devotees protest in Amdo Golog: 17 March 2008, TCHRD Press Release; 17 March 2008, www.tchrd.org Tibet Watch (2008). Uprising in Tibet - 10 March to 30 April. London: Tibet Watch Tibet at a Turning Point: The Spring Uprising and Chinas New Crackdow, Washington DC: International Campaign for Tibet, 2008). www.savetibet.org Uprising in Tibet - 10 March to 30 April. London: Tibet Watch, 2008 2,000 Tibetans Defy Crackdown as China Admits Shooting, 20 March 2008, Radio Free Asia, Availabke at http:// www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet_protests-20080320.html Ibid. Raid on Labrang Monastery, International Campaign for Tibet, 18 April 2008, Available at http://www.savetibet.org/ news/newsitem.php?id=1287 2,000 Tibetans Defy Crackdown as China Admits Shooting, Radio Free Asia, 20 March 2008, Available at http:// www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet_protests-2008320.html Tibet at a Turning Point: The Spring Uprising and Chinas New Crackdow, Washington DC: International Campaign for Tibet, 2008. www.savetibet.org

29 30 31

32

33

34 35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

Two monks commit suicide in Amdo Ngaba, TCHRD Press Release; 4 April 2008, www.tchrd.org Over hundred of monks arrested after a raid in Ngaba Kirti Monastery, TCHRD Press Release; 28 March 2008, www.tchrd.org China arrest over 572 monks from Kirti Monastery in twoday raid, TCHRD Press Release; 1 April 2008, www.tchrd.org Ibid. Protest in Amdo Machu, Human Rights Update, TCHRD, Uprising in Tibet, March 2008, http://www.tchrd.org/ publications/hr_updates/2008/hr200803.html#UPRISING Uprising in Tibet - 10 March to 30 April. London: Tibet Watch, 2008 Ibid. Ibid. Portraits of the Dalai Lama in Ngaba Kirti Monastery destroyed by Chinese authorities, TCHRD Press Release; 9 May 2008, Press Release, www.tchrd.org China detains 32 monks in Chushul County, TCHRD Press Release; 9 May 2008, www.tchrd.org Uprising in Tibet - 10 March to 30 April. London: Tibet Watch, 2008 Ibid. Tibet at a Turning Point: The Spring Uprising and Chinas New Crackdown, Washington DC: ICT, International Campaign for Tibet, 2008. www.savetibet.org Uprising in Tibet - 10 March to 30 April. London: Tibet Watch, 2008 U.S. Department of State. (2008, September 19). International Religious Freedom Report 2008. Retrieved from U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor: http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108404.htm#tibet China closes down Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastic School, TCHRD Press Release; 17 April 2008, www.tchrd.org Uprising in Tibet - 10 March to 30 April. London: Tibet Watch, 2008 U.S. Department of State. (2008, September 19). International Religious Freedom Report 2008. Retrieved from U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor: http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108404.htm#tibet Monks of Drepung Monastery detained during Patriotic Education campaign, TCHRD Press Release; 14 April 2008, www.tchrd.org 2007 Regional United Front Nationalities Work Conference, International Campaign for Tibet Press Release, www.savetibet.org Uprising in Tibet - 10 March to 30 April. London: Tibet Watch, 2008 Tibet at a Turning Point: The Spring Uprising and Chinas New Crackdown, Washington DC: International Campaign for Tibet 2008. www.savetibet.org Crackdown on Amdo Labrang Monastery, TCHRD Press Release; Kathmandu Interview No. 6, Dated: 7 December 2008 A former chief of Rong Gonchen Monastery in critical condition, TCHRD Press Release; 18 April 2008, www.tchrd.org

122

Religious Freedom

47

48

49 50

51 52

53

54

55

56

57 58

59 60 61

Panchen Lama spends his 19th birthday under house arrest, 25 April 2008, TCHRD Press Release; www.savetibet.org China arrests 16 monks for defying patriotic re-education, TCHRD Press Release; 15 May 2008, www.tchrd.org Ibid. China arrests 55 nuns of Pang-ri Nunnery for protesting, TCHRD Press Release; 17 May 2008, www.tchrd.org Ibid. China detains Drakar and Ganden Choeling Nuns in Kardze, TCHRD Press Release; 17 May 2008, www.tchrd.org China arrests a popular religious figure in Kardze County, TCHRD Press Release; 19 May 2008, www.tchrd.org 12 monks of Dingri Shelkar Choedhe Monastery arrested for opposing the Patriotic re-education campaign, TCHRD Press Release; 31 May 2008, www.tchrd.org China launches renewed Patriotic Education Campaign across all sections in Tibet, TCHRD Press Release; 24 April 2008, www.tchrd.org New Measures Reveal Government Plan to Purge Monasteries and Restrict Religious Practice, International Campaign for Tibet, 20 July 2008, http://www.savetibet.org/ media-center/behind-news/new-measures-reveal-governmentplan-purge-monasteries-and-restrict-buddhist-practice Ibid. New Measures Reveal Government Plan to Purge Monasteries and Restrict Religious Practice, International Campaign for Tibet, 20 July 2008, avialable at http:// www.savetibet.org/media-center/behind-news/new-measuresreveal-government-plan-purge-monasteries-and-restrictbuddhist-practice Ibid. Ibid. A popular Tibetan religious figure, Geshe Sonam Phuntsok, passes away in Kardze, TCHRD Press Release; 15 April 2008, www.tchrd.org

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Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

APPENDIX 1

List of Known Current Political Prisoners of 2007

TCHRD 07-002 STATUS DET NAME Adruk Lopoe Lay Name Unknown SEX M AGE 45 AFFILIATION Lithang Monastery Kongpo Bangri 99-046 DET Bangri Rinpoche Jigme Tenzin M 40 Monastery Monk, Bekar 07-021 DET? Bhu Tenkay Unknown M 18 Monastery Monk, Bekar 07-018 DET? Bhunchung Norbu Unknown M 32 Monastery 94- 077 05-025 04-001 01-026 07-011 05-006 96-224 98-030 06-009 07-017 07-013 05-018 95-005 02-005 04-017 06-012 00-008 02-038 07-005 96-259 07-006 07-022 07-015 07-025 96-165 07-016 07-003 95-136 07-008 07-012 97-053 94-076 04-016 06-006 DET DET? DET? DET ? DET? DET? DET DET DET DET ? DET? DET DET ? yima DET? DET DET DET DET DET DET DET? DET? DET? DET? DET? DET? DET DET? DET? DET? DET DET? DET DET? Gendun Gyalpo Gyaltsen Namdak Gyurmey Jampa Namgyal Jamyang Tenzin Jigme Gyatso Kalgyam Kalsang Gyatso Kalsang Rigsel Kham Lama Kunchok Dhondup Kunchok Samphel Kunkhen Legshe Phuntsok Lhakdon Lhamo Tseten Lobsang Dorjee Lobsang Jinpa Lobsang Khedrup Lobsang Palden Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown N/A Unknown N/A Adruk Kyalgyam Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown M M M M M M M M M M M M M 24 33 32 23 31 15 19 23 22 22 Kardze Monastery 26 24 28 40 33 34 26 27 28 Sera Monastery Sog Tsedhen Monastery N/A Youru Geydenling Monastery Amdo Labrang Monastery Farmer Achok Monastery Choekorling Monastery Monk, Ngari Darchen Gaden Monastery Farmer Teacher, Lithang Middle School Nalanda Monastery Teacher Student Drongsar Monastery Serwa Monastery Chemi Dorjee Chemi Gonpo Choedhen Rinzin Choenga Tsering Chopa Kyab Chung Tsering Dawa Dorjee Dawa Tsering Dolma Kyap Drakpa Gyaltsen Drolma Kyab Gedhun Gedun Choekyi Unknown M 6 Monastery Bank Employee 21/12/02 00/02/04 00/05/2006 17/03/00 00/01/02 10/3/2007 30/03/96 10/3/2007 11/16/2007 9/25/2007 00/10/2007 10/5/1996 9/25/2007 8/22/2007 5/3/1996 00/08/2007 9/6/2007 7/01/1997 29/03/94 00/02/04 00/08/2006 ShigatseDC Ngapa Prison Chushul Prison Chushul Prison Ngaba Prison Lithang PSB DC Chushul Prison Lithang PSB DC Sangchu PSB DC Driru PSB DC N/A Chushul Prison Driru PSB DC Dartsedo PSB DC Chushul Prison Khangmar PSB DC Sangchu PSB DC Chamdo DC Chushul Prison Ngapa Prison Kardze DC 14 yrs 15 yrs 11yrs 9 yrs 12 yrs 10 yrs 18 Yrs 5 yrs 11yrs 5 Yrs 10 yrs 9yrs Ngamring County,Shigatse Kardze County, TAP Sichuan Shigatse, TAR Sog.Sogrongmi Kardze County Youru Sakhor, Lithang, Kardze TAP Kanlho Sangchu Youru Kharshul, Lithang Kardze, TAP Sangchu County, Kanlho, TAP Tsachu, Driru County, Nagchu TAR Kardze, Sichuan TAP Meldrogungkar TAR Tsachu, Driru County, Nagchu TAR Lithang,Karze TAP Phenpo Lhundup County Khangmar County, Shigatse TAR Sangchu County, Kanlho, TAP Chamdo Pashoe Chamdo Jojugyabdo Kardze County, TAP Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sichuan Unknown N/A Unknown Gyaltsen Unknown Unknown N/A Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Lobsang Gedhun M M M M M M M M M` M M M 26 30 25 18 15 28 31 54 30 28 Monastery 14 Student Yulung Monastery Tashi Lhunpo 17/05/95 Beijing ? Nagchu, Lhari 9/6/2007 2/4/2005 Sangchu PSB DC Chabcha DC 4 yrs Sangchu County, Kanlho, TAP Tsolo TAP,Qinghai ? Serwa Monastery Kardze Gaden Monastery Karze Monastery Student Pangsa Monastery Bank Employee Farmer Teacher, Writer Monk, Bekar 00/11/2007 Driru PSB DC Driru County, Nagchu TAR 29/03/94 21/06/2005 12/2/2004 00/04/01 9/6/2007 00/04/05 00/00/96 00/09/98 9/3/2005 Chushul Prison Kardze DC Gutsa DC Ngaba Prison Sangchu PSB DC Gutsa Chushul Prison Chushul Prison Xiling Prison 16 yrs 15 Yrs 10 yrs 8yrs 15 yrs Chamdo Pashoe Kardze, Sichuan TAP Meldrogungkar County Kardze Sangchu County, Kanlho, TAP Medrogongkar TAR Nagchu Markham, Chamdo TAR Tsochang,TAP Qinghai 00/11/2007 Driru PSB DC Driru County, Nagchu TAR 00/11/2007 Driru PSB DC Driru County, Nagchu TAR 26/08/99 Chushul Prison 18 yrs ARREST 8/21/2007 PRISON Dartsedo PSB DC TERM 10 yrs ORIGIN Youruma, Lithang Kardze, TAP

Jacmyang Goinqen M Sonam Dhundup Lhakpa Dhondup Unknown Unknown Pema Tsering Unknown Unknown M M M M M M M

124

APPENDIX 1
List of Known Current Political Prisoners of 2007
TCHRD
07-007 96-157 06-013 94-079 95-118 93-240 07-004 00-006 07-024 97-085 07-010 07-009 94-092 04-011 07-001 97-063 02-023 92-175 05-001 95-085 01-045 07-023 07-020 99-001 97-006 96-169 05-002 00-032 92-156 04-007 07-014 02-018 02-020 02-017 07-019 00-79 95-074 93-148 96-136 05-021 03-011

Appendices

STATUS
DET? DET DET DET DET DET DET DET? DET? DET? DET? DET? DET? DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET? DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET? DET? DET DET DET DET DET? DET

NAME
Lobsang Phuntsok Lobsang Tenpa Lobsang Thoesam Lobsang Tsegyal Lobsang Tsering Lodroe Gyatso Lothok Luzi Tashi Phuntsok Nening Ngawang Geyser Pempa Phuntsok Gyaltsen Phuntsok Tsering Phuntsok Wangdu Ronggye A'drak Sey Khedrup Shethar Sonam Gyalpo Tashi Gyatso Tashi Tsering Tashi Topgyal Tenphel Tenzin Tenzin Dorjee Tenzin Gelek Tenzin Khedup Thupten Thabkai Trakru Yeshi Trinkar TrulkuTenzin Delek Tsekhu Tsepal Tsering Lhagon Tseten Gyatso Tsokchoe Tsokphel Voesel Yeshi Rabgyal Yeshi Tenzin Yonten Drolma Zoepa aka Soepa

Lay Name
Unknown Jampa Lodroe( Poloe) Unknown

SEX
M M M M

AGE
30 23 23 28

AFFILIATION
Lithang Monastery Gaden Monastery Kundelling Monastery Serwa Monastery Drongsar Monastery

ARREST
9/15/2007 5/7/1996 00/08/2006 29/03/04 8/11/1995 17/01/93 8/19/2007 00/04/02 11/20/2007 18/08/97 00/06/2006 00/08/2007 21/12/04 2/7/1997 8/1/2007 19/03/00 00/01/03 28/08/05 5/5/2001

PRISON
Lithang PSB DC Chushul Prison

TERM

ORIGIN
Lithang,Karze TAP

15yrs 3 yrs

Drigung Meldro Tsongon, TAP Chamdo Pashoe Chamdo Pashoe Sog,Sogrongmi Lithang,Karze TAP Kardze Driru County, Nagchu TAR Sog Ya- Ngashang

Chushul Prison Chamdo DC Chushul Prison Dartsedo PSB DC Yakraphug Driru PSB DC Disappear Ngari Prison Pelgon PSB DC Nyari DC Chushul Prison Darstsedo PSB DC Chushul Prison Ngaba DC Chushul Prison Xiling Chushul Prison Chushul Prison Driru PSB DC Driru PSB DC Chushul Prison Chushul Prison Chamdo DC Chamdo DC Chushul Prison Chushul Prison Chuandong Sangchu PSB DC Chushul Prison Chushul Prison Chushul Prison Driru PSB DC Ngaba DC Ngaba DC Chushul Prison Chushul Prison Gansu Women's Prison Ngaba DC

15 yrs 14yrs 21yrs 5 yrs 7 yrs

Bushow N/A Lobsang Thokmey N/A Unknown Ngawang Gyalsey Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M 33 36 29 30 21 40 33 24 29 52 27 35 43 37

Sog Drama Association Farmer Othok Monastery Bekar Monastery Sog Tsendhen Monastery Business Village Staff Dhargayling Monastery Gaden Monastery Farmer Sog TsendhenMonastery Khangmar Monastery Business

3 yrs

Tsakor Village, Dingri, Shigatse, TAR Pelgon County, Nagchu TAR Lhatse Shigatse

14 yrs 8 yrs life 12 yrs 12 yrs 12 yrs 15 yrs 6 yrs

Taktse Drushi Youruma, Lithang Kardze, TAP Sog Yognashang Marthang County Lhoka Prefecture TAR Amdo Golok Machen County Damshung County, Lhasa, "TAR" Ngamring County,Shigatse Driru County, Nagchu TAR Driru County, Nagchu TAR

Unknown

M M 50 28 26 23 23

Damshung Carpentar Bekar Monastery Monk, Bekar Monastery Shabten Monastery Gaden Monastery Tsampung Monastery Tsampung Monastery 48 33 54 14 64 40 35 22 31 30 28 32 Electrical employee Farmer Lithang Monastery Student Serwa Monastery N/A N/A Monk, Bekar Monastery Khangmar Monastery Khangmar Monastery Gaden Monastery Sog Tsedhen Monastery Gaden Tengyeling Nunnery 33 Khangmar Monastery

00/00/95 00/08/02 11/20/2007 00/11/2007 00/00/97 05/09/1996 18/07/01 18/07/01 19/03/00 00/00/1992 4/7/2002 9/6/2007 00/00/97 19/03/00 00/07/2001 00/11/2007 00/01/03 00/01/03 5/7/1996 17/03/00 00/05/2005 00/01/2003

Unknown Unknown Unknown Penpa Unknown Unknown

M M M M M M M

10 yrs 12 yrs Life Life 12 yrs 22 yrs Life

Nagchu Taktse Lamo Chawa Tengchen County Tengchen County Sog County Nagchu TAR Sog County, Nagchu TAR Lithang,Karze TAP Sangchu County, Kanlho, TAP

Unknown Ah-Nga-Tashi unknown Unknown N/A Unknown Unknown Unknown Jamyang Woeser Bhagdro Unknown Unknown Unknown

M M M M M M M M M M M F M

16 yrs 15 yrs 8 yrs

Chamdo Pashoe Sog Yaklashang Amdo, Qinghai TAP Driru County, Nagchu TAR

12 yrs 8 yrs 15 yrs 15 yrs 1yrs 6months 12 yrs

Marthang County Marthang County Meldro Gyama Trikhang Sog,Sogrongmi Thunde County, Tsolo TAP Marthang County, TAP

125

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

APPENDIX 2

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-0001 08-0002 08-0003 08-0004 08-0005 08-0006 08-0007 08-0008 08-0009 08-0010 08-0011 08-0012 08-0013 08-0014 08-0015 08-0016 08-0017 08-0018 08-0019 08-0020 08-0021 08-0022 08-0023 08-0024 08-0025 08-0026 08-0027 08-0028 08-0029 08-0030 08-0031 08-0032 08-0033 08-0034 08-0035 08-0036 08-0037 08-0038 08-0039 08-0040 08-0041 08-0042 08-0043 08-0044 08-0045 08-0046 08-0047 08-0048 08-0049 08-0050 STATUS
DET REL DET REL DET REL DET? DET DET DET DET? REL DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET

NAME
Aa Dhonyoe Aa Namgyalo Aache Tare Aadom Aaho Aajar Kelsher Aaka Aakun Aakya Aalak Dudul Aanam Nyima Aanyi Aaru Thaya Aasang Aatak Aaten Gyang Aati Aati Aatruk Phuntsok Aba Bhumo Achoe Achok Jamyang Jinpa Achok Pasang Gegokar Achok Thinley Achung Adrel Ago Tselo Aka Akhu Nyi Akor Jigme Aku Ako Aku Sangay Akun Alo Chime Angyok Asang Asang Bersatsang Aten Aya Bado Bagdro Bakula Baluk Kyab Bamo Barchung Lopo Basang ( Passang) Bashul Dortrok Baywang(Pemo) Bende Gyal Bende Khar

SEX
M M

AGE

AFFILIATION
Gonsar Monastery

ARREST

PRISON

TERM
6 Yrs

ORIGIN
Derge County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

28

26-27/03/2008 20-21/03/2008

33 44

Ngaba Kirti Monastery

28-29/03/2008 15/04/2008 24-27/03/2008

Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Pelbar County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR" Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

M M M M M M M 14 17 22 M M M M M F F M M M F M M M M M M M M F M M M M M 44 30 41 22 21 20 Thangsar Monastery Pangrina Nunnery 28 38 Mindroling Monastery Gyalmo Gedhen Dhargyal Monastery Labrang Monastery Gyume Monastery 54 Dargay Nyagey Nunnery 19 Tsenshab Gyatso Ling Monastery Dringwa Sumdo Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery 60

22/03/2008 18/03/2008 19/03/2008 24-27/03/2008 18/03/2008 19/04/2008 20/03/2008 00/04/2008

11-4-2008 18/03/2008

3 Yrs

Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

8 Yrs 18/03/2008 20/05/2008 15/05/2008

Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Lithang County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

15/05/2008

Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

20/05/2008 17/03/2008 25/03/2008 28/03/2008 22/03/2008 3-5-2008 2-4-2008 22/03/2008 14/05/2008 31/06/2008 20/03/2008 26/07/2008 00/08/2008 21/03/2008 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison 15 Yrs + 1Y&2M Nangchen PSB DC

Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Tsoe City, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Nyagchuka County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Jomda County, Chamdo Prfecture, "TAR" Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Nangchen County,Jyekundo "TAP" Qinghai Province Sertha County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Lhasa, "TAR"

M M M F M M M F M M 27 Yarteng Monastery 42 Dingkha Monastery Dragkar Nunnery

00/03/2008 23/09/2008

Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province 24/03/2008 15/03/2008 Life 25/03/2008 18/06/2008 20/03/2008 20/03/2008 3 Yrs Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Lithang County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Toelung Dechen County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

126

APPENDIX 2
List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-0051 08-0052 08-0053 08-0054 08-0055 08-0056 08-0057 08-0058 08-0059 08-0060 08-0061 08-0062 08-0063 08-0064 08-0065 08-0066 08-0067 08-0068 08-0069 08-0070 08-0071 08-0072 08-0073 08-0074 08-0075 08-0076 08-0077 08-0078 08-0079 08-0080 08-0081 08-0082 08-0083 08-0084 08-0085 08-0086 08-0087 08-0088 08-0089 08-0090 08-0091 08-0092 08-0093 08-0094 08-0095 08-0096 08-0097 08-0098 08-0099 08-0100 STATUS
REL DET REL DET REL REL REL REL DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET REL REL REL DET REL REL DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET?

