Kerrona Ellis Pool 2 Biology Mrs.

McLean

Table of Content
Acknowledgement Introduction Mechanical Methods

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Male condom .5 Female condom..7 Intra uterine device9 Cervical cap/diaphragm..11

Natural Methods

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Abstinence13 Rhythm method14

Surgical Methods

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Vasectomy15 Tubal ligation16

Hormonal Methods

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Contraceptive pills..18 Injection19 Implants.20

Acknowledgement

I express sincere gratitude to God for enabling me to complete this assignment and to my parents for the resources needed. I also thank Mrs. Mclean for giving me this assignment and lengthening my knowledge on family planning. Sincerely yourss Kerrona Ellis

Introduction
This project serves the purpose of informing on the Topic family planning. It speaks of four different methods and how each method prevents pregnancy. Diagrams and pictures illustrate how each method is done. There is a list of the advantages and disadvantages of each.

Family Planning: A program to regulate the number and spacing of children in a family through the practice of contraception or other methods of birth control.

Male Condom
A male condom is a thin coat that covers the penis during intercourse. The male condom protects against infection and pregnancy by covering the penis and preventing direct contact between the penis and vagina.

It also accumulates the semen and prevents it from entering the vagina. This will prevent pregnancy. The male condom provides the best protection from most STDs.

Advantages of using a Male condom The best method for reducing the risk of STIs for those who choose to have intercourse
.

Can be easily attained and does not require a prescription.

Disadvantages of using a Male condom Some people connect condoms with immoral sex, sex outside marriage, or sex with prostitutes, and do not want to use them. There is a small possibility that a condom will slip off during sex. Condoms can weaken and may break during use if stored for too long or in too much heat, sunlight or humidity, or if used with oil-based lubricants, such as Vaseline or edible oils.

Female Condom
The female condom is a thin sheath worn by a woman during sex. It entirely lines the vagina and helps to prevent pregnancy. The female condom is inserted into the vagina before sex. It is about 15cm long and has two flexible rings, one at each end, to keep it in place in the vagina. One of the rings is closed and this end rests inside the womans vagina. The other ring, which is open, rests outside.

The female condom covers the cervix and lines the vagina. It shields the vaginas entrance providing a physical barrier between the penis and the vaginal walls. It also prevents the exchange of body fluids (semen and vaginal fluids).

Advantages of using a Female condom It can be obtained without a prescription

 It provides protection against STIs for men and women It is a safe, effective and reversible method of contraception Disadvantages of using a Female condom Some women find it difficult to insert and remove It is not as widely available as the male condom It can make some rustling noises during sex It is more expensive than the male condom

Intra uterine Device (IUD)

An IUD is a small, flexible device, shaped like the letter T, which is inserted into the uterus. A doctor or nurse puts it into a womans uterus to prevent pregnancy. Nylon threads attached to the IUD hang down into the vagina. This makes it easy for a woman to check that the IUD is in place. It also makes it easier for a doctor or nurse to remove the IUD.

The IUD works by preventing fertilization of the egg. The copper on the IUD stops the sperm moving through the uterus towards the egg. Occasionally an egg is fertilised. The IUD then stops this egg implanting into the uterus.

Advantages of using an intrauterine device it can stay in place for 5 years or more it does not affect breastfeeding it does not interfere with sexual intercourse nylon threads cannot be felt during intercourse can be used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sexual intercourse

Disadvantages of using an intrauterine device increased chance of pelvic infection when the IUD is put in IUD may cause more bleeding and cramping during period Some women feel pain or faint when IUD is put in or taken out Who can use it? The IUD is most suitable for women who are in a long-term relationship. Having one partner cuts down the risk of getting an infection which may cause infertility. It is also important that your partner does not risk getting an infection by having sexual intercourse with anyone else. Who should not use it? Women who: have recently had an infection in their uterus or fallopian tubes have an STI Might be pregnant.

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Cervical cap/Diaphragm

A cervical cap is thimble-shaped, soft cap with a round edge that fits around a woman's cervix. The cervical cap must be fitted by a doctor and purchased by prescription.

The cervical cap prevents pregnancy by keeping sperm from joining with an egg. In order to be as effective as possible, the cervical cap must be used with spermicidal cream or jelly. The cap works in two ways:

The cervical cap blocks the opening to the uterus. The spermicidal stops sperm from moving.

The diaphragm is a shallow, dome-shaped cup with a flexible rim. It is made of silicone. It is inserted into the vagina. When it is in place, it covers the cervix. There are two kinds of diaphragms:

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A flat ring option: This type of diaphragm can be squeezed into a flat oval and is then inserted. The flat ring type also comes with an applicator, so this makes insertion a little easier. An arcing or coil spring option: This type of diaphragm forms a bent circle when squeezed. You can insert an arcing or coil spring diaphragm with your fingers.

