Outline and examine some uses of different metals through history including contemporary uses as uncombined metals or as alloys

Copper Age (3200-2300BC) Copper- Ornaments, Tools, Weapons, Cooking, Pipes

Bronze Age (2300-700BC) Copper- Beads and piping Tin- cutlery and plates Bronze (alloy)- Harder weapons and Armour

Iron Age (700BC-1AD) Iron- Fencing and weapons Steel (Alloy)- Construction industry for houses and buildings Carbon- Used with iron to create a stronger metal alloy

Modern Age (1AD Present) Aluminium- Drink cans, Mirrors, Cables and Air craft Titanium- Jewellery, Nuclear waste disposal and Medical

Future age Ceramics- knife blades and breaks Plastics- Packaging, Phone covers, electrical covers and toys

Describe the use of common alloys including steel, brass and solder and explain how these relate to their properties
Alloy Bronze Stainless Steel Solder Component used Copper, tin Iron, chromium, nickel Tin, lead Uses Statues, medals Cutlery, sinks, saucepans Joining metal piping and electrical components Physical Properties Attractive appearance, corrosion resistance Hard, strong, corrosion resistance Low melting point, soft

Explain why energy input is necessary to extract a metal from its ore
Metal ores are metals chemically combined with another substance, e.g. Iron Oxide Bauxite Copper oxide

Chemical bonds between the metal and the ore need to break to separate the elements, so a decomposition reaction will take place. In order to break the chemical bond energy needs to be put in to the compound to break the strong forces bonding the elements together

Identify why there are more metals available for people to use now than there were 200 years ago
As technology increases so does scientific understanding. This understanding has led to the development of better methods of extracting metals and creating alloys. Today, there are better ways to combine or extract metals. Elements such as titanium are now extracted by reacting titanium tetrachloride with sodium in a heated steel bomb. There continues to be developments and ideas including: Making metallurgical techniques more efficient and safe Producing new alloys Developing new metal extraction and combining techniques Researching and experimenting with metallurgical techniques

Describe observable changes when metals react with dilute acid, water and oxygen
Metals with dilute acid Metal + Acid = Metal salt + Hydrogen Metals above hydrogen in the electrochemical series react with dilute mineral acids; these metals dissolve, produces bubbles of H2 gas and the colour of the solution changes Metals with top oxide layers do not react Metals neutralise the acid

Metals with water Metal + Water = Metal hydroxide + Hydrogen Water is more energetically stable than dilute acids, thus less metals react with it in comparison to acid The most reactive metals dissolve and produce hydrogen gas with cold water

Metals with oxygen Metal + Oxygen =Metal Oxide Fewer metals react with oxygen than above Many metals react, some violent and rapidly

Describe and justify the criteria used to place metals into an order of activity based on their ease of reaction with oxygen, water and dilute acids
The more violent the reaction between a metal and oxygen, metal and water and metal and dilute acids, the more reactive and this means the higher the position of the metal in the electrochemical series Oxygen and Water The degree of reaction with oxygen can be used to identify the most reactive metals (less reactive metals do not react) Water and Metals Metals of moderate reactivity can be determined by their reactivity with water (less reactive metals do not react) Dilute acids and Metal Metals that are relatively unreactive can be determined by their reactivity with dilute acids (less reactive metals do not react)

Identify the reaction of metals with acids as requiring the transfer of electrons
Acid molecules break up when they react with metals and metals will form positive ions, therefore they give away electrons. The electrons that are lost from the metals are attracted to hydrogen protons from broken up acid molecules Products- Acid + Metal = Salt + Hydrogen gas The metal combining with the non-hydrogen element of the acid to form stable metal salt compounds while hydrogen atoms combine in twos to form stable diatomic molecules (hydrogen gas)

Outline examples of the selection of metals for different purposes based on reactivity, with a particular emphasis on current developments in the use of metals
Lithium- Due to the energy of electrons transferred from lithium anode and the high reactivity of lithium it can be used in pace-makers, cameras and button cells Magnesium- Due to its relatively high reactivity and the fact it burns bright when heated with air it can be used as a component in fireworks, military and emergency purposes and inside boilers. Aluminium- Due to lack of reactivity means it can be used as drink cans, food wraps, aircraft bodies, in automobiles and in window frames. Titanium- Due to low reactivity, stable and resistance to it can be used as artificial joints, aircraft and ship bodies and pipes.