Appendices

NAME
Bende Tsering Bendetsang Yangchen Bhelsul Bhen Thekar Bhogya Tsang Wangchen Bhomo Puri Moma Bhomu Muni Bhu Bayli Bhu Gonpo Bhu Jigme Bhu Khepa Bhu Soegha Bhu Tashi Bhu Tengay Bhu Thapkey Bhuchung Bhuchung Norbu Bhuchung Tsering Bhugha Bhumo Khando Bhumo Lhaga Bhumo Palmo Bhumo Pema Bhumo Sho Min Min Bhumo Tengha Bhumo Tsega BhurjamTsang Choephel Bhuten Bhuti Boli Botho Botsu Bumga Butuk Chacho Chagdo Tsering Chagpo Thar Chambu Gudrup Che Gemo Chemi Cheno Khedup Chewa Kunchok Dhargyal Chignyin Chigsam Chime Dolma Chime Gonpo Chime Lhamo Chimey Lhazom Cho Gyatso Chodak

SEX
M F M M M F F M M M M M M M M M M M M F F F F F F F M M F M M F M M

AGE
25 40

AFFILIATION

ARREST
29/03/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

Pangrina Nunnery Maima Tsendrag Monastery

14/05/2008 22-23/03/2008 21/03/2008

32

15/04/2008 25/03/2008 18/03/2008 25/03/2008 16/06/2008

16/06/2008 14/05/2008 25/03/2008 Benkar Monastery 00/08/2008 15/05/2008 Ramoche Temple Benkar Monastery 13 Tsenshab Gyatso Ling Monastery 26/05/2008 00/08/2008 18/03/2008 6 Yrs 25 32 17 Dragkar Nunnery Beri Monastery Dragkar Nunnery 18/06/2008 23/04/2008 22/06/2008 7-5-2008 18/03/2008 Nyimo Gaysey Nunnery 27 33 Pangrina Nunnery 22/05/2008 14/05/2008 22/03/2008 25/03/2008 Dragkar Nunnery 12-5-2008 19/03/2008 25/03/2008 Dragkar Nunnery 22 13 Khenpa Lung Monastery 12-5-2008 14/04/2008 12-5-2008 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison 6 Yrs 4 Yrs 8Yrs 8Yrs

Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Drongo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Driru County, Nagchu Prefecture "TAR" Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Lhasa "TAR" Driru County, Nagchu Prefecture "TAR" Pelbar County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR" Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province 15 D Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Rawa Township,Sog County, Nagchu Prefecture "TAR" Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

M M M F F M M M M F M F F M M

40 33 52 31

29/03/2008 30/03/2008 14/04/2008 15/03/2008 15/04/2008

40

Labrang Monastery Taksang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 29/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 25/03/2008

Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Drongo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Shigatse County, Shigatse Prefecture,"TAR" Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

16

Ngaba Kirti Monastery

32

Pangrina Nunnery

14/05/2008 18/03/2008

19 20 41

Pangrina Nunnery

14/05/2008 20/03/2008

A-Khor Monastery Shetsang Monastery

23/03/2008 14/04/2008

127

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-0101 08-0102 08-0103 08-0104 08-0105 08-0106 08-0107 08-0108 08-0109 08-0110 08-0111 08-0112 08-0113 08-0114 08-0115 08-0116 08-0117 08-0118 08-0119 08-0120 08-0121 08-0122 08-0123 08-0124 08-0125 08-0126 08-0127 08-0128 08-0129 08-0130 08-0131 08-0132 08-0133 08-0134 08-0135 08-0136 08-0137 08-0138 08-0139 08-0140 08-0141 08-0142 08-0143 08-0144 08-0145 08-0146 08-0147 08-0148 08-0149 08-0150 STATUS
DET DET REL REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET REL REL DET DET DET REL REL REL DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL REL DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET REL

NAME
Choden Choe Gyatso Choe Lak Choedak Choedar Choeden Choeden Choeden Choedon Choedrub Choegong Choegyal Choegyal Tso Choeley Choelha Choenga Choenyi Gyatso Choenyi Sangpo Choepa Kyap Choepa Tashi Choephak Choephel Choephel Choephel Choephel Choephel Choephel Choephel Choephel Choephel Choephel Choephel Choephel Gyatso Choephel Tashi Choephel Wangpo Choephel Wangpo Choepo Choetse Choetso Choeyang Gyatso Choeyang Kyab Choeying Tashi Choezin Choezin Chogri Yeshi Chokdup Chokey Chokey Dolma Chokpo Chokyab

SEX
M M F M M M M F F M M M F M F F M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M F F M M

AGE

AFFILIATION

ARREST

PRISON

TERM
2 Yrs

ORIGIN
Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Lhasa "TAR"

19

A-Khor Monastery

23/03/2008 00/03/2008 5-4-2008 20/03/2008 Machu County Prison

Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province 7 Yrs Chogri, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

23

A-Khor Monastery Gur Monastery

23/03/2008 14/04/2008 21/03/2008 25/03/2008

18

25

Gonsar Monastery

24/05/2008 18/03/2008

23

Woeser Monastery

13/5/2008 5-4-2008 15/03/2008 Machu County Prison

Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Machen County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

40

Pangrina Nunnery

14/05/2008 17/05/2008

22 Thupten Yongdueling Monastery

25/04/2008 31-02/04/2008 17/03/2008 30/03/2008

24 Visiting Student of Drepung

10-3-2008 22/07/2008 5-4-2008

Pema County Prison

Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

Machu County Prison

Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

23 20

15/04/2008 17/03/2008 17/03/2008

19

17/05/2008 17/05/2008

Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County,Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province 4 Yrs Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province 3-14 Yrs Lhasa "TAR"

19 19 26 33 16 Ngaba Kirti Monastery

18/03/2008 18/03/2008 23/03/2008

28-29/03/2008 00/03/2008

Drepung Monastery Drepung Monastery

00/04/2008 00/04/2008 00/04/2008 30/04/200/8 Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Rebkong County, Melho "TAP" Qinghai Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Jomda County, Chamdo Prfecture, "TAR" Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Chogri, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

25

Gaden Choeling Nunnery Rongpo Thosam Monastery

14/5/2008 17/04/2008 30/03/2008 20/03/2008

30 33 20

Gomang Monastery

Ngaba Kirti Monastery

28-29/03/2008 20/03/2008 19/04/2008

21

31/06/2008 18/03/2008 25/03/2008 20/03/2008

128

Appendices

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-0151 08-0152 08-0153 08-0154 08-0155 08-0156 08-0157 08-0158 08-0159 08-0160 08-0161 08-0162 08-0163 08-0164 08-0165 08-0166 08-0167 08-0168 08-0169 08-0170 08-0171 08-0172 08-0173 08-0174 08-0175 08-0176 08-0177 08-0178 08-0179 08-0180 08-0181 08-0182 08-0183 08-0184 08-0185 08-0186 08-0187 08-0188 08-0189 08-0190 08-0191 08-0192 08-0193 08-0194 08-0195 08-0196 08-0197 08-0198 08-0199 08-0200 STATUS
DET REL DET REL REL DET DET DET REL DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET? DET DET DET DET DET REL DET REL DET REL DET? REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET? DET? REL DET? DET? DET REL

NAME
Cholo Cholung Tholo Choney Khedup Chonga Chorul Tsang Thupgyal Chosang Choyang Choyang Tashi Choze Chukpo Tsering Chuyang Dabe Dadul Dagul Dakpa Damchoe Damchoe Damchoe Damchoe Damdul Damdul Dangdrung Dapay Darchen Dati Dawa Dawa Dawa Dechen Tso Dechen Wangmo Dekyi Dekyi Deleck Denden Denden Depa Tenpa Deyang Deyang Deyang Tashi Dhaden Dhak Tso Dhamchoe Gyatso Dhamchoe Norbu Dhargon Dhargyal Dhargyal

SEX
M

AGE
14

AFFILIATION
Ngaba Kirti Monastery

ARREST
28-29/03/2008 30/04/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

M F M M M M F M F M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M F F F F M M M M F F M M M M M M M M

40

Labrang Monastery

30/06/2008 26-27/03/2008

29

11-4-2008 18/03/2008

24 33 27

10-3-2008 20/03/2008 18/03/2008 21/03/2008

Pema County Prison 1 Yrs

Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Lhasa "TAR" Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Chushul County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Matoe County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Lhasa, "TAR"

23

Pangrina Nunnery

14/05/2008 31/03/2008

42 37

18/03/2008 21/06/2008 21/03/2008

29

Mishi Thangsar Monastery Shetsang Monastery

21/03/2008 14/04/2008 21/03/2008 24/03/2008

22

Ramoche Temple 42 Shugseb Nunnery

26/05/2008 18/03/2008 28/04/2008

31-02/04/2008 Rongwo Monastery 25 20/04/2008 18/03/2008 24-27/03/2008 25/03/2008 38 Dragkar Nunnery 3-8-2008 12-5-2008 25/03/2008 18/03/2008 40 18/03/2008 25/03/2008 14/04/2008 31 Gaden Choeling Nunnery Ngangong Nunnery Drepung Monastery 00/04/2008 24-27/03/2008 24-27/03/2008 Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 24-27/03/2008 24-27/03/2008 20 Ngaba Kirti Monastery Taksang lhamo Kirtimonastery Taksang lhamo Kirtimonastery Taksang lhamo Kirtimonastery 28-29/03/2008 12-3-2008 14/5/2008 3 Yrs

Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Rebkong County, Melho "TAP" Qinghai Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze, "TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Tewo County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

REL

Dhargyal

12-3-2008

Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

REL DET REL

Dhargyal Dhargyal Dhargyal

M M M 27

12-3-2008 4-20-2008 18/03/2008

Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

129

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-0201 08-0202 08-0203 08-0204 08-0205 08-0206 08-0207 08-0208 08-0209 08-0210 08-0211 08-0212 08-0213 08-0214 08-0215 08-0216 08-0217 08-0218 08-0219 08-0220 08-0221 08-0222 08-0223 08-0224 08-0225 08-0226 08-0227 08-0228 08-0229 08-0230 08-0231 08-0232 08-0233 08-0234 08-0235 08-0236 08-0237 08-0238 08-0239 08-0240 08-0241 08-0242 08-0243 08-0244 08-0245 08-0246 08-0247 08-0248 08-0249 08-0250 STATUS
DET DET REL DET DET DET DET? REL REL REL DET REL REL DET REL DET DET REL REL DET REL DET REL REL DET DET DET REL DET DET? DET DET? DET? REL DET DET DET REL REL DET REL REL DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET

NAME
Dhargyal Dhargyal Dhargyal Dhargyal Dhargyal Garwatsang Dhari Dharyak Dhechok Dhodho Dhogtho Dhola Dhole Dhonchoe Dhonden Dhondup Dhondup Dhondup Dhondup Dhondup Tsering Dhondup Wangchen Dhondup Woeser Dhonyoe Dhonyoe Dhor Ngon Tsang Tsa Lu Ma Dhorga Dhorga Chungwa Dhorlo Dhukar Dhungtso Dhusang Dickyi Dochoe Sonam Dok Chopo Dolkar Kyab Dolkar Kyab Dolkyab Tsang Lama Kyab Dolma Dolma Dolma Dhondup Dolma Kyab Dolma Kyap Dolma Kyi Dolma Tsering Dolma Tsering Dolma Tsering Dolma Tsering Dolma Yangtso Dolma Yangtso Dondrub Donga

SEX
F M M M M F M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M F M F M M M M M F F M M M F F M F F F F M F

AGE
43 26

AFFILIATION

ARREST
21/03/2008 24/04/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

5 Yrs

Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

19/03/2008 19 14/5/2008 16/03/2008 24-27/03/2008 37 11-4-2008 5-4-2008 35 22/03/2008 15/03/2008 25 22/04/2008 30/04/2008 18/03/2008 5-4-2008 10-3-2008 25/03/2008 19 23 26-27/03/2008 11-4-2008 00/03/2008 25/03/2008 Mishi Thangsar Monastery 26 30 23/03/2008 18/03/2008 11-4-2008 21/03/2008 21/03/2008 25/03/2008 11-4-2008 20 Geyma Drak Nunnery 18/06/2008 24-27/03/2008 Dragkar Nunnery 12-5-2008 24-27/03/2008 24-27/03/2008 32 15 19 Dragkar Nunnery 20/03/2008 20-21/03/2008 11-4-2008 24/03/2008 19/03/2008 32 30/03/2008 21/03/2008 34 34 North-West Nationalities University 24 26 18/03/2008 19/03/2008 21/03/2008 Ngangong Nunnery 34 25/03/2008 10-8-2008 19/05/2008 21 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 7 Yrs 30/03/2008 29/04/2008 15 D 15 D 15 Yrs 3 Yrs Machu County Prison 15 Yrs 10 D Machu County Prison Ngaba Prison

Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Qinghai Province Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Machen County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Mari Township,Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR" Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

130

Appendices

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-0251 08-0252 08-0253 08-0254 08-0255 08-0256 08-0257 08-0258 08-0259 08-0260 08-0261 08-0262 08-0263 08-0264 08-0265 08-0266 08-0267 08-0268 08-0269 08-0270 08-0271 08-0272 08-0273 08-0274 08-0275 08-0276 08-0277 08-0278 08-0279 08-0280 08-0281 08-0282 08-0283 08-0284 08-0285 08-0286 08-0287 08-0288 08-0289 08-0290 08-0291 08-0292 08-0293 08-0294 08-0295 08-0296 08-0207 08-0298 08-0299 08-0300 STATUS
REL REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL

NAME
Dongo Donkar Donyang Dorjee Dorjee Dorjee Dorjee Dorjee Chuk Dorjee Dhargyal Dorjee Dhondup Dorjee Dolma Dorjee Dolma Dorjee Drakpa Dorjee Gyaltsen Dorjee Khando Dorjee Khando Dorjee Kundup Dorjee Lorig Dorjee Rabten Dorjee Rinchen Dorjee Rinchen Dorjee Rinchen Dorjee Tashi Dorjee Tashi Dorjee Tashi Dorjee Tashi Dorjee Tashi Dorjee Tashi Dorjee Tsering Dorjee Tsering Dorjee Tsering Dorjee Tseten Dorjee Tseten Dorjee Wangyal Dorjor Dr. Yangzom Dragu Drakho Drakpa Drakpa Drakpa Drakpa Drakpa Drakpa Drakpa Drakpa Drakpa Chakdri Drakpa Dorjee Drakpa Gyaltsen Drakpa Gyatso

SEX
M F

AGE

AFFILIATION

ARREST
20/03/2008 5-4-2008 25/03/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

Machu County Prison 3 Yrs

Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province 4 Yrs Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province 3-14 Yrs Lhasa, "TAR" Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province 5-14 Yrs Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Dzamthang County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province 7 Yrs Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province 1M Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Pelbar County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province So-Ngo Township, Kardze, "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province 1M Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

M M M M M M M F F M M F F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M 11 19 28 27 31 26 31 22 28 19 18 18 25 55+ 25 23 30 21 30 30

Ngaba Kirti Monastery

28-29/03/2008 11-6-2008 11-6-2008 20-21/03/2008 00/04/2008 00/03/2008 21/03/2008 15/03/2008 19/03/2008

Sang Lung Monastery

3-5-2008 19/05/2008

Gaden Choeling Nunnery Pangrina Nunnery

14/05/2008 14/05/2008 20/03/2008 15/06/2008 21/03/2008 00/04/208 23/03/2008 29/03/2008 00/07/2008 15/05/2008 18/08/2008 20/03/2008 22/06/2008 29/03/2008 22/03/2008

18/03/2008 20/03/2008 20/03/2008 Thanggya Monastery 1-4-2008 00/03/2008 Lhasa People's Hospital 7-5-2008 21/6/2008 22/03/2008 A-Khor Monastery Gyutoe Monastery Rong Gonchen Monastery 23/03/2008 00/05/2008 13/4/2008 00/04/2008 18/03/2008 21/03/2008 23/03/2008 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 15/05/2008 22/03/2008 Benkar Monastery Tashi Chophel Ling Monastery 00/03/2008 1-4-2008 2Yrs 15 Yrs 15 Yrs+

Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture,"TAR" Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Gonjo County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Lhasa, "TAR" Lhasa "TAR" Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County,Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Driru County, Nagchu Prefecture "TAR" Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

131

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-0301 08-0302 08-0303 08-0304 08-0305 08-0306 08-0307 08-0308 08-0309 08-0310 08-0311 08-0312 08-0313 08-0314 08-0315 08-0316 08-0317 08-0318 08-0319 08-0320
08-0321 08-0322 08-0323 08-0324 08-0325 08-0326

STATUS
REL DET DET REL DET DET DET REL REL DET REL DET DET DET DET REL REL REL REL REL REL DET DET DET? DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL REL DET DET DET REL DET

NAME
Drangsong Drangyae Yen Drashi Tso Drodhul Drokho Drongpo Rabten Dronkhoma Dronkyab Dronphu Thar Dronsep Drontse Drugthar Drukda Drukgyal Drukgyal yak Drukpa Drukpa Gyal Drukpa Gyal Drukpa Khar Drupchok Drutha Ye Dukar Tsering Dukhor Dun Lak Dungkar Dungtso Dunlag Gadha Lhagyal Gadhe Gadho Gakhu Gari Karma Tsephel Gatruk Dorjee Gawa Gawa Gechung Bhumo Geleg Geleg Drakpa Geleg Gyatso Geleg Gyurmey Geleg Phel Geleg Samdup Geleg Thapkey Gematsang Jamyang Thokmey Gendun Drakpa Gendun Gyatso Gendun Gyatso Gendun Gyatso Gendun Gyatso Gendun Gyatso

SEX
M F F M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M F M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

AGE

AFFILIATION

ARREST
19/03/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Bathang County, Kandze "TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County,Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

28 Geyma Drak Nunnery 26 30 18 Jhangkar Monastery

9-8-2008 18/06/2008 18/03/2008 22/03/2008 00/03/2008 20/03/2008

34

19/03/2008 19/03/2008 Thangsar Monastery 21/03/2008 18/03/2008 17/04/2008 Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28-29/03/2008 23/03/2008 00/04/2008 Maima Tsendrag Monastery 22-23/03/2008 29/03/2008 29/03/2008 19/03/2008 19/03/2008 1Y&4M

35 33 42 55+ 28

Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Machen County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

27 30 20

22 26 17/04/2008 20/03/2008 24-27/03/2008 18/07/2008 20 Gewa Drak Nunnery 18/06/2008 25/03/2008 Drepung Monastery 00/04/2008

Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Phunpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

08-0327
08-0328 08-0329 08-0330 08-0331 08-0332 08-0333 08-0334 08-0335 08-0336 08-0337 08-0338