Advantages

Usually cannot be felt by either partner Very few side effects Can be easily carried in a pocket or purse It may lower the risk of catching certain sexually transmitted diseases May prevent against some types of precancerous changes in the cervix Can be inserted hours ahead of time, so it does not interrupt sexual activity

Disadvantages

Some women report that this method is messy and inconvenient Requires some planning ahead (must be in place every time you have sex)

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Abstinence
Abstinence is not having sex. A person who decides to practice abstinence has decided not to have sex. If two people don't have sex, then sperm can't fertilize an egg and there's no possibility of a pregnancy. Abstinence is 100% effective in preventing pregnancy. Advantages of Abstinence There are no hormonal or medical side effects. prevent pregnancy prevent STDs support personal, moral or religious beliefs Disadvantages of Abstinence It is often hard to abstain from sex, particularly in the moment. There is often pressure from your partner or friends to have sex.

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Rhythm Method
The rhythm method is one of the oldest methods of natural birth control. A woman practices the rhythm method of birth control, or natural family planning, by learning to recognize the days she is fertile, and not having sex before and during those days. The rhythm method does not work for all couples. Women who have regular menstrual cycles and who are very careful about when they have sex usually find it to be effective. Women who have irregular cycles and who are not so careful often end up becoming pregnant. Advantages no prescription required Its an all natural form of birth control and doesn't require taking synthetic hormones or inserting medical devices for pregnancy prevention. Many couples see the rhythm method as a form of birth control whose responsibility is equally divided between both partners. Disadvantages Sperm live an average of three days in the body, but for some women, sperm can live in their bodies for up to seven days. This makes it difficult to plan when it's completely safe to have sex.

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Vasectomy
Vasectomy is the male sterilization operation. A surgery is done to prevent sperm from leaving the body. It is a simple method which involves cutting and tying the sperm duct (vas deferens) from each testis. This method is 100% effective.

Before

After

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Advantages No drugs or artificial device used Vasectomy is a minor surgery that is safe, highly effective and permanent. Disadvantages Often have to do with an ice pack for 4 hours to reduce swelling, bleeding and discomfort and had to wear pants that can support the scrotum for 2 days. Irreversible

Tubal Ligation
Tubal ligation is the sterilization method performed on women.

The Fallopian tubes, which carry the eggs from the ovary to the womb (uterus), are burned; clipped, cut or tied (the tubes are sealed). The tubes are therefore closed so the sperm and egg do not meet. The egg then dissolves and is absorbed by the body.

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Clipped Advantages 100% effective

Tied

Cut

No drugs or artificial device used Disadvantages More complicated than male sterilization Irreversible

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Contraceptive Pills
Contraceptive pill also called "the Pill" is a daily tablet that contains hormones to change the way the body works and prevent pregnancy. Hormones are chemical substances that control the functioning of the body's organs. In this case, the hormones in the Pill control the ovaries and the uterus.

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Most birth control pills are "combination pills" containing a combination of the hormones estrogen and progesterone to prevent ovulation (the release of an egg during the monthly cycle). A woman cannot get pregnant if she doesn't ovulate because there is no egg to be fertilized. The Pill also works by thickening the mucus around the cervix, which makes it difficult for sperm to enter the uterus and reach any eggs that may have been released. The hormones in the Pill can also sometimes affect the lining of the uterus, making it difficult for an egg to attach to the wall of the uterus. Advantages Highly effective Reduce menstrual cramps Does not affect future fertility Disadvantages Nausea and vomiting Breast tenderness Water retention leading to an increase in weight

Injection
The contraceptive injection contains a progesterone hormone. The progesterone is injected into a muscle and then is gradually released into the bloodstream. It works mainly by stopping the release of the egg from the ovary (ovulation). Advantages Reduces cramps and pain at ovulation Can be used while breast-feeding Highly effective Reduces pelvic inflammatory disease

Disadvantages Must be repeated by doctor every two week

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 Causes slight weight gain Does not protect against STDs

Implants
Implants are small flexible rods or capsules that are placed just under the skin of the upper arm. It releases a progestin like the natural hormone progesterone in a woman's body.

Advantages Effective contraception for three years. You don't have to remember to use contraception every day. Doesn't interfere with sexual intercourse. Disadvantages Nausea Breast tenderness Abdominal pain

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 CXC Biology by Louis Chinnery, Joyce Glasgow, Mary Jones, Geoff Jones CXC Biology Linda Atwaroo-Ali

http://www.emedicinehealth.com http://www.glowm.com/resources/glowm/pdf/Family_Planning.pdf

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