Adsorption Technologies

Presentation by: Yu Jung Chang HDR Engineering, Inc.

Slides by:Tom Sorg and Darren Lytle U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ORD, NRMRL, WSWRD, TTEB, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 Contributions by: Yu Jung Chang HDR

Presented at the 2005 Arsenic Training Sessions Sponsored by the USEPA

Agenda
Adsorption Technology Application System Design System Operation

Agenda
Adsorption Technology Application System Design System Operation

Adsorption Technology
As VAs V As III As V V As As V VAs III As As V

As III As V As V As V As V As III As V A As sV V V As V As V As As V As V As V As V As V As As As III III V As V V As V As As III As V As V

As V As III As V

As III

As V

Fix Bed Process

Accessible Area of Granular Media

Diffusion

As

> 99% of surface for removal is internal

Source: M. Edwards, June 2003

Examples of Adsorbent Media

Modified activated alumina

GFO Bayoxide E33

Agenda
Adsorption Technology ApplicationWhy/Where? System Design System Operation

Application Why?
Number One Reason: Simple to operate!

Application Why?
Other Reasons
Low arsenic in treated water 2-3 ug/L Reasonable capital and operating cost Small footprint Flexibility use of different media products Residual disposal usually not a major issue

Application Where?
50 45

Arsenic Concentration -ug/L

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Low Iron

High Iron

As MCL
Fe SMCL

Iron Concentration - mg/L

Application Where?
Low Iron Source Water Why?
High iron sites normally require pre-treatment

Application Where?
Arsenic Demonstration Technologies: Round 1 & 2 Sites
100 Fe SMCL 90

Arsenic concentration - ug/L

80 70
20 Fe :A s

60 50 40

:1

ra tio

Fe = 7.8 30 20 10 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 As MCL

Iron Concentration - mg/L

Iron removal + ad media system Iron removal Adsorptive media system

Coagulation/filtration

Agenda
Adsorption Technology Application System Design System Operation

System Design
System configuration - parallel vs series Vessel design size, materials of construction Media selection performance, EBCT, cost Pre-treatment - oxidation, pH Adjustment System controls manual vs automatic Residual disposal backwash water, media Costs capital and operational

System Design
System configuration - parallel vs series Vessel design size, materials of construction Media selection performance, EBCT, cost Pre-treatment oxidation, pH adjustment System controls manual vs automatic Residual disposal backwash water, media Costs capital and operational

Adsorptive Media System Configuration

A A A A

Roughing filters

Polishing filters

B
Simple Parallel Design

B
Series Design

System Configuration
Series - Advantages
More conservative added safety Maximum use of media lower operating More flexible change out schedule cost

Series Disadvantages
Higher capital cost more tanks Larger foot print Higher pressure drop

Arsenic Removal
Activated Alumina System (CS), NH1998-1999

Adsorptive Media System Configuration

After media change out of tanks A

Roughing filters

Roughing filters

Polishing filters

Polishing filters

Series Design

System Design
System configuration - parallel vs series Vessel design size, materials of construction Media selection performance, EBCT, cost Pre-treatment oxidation System controls manual vs automatic Residual disposal backwash water, media Costs capital and operational

Adsorptive Media Pressure Tank

Freeboard

Media EBCT 3 10 min

Bed expansion 15 -50 %

Bed depth 3-6 ft

EBCT
EBCT3 to 10 minutes The lower the EBCT The higher the unit flow rate The smaller the size of the vessels

Vessel Materials
Pressure and Cost Issues

Fiberglass (FRP) Carbon Steel Stainless Steel

FRP Tanks

SS Tanks

System Design
System configuration - parallel vs series Vessel design size, materials of construction Media selection performance, EBCT, cost Pre-treatment oxidation, pH Adjustment System controls manual vs automatic Residual disposal backwash water, media Costs capital and operational

Media Selection Criteria

Performance water quality dependent
Arsenic form As III, As V pH, silica, phosphate, vanadium

EBCT Cost of media Regeneration of media vs one time use Residual Disposal (BW Water and Media) hazardous vs non- hazardous

Adsorptive Media Listed in NSF/ANSI STD 61

Company
Alcan (4) Alcoa (2) Apyron Engelhard Engelhard ADI SMI US Filter Bayer AG WRT Magnesium Elektron

Base Material Name

Aluminium Aluminium Aluminium Aluminium Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Zeolite Zirconium AAFS - 50 CPN Aqua-Bind ARM 100 ARM 200 G2 SMI III GFH E 33 Z 33 Isolux

Material
Mod AA AA Mod AA AA Iron Oxide Iron based Iron/sulfur Iron Hydroxide Iron Oxide Mod Zeolite Zirconium Hydroxide

Adsorptive Media Listed in NSF/ANSI STD 61

Company
ATS (MA) Hydroglobe, Inc Dow Chemical Purolite ResinTech Titanium Titanium Resin Resin

Base Material Name

A/I Complex 2000 MetSorb ADSORBSIA ArsenX ASM-10HP

Material

Titanium Oxide Titanium Oxide Mod w/Fe Mod w/Fe

EPA Pilot Columns Studies

Licking Valley High School (LVHS)

LVHS Pilot Plant Tests - As III

100 90 80 Total As Concentration (g/L) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 Run Length (#BV)