Unknown Thangsar Monastery

26/07/2008 21/03/2008

Nangchen PSB DC

Nangchen County,Jyekundo "TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County,Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province 3 Yrs Tawu County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze, "TAP" Sichuan Province Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

41

Beri Monastery

24/6/2008 18/03/2008 24/03/2008

36

Pangrina Nunnery Kathog Monastery

14/05/2008 00/07/2008

28 22 30 32

Bada Samdupling Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery Labrang Monastery Sera Monastery Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 28-29/03/2008 1-4-2008 10-3-2008 00/04/2008 00/03/2008 11-4-2008 Visiting Student of Drepung aksang Lhamo Kirti Monastery Gur Monastery 22/07/2008 26/04/2008 14/04/2008 1-4-2008 4-4-2008 23/03/2008 Lhasa

08-0339
08-0340 08-0341 08-0342 08-0343 08-0344 08-0345 08-0346 08-0347 08-0348

Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Golog,"TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

27 23

Bada Samdupling Monastery

30

Labrang Monastery Maru Monastery Mishi Thangsar Monastery

08-0349
08-0350

132

Appendices

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-0351 08-0352 08-0353 08-0354 08-0355 08-0356 08-0357 08-0358 08-0359 08-0360 08-0361 08-0362 08-0363 08-0364 08-0365 08-0366 08-0367 08-0368 08-0369 08-0370 08-0371 08-0372 08-0373 08-0374 08-0375 08-0376 08-0377 08-0378 08-0379 08-0380 08-0381 08-0382 08-0383 08-0384 08-0385 08-0386 08-0387 08-0388 08-0389 08-0390 08-0391 08-0392 08-0393 08-0394 08-0395 08-0396 08-0397 08-0398 08-0399 08-0400 STATUS
DET? DET REL DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET? DET REL DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET? REL DET DET REL DET DET DET REL DET REL DET REL REL DET DET? DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET

NAME
Gendun Gyatso Gendun Gyatso Gendun Gyatso Gendun Gyatso Gendun Sonam Gengya Tsundue Geshe Namgyal Tsering Geshe Sonam Gyurmey Geshe Tenzin Choephel Geshe Tsultrim Tenzin Ghangde Ghayou Gheshor Ghetse Dhorlo Ghiling Lungtok Ghochen Ghoeso Gilu Ginike Tsulkho Gochoe Goga Golok Jigme Gomchukgyal Gonam Gondak Gondon Sangay Gondrue Goney Gongkar Thinley Gongpa Yak Gonpa Gonpa Thar Gonpa Tsering Gonpa Tsering Gonpo Gonpo Gonpo Gonpo Gonpo Gonpo Gyaltsen Gonpo Kyab Gonpo Lhamo Gonpo Namgyal Gonpo Namgyal Gonpo Tashi Gonpo Tsekho Gonpo Tsering Gonpo Tsering Gonpo Tsering Gonpo Tsering

SEX
M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

AGE

AFFILIATION
Shetsang Monastery Thoesamling Monastery

ARREST
14/04/2008 15/05/2008 15/04/2008 21/03/2008 15/04/2008 15/05/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

N/A N/A 50 70's

Chogri Monastery Chogri Monastery Qinghai University Tongkor Monastery

26/03/2008 26/03/2008 17/04/2008 3-4-2008 18/03/2008 19/06/2008 23-25/03/2008 24-27/03/2008 1-5-2008 00/04/2008 16/05/2008

Drango PSB DC Drango PSB DC

Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Xining City, Qinghai University Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province 3 Yrs Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

35

Pangrina Nunnery

14/05/2008 20-04-2008 25/03/2008 18/03/2008

Labrang Monastery 26 22/03/2008 24-27/03/2008 25/03/2008 35 28/05/2008 30/03/2008 25 17 Kardze Monastery 18/03/2008 18/05/2008 23/03/2008 40 67 23 52 20 30 Gonsar Monastery Triyang Monastery Dargay Monastery 18/03/2008 19/03/2008 00/03/2008 19/03/2008 24/05/2008 16/04/2008 5-4-2008 18/03/2008 24-27/03/2008 18/03/2008 18/03/2008 00/04/2008 20/03/2008 20/03/2008 20/03/2008 30 1-5-2008 17/03/2008 17/03/2008 20/03/2008 14 Yrs Machu County Prison Dzoge Detention Centre Tawu Chang Yen

Tsoe City, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Tewo County,Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

133

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-0401 08-0402 08-0403 08-0404 08-0405 08-0406 08-0407 08-0408 08-0409 08-0410 08-0411 08-0412 08-0413 08-0414 08-0415 08-0416 08-0417 08-0418 08-0419 08-0420 08-0421 08-0422 08-0423 08-0424 08-0425 08-0426 08-0427 08-0428 08-0429 08-0430 08-0431 08-0432 08-0433 08-0434 08-0435 08-0436 08-0437 08-0438 08-0439 08-0440 08-0441 08-0442 08-0443 08-0444 08-0445 08-0446 08-0447 08-0448 08-0449 08-0450 STATUS
DET DET DET DET REL DET REL REL REL REL DET DET DET DET? DET DET DET? REL DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET REL DET DET DET DET DET REL REL DET DET DET REL REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET

NAME
Gonpo Tsering Gonpo Tseten Gonpo Wangyal Gosoe Gotsoi Topden Gudrak Gur Kyab Gur Tse Gurbhe Khangtse Tsang Gurbhe Takgham Tsang Gure Gurgon Kyap Gurkyi Gurten Guru Guru Dorjee Gya Bha Gyachen Gyachuk Wangchuk Gyade Gyaga Gyahor Lhamo Gyalbha Gyalgha Lhamo Gyalpo Gyalri Tsang Lama Tsering Gyaltsen Gyatso Gyatso Gyatso Gyayul Seyang Gyayul Shachotso Bodze Gyayul Thinley Gyobhu Thar Gyurmey Gyurmey Gyurmey Gyurmey Dhondup Gyurmey Thinley Hega Horpo Jamche Dorjee Jamchu Jamdon Jamdrup Jamga Dolma Jamga Phuntsok Jamgha Jamgha Jamlha Yang

SEX
M M M M M M M

AGE

AFFILIATION

ARREST
20/03/2008 20/03/2008 20/03/2008 21/03/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

2 Yrs

Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sertha County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

Maima Tsendrag Monastery Larung Ngarik Nangten Lobling

22-23/03/2008 8-7-2008

15/04/2008 M M M M M M M M M M M Maima Tsendrag Monastery Nubsur Monastery 36 38 22-23/03/2008 22-23/03/2008 20/03/2008 29/03/2008 25/03/2008 24-27/03/2008 22/03/2008 28/03/2008 24-27/03/2008 22-23/03/2008 28/06/2008 20/03/2008 F F M F M M M M M M F F F M M M M M M M M M M F M F M M M F 23 Pangrina Nunnery 31 21 26 18 Horshul Monastery Pangrina Nunnery Khenpa Lung Monastery Nyimo Gaysey Nunnery Khangmar Monastery 39 23/03/2008 30/04/2008 19/03/2008 18/03/2008 14/05/2008 12-5-2008 22/05/2008 9-6-2008 25/03/2008 28/03/2008 14/05/2008 4 Yrs 26 40 49 30 28 Thanggya Monastery Labrang Monastery 28 18 40 Maima Tsendrag Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery 54 Gaden Choeling Nunnery 49 54 Gaden Choeling Nunnery 19/03/2008 14/05/2008 26/03/2008 14/5/2008 21/03/2008 16/04/2008 14/03/2008 22-23/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 18/03/2008 11-5-2008 11-5-2008 11-5-2008 17/03/2008 1-4-2008 00/05/2008 18/03/2008 1-4-2008 Life 10 Yrs 1M

Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sertha County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Lushoe Township,Kanlho, "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Gonjo County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Sertha County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

134

Appendices

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-0451 08-0452 08-0453 08-0454 08-0455 08-0456 08-0457 08-0458 08-0459 08-0460 08-0461 08-0462 08-0463 08-0464 08-0465 08-0466 08-0467 08-0468 08-0469 08-0470 08-0471 08-0472 08-0473 08-0474 08-0475 08-0476 08-0477 08-0478 08-0479 08-0480 08-0481 08-0482 08-0483 08-0484 08-0485 08-0486 08-0487 08-0488 08-0489 08-0490 08-0491 08-0492 08-0493 08-0494 08-0495 08-0496 08-0497 08-0498 08-0499 08-0500 STATUS
DET REL DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET? DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET? REL REL DET DET? DET? DET? REL DET DET? DET DET DET? DET DET REL DET? DET?

NAME
Jampa Jampa Jampa Jampa Jampa Jampa Choephel Jampa Chokey Jampa Dekyi Jampa Dorjee Jampa Dorjee Jampa Gendun Jampa Gyatso Jampa Kalsang Jampa Lhamo Jampa Lhamo Jampa Sangpo Jampa Tashi Jampa Tsundue Jamphel Jamphel Dorjee Jamphel Gyatso Jamphel Tenzin Jamphel Wangchuk Jamsang Jamyang Jamyang Jamyang Jamyang Jamyang Jamyang Jamyang (Chewa) Jamyang Choephel Jamyang Dhondup Jamyang Dorjee Jamyang Gyatso Jamyang Gyatso Jamyang Gyatso Jamyang Gyatso Jamyang Gyatso Jamyang Gyatso Jamyang Gyatso Jamyang Jinpa Jamyang Jinpa Jamyang Lodoe Jamyang Losel Jamyang Nyima Jamyang Sherab Jamyang Soepa Jamyang Tenpa Jamyang Tenpa

SEX
F

AGE

AFFILIATION
Dargay Hardu Nunnery

ARREST
23/05/2008 5-4-2008 20/03/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

Machu County Prison

Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Lhasa "TAR" Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machen County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

35

24/04/2008 25/03/2008

M F F M M M M M F F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

25

Beri Monastery

21/06/2008 25/03/2008

20

Tehor Kardze Temple Kardze Monastery

31/05/2008 18/05/2008 9-6-2008 25/03/2008 24/03/2008 14/03/2008 23/05/2008 12-5-2008 14/03/2008 14/06/2008

18

Khangmar Monastery Jammey Monastery

36 20 30

Namtso Monastery Ramoche Temple Dargay Hardu Nunnery Dragkar Nunnery

41 24 28 28 33 Shetsang Monastery Beri Monastery

18/06/2008 11-8-2008 19/03/2008 14/04/2008 20/03/2008

45

Drepung Monastery Unknown

00/04/2008 26/07/2008 23/03/2008 18/03/2008 19/04/2008 20/03/2008 30/04/2008 Nangchen PSB DC Nangchen County, Jyekundo "TAP" Qinghai Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province 1Y&3M Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province 3 Yrs Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province 2 Yrs Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

18

A-Khor Monastery

Mishi Thangsar Monastery 33 21 A-Khor Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery Shetsang Monastery 21 Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery Shetsang Monastery Shetsang Monastery Shetsang Monastery 12 33 Shetsang Monastery Tashi Chophel Ling Monastery

23/03/2008 23/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 14/04/2008 19/03/2008 9-4-2008 00/04/2008 14/04/2008 14/04/2008 14/04/2008 1-4-2008 21/03/2008 14/04/2008 15/05/2008

15

Khenpa Lung Monastery Shetsang Monastery

12-5-2008 14/04/2008 30/03/2008 00/04/2008 21/03/2008 14/04/2008 14/04/2008

30

Kirti Dongri Monastery Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery

32

Sogtsang Monastery Shetsang Monastery Shetsang Monastery

135

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-0501 08-0502 08-0503 08-0504 08-0505 08-0506 08-0507 08-0508 08-0509 08-0510 08-0511 08-0512 08-0513 08-0514 08-0515 08-0516 08-0517 08-0518 08-0519 08-0520 08-0521 08-0522 08-0523 08-0524 08-0525 08-0526 08-0527 08-0528 08-0529 08-0530 08-0531 08-0532 08-0533 08-0534 08-0535 08-0536 08-0537 08-0538 08-0539 08-0540 08-0541 08-0542 08-0543 08-0544 08-0545 08-0546 08-0547 08-0548 08-0549 08-0550 STATUS
DET? DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET? DET DET DET DET DET? DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET REL REL DET REL DET? DET DET? DET DET DET REL DET

NAME
Jamyang Tenzin Jamyang Tenzin Jamyang Toetin Jamyang Tsering Jamyang Tsering Momotsang Jamyang Tsultrim Jamyang Tsultrim Jamyang Tsultrim Jamyang Tsultrim Jamyang Tsundul Jamyang Yeshi Jangdrup Jangsem Nyima Jawoe Jigche Jigchoe Jigme Jigme Jigme Jigme Jigme Jigme Jigme Jigme Jigme Jigme Jigme Jigme Jigme Jigme Jigme (Chungwa) Jigme Choephel Jigme Dawa Jigme Dhargyal Jigme Goril Jigme Goril Jigme Gyatso Jigme Gyatso(Jigme Guri) Jigme Jinpa Jigme Jinpa Jigme Lotsa Jigme Nyima Jigme Tenzin Jigme Tsenphel Jigthren Jigtrin Tsang Namse Jigtsoe Jimpa Jimpa Gyatso Jinpa

SEX
M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

AGE

AFFILIATION
Shetsang Monastery

ARREST
14/04/2008 21/03/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Marthang County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Jomda County, Chamdo Prfecture, "TAR" Tsoe City, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Marthang County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

21 Achog Tsenyi Monastery 19 46 29 37 Gyalmo Gedhen Dhargyal Monastery Mamai Nunnery Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery Achog Tsenyi Monastery 30 21 22 Ngaba Kirti Monastery Khenpa Lung Monastery Za-Samdup Monastery

20/03/2008 18/05/2008 31/06/2008 28/03/2008 21/03/2008 9-4-2008 00/04/2008 20/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 12-5-2008 6-6-2008 18/03/2008 5-4-2008 24-27/03/2008 Machu County Prison 3 Yrs

Dzatoe County, Jyekundo "TAP" Qinghai Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

30 26

A-Khor Monastery Dingkha Monastery Labrang Monastery Mishi Thangsar Monastery Shetsang Monastery Wangchen Ponkar Monastery

23/03/2008 17/03/2008 15 Yrs +

Toelung Dechen County,Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

23/03/2008 14/04/2008 18/03/2008 5/4/2008 Machu County Prison

Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho"TAP",Gansu Province Shigatse County, Shigatse Prefecture,"TAR" Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

22 30 15 16

11/8/2008 20/03/2008 21/03/2008 21/03/2008 22/03/2008

27 Sogtsang Monastery 23 42 40 Rongwo Monastery Thangsar Monastery Gyutoe Monastery Labrang Monastery 30 Sok - Tsang Monastery Labrang Monastery Maru Monastery Maru Monastery Ragtram Monastery 13 Tashi Chophel Ling Monastery Shetsang Monastery 40 Mishi Thangsar Monastery A-Khor Monastery

24/03/2008 21/03/2008 23/03/2008 21/03/2008 20/06/2008 21/03/2008 22/03/2008

21/03/2008 11/04/2008 4/4/2008 4/4/2008 23/03/2008 1/4/2008 14/04/2008 23/03/2008 17/04/2008 Sithren Prison 4 Yrs

Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kumbum County, Qinghai Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

38

00/03/2008 25/03/2008 Thangsar Monastery Je Kumbum Monastery 21/03/2008 16/04/2008 23/03/2008

35

A-Khor Monastery

136

Appendices

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-0551 08-0552 08-0553 08-0554 08-0555 08-0556 08-0557 08-0558 08-0559 08-0560 08-0561 08-0562 08-0563 08-0564 08-0565 08-0566 08-0567 08-0568 08-0569 08-0570 08-0571 08-0572 08-0573 08-0574 08-0575 08-0576 08-0577 08-0578 08-0579 08-0580 08-0581 08-0582 08-0583 08-0584 08-0585 08-0586 08-0587 08-0588 08-0589 08-0590 08-0591 08-0592 08-0593 08-0594 08-0595 08-0596 08-0597 08-0598 08-0599 08-0600 STATUS
REL DET REL REL DET DET DET DET DET REL DET? DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET REL DET DET REL DET REL DET DET DET REL REL DET DET DET DET REL REL DET REL REL REL DET? DET DET DET REL REL REL REL DET

NAME
Jinpa Jinpa Jinpa Jinpa Jinpa Jinpa Jinpa Jinpa Gyatso Jinpa Gyatso Jinpa Gyatso Ju- Tsewang Jungney Jutse Kadam Tsering Kagthar Kal Nyima Kalbar Kalbha Kalden Kalden Chodak Kali Kalsang Kalsang Kalsang Kalsang Bakdo Kalsang Chodak Kalsang Choedup Kalsang Choephel Kalsang Dawa Kalsang Dhondup Kalsang Dhondup Kalsang Dhondup Kalsang Dhondup Kalsang Dhondup Kalsang Dorjee Kalsang Egnyie Kalsang Geleg Kalsang Gyatso Kalsang Gyatso Kalsang Gyatso Kalsang Gyatso Kalsang Gyatso Kalsang Gyatso Kalsang Gyatso Kalsang Jampa Kalsang Jampa Kalsang Jamyang Kalsang Jamyang Kalsang Jigme Kalsang Jinpa

SEX
M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M

AGE

AFFILIATION
Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery Rongpo Monastery

ARREST
14/04/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

1Y&6M 00/03/2008 15/04/2008

Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Tsoe City, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sertha County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

22 37 31 25 40 Gaden Chokorling Monastery Gyalmo Gedhen Dhargyal Monastery Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery

21/03/2008 21/03/2008 24/04/2008 23/03/2008 28/03/2008 9-4-2008 24-27/03/2008

30

Mishi Thangsar Monastery

00/04/2008 25/03/2008

55+

23/03/2008 18/03/2008 Kardze Monastery 19/06/2008 16/03/2008 17/03/2008 18/03/2008 15/03/2008 30/04/2008 5-14 Yrs 15 Yrs life

23 23 27

Ngaba County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

25

A-Khor Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery

23/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 15/04/2008

31 M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M 28 25 Jammey Monastery Maru Monastery Maru Monastery Maru Monastery Maru Monastery Gyalmo Gedhen Dhargyal Monastery 36 49 22 18 39 Maru Monastery Maru Monastery A-Khor Monastery Maru Monastery Maru Monastery Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery Shetsang Monastery Maru Monastery Maru Monastery Mishi Thangsar Monastery 30 Thangsar Monastery 28 Dingkha Monastery Maru Monastery

17/03/2008 4-4-2008 21/03/2008 21/03/2008 25/03/2008 4-4-2008 4-4-2008 20/03/2008 10-3-2008 21/03/2008 25/03/2008 4-4-2008 4-4-2008 23/03/2008 4-4-2008 4-4-2008 9-4-2008 14/04/2008 10-3-2008 22/03/2008 25/03/2008 4-4-2008 4-4-2008 4-4-2008 4-4-2008 28/03/2008

15 Yrs +

Toelung Dechen County,Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County,Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

3-14 Yrs

Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture,"TAR" Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

3 Yrs

Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Tsoe City, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

137

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-0601 08-0602 08-0603 08-0604 08-0605 08-0606 08-0607 08-0608 08-0609 08-0610 08-0611 08-0612 08-0613 08-0614 08-0615 08-0616 08-0617 08-0618 08-0619 08-0620 08-0621 08-0622 08-0623 08-0624 08-0625 08-0626 08-0627 08-0628 08-0629 08-0630 08-0631 08-0632 08-0633 08-0634 08-0635 08-0636 08-0637 08-0638 08-0639 08-0640 08-0641 08-0642 08-0643 08-0644 08-0645 08-0646 08-0647 08-0648 08-0649 08-0650 STATUS
REL REL DET? REL REL REL REL DET DET DET REL REL REL REL DET DET REL DET DET REL REL DET REL REL DET? DET REL DET DET? REL DET? DET REL REL DET REL DET DET DET DET REL REL DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET

