Pellet volume measurement with Pellet volume measurement with

Microwave cavity
Cryo pump and injector division Cryo pumpandinjectordivision
Introduction
Objectives: To estimate the mass of a ice pellet by microwave
cavity method.
Introduction: Microwave method is a non destructive measurement
of a high speed pellet mass. Estimation of pellet mass is g p p p
needed to know the exact amount of particles feed to the
plasma.
Principle: The measurement of the pellet mass is based on the
perturbation to a resonant cavity caused by a dielectric pellet
passing through the cavity The pellet size is determined by the passing through the cavity. The pellet size is determined by the
equivalent spherical radius proportional to the shift in the resonant
frequency
Theory of cavity measurement
Resonant Cavity: A volume enclosed by a conducting surface within Resonant Cavity: A volume enclosed by a conducting surface within
which electromagnetic wave can be excited. The cavity is characterized
by its quality factor.
Quality factor: Ratio of the energy stored in the cavity to energy
supplied by a generator, per cycle, to keep signal amplitude constant,
at a frequency f
r . r .
Energy stored Energy stored
2 2
Energy dissipate per cycle Power loss
Energy stored
r
Q f t t = =
The polished surfaces have good Q. With gold or silver plating which
reduces oxidation of Cu Quality factor improves
Energy stored

Power loss
e =
reduces oxidation of Cu, Quality factor improves.
Cut off frequency: Minimum frequency at which an EM wave can
transmit through the cavity
9/7/2012 J. S. Mishra 3
transmit through the cavity.
Theory of cavity cont
2 types of EM waves in wave guide or resonant cavity TM and TE 2 types of EM waves in wave guide or resonant cavity TM and TE.
Cylindrical cavity:
The filed solution of a cylindrical cavity of length and radius follow from The filed solution of a cylindrical cavity of length and radius follow from
the Maxwell equation with boundary conditions. The resonance
frequencies for TM modes are
2 2
th th
,
2
X is n zero of m Bessel function.
mn
mnp
r r
X c p
f
R L
t
t c
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
mn
X is n zero of m Bessel function.
The perturbation formula for a dielectric inside the cavity is given by
0 0
0
2
0
0 0
( ) | || |
2 | |
E t b d E fi ld V di l t i t t
v
v
E E dv
f
f
E dv
c c
c
A

A
=
}
}
9/7/2012 J. S. Mishra 4
0 0
E unperturbed E field ; Vac. dielectric constant
E perturbed E field ; pellet dielectric constant
c
c
= =
= =
Experimental block diagram
0
2
0 1
{[3( 1)] / ( 2)} )
2
r r pellet
cavity
V
f
f J V
c c +
A
=
U i thi f l d k i it l d f hift th l f th Usingthisformulaandknowingcavityvolumeandfrequencyshift,thevolumeofthe
dielectriccanbecalculated.Alternatively,theshiftinfrequencyforthedielectricfor
theknownvolumecanalsobeestimated.FrequencyusedTM
010
mode.
Microwave
source
Isolator coupler Cavity
(Oscillator)
P
coupler
Crystal
Detector
Amplifier
Power
supply
9/7/2012 J. S. Mishra 5
Items required & status
Items required Where Status
Mwavesource RFLab Canbe used
Isolator RFLab ok
Iris/connectors Microwavelab Ok
Cavity Existing New fabrication Cavity Existing New fabrication
afteroldonetesting
Detector/VNA Microwave/RFlab Ok
Teflon bullets Work shop Prepared (7
th
sept ) Teflonbullets Workshop Prepared(7 sept )
Diameter
Length
9/7/2012 J. S. Mishra 6
1
st
experimentafter10
th
September