# of Bed Volumes to 10 g/L As(III) Breakthrough # BV Media GAC <100 Zeocros <100 G2 <100 CPN AA 300 AAFS50 650 Aqua-Bind MP 700 E33 4,700 MetSorb 5,000 As:Xnp 6,500 GFH(2) 18,800 GFH(1) 22,500 ARM 200 32,000

CPN AA MetSorb

AAFS50 As:Xnp

Aqua Bind MP E33

G2 ARM 200

GAC GFH 1

Zeocros GFH 2

LVHS Pilot Plant Tests - As V

Operation Time (hr)
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500

50
# of Bed Volumes to 10 g/L Media ARM 100 G2 CPN AA AAFS 50 E33 GFH Arsenic Breakthrough # BV 2,600 4,500 7,200 9,000 40,000 65,000

40

Total As Concentration ( g/L)

30

20

10

0 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000

Run Length (#BV)

CPN AA

AAFS50

ARM100

G2

E33

GFH

System Design
System configuration - parallel vs series Vessel design size, materials of construction Media selection performance, EBCT, cost Pre-treatment oxidation, pH Adjustment System controls manual vs automatic Residual disposal backwash water, media Costs capital and operational

Pre-Treatment Needs
Oxidation of As III to As V pH Adjustment pre and post (pH > 8) Acid CO2

Pre-Treatment Needs
Oxidation of As III to As V Most adsorptive media have greater removal capacity for As V than As III

Queen Annes County

Adsorptive Media (E33) Treatment System
25

Arsenic concentration - ug/L

20

15

10

Cl2 moved to before treatment system

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Bed volumes treated x 1000

QAC Raw Water QAC Treated Water

As III Oxidation
Caution! Lose oxidation, arsenic in effluent will likely increase (spike)

Desert Sands
Adsorptive Media (E33) Treatment System
35 30

Arsenic concentration - ug/L

Desert Sands - As III w/ Cl2 25

20 DS lost Cl2 feed

15

10

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Bed volumes treated x 1000

DS Raw Water - (As III) DS Treated

Pre-Treatment Needs
pH adjustment
Removal performance for many media products (AA & iron based media) is pH dependent. The lower the pH, the greater the removal capacity.

pH Adjustment
Valley Vista, AZ (44-46 ug/L As)
(AAFS 50 media w/acid ) pH 7.8 BVs to 10 ug/L 8,000 pH 6.8 BVs to 10 ug/L 25,000

pH Adjustment
Arsenic Demonstration Program
Bow, NH Acid/Cauatic 7.5 6.5 7.8 Rollinsford, NH CO2 8.2 to 7.2 Valley Vista, AZ Acid 8.4 to 6.9 Nambe Pueblo, NM CO2 8.3 to 7.3 Taos, NM CO2 9.5 Bunni, TX CO2 8.0 Wellman, TX CO2 8.2 Tohono OOdhan CO2 8.2 -

Valley Vista, AZ AAFS 50 media pH Adjustment w/acid

pH Adjustment
Caution! Lose pH adjustment, arsenic in effluent will likely increase (spike)

System Design
System configuration - parallel vs series Vessel design size, materials of construction Media selection performance, EBCT, cost Pre-treatment - oxidation , pH adjustment System controls manual vs automatic Residual disposal backwash water, media Costs capital and operational

System Controls
Backwashing of media Manual vs automatic Instrumention gages, etc (Cost issue!)

System Design
System configuration - parallel vs series Vessel design size, materials of construction Media selection performance, EBCT, cost Pre-treatment - oxidation, pH adjustment System controls manual vs automatic Residual disposal backwash water, media Costs capital and operational

Residual Disposal
Backwash water Disposal sewer, pond, ground Recycle liquid Spent media Landfill - hazardous vs non-hazardous

Rimrock E33 Media BW Water Recycle Tank

System Design
System configuration - parallel vs series Vessel design size, materials of construction Media selection performance, EBCT, cost Pre-treatment oxidation, pH adjustment System controls manual vs automatic Residual disposal backwash water, media Costs capital and operational

Costs
Total costs Capital Operational

Costs
Operational costs
One time use adsorptive media system Major cost item is media replacement (8595 %)

Desert Sands MDWCA Arsenic Removal System

Media Replacement and O & M Costs
$2.00 $1.90 $1.80 $1.70 $1.60 $1.50 $1.40 $1.30 Cost ($/1,000 gal) $1.20 $1.10 $1.00 $0.90 $0.80 $0.70 $0.60 $0.50 $0.40 $0.30 $0.20 $0.10 $0.00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 Media Working Capacity, Bed Volumes (x1000)
O&M cost Media replacement cost

Media: 160 cu ft, $150/cu ft, Total Cost $26, 800

Resource Material
Design Manual: Removal of Arsenic from Drinking by Adsorptive Media EPA/600/R03/019March 2003 Workshop on the Design and Operation of Adsorptive Media Process for Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water August 2004 (CD of presentation slides available)

Thank you for your time. Are there any questions?

Yu Jung Chang 425-450-6317 YuJung.Chang@hdrinc.com Tom Sorg sorg.thomas@epa.gov (513) 569-7370 Darren Lytle lytle.darren@epa.gov (513) 569-7432 Arsenic web site http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/arsenic/