NAME
Kalsang Jinpa Kalsang Khedup Kalsang Khedup Kalsang Kyab Kalsang Kyab Kalsang Kyab Kalsang Lekshe Kalsang Lochok Kalsang Nyima Kalsang Nyima Kalsang Phuntsok Kalsang Phuntsok Kalsang Samten Kalsang Shakya Kalsang Sherab Kalsang Sherab Kalsang Sonam Kalsang Sonam Kalsang Tashi Kalsang Tashi Kalsang Tenzin Kalsang Tenzin Kalsang Thapkey Kalsang Topden Kalsang Topden Kalsang Tsering Kalsang Tsering Kalsang Tsering Kalsang Tsultrim Kalsang Tsundue Kalsang Tsundue Kalsang Yeshi Kalsang Yonten Kalsang Yonten Kangtsuk Karbho Karbho Kardru Kardu Kargyam Karma Karma Karma Choejor Karma Dawa Karma Gyaltsen Karma Wangchuk Kathup Thar kathup Tsering Katum Kel Tson

SEX
M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

AGE

AFFILIATION
Maru Monastery Maru Monastery Shetsang Monastery

ARREST
4-4-2008 4-4-2008 14/04/2008 9-4-2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Driru County,Nagchu Prefecture "TAR" Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

32 33 Maru Monastery 20 28 Tarmo Monastery Kardze Monastery

11-4-2008 22/03/2008 4-4-2008 18/06/2008 9-6-2008 00/03/2008 Maru Monastery Maru Monastery Maru Monastery Maru Monastery 4-4-2008 4-4-2008 4-4-2008 4-4-2008 00/04/2008 25/03/2008 3-14 Yrs

Lhasa, "TAR" Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

14 17 17

Tashi Chophel Ling Monastery

1-4-2008 21/03/2008

Khenpa Lung Monastery Maru Monastery Maru Monastery

12-5-2008 4-4-2008 4-4-2008 21/03/2008

17 Maru Monastery Maru Monastery Shetsang Monastery Thanggya Monastery

4-4-2008 4-4-2008 14/04/2008 1-4-2008 9-4-2008 00/03/2008 3-14 Yrs Life

Gonjo County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Lhasa "TAR" Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kumbum County, Qinghai Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Lhasa "TAR"

Shetsang Monastery Je Kumbum Monastery Shetsang Monastery 27 Beri Monastery Maru Monastery Maru Monastery 22

14/04/2008 16/04/2008 14/04/2008 24/06/2008 4-4-2008 4-4-2008 20/03/2008 5-4-2008 23/03/2008 Machu County Prison

Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province 1 Yrs Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Bathang County, Kandze "TAP" Sichuan Province 15 Yrs+ 3 Yrs Toelung Dechen County,Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Riwoche County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province 2 Yrs Ngaba County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

40 Mishi Thangsar Monastery

22/03/2008 23/03/2008

5-4-2008 11-4-2008

Machu County Prison

M M M M M M M M

27 27 30 29

Jhangkar Monastery Dingkha Monastery

00/03/2008 18/03/2008 20/03/2008

Beri Monastery

22/06/2008 21/03/2008

21

9-4-2008 23/03/2008

23

Trosik Monastery

138

Appendices

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-0651 08-0652 08-0653 08-0654 08-0655 08-0656 08-0657 08-0658 08-0659 08-0660 08-0661 08-0662 08-0663 08-0664 08-0665 08-0666 08-0667 08-0668 08-0669 08-0670 08-0671 08-0672 08-0673 08-0674 08-0675 08-0676 08-0677 08-0678 08-0679 08-0680 08-0681 08-0682 08-0683 08-0684 08-0685 08-0686 08-0687 08-0688 08-0689 08-0690 08-0691 08-0692 08-0693 08-0694 08-0695 08-0696 08-0697 08-0698 08-0699 08-0700 STATUS
DET DET DET REL REL REL DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET REL REL DET REL DET DET REL DET DET DET REL REL DET REL REL REL DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET REL DET DET DET DET

NAME
Kelba Kelden Kelden Kelkyab Tsang Jamphel Kelrab Tsang Kalsang Kyab Keltse Khagha Khagong Tsang Choedron Khakbey Kham Kho Khamgo Khando Khando Khando Choetso Khando Lhamo Khando Tsering Khardo Kharmo Khartruk Khechok Khechok Khedup Gyatso Khedup Gyatso Khenpo Khenrab Nyima Khenrab Tashi Khenrab Tharchin Khepa Tsang Dhargyal Khepo Khetsun Khigu Thar Kirpey Kole Konbha Konchok Samten Kopa Tseten Kovo Bhu Kunbo Kunchok Kunchok Kunchok Kunchok Kunchok Kunchok Kunchok Kunchok Dhargyal Kunchok Dhondup Kunchok Dhondup Kunchok Dorjee Kunchok Drakpa

SEX
M M M M M M F F M M M F F F F F M

AGE
23

AFFILIATION

ARREST
16/03/2008

PRISON

TERM
Life

ORIGIN
Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery

00/04/2008 00/03/2008 20 Yrs

Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

22

15/04/2008 26-27/03/2008 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison

Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province 7 Yrs Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

32 43 64 28

Pangrina Nunnery

14/05/2008 24/03/2008 20/03/2008

Soe Monastery Ngaba Zongse Monastery

11-06-2008 11-06-2008 18/06/2008 20/03/2008

25 15 35 Pangrina Nunnery Ngangong Nunnery 14 15

18/05/2008 25/03/2008 00/04/2008 18/03/2008

M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M 21 Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 27 Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery Taksang Lhamo Kirti Monastery Bhumsar Monastery 16 20 20 28 Makur Namgyaling Monastery A-Khor Monastery Pangrina Nunnery Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery Sang Lung Monastery Tsendrak Monastery 20 Je Kumbum Monastery 42 30 Chokri Monastery 32 24 Thupten Yongdueling Monastery 27 23 36 Tsang Monastery Tsang Monastery A-Khor Monastery

9-4-2008 23/03/2008 11-4-2008 13/4/2008 Tsolho PSB DC 10 Yrs 22/03/2008 19/05/2008 19/05/2008 19/05/2008 31-02/04/2008 10-3-2008 25/03/2008 29/03/2008 18/03/2008 5-4-2008 23/03/2008 16/04/2008 22/03/2008 17/03/2008 23/03/2008 23/03/2008 14/05/2008 00/04/2008 9-4-2008 11-4-2008 5-4-2008 20-21/03/2008 29/03/2008 26/04/2008 10-3-2008 20/03/2008 29/03/2008 Machu County Prison 10 Yrs Machu County Prison 13 Yrs

Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Gepa Samdo County,Tsolho "TAP" Qinghai Province Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR" Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR" Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR" Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Drongo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Kumbum County, Qinghai Province Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Dzamthang County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR" Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

139

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-0701 08-0702 08-0703 08-0704 08-0705 08-0706 08-0707 08-0708 08-0709 08-0710 08-0711 08-0712 08-0713 08-0714 08-0715 08-0716 08-0717 08-0718 08-0719 08-0720 08-0721 08-0722 08-0723 08-0724 08-0725 08-0726 08-0727 08-0728 08-0729 08-0730 08-0731 08-0732 08-0733 08-0734 08-0735 08-0736 08-0737 08-0738 08-0739 08-0740 08-0741 08-0742 08-0743 08-0744 08-0745 08-0746 08-0747 08-0748 08-0749 08-0750 STATUS
REL DET REL DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL REL REL DET REL DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET REL DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET? REL REL DET DET DET REL DET REL REL DET REL DET

NAME
Kunchok Gyatso Kunchok Jamphel Kunchok Jigme Kunchok Jinpa Kunchok Jinpa Kunchok Lhundup Kunchok Nagdo Kunchok Nyima Kunchok Nyima Kunchok Pelsang Kunchok Rabgyal Kunchok Rabten Kunchok Samten Kunchok Samten Kunchok Sangay Kunchok Sangay Kunchok Sangay Kunchok Sangpo Kunchok Sangpo Kunchok Sangpo Kunchok Sherab Kunchok Soepa Kunchok Tashi Kunchok Tenzin Kunchok Thapkhey Kunchok Tsultrim Kunchok Woser Kunchok Yarphel Kunga Kunga Kunga Kunga Kunga Phuntsok Kunga Tenzin Kunga Thinley Kungha Kungyang Kunlhek Kunsang Kunsang Kunsang Dorjee Kunsang Tsering Kunsang Tsering Kuntey Kunyang Kusum Kyab Kho Kyakha Kyapey Mara Kyaplo

SEX
M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

AGE

AFFILIATION
Maru Monastery

ARREST
4-4-2008 16/03/2008 29/03/2008 26/04/2008 15/04/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

33 27

Aadu Monastery Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery Taksang Lhamo Kirti Monastery

21

18/03/2008 15/05/2008 Drepung Monastery 00/04/2008 00/03/2008 29/03/2008 29/03/2008 17/04/2008 16/04/2008 29/03/2008 12-3-2008 12-3-2008 14/04/2008 Saru Monastery 12-3-2008

38 22

Lo Monastery Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery Taksang Lhamo Kirti Monastery Kumbum Monastery

Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Kumbum County, Qinghai Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Tewo County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

19 30 33

Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery Saru Monastery Saru Monastery

17

Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 14/04/2008 Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 29/03/2008 29/03/2008 12-3-2008 14/5/2008 17/04/2005 29/03/2008 29/03/2008 29/03/2008 24/05/2008 23/05/2008 4 Yrs

Tewo County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

17

Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery Saru Monastery

21

Unknown Taksang Lhamo Kirti Monastery Gyupa Monastery Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery

20

Gonsar Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery

Drepung Monastery 19 20 Thanggya Monastery Thanggya Monastery Kardze Monastery

00/04/2008 3-4-2008 10 Yrs 15Yrs 18/05/2008 23-25/03/2008 25/03/2008 24-27/03/2008 Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Drongo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Drongo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province 3 Yrs Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Gonjo County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province 3 Yrs 18/03/2008 20/03/2008 25/03/2008 Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Gonjo County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

Thupten Yongdueling Monastery

31-02/04/2008 25/03/2008 24/03/2008

22 20 68

Dargeyling Monastery Thanggya Monastery

15/07/2008 3-4-2008 19/03/2008

Khenpa Lung Monastery 40

M M M M 50

18/03/2008 20/03/2008

140

Appendices

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-0751 08-0752 08-0753 08-0754 08-0755 08-0756 08-0757 08-0758 08-0759 08-0760 08-0761 08-0762 08-0763 08-0764 08-0765 08-0766 08-0767 08-0768 08-0769 08-0770 08-0771 08-0772 08-0773 08-0774 08-0775 08-0776 08-0777 08-0778 08-0779 08-0780 08-0781 08-0782 08-0783 08-0784 08-0785 08-0786 08-0787 08-0788 08-0789 08-0790 08-0791 08-0792 08-0793 08-0794 08-0795 08-0796 08-0797 08-0798 08-0799 08-0800 STATUS
DET? DET DET? DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET REL DET? DET REL REL DET REL REL REL DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET REL REL REL DET? REL REL

NAME
Kyara Kyedhar Kyegon Kyi Jigme Kyi Kyi Kyipay Kyipo Kyipo Kyong Kyap Lagha Lama Lama Kyab Lama Kyap Lama Lekden Lama Phuntsok Lamchung Lama Tagyal Lamze Lang Woesal Lekshe Lektso Lerab Lha Thruk Lhaden Gon Lhadon Lhador Lhadruk Lhaga Lhaga Chewa Lhagha Lhago Kyap Lhagon Lhagyal Lhakar Lhakdon Lhakpa Choetso(lhatruk) Lhakpa Tsering Lhakpa Tsering (Chewa) Lhakpa Tsering (Chungwa) Lhalung Lhamo Lhamo Choetso Lhamo Chokey Lhamo Kyab Lhamo Kyap Lhamo Tashi Lhamo Tashi Lhaphel Lhekden Lhekshe Tsang Namay Lodoe Lhekshe Tsang Samdup

SEX
M M M M M M

AGE

AFFILIATION

ARREST
24-27/03/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

24-27/03/2008 2-4-2008 25/03/2008 18/03/2008 30 16/04/2008 23/03/2008 29/03/2008 Dragkar Nunnery 23/04/2008 11-8-2008 11-4-2008 29/03/2008 Do-gab-ma Monastery Drepung Monastery Gonsar Monastery 19/03/2008 24-27/03/2008 23 38 20 Dragkar Nunnery 11 Tashi Chophel Ling Monastery Gaden Choeling Nunnery Gaden Chokorling Monastery 23/03/2008 18/03/2008 18/03/2008 7-5-2008 1-4-2008 14/05/2008 00/04/2008 Dragkar Nunnery 30 33 26 29 Dragkar Nunnery Pangrina Nunnery Pangrina Nunnery 7-5-2008 23/04/2008 14/05/2008 14/05/2008 15/04/2008 15/03/2008 20D 25/03/2008 00/04/2008 3 Yrs 15 Yrs 1M 1M

Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze, "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Damshul County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Derge County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture,"TAR" Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province 5-14 Yrs 4 Yrs Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Dartsedo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province 3-14 Yrs 3-14 Yrs Lhasa "TAR" Lhasa "TAR" Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province 4 Yrs Dartsedo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province 15D Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

F M F M M M M M M M M M M M F M F M F F F F M

34 38 32 22 20 29

M F F F M M M M F F F M M M M M M M M

36 33

15/07/2007 14/05/2008 15/03/2008

24

Dragkar Nunnery

7-4-2008 27/04/2008 00/03/2008 00/03/2008 15/04/2008

29 33

Yarteng Nunnery Dragkar Nunnery Dragkar Nunnery

18/06/2008

12-5-2008 21/03/2008

25

17/04/2008 9-4-2008

38

30/03/2008 19/03/2008 24-27/03/2008

30 28

15/04/2008 15/04/2008

141

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-0801 08-0802 08-0803 08-0804 08-0805 08-0806 08-0807 08-0808 08-0809 08-0810 08-0811 08-0812 08-0813 08-0814 08-0815 08-0816 08-0817 08-0818 08-0819 08-0820 08-0821 08-0822 08-0823 08-0824 08-0825 08-0826 08-0827 08-0828 08-0829 08-0830 08-0831 08-0832 08-0833 08-0834 08-0835 08-0836 08-0837 08-0838 08-0839 08-0840 08-0841 08-0842 08-0843 08-0844 08-0845 08-0846 08-0847 08-0848 08-0849 08-0850 STATUS
DET? REL DET REL DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET? DET? DET? DET? DET REL REL DET DET REL REL REL REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL REL REL DET REL DET REL DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET

NAME
Lho Yeshi Lhubhum Lhubhum Gyal Lhubhum Tashi Lhubhum Thar Lhubhum Tsering Lhubhum Yak Lhudrup Tendar Lhumte Lhundup Lhundup Lhundup Yonten Lhungo Lilo Ling Dapo Ling Kyikyi Ling Namgyal Lo Dhonyoe Lo Yeshi Lobha Tsang Sonam Gyatso Lobho Lobsang Lobsang Lobsang Lobsang Lobsang Lobsang Lobsang Lobsang Lobsang Lobsang Lobsang Lobsang Chodar Lobsang Choegen Lobsang Choejor Lobsang Choephel Lobsang Choephel Lobsang Choetso Lobsang Choezin Lobsang Damchoe Lobsang Dawa Lobsang Dhargyal Lobsang Dhargyal Lobsang Dhondup Lobsang Dhondup Lobsang Dhonyoe Lobsang Dorjee Lobsang Drakpa Lobsang Drakpa Nag Lobsang Geleg

SEX
M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F F M M M M M M M M M M M

AGE

AFFILIATION

ARREST
25/03/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

34

19/03/2008 21/03/2008 9-4-2008 21/03/2008 21/03/2008 19/03/2008

43 37 17 32

Achog Tsenyi Monastery 17/04/2008 Nationality Middle School 20/10/2008 24/04/2008 Achog Tsenyi Monastery 20/03/2008 3-4-2008 18/03/2008 24-27/03/2008 24-27/03/2008 24-27/03/2008 Za Monastery 27/04/2008 25/03/2008 Maima Tsendrag Monastery 22-23/03/2008 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison

3 Yrs

Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Kangtsa County, Tsochang "TAP" Qinghai Province

4 Yrs

Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Marthang County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Drongo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

35

Tongkhor Monastery

23 15

A-Khor Monastery Sera Monastery

23/03/2008 10-3-2008 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison

Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

25 25 30

00/03/2008 18/03/2008 18/03/2008 20/03/2008

20 23

11-6-2008 00/03/2008 00/03/2008 18/03/2008 Dzoge Detention Centre Dzoge Detention Centre

Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Driru County,Nagchu Prefecture "TAR" Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Chushul County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Lithang County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Derge County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

N/A 18

Kirti Monastery Kardze Monastery Bhenkar Monastery

26/03/2008 13/05/2008 00/07/2008 12-3-2008 21/03/2008 25/03/2008

22 28

Ngaba Kirti Monastery Sogtsang Monastery

Shar Bumpa Nunnery 23 Ngaba Kirti Monastery

00/03/2008 12-3-2008 00/03/2008

28 35 20 35

Ngaba Kirti Monastery Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery Rong Gonchen Monastery

12-3-2008 29/03/2008 13/4/2008 21/03/2008

Zakhog Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery 24 40 26 Ngaba Kirti Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery Beri Monastery

26/04/2008 23/05/2008 28-29/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 18/06/2008

142

Appendices

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-0851 08-0852 08-0853 08-0854 08-0855 08-0856 08-0857 08-0858 08-0859 08-0860 08-0861 08-0862 08-0863 08-0864 08-0865 08-0866 08-0867 08-0868 08-0869 08-0870 08-0871 08-0872 08-0873 08-0874 08-0875 08-0876 08-0877 08-0878 08-0879 08-0880 08-0881 08-0882 08-0883 08-0884 08-0885 08-0886 08-0887 08-0888 08-0889 08-0890 08-0891 08-0892 08-0893 08-0894 08-0895 08-0896 08-0897 08-0898 08-0899 08-0900 STATUS
DET DET DET REL REL REL REL DET DET DET REL REL DET REL REL REL DET DET DET DET DET REL REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL REL REL DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL REL REL DET

NAME
Lobsang Geleg Lobsang Geleg Lobsang Gendun Lobsang Gyaltsen Lobsang Gyatso Lobsang Gyatso Lobsang Gyatso Lobsang Gyatso Lobsang Gyatso Lobsang Gyatso Lobsang Gyatso Lobsang Gyatso Lobsang Gyatso Lobsang Gyatso Lobsang Gyatso Lobsang Gyatso Lobsang Jamyang Lobsang Jamyang Lobsang Jigme Lobsang Jigme Lobsang Jinpa Lobsang Jinpa Lobsang Kalsang Lobsang Khechok Lobsang Khedup Tenpay Gyatso Lobsang Khenrab Lobsang Khetsun Lobsang Kunchok Lobsang Kunchok Lobsang Kunchok Lobsang Kyab Lobsang Lhamo Lobsang Lhundup Lobsang Monlam Lobsang Namgyal Lobsang Namgyal Lobsang Ngawang Lobsang Ngodup Lobsang Ngodup Lobsang Nyima Lobsang Nyima Lobsang Palden Lobsang Palden Lobsang Palden Lobsang Palmo Lobsang Phuntsok Lobsang Rinchen Lobsang Rinchen Lobsang Samdup Lobsang Samten

SEX
M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M F M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M

AGE

AFFILIATION
Drepung Monastery

ARREST
00/04/2008 28-29/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 12-3-2008 4-4-2008 4-4-2008 4-4-2008 28-29/03/2008 28-29/03/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN

33 38 24

Ngaba Kirti Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery Maru Monastery Maru Monastery Maru Monastery

Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

26 38 26 28

Ngaba Kirti Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery Sogtsang Monastery Thupten Yongdueling Monastery

