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Water supply
Sudha Goel, Ph.D. Assistant Prof. (Env. Eng.) Dept. of Civil Eng., IITKgp Kharagpur 721 302

Objectives
Water supply: adequate quantity and safe, potable water Sourcing and source protection Treatment Disposal of sludges Wastewater treatment: to mitigate Public health concerns contamination of water supplies (SW and GW), and soil, Environmental concerns - Ecological conservation, recreational requirements
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Design of water and wastewater systems

Identify need (demand) in terms of QUANTITY AND QUALITY Identify SOURCES that can fulfill needs
Source Protection Programs

Criteria for source selection include: Quantity Quality Location Cost of development, collection and distribution Sustainability
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Water Usage
Withdrawals = consumption + returns
Withdrawal = water extracted from surface or ground water bodies Consumption = water used but not returned (eg., drinking, cooking, evaporation, transpiration, irrigation) Returns (non-consumptive uses) = water returned to water body and can be used in the future Compare per capita water use:
Developed (e.g. US) = 1280 gal/cap-d = 1280x3.785 = 4845 L/cap-d Developing (e.g. India) = 609 m3/cap-year = 1669 L/cap-d

Offstream water use involves the withdrawal or diversion of water from a surface or ground water source for: Domestic and residential uses (consumptive) Industrial uses (both) Agricultural uses (consumptive) Energy development uses (both) Instream water uses are those which do not require a diversion or withdrawal from the surface or ground water sources, such as: Examples of non-consumptive water uses Water quality and habitat improvement, i.e., eco-conservation Recreation Navigation (Quality not an issue) Fish propagation Hydroelectric power production (Quality not an issue) Quality is dependent on water use, i.e., not all water uses require the same water quality
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Indian water uses

India: State of the Environment (2001)

Table 1 : Use based classification of surface waters in India Class of Designated-Best-Use water Criteria 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 50 or less Drinking Water Source without A conventional treatment but after 2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5 disinfection 3. Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20C 2mg/l or less 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 500 or less Outdoor bathing (Organised) B 2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5 3. Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20C 3mg/l or less 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 5000 or less 2. pH between 6 to 9 3. Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20C 3mg/l or less 1. pH between 6.5 to 8.5 2. Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more 3. Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less 1. pH between 6.0 to 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity at 25C micro mhos/cm Max.2250 3. Sodium absorption Ratio Max. 26 7 4. Boron Max. 2mg/l

Drinking water source after conventional treatment and disinfection

Propagation of Wild life and Fisheries Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, Controlled Waste disposal

CPCB

Domestic consumption of water (L/capita-day)

Use IS 11721983, Lcd 4.5 49.5 IS 11721993 (India), Lcd 5 (2.5%) 5 (2.5%) 75 (37.5%) 25 (12.5%) 15 (7.5%) 15 (7.5%) 15 (7.5%) 22.5 22.5 45 (22.5%) 12.8 (18.5 %) 15.0 (21.7 %) 1.0 (1.4 %) 10.9 (faucet 15.7 %) Outdoor use ( 18.5 (26.7%) 9.5 (13.7%) AWWA, 1999, gcd

Drinking Cooking Bathing Washing clothes Washing utensils Cleaning homes Gardening Flushing toilets, etc Losses Public uses street cleaning, fires, flushing sewers, fire extinguishing Industry commerce Total and

22.5 13.5 135 200 (100%) 69.3 (100%) or 262

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Animal maintenance

Factors affecting domestic water use

Population Climatic conditions Economic conditions Industrial and commercial requirements Env protection, and quality issues Water conservation (habits and policies) Cost Pressure Development of sewerage systems Supply period
In India, low income groups (IS Code req) 135 Lcd (we know it can be as low as 30 lcd in reality). Total water requirement for all uses is 335 Lcd or Lpd (Table 2.5, SKG). 10

Factors affecting losses

Leakage at joints and corrosion of pipes Pressure in distribution systems: higher pressure leads to higher losses due to leakage System of supply: Intermittent supply leads to fewer leakage losses Metering: unaccounted water loss is easy to monitor, leaks can be detected and fixed Unauthorized connections are reduced where supply is metered; easy to detect illegal connections where supply is metered.

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Per capita consumption wrt population and sewerage

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Temporal variations in demand

Seasonal: based on climate and crop requirements, commercial, industrial (cracker industry), tourist spots (religious or secular), institutional (schools, colleges, camps) activities can be seasonal Daily: Fig 2.1 (SKG) and fig. 2.1 (KND). Trend is slightly different from the sources noted below. Daily max can range from 1.8x daily average (SKG) to 2.5 times daily average (KND). Generally two peaks in a day: higher peak in morning (0500 to 1100) and (1700 to 2300) and lowest flow (2300 to 0500) based on VW, SKG and AWWA (no definitive information). Specific and average trends can be different for all the reasons discussed previously. 14

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Design parameters
Design Period Large dams and conduits: 25 to 50 y Wells, distribution systems, filter plants: 10 to 25 y Pipes more than 300 mm in dia.: 20 to 25 y Average: 30 years, cannot exceed life of structures Design period can be incremental or total Population size for end of design period Forecasting of future populations: different methods Exponential Flow requirements Domestic, industrial and commercial requirements Fire-fighting requirements Pressure requirements Water quality requirements
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Per capita water supply in Indian cities

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