21/03/2008 31-02/04/2008 14/05/2008 15/04/2008 15/04/2008 15/04/2008 5 Yrs

Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province 1Y&9M Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR" Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province 5-14 Yrs Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Machen County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Drongo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Lithang County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

19

Woeser Monastery

35 32 34

Ngaba Kirti Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery

28-29/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 19/05/2008

34 36 25

Ngaba Kirti Monastery Sogtsang Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery

28-29/03/2008 21/03/2008 12-3-2008 15/03/2008

25 35 Ngaba Kirti Monastery

14/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 25/03/2008

28 29 28 19 28 33

Ngaba Kirti Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery Pangrina Nunnery

28-29/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 14/05/2008 16/04/2008

Pangrina Nunnery Ngaba Kirti Monastery

14/05/2008 28-29/03/2008 31-02/04/2008

Maru Monastery

19/03/2008 19/03/2008

20

Ngaba Kirti Monastery Dhargyaling Monastery

28-29/03/2008 14/04/2008 10-3-2008 30/03/2008 21/03/2008 18/06/2008 28-29/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 25/03/2008 19/03/2008

29 29

Sera Monastery Kirti Dongri Monastery Sogtsang Monastery

26 34 39

Beri Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery

27

Tongkhor Monastery

3-4-2008 19/03/2008 15/04/2008

38

Ngaba Kirti Monastery

28-29/03/2008

143

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-0901 08-0902 08-0903 08-0904 08-0905 08-0906 08-0907 08-0908 08-0909 08-0910 08-0911 08-0912 08-0913 08-0914 08-0915 08-0916 08-0917 08-0918 08-0919 08-0920 08-0921 08-0922 08-0923 08-0924 08-0925 08-0926 08-0927 08-0928 08-0929 08-0930 08-0931 08-0932 08-0933 08-0934 08-0935 08-0936 08-0937 08-0938 08-0939 08-0940 08-0941 08-0942 08-0943 08-0944 08-0945 08-0946 08-0947 08-0948 08-0949 08-0950 STATUS
DET REL DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET? DET DET DET? REL DET DET DET DET? DET DET REL DET DET DET DET REL DET DET? DET DET DET DET DET REL REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET

NAME
Lobsang Samten Lobsang Samten Lobsang Samten Lobsang Sherab Lobsang Sherab Lobsang Sherab Lobsang Soepa Lobsang Sonam Lobsang Tashi Lobsang Tashi Lobsang Tenpa Lobsang Tenzin Lobsang Tenzin Lobsang Tenzin Lobsang Tenzin Lobsang Thapkey Lobsang Thinley Lobsang Thokmey Lobsang Thukjey Lobsang Thupten Lobsang Tsemey Lobsang Tsephel Lobsang Tsering Lobsang Tsering Lobsang Tsering Lobsang Tsering Lobsang Tsering Lobsang Tsewang Lobsang Tsultrim Lobsang Tsultrim Lobsang Tsultrim Lobsang Tsundue Lobsang Wangchen Lobsang Wangchuk Lobsang Wangdak Lobsang Woeser Lobsang Yangtso Lobsang Yarphel Lobsher Lochoe Lochoe Lochu Chopa Thar Lodhak Lodoe Lodoe Lodoe Lodoe Lodoe Lodoe Rabten Lodoe Tenpa

SEX
M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M

AGE
23 14

AFFILIATION
Ngaba Kirti Monastery Tashi Chophel Ling Monastery

ARREST

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

1-4-2008 00/03/2008 3-14 Yrs

Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Lhasa "TAR" Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

29 30 24 33 32 43

Ngaba Kirti Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery Sogtsang Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery

28-29/03/2008 28-29/03/2008

21/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 00/03/2008 3-14 Yrs

Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Lhasa "TAR" Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province 2 Yrs 15 Yrs 9 Yrs Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Chushul County, Lhasa Municipality"TAR" Kumbum County, Qinghai Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Drongo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Lhoka Prefecture, "TAR" Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province 3 Yrs Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province 12 Yrs Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

20 37 37 37

Kardze Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery Shetsang Monastery

13/05/2008 23/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 14/04/2008 28-29/03/2008 30/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 10-3-2008 17/03/2008 15/03/2008

32 30 34 19 25

Ngaba Kirti Monastery Kirti Dongri Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery Sera Monastery Thangkar Monastery

Ratoe Monastery Je Kumbum Monastery 24 29 31 36 30 31 Kirti Dongri Monastery Shetsang Monastery Sogtsang Monastery 25 Kirti Dongri Monastery Chokri Monastery Drepung Monastery 25 33 27 20 20 23 Ngaba Kirti Monastery Sogtsang Monastery Pangrina Nunnery Ngaba Kirti Monastery Sera Monastery A-Khor Monastery Sogtsang Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery 16/04/2008 12-3-2008 28-29/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 19/06/2008 30/03/2008 14/04/2008 5-4-2008 30/03/2008 25/03/2008 00/04/2008 28-29/03/2008 21/03/2008 14/05/2008 28-29/03/2008 10-3-2008 23/03/2008 21/03/2008

22 15

Ngaba Kirti Monastery Khenpa Lung Monastery Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery

28-29/03/2008 12-5-2008 00/04/2008 00/04/2008 21/03/2008 24/04/2008 21/03/2008 21/03/2008

19 21 35 43

Tsendrak Monastery

144

Appendices

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-0951 08-0952 08-0953 08-0954 08-0955 08-0956 08-0957 08-0958 08-0959 08-0960 08-0961 08-0962 08-0963 08-0964 08-0965 08-0966 08-0967 08-0968 08-0969 08-0970 08-0971 08-0972 08-0973 08-0974 08-0975 08-0976 08-0977 08-0978 08-0979 08-0980 08-0981 08-0982 08-0983 08-0984 08-0985 08-0986 08-0987 08-0988 08-0989 08-0990 08-0991 08-0992 08-0993 08-0994 08-0995 08-0996 08-0997 08-0998 08-0999 08-1000 STATUS
REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL REL REL REL REL DET REL DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET? DET? DET DET DET DET DET DET? DET REL REL DET REL REL DET REL DET REL DET DET DET DET DET REL REL DET

NAME
Lodoe Wangpo Lodoe Wangpo(shidey Gyatso) Lodrak Lodrup Lodrup Phuntsok Lodrup Yeshi Lodup Lodup Tendhar Logha Lokey Lokhe Lonag Loong Loong Sonam Lopon Lordroe Lori Losam Loten Lotra Tsang Tenzin Loyak Loyang Loyang Lu Lu Lubhu Yak Lukom Lukyi Lunglung Sonam Lungrig Lungrig Lungrig Lushoep Tenzin Lu-shul Jamgha Luthar Luwa Lhundup Luwa Sangden Luwa Tamdin Maangtsi Tsang Sonam Mabho Magpa Mahay Malle Mangtse Tsang Jamyang Gyatso Mankyab Matok Meda Mekang Tenpa Menkyap Menshig Menthruk Tsang Samdup Meri

SEX
M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M

AGE

AFFILIATION
Samten Chokhor Ling Monastery

ARREST
17/04/2008 14/04/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

Ngaba Kirti Monastery 25 23 33 22 Achog Tsenyi Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery Achog Tsenyi Monastery Achog Tsenyi Monastery

28-29/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 20/03/2008 20/03/2008 19/03/2008 7 Yrs 18/03/2008 3 Yrs 13 Yrs 13 Yrs

Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

42

22/03/2008 15/04/2008 30/04/2008 17/05/2008

30

Sera Monastery

10-3-2008 20/03/2008

Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province 6 Yrs Derge County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Lhasa "TAR" Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Gyalmo Township,Kanlho, "TAP" Gansu Province Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Thamey Village, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Machen County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Sertha County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County Prison 16 M Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Tsigorthang County, Tsolho "TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province 2Y&6M Machu County Prison Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

29

18/03/2008

Maima Tsendrag Monastery 25 20 Tsitsang Monastery

22-23/03/2008 20/03/2008 20/05/2008 18/03/2008 18/03/2008

M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F

27

17/03/2008 25/03/2008 25/03/2008 17/05/2008

24 18 A-Khor Monastery

21/03/2008 23/03/2008 19/03/2008 Labrang Tashikyi Monastery 15/4/2008 24-27/03/2008 9-4-2008

28

25/04/2008 18/03/2008

25

20/03/2008 26-27/03/2008 5-4-2008 00/03/2008 15/04/2008

20's Maima Tsendrag Monastery

27/3/2008 22-23/03/2008 21/03/2008

20

22/03/2008 18/03/2008

M M

39

24/04/2008 16/05/2008 5-4-2008

Maima Tsendrag Monastery

22-23/03/2008 20/03/2008

145

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-1001 08-1002 08-1003 08-1004 08-1005 08-1006 08-1007 08-1008 08-1009 08-1010 08-1011 08-1012 08-1013 08-1014 08-1015 08-1016 08-1017 08-1018 08-1019 08-1020 08-1021 08-1022 08-1023 08-1024 08-1025 08-1026 08-1027 08-1028 08-1029 08-1030 08-1031 08-1032 08-1033 08-1034 08-1035 08-1036 08-1037 08-1038 08-1039 08-1040 08-1041 08-1042 08-1043 08-1044 08-1045 08-1046 08-1047 08-1048 08-1049 08-1050 STATUS
DET DET DET DET DET REL DET REL DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET REL REL DET DET REL DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET

NAME
Meshi Dakpa Migmar Migmar Migmar Dhondup Mikyang Tonpa Monlam Moti Tsang Samgha Namdhon Namdol Namdol Namgyal Namgyal Namgyal Namgyal Namgyal Tsering Namgyal Tseten(Namtse) Namkar Namkha Choetso Namkha Tsering Namlo Namsey Namsey Lhamo Namsi Namtse Nangrin Nemay Ngabho Ngag-Gha Ngakchung Ngakho Ngapo Ngawang Ngawang Choeden Ngawang Choenyi Ngawang Choeyang Ngawang Dorjee Ngawang Gyaiten Ngawang Jampa Ngawang Lhundup Ngawang Lobsang Ngawang Namgyal Ngawang Phuntsok Ngawang Phuntsok Ngawang Phuntsok Ngawang Sange Ngawang Serchen Ngawang Serthok Ngawang Tashi Ngawang Tenzin Ngawang Tenzin

SEX
M M M M M M M

AGE

AFFILIATION

ARREST
15/05/2008 00/03/2008 00/03/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

15 Yrs + 3-14 Yrs 14 Yrs

Lhasa, "TAR" Lhasa, "TAR" Lhasa "TAR" Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Drongo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

20/04/2008 23 22/03/2008 11-4-2008 18/03/2008

25

Ngaba Kirti Monastery

28-29/03/2008 15/04/2008

18

Khenpa Lung Monastery

12-5-2008 15/03/2008 21/03/2008

M M M M F M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M 18 40 20 Woeser Monastery Woeser Monastery 45 17 30 32 38 Tarmo Monastery Drepung Monastery Drepung Monastery Gonsar Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery 23 42 40 29 Tarmo Monastery Tarmo Monastery Kardze Monastery Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery Drepung Monastery Drepung Monastery 37 60 Larung Ngarik Nangten Lobling Ngaba Kirti Monastery 10 36 Benkar Monastery Tashi Chophel Ling Monastery 30 38 45 27 Ratoe Monastery Pangrina Nunnery 40 Chokri Monastery

24/03/2008 26/03/2008 20-21/03/2008 16/04/2008 14/05/2008 24/03/2008 20-21/03/2008 30/04/2008 11-6-2008 00/03/2008 21/03/2008 24/04/2008 00/03/2008S 1-4-2008 22/06/2008 8-7-2008 28-29/03/2008 11 Yrs 2Yrs Kardze PSB DC Dzoge Detention Centre 4 YRS 2 Yrs Chushul PSB DC

Chushul County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Driru County, Nagchu Prefecture "TAR" Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

00/03/2008 00/04/2008 00/04/2008 00/03/2008 10-3-2008 18/06/2008 18/06/2008 9-6-2008 00/04/2008 15/03/2008 24/05/2008 28-29/03/2008 18/06/2008 18/06/2008 00/04/2008 00/04/2008 00/06/2008 13/5/2008 30/10/2008

3-14 Yrs

Lhasa, "TAR"

15 Yrs +

Lhasa "TAR" Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture,"TAR" Driru County,Nagchu Prefecture "TAR" Driru County,Nagchu Prefecture "TAR" Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Toelung Dechen County,Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Driru County,Nagchu Prefecture "TAR"

Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR"

146

Appendices

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-1051 08-1052 08-1053 08-1054 08-1055 08-1056 08-1057 08-1058 08-1059 08-1060 08-1061 08-1062 08-1063 08-1064 08-1065 08-1066 08-1067 08-1068 08-1069 08-1070 08-1071 08-1072 08-1073 08-1074 08-1075 08-1076 08-1077 08-1078 08-1079 08-1080 08-1081 08-1082 08-1083 08-1084 08-1085 08-1086 08-1087 08-1088 08-1089 08-1090 08-1091 08-1092 08-1093 08-1094 08-1095 08-1096 08-1097 08-1098 08-1099 08-1100 STATUS
DET REL REL REL REL DET DET? DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET? REL DET DET DET DET DET REL REL DET DET DET DET DET REL DET REL REL DET DET DET? DET? REL DET DET REL REL DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET

NAME
Ngawang Tharchoe Ngawang Tsultrim Ngawang Yigney Ngodup Phuntsok Ngoesoe Konkyaptsang Ngogha Ngowang Ngudup Dorjee Nikay Norbu Norbu Norbu Norbu Dolma Norbu Tsering Norzin Wangmo Nyichung Nyidol Tsang Jamphel Nyidor Nyigha Nyilo Nyilu Nyima Nyima Dorjee Nyima Drakpa Nyima Drakpa Nyima Lhamo Nyima Tashi Nyima Tashi Nyima Wangchuk Nyima Wangmo Nyindor Nyingbhum Nyingchok Gyal Nyinkhar Nyinkho Nyipal Nyisar Nyngkar Chuk O Tsi Olo Ontha Gematsang Othog Palchen Palchen Kyab Palchuk Penchen Palden Palden Palden Palden Choedak Palden Chungwa

SEX
M M M M M M M M F M M M F M M M M M F

AGE
26 13 25 17 35 53

AFFILIATION
Dingkha Monastery Tsenshab Gyatso Ling Monastery Dingkha Monastery Tsenshab Gyatso Ling Monastery

ARREST
17/03/2008 18/03/2008 17/03/2008 18/03/2008 26/07/2008 18/03/2008 24-27/03/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Toelung Dechen County,Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Pelbar County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR" Toelung Dechen County,Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Pelbar County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR"

Nangchen PSB DC 8 Yrs

Nangchen County,Jyekundo "TAP" Qinghai Province Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

25 40

23/06/2008 24/04/2008 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison

Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province 7 Yrs 5 Yrs Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Marthang County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Pelbar County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Bardzi Township,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Tawu County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

22

24/04/2008 25/03/2008

42 49

Pangrina Nunnery

14/05/2008 18/03/2008

County Court Official 24-27/03/2008 26-27/03/2008 00/07/2008 Dragkar Nunnery 12-5-2008 18/03/2008 35 22/06/2008 Dragkar Nunnery 23 41 Nyatso Monastery 12-5-2008 18/03/2008 29/04/2008 19/04/2008 31 16 36 27 Thanggya Monastery 00/04/2008 00/07/2008 25 40 19/03/2008 31/03/2008 26/03/2008 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 21/06/2008 22/06/2008

F M M M F M M M F M M M

Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Palbar County,Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR" Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province 6 Yrs Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Lushoe Township,Kanlho, "TAP" Gansu Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

M M M

35

19/03/2008 24-27/03/2008 25/03/2008

45

19/03/2008 18/03/2008

M M

Drepung Monastery

00/04/2008 11-4-2008 15/04/2008 Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Jomda County, Chamdo Prfecture, "TAR" Machen County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Palbar County,Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR" Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

M M M M M M M M

38 34

31/06/2008 25/04/2008 15/04/2008

30

Gonsar Monastery

24/05/2008 16/03/2008 19/03/2008 00/07/2008

25

Soe Monastery

11-6-2008

147

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-1101 08-1102 08-1103 08-1104 08-1105 08-1106 08-1107 08-1108 08-1109 08-1110 08-1111 08-1112 08-1113 08-1114 08-1115 08-1116 08-1117 08-1118 08-1119 08-1120 08-1121 08-1122 08-1123 08-1124 08-1125 08-1126 08-1127 08-1128 08-1129 08-1130 08-1131 08-1132 08-1133 08-1134 08-1135 08-1136 08-1137 08-1138 08-1139 08-1140 08-1141 08-1142 08-1143 08-1144 08-1145 08-1146 08-1147 08-1148 08-1149 08-1150 STATUS
DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET? DET REL DET REL DET REL REL REL REL DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET? REL REL DET REL REL REL DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET REL DET DET REL REL DET

NAME
Palden Dawa Palden Gyatso Palden Lhatso Palden Migkar Palden Nyendak Palden Sherab Palden Thinley Palden Tsultrim Palden Wangyal Palgon Palgon Paljor Paljor Paljor Norbu Palkyi Palmo Palsang Paltop Paltop Paltsel Kyab Pangrina Rinpoche Panpal Pasang Dolma Passang Dhondup Passang Nyima Passang Tashi Passang Tashi Patsi Paykar Paykho Paylo Paythup Paytse Pechung Pelha Pema Pema Pema Pema Choetso(pay pay) Pema Dechen Pema Dhondup Pema Dorjee Pema Garwang Pema Gyaltsen Pema Gyatso Pema Kharwang Pema Lhamo Pema Tashi Pema Tsering Pema Tsering

SEX
M M F M M M M M M M M M M M F F M M M M M M F M F M M M F M F M F F F F F M F F M M M M M M F M M M

AGE
20

AFFILIATION

ARREST
21/03/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

Ngaba Zongse Monastery 25 Pangrina Nunnery

11-6-2008 14/05/2008 15/05/2008

60

2-7-2008 25/03/2008 Kardze Monastery Kardze Monastery 18/05/2008 13/05/2008 18/06/2008 00/04/2008 24-27/03/2008 Sang Lung Monastery 3-5-2008 18/03/2008 31/10/2008 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 22/06/2008 Taksang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 12-3-2008 00/04/2008 25/03/2009 7 Yrs 3 Yrs 7 Yrs

Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Dzamthang County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Lhasa "TAR" Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Ngaba County,Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Karma Kunsang,East Lhasa City "TAR"

20

28 81 23 17

23 52

23/03/2008 18/05/2008 00/04/2008

32

18/06/2008

32 30 Khenpa Lung Monastery

18/06/2008 12-5-2008

Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Lhasa "TAR"

24-27/03/2008 18/03/2008 30 00/04/2008 18/03/2008 25 19/03/2008 16/04/2008 31 45 Nyimo Gaysey Nunnery 46 Ngaba Kirti Monastery Dragkar Nunnery Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 20/03/2008 22/05/2008 18/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 7-4-2008 18/03/2008 36 19/04/2008 9-4-2008 30 Sera Monastery 10-3-2008 11-6-2008 28 Palyul Tharthang Monastery Gaden Choeling Nunnery 00/04/2008 10-3-2008 14/05/2008 15/04/2008 9-4-2008 21/03/2008 Khormo Prison Kardze Prison 4 Yrs 3 Yrs 10 D

Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Toelung Dechen County, Lhasa Municipality, "TAR" Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dartsedo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Dharthang Monastery Rabkar Village, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Gade County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

148

Appendices

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-1151 08-1152 08-1153 08-1154 08-1155 08-1156 08-1157 08-1158 08-1159 08-1160 08-1161 08-1162 08-1163 08-1164 08-1165 08-1166 08-1167 08-1168 08-1169 08-1170 08-1171 08-1172 08-1173 08-1174 08-1175 08-1176 08-1177 08-1178 08-1179 08-1180 08-1181 08-1182 08-1183 08-1184 08-1185 08-1186 08-1187 08-1188 08-1189 08-1190 08-1191 08-1192 08-1193 08-1194 08-1195 08-1196 08-1197 08-1198 08-1199 08-1200 STATUS
DET REL REL DET DET REL REL DET REL DET DET REL REL REL DET REL Dead DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL REL DET DET DET? DET? REL DET DET REL REL DET DET REL DET DET DET

NAME
Pema Tsering Pema Tseten Pema Yangchen Pema Yangtso Penkyi Penpa Peygon Peypey Phagpa Kyap Phagpa Thar Phagpa Tsering Phakpa Phakpa Tashi Phelgay Phelsam Tashi Phendey Gyal Phentok Phunga Phuntsok Phuntsok Phuntsok Phuntsok Phuntsok Chewa Phuntsok Chungwa Phuntsok Dorjee Phuntsok Dorjee Phuntsok Ngode Phuntsok Nyinpo Phuntsok Tenpa Phuntsok Traden Phuntsok Tsewang Phupo Phurden Phurdhar Poechin Tsang Kunchok Powang Pugang Dhargyal Pusu Ra Tsedhak Rabgyal Rabgyal Rabsel Rabten Rabten Rabten Rangdol Rangjung Rasha Samten Rayab Choklo Rebtsa Gendun Nagdang

SEX
M M F F F

AGE

AFFILIATION
Visiting Studen Of Drepung Monastery

ARREST
10/3/2008 29/03/2008 17/05/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Toelung Dechen County, Lhasa Municipality, "TAR" Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Shigatse County, Shigatse Prefecture,"TAR" Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Menthang Township, Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

24 16 33 21 Pangrina Nunnery

14/05/2008 20/03/2008 25/03/2008

M F M M M M M M M M M F M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

23 Dragkar Nunnery 27

18/03/2008 7/5/2008 27/03/2008 20/03/2008 20/03/2008 Maru Monastery 19/03/2008 9/4/2008 Taksang lhamo Kirtimonastery 12/3/2008 00/03/2008 3-14 Yrs 20 D

Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Lhasa "TAR" Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Dzamthang County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

65 64 30 Pangrina Nunnery Achog Tsenyi Monastery 33 Pangrina Nunnery

19/03/2008 16/03/2008 14/05/2008 00/03/2008 14/05/2008 20/03/2008 2Y& 9M

Chushul County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

20 19

00/04/2008 00/04/2008 19/03/2008 9 Yrs

Lhasa "TAR" Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Toelung Dechen County,Lhasa Municipality "TAR"

21 Drepung Monastery

24/04/2008 11/6/2008 3Y&9M 2Y&6M 00/04/2008 18/03/2008

Chushul County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Chushul County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Lhoka Prefecture, "TAR" Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Menthang Township, Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

22 40

Sera Monastery

10/3/2008 18/03/2008

Maima Tsendrag Monastery 27 21 Yarteng Monastery Dringwa Sumdo Monastery

22-23/03/2008 18/06/2008 19/04/2008 24-27/03/2008

31

22/03/2008 5/4/2008 26/03/2008 Machu County Prison

6 Yrs

Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

28

Thangsar Monastery Visiting Student of Drepung

21/03/2008 22/07/2008 15/04/2008

18

Trosik Monastery

16/03/2008 24/05/2008 Sertha County Prison

1Y&9M

Thangwama Village, Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Palshul Rongsa, Sertha County,Kardze "TAP",Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province

28

Sertha Telivision Station

11/9/2008 25/03/2008 18/03/2008

Tashi Kyil Monastery

15/04/2008

149

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-1201 08-1202 08-1203 08-1204 08-1205 08-1206 08-1207 08-1208 08-1209 08-1210 08-1211 08-1212 08-1213 08-1214 08-1215 08-1216 08-1217 08-1218 08-1219 08-1220 08-1221 08-1222 08-1223 08-1224 08-1225 08-1226 08-1227 08-1228 08-1229 08-1230 08-1231 08-1232 08-1233 08-1234 08-1235 08-1236 08-1237 08-1238 08-1239 08-1240 08-1241 08-1242 08-1243 08-1244 08-1245 08-1246 08-1247 08-1248 08-1249 08-1250 STATUS
DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL REL REL DET REL DET REL REL DET DET REL DET REL REL REL DET DET DET DET DET DET REL REL DET DET DET DET? DET DET DET DET DET DET? REL DET REL REL DET DET DET DET DET REL

NAME
Ribum Gyal Rigdak Rigdak Rigden Lhamo Rigdol Righa Rigtar Rigtho Rigyang Rigzin Rigzin Rigzin Rigzin Choetso Rigzin Chungwa Rigzin Wangdon Rigzoe Rin Gyalmo Rinbhe Rinbum Gyal Rinchen Rinchen Rinchen Rinchen Rinchen Dhondup Rinchen Dhondup Rinchen Dorjee Rinchen Gyaltsen Rinchen Jamatsang Rinchen Pal Rinchen Sangpo Rinchen Tsering Ringden Lhamo Ringen Jamcan Ringthoe Gurkyab Rinlo Rinpung Gya Rinyang Rinzin Wangdon Rongchok Tsang Khechok Rongwa Wangpo Ruchung Rugyu Tenzin Runag Dakpa s Sagey Sakor Guru Samdup Samdup Samdup Samdup

SEX
M M M F M F M M M M M

AGE
28

AFFILIATION

ARREST
24/03/2008 16/05/2008 21/03/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Tsigorthang County, Tsolho "TAP" Qinghai Province

1 Yrs

Sershul County, Kandze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

21 30 20 Mishi Thangsar Monastery Pangrina Nunnery

28/05/2008 30/03/2008 14/05/2008 18/03/2008

21

Woeser Monastery

13/5/2008 25/03/2008

Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Gade County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Tsigorthang County, Tsolho "TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County Prison Machu County Prison Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Rabkar Village, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province 10 Yrs Gonjo County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Gonjo County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Tsigorthang County, Tsolho "TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province 13 Yrs Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Lhasa "TAR" Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province

17 16

Ngaba Kirti Monastery

28-29/03/2008 15/04/2008

F M F M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M F M F F M M

23

Pangrina Nunnery Thupten Yongdueling Monastery

14/05/2008 31-02/04/2008 23/05/2008 20/03/2008

20's 13 28 41 20's

Dargay Hardu Nunnery

Visiting Student of Drepung

10-3-2008 22/03/2008

Unknown Getsul Monastery

26/03/2008 22/05/2008 5-4-2008 5-4-2008 19/03/2008 9-4-2008

24

15/06/2008 16/06/2008

28

Thanggya Monastery Nyimo Gaysey Nunnery A-kuang-Ga Monastery

1-4-2008 22/05/2008 25/03/2008 17/04/2008 20/03/2008

21 27 Thanggya Monastery

28/05/2008 12-4-2008 24-27/03/2008

40 35 21 23 30 Pangrina Nunnery Dargay Hardu Nunnery

24/04/2008 26/03/2008 14/05/2008 23/05/2008 11-4-2008 24-27/03/2008

24 M M M M M M M M M 30 Drepung Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery 27 Gyutoe Monastery Maima Tsendrag Monastery

18/03/2008 1-5-2008 22-23/03/2008 00/03/2008 15/05/2008 24/03/2008 00/04/2008 28-29/03/2008 16/03/2008 18/03/2008 13 Yrs

Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

150

Appendices

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-1251 08-1252 08-1253 08-1254 08-1255 08-1256 08-1257 08-1258 08-1259 08-1260 08-1261 08-1262 08-1263 08-1264 08-1265 08-1266 08-1267 08-1268 08-1269 08-1270 08-1271 08-1272 08-1273 08-1274 08-1275 08-1276 08-1277 08-1278 08-1279 08-1280 08-1281 08-1282 08-1283 08-1284 08-1285 08-1286 08-1287 08-1288 08-1289 08-1290 08-1291 08-1292 08-1293 08-1294 08-1295 08-1296 08-1297 08-1298 08-1299 08-1300 STATUS
REL REL DET REL REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET? DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL REL DET DET DET REL DET DET DET? DET DET REL REL DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET REL DET?

NAME
Samdup Samdup Gyatso Samdup Yalo Samkho Samkho Samphel Samrup Samsang Samten Samten Samten Samten Samten Samten Samten Samten Samten Gyatso Sang Sang Lhe Lhe Sangay Sangay Sangay Sangay Sangay Sangay Sangay Sangay Sangay Sangay Sangay Sangay Bum Sangay Dolma Sangay Dolma Sangay Gyatso Sangay Gyatso Sangay Gyatso Sangay Gyatso Sangay Gyatso Sangay Gyatso Sangay Khar Sangay Khar Sangay Khar Sangay Khar Sangay Kyap Sangay Kyap Sangay Lhamo Sangay Rabten Sangay Tseten Sangay Wangchang Sangdak Sangdak

SEX
M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F F M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M

AGE

AFFILIATION

ARREST
5-4-2008

PRISON
Machu County Prison

TERM

ORIGIN
Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

Maru Monastery

4-4-2008 15/05/2008 19/03/2008

33 Zahog Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery 31 34 32 25 A-Khor Monastery Labrang Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 17 Sera Monastery Drepung Monastery Visiting Student Of Drepung Monastery Shetsang Monastery

22/03/2008 27/04/2008 28-29/03/2008 10-3-2008 23/03/2008 1-4-2008 28-29/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 00/04/2008 10-3-2008 00/04/2008 19/03/2008 14/04/2008 Darlag Prison Gormoy Prison Lhasa Pema County Prison

Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Golog,"TAP" Qinghai Province

Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province 4 Yrs 2 Yrs Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dashi Village, Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

40

Ngaba Kirti Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery

28-29/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 15/03/2008 18/03/2008 18/03/2008 20/03/2008

24 30 21

22/03/2008 22/03/2008 24/04/2008 9-4-2008 Taksang lhamo Kirtimonastery 12-3-2008 00/08/2008

25

19/03/2008 20-21/03/2008 Taksang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 12-3-2008 23/03/2008 00/04/2008 14/04/2008 00/04/2008 21/03/2008 9-4-2008

42

A-Khor Monastery Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery Shetsang Monastery

26 13

17

19/03/2008 20/03/2008

32 32

21/03/2008 17/04/2008 20/03/2008

26

Dragkar Monastery

28/05/2008 21/03/2008

21

19/03/2008 25/03/2008

35

22/03/2008 24-27/03/2008

151

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-1301 08-1302 08-1303 08-1304 08-1305 08-1306 08-1307 08-1308 08-1309 08-1310 08-1311 08-1312 08-1313 08-1314 08-1315 08-1316 08-1317 08-1318 08-1319 08-1320 08-1321 08-1322 08-1323 08-1324 08-1325 08-1326 08-1327 08-1328 08-1329 08-1330 08-1331 08-1332 08-1333 08-1334 08-1335 08-1336 08-1337 08-1338 08-1339 08-1340 08-1341 08-1342 08-1343 08-1344 08-1345 08-1346 08-1347 08-1348 08-1349 08-1350 STATUS
DET DET? DET DET? DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL REL DET REL REL DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET? DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET? DET REL DET

NAME
Sangden Sangdhak Sangdok Lhawang Sangdor Sangha Sangi Bhu Sangkhog Jamyang Jinpa Sangkhog Thapkey Sangkyab Sangmo Sangnag Sangpo Sangpo Sangsang Lele Sangwang Sangzin Kyi Sanying Sarbu Sarpa Tsang Lodoe Sashe Sawang Tsang Maril Seigur Tsang Lota Sekar Thrintse Selo Selpo Sengtop Sergha Serpo Setruk Lhamo Sha Nyi Kho Shavo Lhukyap Shavo Rinchen Shavo Tashi Shavo Tsering Shedup Shedup Shegha Shemo Shepen Shepo Sherab Sherab Sherab Sherab Sherab Sherab Sherab Sherab Sherab Sherab Chakso

SEX
M M M M M M M M M F M M M M F F M M M M M M M F M F M M F M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M

AGE

AFFILIATION

ARREST
18/03/2008 24-27/03/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

38

Yarteng Monastery

17/06/2008 24-27/03/2008

33

Tokden Mindrol Tashi Kyil Monastery

13/08/2008 25/03/2008

Gyume Monastery Labrang Monastery

15/4/2008 22/03/2008

39

Pangrina Nunnery

14/05/2008 22/03/2008

Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Dartsedo County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province 3 Yrs Tsangkha, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province 1Y&9M Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province 2 Yrs 2 Yrs 1Y&6M 1Y&6M Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Sichuan Province Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province 1Y&4M Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

Nangten School

00/04/2008 18/03/2008 28/04/2008

39

Pangrina Nunnery

14/05/2008 20-21/03/2008

30

Namtso Monastery

24/03/2008 20/03/2008

Maima Tsendrag Monastery Nobsur Monastery 34 Maima Tsendrag Monastery 29 50 37 Yatsek Nunnery 37 Khangmar Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery

22-23/03/2008 28/03/2008 11-4-2008 22-23/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 16/04/2008 16/04/2008 17/06/2008 22/06/2008 24/03/2008

Yatsek Nunnery 37

17/06/2008 22/03/2008 24/03/2008 00/03/2008 24/03/2008 00/03/2008

28 23 22 20

A-Khor Monastery

23/03/2008 17/03/2008

Ngaba Kirti Monastery

28-29/03/2008

24-27/03/2008 18/03/2008 Khangmar Monastery 40 Makur Namgyaling Monastery Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 26 00/03/2008 23/03/2008 00/04/2008 18/03/2008 18/03/2008 18/03/2008 24-27/03/2008 25/03/2008 30/04/2008 30 18/03/2008 3 Yrs

Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

152

Appendices

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-1351 08-1352 08-1353 08-1354 08-1355 08-1356 08-1357 08-1358 08-1359 08-1360 08-1361 08-1362 08-1363 08-1364 08-1365 08-1366 08-1367 08-1368 08-1369 08-1370 08-1371 08-1372 08-1373 08-1374 08-1375 08-1376 08-1377 08-1378 08-1379 08-1380 08-1381 08-1382 08-1383 08-1384 08-1385 08-1386 08-1387 08-1388 08-1389 08-1390 08-1391 08-1392 08-1393 08-1394 08-1395 08-1396 08-1397 08-1398 08-1399 08-1400 STATUS
DET REL REL REL REL DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET REL DET DET? REL DET REL DET DET REL DET DET DET DET REL REL DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET

NAME
Sherab Gyaltsen Sherab Gyatso Sherab Gyatso Sherab Gyatso Sherab Gyatso Sherab Sangpo Sherab Yangzo Sherde Shilok Shinthruk Shitso So Chokey So Lhatso Soedhak Soedhon Soedor Soedor Soega Soekho Soeku Soelo Soepa Soepa Soepa Soepa Soepa Soepa Gyatso Soepa Gyatso Soga Sokar Solo Solu Soma Sonam Sonam Sonam Sonam Sonam Sonam Sonam Sonam Sonam Sonam Sonam Sonam Sonam Sonam Choedon Sonam Choedon Sonam Choedon Sonam Chokey

SEX
M M M M M M F M M M F F F F F M M F M F M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M F F F F F

AGE
36 33 27

AFFILIATION

ARREST
22/05/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Kardze County, Kandze "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

Ngaba Kirti Monastery Sogtsang Monastery

12-3-2008 21/03/2008 15/04/2008 15/04/2008

26 40

Dongthok Monastery

26/03/2008 28/03/2008 18/03/2008

6 Yrs

Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Lhasa, TAR Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Lhasa TAR Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Machen County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

Unknown

7-5-2008 00/04/2008

26 27 35

Gewa Drak Nunnery Dargay Nyagey Nunnery Pangrina Nunnery

18/06/2008 20/05/2008 14/05/2008 30/04/2008 18/03/2008 24-27/03/2008

28 23 Pangrina Nunnery

25/04/2008 14/05/2008 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison

Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Mangye Monastery Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

25

Pangrina Nunnery

14/05/2008 00/07/2008

Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 30 Sera Monastery

14/04/2008 10-3-2008 00/04/2008 15/03/2008 18/03/2008

42

Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery Taksang lhamo Kirtimonastery

9-4-2008 12-3-2008 22/06/2008 14/05/2008 5-6/07/2008

37 23

Khangmar Monastery

18

Khangmar Monastery

9-6-2008 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison

Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Tsoe City, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Tewo County,Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Lhasa, TAR 3 Yrs Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

Achog Tsenyi Monastery 37 Gyalmo Gedhen Dhargyal Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery 28 23 Pangrina Nunnery Sogtsang Monastery

00/03/2008 28/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 14/05/2008 21/03/2008 18/03/2008 18/03/2008 20/03/2008 20/03/2008 23/03/2008 25/03/2008 25/03/2008 00/03/2008

Nangong Nunnery 22 36 Pangrina Nunnery Pangrina Nunnery Nyagay Nunnery

25/03/2008 14/05/2008 14/05/2008 20/05/2008

153

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-1401 08-1402 08-1403 08-1404 08-1405 08-1406 08-1407 08-1408 08-1409 08-1410 08-1411 08-1412 08-1413 08-1414 08-1415 08-1416 08-1417 08-1418 08-1419 08-1420 08-1421 08-1422 08-1423 08-1424 08-1425 08-1426 08-1427 08-1428 08-1429 08-1430 08-1431 08-1432 08-1433 08-1434 08-1435 08-1436 08-1437 08-1438 08-1439 08-1440 08-1441 08-1442 08-1443 08-1444 08-1445 08-1446 08-1447 08-1448 08-1449 08-1450 STATUS
DET? DET DET DET REL REL DET REL REL DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET? REL DET DET DET DET DET DET

NAME
Sonam Deba Sonam Dekyi Sonam Dekyi Sonam Dhargyal Sonam Dhondup Sonam Dorjee Sonam Drakpa Sonam Gyatso Sonam Gyatso Sonam Gyatso Sonam Gyon Sonam Jigme Sonam Kyi Sonam Lhamo Sonam Lhatso Sonam Norbu (Tsering) Sonam Nyima Sonam Nyima Sonam Paldon Sonam Sherab Sonam Tashi Sonam Tsering Sonam Tsering Sonam Tseten Sonam Wangdue Sonam Wangmo Sonam Wangyal Sonam Yangtso Sonam Yangtso Sonam Yarphel Sondon Songkyap Sopay Sothruk Lhamo Sumdor Sungdue Kyap Sungrab Sungrab Sungrab Tabhe Tabho Tsang Woeser Yeshi Tabo Tadhe Tadhon Tsang Phurkyab Taga A.K.A Tashi Yangtso Tagha Takdon Takho Takho Taklha Dhondup

SEX
M F F M M M M M M M M M F F F M F M F M M M M M M F M F F M F M

AGE

AFFILIATION

ARREST
24-27/03/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

30 30 39

Dragkar Nunnery Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 31/06/2008 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison

4 Yrs

Dartsedo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Jomda County, Chamdo Prfecture, "TAR" Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

32

19/03/2008 10 Yrs

Lhasa "TAR" Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Dashi Village, Qinghai Province Drongo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

24

Ngaba Kirti Monastery Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery

12-3-2008 9-4-2008 21/03/2008 00/08/2008

33

Chokri Monastery

26/03/2008

Dragkar Nunnery 35 Pangrina Nunnery

11-5-2008 14/05/2008

3 Yrs

Dartsedo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

Life 35 20/03/2008 31/03/2008 34 Pangrina Nunnery 14/05/2008 18/03/2008 23 22/03/2008 Life 00/03/2008 3-14 Yrs 10 Yrs 18 22 31 Dragkar Monastery 26 Pangrina Monastery 10-3-2008 9-8-2008 15/06/2008 12-5-2008 14/05/2008 2-4-2008 18/03/2008 24/05/2008 18/03/2008

Lhasa Real Estate Driver Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

Lhasa "TAR" Lhasa "TAR" Gonjo County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Rabkar Village, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

M M M M M M M M M M M F F F M M M

35

Yarteng Monastery Drepung Monastery

17/06/2008 00/04/2008 20/03/2008

Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chentsa County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County,Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

34

A-Khor Monastery Maru Monastery

23/03/2008 19/03/2008 1-5-2008

41 Thupten Yongdueling Monastery 40 Makur Namgyaling Monastery

24/04/2008 31-02/04/2008 23/03/2008 24-27/03/2008

27 Tehor Nyagay Nunnery Dragkar Monastery Gaden Choeling Nunnery 23 35

15/04/2008 20/05/2008 12-5-2008 14/5/2008 17/04/2008 22/03/2008 20/03/2008

154

Appendices

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-1451 08-1452 08-1453 08-1454 08-1455 08-1456 08-1457 08-1458 08-1459 08-1460 08-1461 08-1462 08-1463 08-1464 08-1465 08-1466 08-1467 08-1468 08-1469 08-1470 08-1471 08-1472 08-1473 08-1474 08-1475 08-1476 08-1477 08-1478 08-1479 08-1480 08-1481 08-1482 08-1483 08-1484 08-1485 08-1486 08-1487 08-1488 08-1489 08-1490 08-1491 08-1492 08-1493 08-1494 08-1495 08-1496 08-1497 08-1498 08-1499 08-1500 STATUS
DET DET REL REL REL DET DET DET DET REL DET REL DET DET DET REL DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET

NAME
Taklha Thar Talo Tambhe Tamdin Tamdin Tamdin Chokey Tamdin Tashi Tamdin Tsekyi Tamdin Tsering Tamdin Tsering Tamdin Tseten Tanor Tanor Taphun Tari Akun Tashi Tashi Tashi Tashi Tashi Tashi Dolma Tashi Dorjee Tashi Gha Tashi Gyal Tashi Gyal Tashi Gyaltsen Tashi Gyatso Tashi Gyatso Tashi Gyatso Tashi Gyatso Tashi Gyatso Tashi Gyatso Tashi Gyatso Tashi Gyatso Tashi Lhawang Tashi Mardhang Tashi Nag Tashi Namgyal Tashi Ngodup Tashi Palden Tashi Sangpo Tashi Sherab Tashi Sonam Tashi Tsering Tashi Tsering Tashi Tso Tashi Wangyal Tashi Woeser Tashi Yangtso Tashi Yarphel

SEX
M M M M M F M F M M M M M M M M M M M M F M F M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M F M M F M

AGE

AFFILIATION

ARREST
20/03/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

29 36 20 Triyang Monastery

18/03/2008 22/03/2008 16/04/2008 30/04/2008 Dragkar Nunnery 12-5-2008 14/04/2008

10 Yrs

Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Tewo County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Lushoe Township,Kanlho, "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

36 19 25 20

Pangrina Nunnery

11-5-2008 19/03/2008 22/03/2008 17/04/2008 5-4-2008 27/04/2008 Machu County Prison

Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichua Province Serthar County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Tewo County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Lhoka Prefecture, "TAR" Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province 2 Yrs Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Derge County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province 3-14 Yrs Lhasa "TAR" Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

44

Larung Ngarik Nangten Lobling

8-7-2008 14/04/2008

Maima Tsendrag Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery Sogtsang Monastery

22-23/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 21/03/2008 00/04/2008 9-4-2008

30 19

Pangrina Nunnery

14/05/2008 00/06/2008

Dragkar Nunnery Za Monastery

11-5-2008 27/04/2008

Zakhog Monastery Maru Monastery Mishi Thangsar Monastery 29 14 20 22 Sogtsang Monastery

26/04/2008 4-4-2008 20/03/2008 21/03/2008 10-3-2008 10-3-2008 10-3-2008 00/03/2008

14 37 Pangrina Nunnery

21/03/2008 14/05/2008 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison

Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province 5-14 Yrs Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province 3 Yrs Woesang, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Drango County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

23

Ngaba Kirti Monastery

28-29/03/2008 15/03/2008

30

Beri Monastery

24/6/2008 18/03/2008

36 48

Khangmar Monastery

22/06/2008 14/03/2008

Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province 1 Yrs Chamdo County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAP" Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture,"TAR"

Maru Monastery

19/03/2008 21/03/2008

26

Gewa Drak Nunnery

18/06/2008 19/05/2008

Nyagay Nunnery 23

20/05/2008 10-3-2008

155

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-1501 08-1502 08-1503 08-1504 08-1505 08-1506 08-1507 08-1508 08-1509 08-1510 08-1511 08-1512 08-1513 08-1514 08-1515 08-1516 08-1517 08-1518 08-1519 08-1520 08-1521 08-1522 08-1523 08-1524 08-1525 08-1526 08-1527 08-1528 08-1529 08-1530 08-1531 08-1532 08-1533 08-1534 08-1535 08-1536 08-1537 08-1538 08-1539 08-1540 08-1541 08-1542 08-1543 08-1544 08-1545 08-1546 08-1547 08-1548 08-1549 08-1550 STATUS
DET DET REL REL DET DET REL DET DET REL REL REL DET REL DET? REL DET? DET DET REL DET REL DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET? REL DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET

NAME
Tatse Tatse Tawang Tenam Tendhar Tendhar Tendhar Tenga Tenkar Tenkho Tenkho Tenpa Tenpa Tenpa Tenpa Tenpa Tenpa Dhargyal Tenpa Dhondup Tenpa Gyaltsen Tenpa Tsikli Tsang Kunsang Tenphal Tenphel Tenphel Tenzin Tenzin Tenzin Tenzin Tenzin Tenzin Tenzin Tenzin Tenzin Tenzin Tenzin Chodak(tencho) Tenzin Dhargyal Tenzin Gyaltsen Tenzin Gyatso Tenzin Gyatso Tenzin Gyatso Tenzin Gyatso Tenzin Gyephel Tenzin Keyli Tenzin Lhamo Tenzin Namgyal Tenzin Ngodup Tenzin Norbu Tenzin Phuntsok Tenzin Rinchen Tenzin Tsangpa Tenzin Tsepo

SEX
M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

AGE
31

AFFILIATION
Gomang Monastery

ARREST
30/03/2008 24/03/2008 5-4-2008 25/03/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

Machu County Prison

Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Chushul County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

Achog Tsenyi Monastery Ratoe Monastery 31 Getsul Monastery Gesay Nunnery 20

00/03/2008 00/03/2008 15/07/2008 22/05/2008 22/05/2008 14/03/2008 26-27/03/2008

Taksang Lhamo Kirti Monastery Drepung Monastery Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery Shetsang Monastery 17 Shetsang Monastery

12-3-2008 00/04/2008 9-4-2008 14/04/2008 20/03/2008 14/04/2008 15/03/2008 5-14 Yrs

Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sertha County Prison Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province 8 Yrs Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province 15 Yrs Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze, "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Drayab County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR" Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province 15 Yrs Kardze PSB DC 3 Yrs Lhasa "TAR" Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Lhasa "TAR" Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR" Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province 10 Yrs Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze PSB DC 3 Yrs Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR" Sershul County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR" 4 Yrs 1Y&9 M Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Ngaba County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

26 18 25 30 19 25 44

Khenpa Lung Monastery

12-5-2008 15/04/2008

Sera Monastery Shul Monastery Woeser Monastery A-Khor Monastery Gaden Chokorling Monastery Kathog Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery

9-7-2008 22-23/03/2008 14/05/2008 23/03/2008 23/03/2008 00/07/2008 28-29/03/2008 21/03/2008 00/03/2008 00/04/2008 24-27/03/2008 30/04/2008

29 27 17

Sogtsang Monastery

23 20 32

Gaden Chokorling Monastery

23/03/2008 13/04/2008 11-6-2008

Khenpa Lung Monastery 24 Gaden Chokorling Monastery Labrang Monastery 35 37 Sogtsang Monastery 23/03/2008 15/05/2008 21/03/2008 00/04/2008 19/05/2008 00/04/2008

13 Yrs

F M M M M M M M 37 20's 19 17 17 19 20 Dargay Monastery Tehor Tsitang Monastery Woeser Monastery Bada Samdupling Monastery Woeser Monastery Woeser Monastery Trosik Monastery

15/03/2008 18/03/2008 20/05/2008 30/10/2008 00/03/2008 24/10/2008 14/05/2008

156

Appendices

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-1551 08-1552 08-1553 08-1554 08-1555 08-1556 08-1557 08-1558 08-1559 08-1560 08-1561 08-1562 08-1563 08-1564 08-1565 08-1566 08-1567 08-1568 08-1569 08-1570 08-1571 08-1572 08-1573 08-1574 08-1575 08-1576 08-1577 08-1578 08-1579 08-1580 08-1581 08-1582 08-1583 08-1584 08-1585 08-1586 08-1587 08-1588 08-1589 08-1590 08-1591 08-1592 08-1593 08-1594 08-1595 08-1596 08-1597 08-1598 08-1599 08-1600 STATUS
DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL REL DET DET DET DET DET REL REL DET? DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET? DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET REL DET REL REL DET REL DET DET

NAME
Tenzin Tsering Tenzin Yeshi Tenzin Yeshi Terzoed Thang-Nge Thang-Ya Thapkhey Thapkhey Thapkhey Thapkhey Thapkhey Tharchin Tharchin Thayae Thekchok Thinbhey Thingam Thinley Thinley Thinley Thinley (Chewa) Thinley (chungwa) Thinley (Thintse) Thinley Dorjee Thinley Namgyal Thinley Wangyal Thoegha Thoegha Thoekay Thoepa Thoesam Thoesam Thokmey Tholo Thrukpa Khar Thrukpa Khar Thuma Thupa Kyab Thupchok Thupdon Thupgyam Chungwa Thupkho Thuprab Thupten Thupten Thupten Thupten Thupten Thupten Thupten Dolma

SEX
M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

AGE

AFFILIATION

ARREST
19/05/2008 15/03/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR"

14 Yrs

Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

19 25 Beri Monastery Thangsar Monastery 30 Labrang Monastery Visiting Student of Drepung

25/05/2008 16/03/2008 18/06/2008 21/03/2008 1-4-2008 22/07/2008 5-4-2008 Machu County Prison 15 Yrs

Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

45 31

20/03/2008 24/04/2008 00/03/2008 25/03/2008 3-14 Yrs

Lhasa "TAR" Drongo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

17 32 33

Drengva Sumdo Monastery 18/03/2008 11-4-2008 24-27/03/2008 Dragkar Nunnery 11-5-2008 20-21/03/2008 20-21/03/2008

Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province 9 Yrs Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province 5 Yrs

M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M F 42 25 40 Dragkar Nunnery 16 40's Tsenshab Gyatso Ling Monastery Dargay Monastery Taksang lhamo Kirtimonastery Taksang lhamo Kirtimonastery 20 38 24 Trosik Monastery Ratoe Monastery Sera Monastery 28 23 A-Khor Monastery 21 35 27 Thanggya Monastery Soe Monastery 30 22 30 A-Khor Monastery A-Khor Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery

23/03/2008 23/03/2008 22/03/2008 16/06/2008 18/03/2008

11-6-2008 22/03/2008 21/03/2008 18/03/2008 23/03/2008 24-27/03/2008 20/03/2008 30/04/2008 9-4-2008 21/03/2008 18/03/2008 18/03/2008 16/04/2008 10-3-2008 15/04/2008 20/03/2008 18/03/2008 10-7-2008 12-3-2008 12-3-2008 17/05/2008 18/03/2008 19/03/2008 11-5-2008 4 Yrs Chushul PSB DC 1Y &9M

Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sertha County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Chushul County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Pelbar County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR" Kardze, "TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

157

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-1601 08-1602 08-1603 08-1604 08-1605 08-1606 08-1607 08-1608 08-1609 08-1610 08-1611 08-1612 08-1613 08-1614 08-1615 08-1616 08-1617 08-1618 08-1619 08-1620 08-1621 08-1622 08-1623 08-1624 08-1625 08-1626 08-1627 08-1628 08-1629 08-1630 08-1631 08-1632 08-1633 08-1634 08-1635 08-1636 08-1637 08-1638 08-1639 08-1640 08-1641 08-1642 08-1643 08-1644 08-1645 08-1646 08-1647 08-1648 08-1649 08-1650 STATUS
DET DET REL DET REL DET DET DET DET REL REL DET REL DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET REL REL DET DET DET REL DET DET? DET REL DET REL DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET REL

NAME
Thupten Gyatso Thupten Gyatso Thupten Jigme Thupten Namgyal Thupten Ngodup Thupten Nyima Thupten Phuntsok Thupten Tsering Thupten Tsering(thupkho) Thupten Yarphel Thupten Yarphel (chungwa) Thupwang Thutop Tingha Topden Topden Topgyal Topgyal Troema Trulku Gandun Trulku Jangchup Trulku Khenpo Trulku Lobsang Kalden Trulku Rig Ngak Trulku Tenpa Rigsang Trulku Thupten Nyima Trungwang Drakpa Tsampo Tsangpa Tsangpa Kyab Tsangyang Tsebhe Tsechoen Tsechu Tsedak Tsedak Tseden Tsedon Tsedor Mardangma Tsedup Tsegyal Palbastsang Tsegyam Tsehog Tsekho Tsekho Tsekyab Tselha Tselu Tsenam Tsenden

SEX
M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M F F M M

AGE

AFFILIATION

ARREST
6-6-2008 00/03/2008

PRISON

TERM
4 Yrs 3-14 Yrs

ORIGIN
Tawu County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Lhasa "TAR" Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

37 Bhumsar Monastery Dhargyaling Monastery 30 Palyul Monastery

00/04/2008 00/03/2008 14/04/2008 19/03/2008 00/06/2008 6 Yrs

Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Pelbar County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR" Pelbar County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR" Khormo Prison Gade County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR" Sertha County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

31

00/03/2008 20-21/03/2008

17 15 30

Tsenshab Gyatso Ling Monastery Tsenshab Gyatso Ling Monastery Palyul Tharthang Monastery Visiting Student of Drepung

18/03/2008 18/03/2008 10-3-2008 22/07/2008 20/03/2008

Jammey Monastery

25/03/2008 25/03/2008

Taksang lhamo Kirtimonastery

12-3-2008 19/05/2008 18/03/2008

Nobsur Monastery Horshul Monastery 32 Bhumchoe Monastery 20 26 Triyang Monastery Visiting Student Of Drepung Monastery Yangdhen Monastery

28/03/2008 18/03/2008

14/04/2008 16/04/2008 19/03/2008 3-5-2008 5 Yrs Gormoy Prison

Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Nyagchuka County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Tawu County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province 15 Yrs Ngaba County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

40 17 Woeser Monastery

16/04/2008 13/5/2008 24-27/03/2008

35

21/03/2008 15/04/2008 16/03/2008

31 22

22/03/2008 22/03/2008 18/03/2008

6 Yrs

Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Jomda County, Chamdo Prfecture, "TAR" Kashi Monastery Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

25

Pangrina Nunnery

14/05/2008 00/03/2008

M M M M M M M F F M 22 34 34 27 74 22

Thangsar Monastery

21/03/2008 29/06/2008

Sera Monastery Kardze Monastery

10-3-2008 18/05/2008 17/03/2008 13 Yrs 4 Yrs 10-3-2008 25/03/2008 Pema County Prison

Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

Pangrina Nunnery Ratoe Monastery

14/05/2008 5 Yrs 15/04/2008

Chushul County, Lhasa Minicipality "TAR" Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

158

Appendices

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-1651 08-1652 08-1653 08-1654 08-1655 08-1656 08-1657 08-1658 08-1659 08-1660 08-1661 08-1662 08-1663 08-1664 08-1665 08-1666 08-1667 08-1668 08-1669 08-1670 08-1671 08-1672 08-1673 08-1674 08-1675 08-1676 08-1677 08-1678 08-1679 08-1680 08-1681 08-1682 08-1683 08-1684 08-1685 08-1686 08-1687 08-1688 08-1689 08-1690 08-1691 08-1692 08-1693 08-1694 08-1695 08-1696 08-1697 08-1698 08-1699 08-1700 STATUS
DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET REL REL DET REL DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET? DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET

NAME
Tsensang Tsepak Kyap Tsepak Namgyal Tsephal Tsephel Tsephur Tsering Tsering Tsering Tsering Tsering Tsering Tsering Tsering Tsering Dhondup Tsering Dhondup(tsebhe) Tsering Dorjee Tsering Dorjee Tsering Gurmey Tsering Gyatso Tsering Logya Tsering Nyima Tsering Phuntsok Tsering Tashi Tsering Ten Tsering Tsomo Tsering Wangchuk Tsering Wangdu Tsering Yangtso Tsesam Tseten Tseten Tseten Dolma Tseten Dorjee Tseten Phuntsok Tseten Phuntsok Tseten Wangmo Tsewang Tsewang Tsewang Tsewang Tsewang Dhondup Tsewang Dorjee Tsewang Drakpa Tsewang Gyatso Tsewang Khando Tsewang Tenzin Tsewang Thapkey Tsewang Tso Tsewang Yeshi

SEX
M M M M M M M M M M M

AGE

AFFILIATION
Drepung Monastery

ARREST
00/04/2008 20/03/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN

Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" 1Y &9M Ngaba County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

15 26

Khenpa Lung Monastery Trosik Monastery

12-5-2008

26

Trotsik Monastery

16/03/2008 Life

Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

Maru Monastery 26 24 17 Thanggya Monastery

22/03/2008 15/04/2008 29/03/2008 10 15/04/2008

Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Lhasa "TAR"

M M M M M M M M M M M M F F M F M M M F M M M F M M M M M M M M F M M F M

22 20 27 22

31/06/2008 17/04/2008 22/03/2008 16/04/2008

Jomda County, Chamdo Prfecture, "TAR" Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

Tsechang Monastery 22 30 17 24 Thanggya Monastery Khangmar Monastery Maru Monastery 19 27 Samtenling Nunnery Dragkar Nunnery 17 Thanggya Monastery

18/03/2008 10-3-2008 22/03/2008 10 Yrs 22/06/2008 22/03/2008 19/03/2008 8-6-2008 26/06/2008 3-4-2008 26/06/2008 24-27/03/2008 Drango PSB DC 2 Yrs 2Y&6M

Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Lhasa "TAR" Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Gonjo County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Gonjo County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

17 30

Thanggya Monastery Thanggya Monastery Dragkar Nunnery

3-4-2008 00/03/2008 3-14 Yrs 4 Yrs 22/03/2008

Lhasa "TAR" Dartsedo County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

23 45 27 25 Drepung Monastery 36 20's 20 Kardze Monastery Dhargyal Monastery Dargay Monastery

18/03/2008 18/03/2008 3-8-2008 00/04/2008 24/04/2008 26/03/2008 18/05/2008 24/03/2008 8 Yrs

Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Tsigorthang County, Tsolho "TAP" Qinghai Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Lhasa "TAR" Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR" Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province 9 Yrs Gonjo County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR"

22

6-6-2008 25/03/2008

5 Yrs

38

Dragkar Nunnery

28/05/2008 19/05/2008 4-20-2008

38 20

Pangrina Nunnery Thanggya Monastery

14/05/2008 3-4-2008

159

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-1701 08-1702 08-1703 08-1704 08-1705 08-1706 08-1707 08-1708 08-1709 08-1710 08-1711 08-1712 08-1713 08-1714 08-1715 08-1716 08-1717 08-1718 08-1719 08-1720 08-1721 08-1722 08-1723 08-1724 08-1725 08-1726 08-1727 08-1728 08-1729 08-1730 08-1731 08-1732 08-1733 08-1734 08-1735 08-1736 08-1737 08-1738 08-1739 08-1740 08-1741 08-1742 08-1743 08-1744 08-1745 08-1746 08-1747 08-1748 08-1749 08-1750 STATUS
DET? DET DET DET DET DET? DET REL DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL REL DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET? DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET REL REL DET DET REL REL REL DET

NAME
Tsigpo Tsoema Tsogneyi Tsokho Tsoknyi Tsoknyi Tsoknyi Tsoknyi Gyatso Tsolo Tsomo Tsondue Tsori Tsulkho Tsulkho Tsulkho Tsultop Tsultrim Tsultrim Tsultrim Tsultrim Tsultrim Tsultrim Tsultrim Tsultrim Tsultrim Tsultrim Tsultrim Tsultrim Dolma Tsultrim Gothrak Tsultrim Gyatso Tsultrim Gyatso Tsultrim Gyatso Tsultrim Gyatso Tsultrim Gyatso Tsultrim Gyatso Tsultrim Gyatso Tsultrim Gyatso Tsultrim Jugney Tsultrim Lodoe Tsultrim Palden Tsultrim Phuntsok Tsultrim Sangpo Tsultrim Thampa Tsundue Tsundue Tsundue Tsundue Tsundue Tsundue Gyatso Tsunma Guru

SEX
M F M M M M M M M F F F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M F

AGE

AFFILIATION

ARREST
24-27/03/2008 18/03/2008 25/03/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sertha County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Chushul County, Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

40 40 Ngaba Kirti Monastery

22/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 24-27/03/2008 Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 00/04/2008 9-4-2008 6-7-2008

33

Pangrina Nunnery Shugseb Nunnery

14/05/2008 28/4/2008 18/03/2008 19/03/2008 19/03/2008 6 Yrs

30 36

Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Chigdril County,Golog "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

19 30 26 A-Khor Monastery Mishi Thangsar Monastery Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery 28 Shul Monastery Thupten Yongdueling Monastery 26 Trosik Monastery

24/04/2008 20/03/2008 23/03/2008 23/03/2008 00/04/2008 00/04/2008 22-23/03/2008 31-02//04/2008 18/03/2008 10-3-2008 1Y&9M

Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

16 19 Achog Tsenyi Monastery 36

21/03/2008 21/03/2008 21/03/2008 20/03/2008 22/03/2008

42 37

Achog Tsenyi Monastery Labrang Monastery Shetsang Monastery Sogtsang Monastery 14/04/2008 5-4-2008 17/03/2008

9 Yrs

Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

35

Sogtsang Monastery Tsang Monastery

2 Yrs 10 Yrs

Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Rebkong County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

15/04/2008 20/03/2008 29 23 20 26 19 Sogtsang Monastery Ngaba Kirti Monastery Sera Monastery Zithang Township Ngaba Kirti Monastery Visiting Student of Drepung Maima Tsendrag Monastery Maru Monastery Shugseb Nunnery Taksang Lhamo Kirti monastery 21/03/2008 28-29/03/2008 10-3-2008 3-4-2008 28-29/03/2008 22/07/2008 22-23/03/2008 22/03/2008 28/04/2008 12-3-2008 5-4-2008 Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery Drago Nunnery 9-4-2008 8-6-2008 Machu County Prison 2 Yrs

Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Chushul County, Lhasa Municipality"TAR" Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

160

Appendices

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-1751 08-1752 08-1753 08-1754 08-1755 08-1756 08-1757 08-1758 08-1759 08-1760 08-1761 08-1762 08-1763 08-1764 08-1765 08-1766 08-1767 08-1768 08-1769 08-1770 08-1771 08-1772 08-1773 08-1774 08-1775 08-1776 08-1777 08-1778 08-1779 08-1780 08-1781 08-1782 08-1783 08-1784 08-1785 08-1786 08-1787 08-1788 08-1789 08-1790 08-1791 08-1792 08-1793 08-1794 08-1795 08-1796 08-1797 08-1798 08-1799 08-1800 STATUS
DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET? DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET REL DET DET REL DET DET? REL DET

NAME
Tulku Phurbu Tsering Urgen Urgen Lhamo Urgen Tashi Ven Choedhen Ven Dhondup Ven Jampa Lhamo Ven Khenrab Nyima Ven Khenrab Tashi Ven Khenrab Tharchen Ven Lobsang Jigme Ven Samten Ven Sangay Lhamo Ven Tenpa Ven Tenzin Gayphel Ven Tenzin Tsering Ven Tenzin Wangdon Ven Tophgyal Ven Tsewang Khando Ven Tsewang Tenzin Ven Yeshi Lhadon Waelsa Norzin Wangmo Wamo Wang Tse Wangchen Wangchen Wangchen Gardro Wangchen Lhamo Wangchuk Wangchuk Wangchuk Wangchuk Wangchuk Dorjee Wangdhak Wangdue Wangdue Wanglo Wangmo Wangpo Wangtop Wangtop Wangyal Wobardhang Wochung Kyi Woedon Woesal Woeser Thayai Woethoe Woeze Wokay

SEX
M

AGE

AFFILIATION
Tehor Kardze Monastery

ARREST
18/05/2008 18/03/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

F M M M F M M M M M F M M M F M F M F F F M M M F F M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M F F M M M M M

37 18

Watak Nunnery Tse-Tsang Monastery Shelkar Choedhe Monastery Shelkar Choedhe Monastery

8-6-2008 22/05/2008 19/05/2008 19/05/2008 23/05/2008 19/05/2008 19/05/2008 19/05/2008 19/05/2008 19/05/2008 28/05/2008 19/05/2008 19/05/2008 19/05/2008 23/05/2008 19/05/2008 28/05/2008 19/05/2008 28/05/2008

Drango PSB D C

2 Yrs 3 Yrs

Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR" Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR"

30

Dargay Hardu Nunnery Shelkar Choedhe Monastery Shelkar Choedhe Monastery

Kardze PSB DC

Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR" Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR" Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR" Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR" Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR" Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR" Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR" Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR"

32

Shelkar Choedhe Monastery Shelkar Choedhe Monastery Shelkar Choedhe Monastery

26

Dhargyal Nunnery Shelkar Choedhe Monastery Shelkar Choedhe Monastery Shelkar Choedhe Monastery

23

Dargay Hardu Nunnery Shelkar Choedhe Monastery

Kardze PSB DC

Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR" Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Dingri County,Shigatse Prefecture "TAR" Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province 5 Yrs Marthang County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Markham County,Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Pelbar County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR" Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Life Lhasa "TAR" Serthar County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province 3 Yrs Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County,Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Gonjo County, Chamdo Prefecture "TAR" Pema County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Machen County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

38

Dhargyal Nunnery Shelkar Choedhe Monastery

24

Dhargyal Nunnery

Ngangong Nunnery 40 15/04/2008 20/03/2008 22/03/2008 14/05/2008 20 22 14 21 Pangrina Nunnery Khenpa Lung Monastery Tsenshab Gyatso Ling Monastery 14/05/2008 12-5-2008 18/03/2008 17/04/2008 25/03/2008 39 Beri Monastery 24/6/2008 24-27/03/2008 30 22/03/2008

7 Yrs

Tachok-Tsang Village 29

00/06/2008 25/03/2008 25/03/2008 18/03/2008

32 21 Thanggya Monastery

20/03/2008 3-4-2008 25/03/2008 18/03/2008 18/03/2008

20 20 Gaden Chokorling Monastery 23/03/2008 24-27/03/2008 00/04/2008 40 22/03/2008

Chone County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province

161

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-1801 08-1802 08-1803 08-1804 08-1805 08-1806 08-1807 08-1808 08-1809 08-1810 08-1811 08-1812 08-1813 08-1814 08-1815 08-1816 08-1817 08-1818 08-1819 08-1820 08-1821 08-1822 08-1823 08-1824 08-1825 08-1826 08-1827 08-1828 08-1829 08-1830 08-1831 08-1832 08-1833 08-1834 08-1835 08-1836 08-1837 08-1838 08-1839 08-1840 08-1841 08-1842 08-1843 08-1844 08-1845 08-1846 08-1847 08-1848 08-1849 08-1850 STATUS
DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET REL DET DET DET REL REL REL REL DET DET DET DET DET REL REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET REL DET REL REL DET DET DET DET

NAME
Wotso Yakna Yangchen Yangchen Khando Yangchuk Gham Yangdo Yangdup Yangha Yangkyi Yangrig Yangtso Yangzom Yargay Yarphel Yarphel Yarphel Gyatso Yarphel Gyatso Yebuk Yelo Yelu Yephung Yeshe Yeshi Yeshi Yeshi Yeshi Yeshi Choedon Yeshi Choetso Yeshi Dhargyal Yeshi Dorjee Yeshi Dorjee Yeshi Gyatso Yeshi Gyurme Yeshi Jigme Yeshi Lhadon Yeshi Lhamo Yeshi Nyima Yeshi Palden Yeshi Tso Yidor Yonden Tso Yonten Yonten Yonten Gyatso Yonten Gyatso Yonten Shetruk Yonten Shitruk Youdon Youdon Lhamo Youdroom

SEX
F F F F M M M F F

AGE
26

AFFILIATION
Pangrina Nunnery

ARREST
14/05/2008 20/03/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog "TAP" Qinghai Province

33 38

Pangrina Nunnery Pangrina Nunnery Nobsur Monastery

14/05/2008 14/05/2008 28/03/2008 20/03/2008 18/03/2008 25/03/2008

32 28

28 34

Dragkar Nunnery

12-5-2008 00/04/2008

F F M M M M M F F M M M M M M M F F M M M M M F F F M M F M F M M M M M M F F M 27 18 19 34 24 26 26 27 20 36 27 32 43 15 35 34 26 31

Dragkar Nunnery Yarteng Monastery

24/03/2008 18/06/2008 00/03/2008

3 Yrs

Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

3-14 Yrs

Lhasa "TAR" Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province

Sogtsang Monastery Taksang Lhamo Kirti monastery Maru Monastery Maru Monastery Ngangong Nunnery Yatsek Nunnery Yarteng Monastery

21/03/2008 12-3-2008 4-4-2008 4-4-2008 3 Yrs 17/06/2008 17/06/2008 25/03/2008 3 Yrs 12 yrs

Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Drango County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Phenpo lhundup county, Lhasa Municipality "TAR" Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province

Maima Tsendrag Monastery Rabtsa Gyalmo Monastery

22-23/03/2008 14/04/2008 00/03/2008 00/04/2008 15 Yrs 3-14 Yrs

Lhasa "TAR" Drango County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Lhasa "TAR" Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province

Gaden Choeling Nunnery Khangmar Monastery Khangmar Monastery Sera Monastery Tsenshab GyatsoLing Monastery

14/5/2008 22/06/2008 9-6-2008 20/03/2008 18/03/2008 17/05/2008 17/05/2008 3 Yrs

Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Pelbar County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR" Thamey Village, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze,"TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sershul County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

Dragkar Nunnery Gaden Choeling Nunnery Tongkor Monastery Khangmar Monastery Pangrina Nunnery

28/05/2008 14/05/2008 3-4-2008 14/6/2008 14/05/2008

17/07/2008 Labrang Monastery 1-4-2008 5-4-2008 Sogtsang Monastery Sogtsang Monastery Sogtsang Monastery Sogtsang Monastery Pangrina Nunnery Pangrina Nunnery Koi-Tsa Village 21/03/2008 21/03/2008 21/03/2008 21/03/2008 14/05/2008 14/05/2008 19/06/2008 Machu County Prison

Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Malho "TAP" Qinghai Province Machu County, Kanlho "TAP" Gansu Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province Serthar County,Kardze "TAP" Sichuan Province

162

Appendices

List of Known Tibetans who were arrested, detained and released in the aftermath of Uprising in Tibet since 10 March 2008
TCHRD 08-1851 08-1852 08-1853 08-1854 08-1855 08-1856 08-1857 08-1858 08-1859 08-1860 08-1861 08-1862 08-1863 STATUS
DET REL DET DET? REL DET DET DET DET DET DET DET DET?

NAME
Yougam Yougyal Youmay Youngdrung Youngdup Yumey Zamba Zambala Zaru Jampa Zaru Kunchok Drakpa Zaru Kunchok Soepa Zaru Tenpa Gyatso Zoedon

SEX
M M M M M M M M M M M M M

AGE
in 20's 30

AFFILIATION

ARREST
21/03/2008 18/03/2008 17/03/2008 24-27/03/2008

PRISON

TERM

ORIGIN
Sertha County, Kardze"TAP" Sichuan Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Ngaba County, Ngaba"TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Chigdril County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province Ngaba County,Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province

36 25 34

18/03/2008 23/03/2008 20/04/2008 15/05/2008 Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery 29/03/2008 29/03/2008 29/03/2008 29/03/2008 24-27/03/2008 5 Yrs 4 Yrs 4 Yrs

Ngaba County,Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho "TAP", Gansu Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Dzoge County, Ngaba "TAP" Sichuan Province Darlag County, Golog"TAP" Qinghai Province

25 16

Thoesamling Monastery Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Monastery

Note:
!

The above list contains the names of political prisoners documented by TCHRD from various sources till 27 December 2008, utmost care was taken while preparing the list. Despite scarcity in sources, TCHRD managed to enlist the names of some 2000 people out of estimated 6500 who had been arrested, detained and released since March 2008, Tibetan Peoples Uprising across TAR and Tibetan areas in Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu and Yunnan Provinces. The names of many Tibetan people are not available; TCHRD will try to unearth those names so as to bring forth to the attention of International Community. For rectification and information with regard to name, age, sex, affiliation, prison term and origin please contact TCHRD.

Abbreviation:
DET: DET?: REL: PSB DC: D: M: Y: Detained Detained but release status unknown Released Public Security Bureau Detention Centre Day Month Year

163

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008

APPENDIX 3
Table Listing Relevant International Human Rights Instruments Signed and/or Ratified by the Peoples Republic of China

In s t r u m e n t
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)

Si g n e d o n

Ratified on

Id e a l s
Recognising that, in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the ideal of free human beings enjoying freedom from fear and want can only be achieved if conditions are created whereby ever yone may enjoy his economic, social and cultural rights, as well as his civil and political rights. Recognising that, in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the ideal of free human beings enjoying freedom from fear and want can only be achieved if conditions are created whereby everyone may enjoy his civil and political rights as well as his economic, social and cultural rights. C o n s i d e r i n g t h a t a l l h u m a n b e i n g s a re e q u a l before the law and are entitled to equal protection of the law against any discrimination and against any incitement to discrimination. Re c a l l i n g t h a t d i s c r i m i n a t i o n a g a i n s t w o m e n violates the principles of equality of rights and respect for human dignity, is an obstacle to the participation of women, on equal terms with men, in the political, social, economic and cultural life of their countries, hampers the growth of the prosperity of society and the family and makes more difficult the full development of the potentialities of women in the service of their countries and of humanity. De s i r i n g t o m a k e m o re e f f e c t i ve t h e s t r u g g l e against tor ture and other cr uel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment throughout the world. Considering that the Child should be fully prepared to live an individual life in society, and brought up in the spirit of the ideals proclaimed in the Charter of the UN, and in particular in the s p i r i t o f p e a c e , d i g n i t y, t o l e r a n c e , f r e e d o m , equality and solidarity.

27 October 1997

27 March 2001

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

5 October 1998

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)

29 December 1981

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)

17 July 1980

4 November 1980

Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT) United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)

12 December 1986

4 October 1988

29 August 1990

2 March 1992

164

Appendices APPENDIX 4

GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

TAP Tibet Autonomous Prefecture (Tib. Bod rang skyong khul); There are 10 of these administrative areas (below the level of a province or region) created outside TAR by the Chinese authorities, located in northern and eastern Tibet (in the Tibetan provinces of Kham and Amdo) Tibet Autonomous Region (Tib. Bod rang kyong lljongs, Ch. xizang Zizique); Formally created by China in 1965, this area of central and western Tibet, covering the area of west of the Yangtse River and south of the Kunlun Mountains, is the only area recognized by China as being Tibet The old Tibetan quarter and market area around the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa. In Tibetan it literally means the middle circuit or central circumambulation (Tib. le che pa, Ch. gan bu) Technically applies to staff of the Chinese Government administration; also referred to those working on official projects or in state enterprises United Nations Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Ch. Zhon Guo Gong Chan Dang) Chinese Communist Party; founded in July 1921 United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women A religious ritual circling clockwise around a holy place in order to accumulate merit (Tib. dzong, Ch. xian) The Middle level administrative unit equivalent to district Criminal Procedure Law; the revised CPL came into effect on 1 January 1997 Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Congress (Tib. rigs-nas-gsar-brje); The campaign initiated in 1966 by Mao Zedong in order to regain control of the Communist Party by ordering the youth to bombard the headquarters (purge opponents within the Party) and to eradicate the four olds (old ideas, old culture, old customs and old habits). The Chinese authorities no describe it as Ten Bad Years, referring to the entire period of 1966 to 1979. (Tib. lta srung khang, Ch. kanshoushuo) Place where prisoners are held without charge prior to sentencing (Tib. u-yon lhan khang, Ch. we yuan hi) Democratic Management Committee; Administrative organs established in 1962 in religious institutions in Tibet and reconstructed under the 1996 patriotic re-education campaign

TAR

Barkhor (Tib)

Cadre

CAT CCP CEDAW Circumambulation County CPL CPPCC Cultural Revolution

Detention Centre DMC

165

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2008 Drapchi prison Officially known as Tibet Autonomous Region Prison Endangering State Security Charge introduced in the revised CPL to replace counter-revolutionary Floating population (Ch. liudong renkou) Term used to refer to Chinese migrants who are unregistered permanent and temporary residents in Tibet Geshe (Tib) Spiritual title and doctorate; monk or lama who has completed the highest course in metaphysics and other academic monastic studies in the Gelugpa school Guanxi (Ch) Literally, connection; colloquially a connection to officialdom to acquire preferential treatment Gyama (Tib) Unit of measurement equivalent to 500 grams Gyama (Tib) Unit of measurement equivalent to 500 grams Hukou (Ch) Household Registration card ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Khenpo (Tib) Literally abbot. In Nyingma and Kagyu tradition of Tibetan Buddhism, Khenpo is analogous to the Geshe degree Lama (Tib) The Tibetan term for a respected religious teacher, equivalent to the Sanskrit term guru. A lama is not necessarily a monk, although monasticism is preferred for all lamas in the Gelugpa School. Chinese politicians use the term incorrectly to refer to any monk Mu (Tib) A measure of land equal to 67 square meters NPC National Peoples Congress PAP Peoples Armed Police Patriotic re-education Initiated in 1996 in Tibets monasteries and nunneries, patriotic re-education campaign was designed to purge the influence of the Dalai Lama, to indoctrinate the monks and nuns with political ideology and to crackdown on dissent activities. Potala Palace Official winter residence of the Dalai Lama in Lhasa PRC Peoples Republic of China Prefecture (Tib. sa khul, Ch. diqu) The administrative area below the level of province or region and above the level of a county Procuracy (Tib. zhib chu, Ch. jian chayan) A Chinese judicial agency responsible for investigating and prosecuting criminal cases. It also handles complaints against police, prison officials and other branches of the administration Prostrate Buddhist practice of lying face down before any sacred body PSB (Tib. schi de chus, Ch. Gong An Ju) Public Security Bureau, local level police force responsible for detaining and arresting suspects and for pre-trial custody Re-education Indoctrination of Chinese Communist ideology and national unity; carried out extensively in religious institutions and labour camps in Tibet Rukhag (Tib) One small unit within a prison, village, school, or military etc Saga Dawa (Tib) The month of Buddhas birth, Enlightenment and Death

166

Appendices Splittism Strike Hard (Tib. Khadral ringlugs) Party term for the movement for Tibetan independence or any nationalist sentiments (Tib. dungdek tsanen, Ch. yanda) A PRC campaign targeted at crushing corruption and crime. Within Tibet, Chinese authorities are aiming the campaign at splittists Roasted barley flour Detention Area Central Cathedral in Lhasa United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention (Tib. las don ru khag, Ch. gongzuo dui) Specially formed units of government personnel sent to conduct patriotic re-education in an institution or locality A Tibetan medicinal plant (Botanical name cordyceps sinensis) Chinese currency (8 Yuan is equivalent to 1 dollar.)

Tsampa (Tib) Tsongkhul (Tib) Tsuglhakhang (Tib) UNWGAD Work Team Yartsa Gunbu (Tib) Yuan (Ch)

167