Outline the relationship between the relative activities of metals and their positions on the periodic table
The most reactive metals are those at to the bottom of the vertical groups and to the left side of the periods, making the alkali metals the most reactive metals of the periodic table. The least reactive metals are found at the bottom of the transition metal block

The most reactive metals are those with the Largest atoms Fewest outer shell electrons Smallest nuclear charge Greatest number of shielding electrons

Identify the importance of first ionisation energy in determining the relative reactivity of metals
First ionisation energy- The energy required to remove the most loosely held electron from one mole of gaseous atoms to produce 1 mole of gaseous ions each with a charge of 1+

The lower the first ionisation energy of a metal, the more reactive it is likely to be and by doing this, the overall amount of energy given out increases, making the reaction becomes more violent

Identify an appropriate model that has been developed to describe atomic structure
The most up to date model of the atom has a positively charged nucleus composed of at least one proton and at least one neutron and around the nucleus there will be one or more electrons. No. Protons=No. Electrons No. Neutrons= Atomic weight - No. Protons

Outline the history of development of the periodic table including its origins, the original data used to construct it and the predictions made after its construction
Empedocles- Stated all things were made of four substances Earth, wind, water and fire Aristotle- Said all matter was made up of basic material that assumed different forms Lavoisier- Published a list of 33 substances: these were grouped into metals, non-metals and gases Dolton- All elements were composed of atoms with identical properties and mass Berzelius- Suggests 47 elements in existence to be given symbols (Latin letters) Dobereiner- triads grouping three elements of same characteristics/properties Dumas- Families of four elements grouped Newlands- Law of Octaves every 8th element would have similar properties Meyer- Developed a periodic table based on atomic masses Mendeleev- Gathered descriptions of properties of about 60 elements, suggested in elements close in period or in same group have similar physical and chemical properties and predicted properties of elements Gallium and Germanium before they were discovered Ramsay- Discovered noble gases Moseley- Establishes atomic or proton number of discovered elements American Scientist- Bombarded Uranium atoms with neutrons, forming trans-uranic elements

Explain relationships between the position of elements in the periodic table and
Electrical conductivity Usually metals lying to the left and bottom of the periodic table are the best conductors of electricity Ionisation energy Elements to the top and right part of the table have the largest ionisation energies Atomic radius With the exception of the Noble Gases, the elements lying to the left and bottom of the periodic table have the largest atomic radii Melting/boiling point: With the exception of the Alkalis, the elements lying to the left and bottom of the table have the highest melting and boiling points Valency Group 1 and 7 have valency of +1 and -1 Group 2 and 6 have valency of +2 and -2 Group 3 and 5 have valency of +3 and -3 Group 4 has valency of 4 Transition metals have variable valencies

Electronegativity Highest electronegative values are smallest atoms with highest nuclear charges

Define the mole as the number of atoms in exactly 12g or Carbon 12 (Avogadros number)
Mole-The number of particles in a substance. It is the amount of any substance that is equal to the number of particles as there are atoms in 12g of the 12C6 isotope of carbon Avogadro number- The number of particles in one mole of any substance is 6 x 1023

Compare mass changes in samples of metals when they combine with oxygen
Law of Conservation of Mass (mass of reactants = mass of products) - When metals combine chemically with oxygen they gain mass. The oxide formed during the reaction has a mass equal to the metal and oxygen Metals change to become more chemically stable as they combine with oxygen to form strongly bonded compounds. Some metals do not react with oxygen due to an existing oxide layer and others need non-standard conditions to react with oxygen.

Describe the contribution of Gay-Lussac to understanding of gaseous reactions and apply this to an understanding of the mole concept
Law of combining volumes - When gases combine during chemical reactions, they do so in volumes that are always small whole number ratios Lussac found that when gases such as nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen react together they will react in small, whole number ratios giving the molar ratio

Recount Avogadros law and describe its importance in developing the mole concept
Avogadros law- Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules regardless of their chemical nature and physical properties

Distinguish between empirical formulae and molecular formulae

Empirical formula- The simplest ratio of atoms or ions in the compound Molecular formula- the number of each type of atom in the compound

Define the terms mineral and ore with reference to economic and non-economic deposits of natural resources
Mineral-A naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure and specific physical properties. Ore- A volume of rock containing components or minerals in a mode of occurrence that means it is valuable for mining. Gangue mineral- A mineral with no economic viability. Waste rock- The rock that is mined through in order to reach ore bodies. Mineral prospect- A mineral deposit of geological interest. Mineral resource- A mineral with a deposit that is or can be economically valuable. Ore/mineral reserve- Deposits that are economically feasible to extract. Ore deposit- Mineral occurrences which could be mined for a profit.

Describe the relationship between the commercial prices of common metals, their actual abundances and relative cost for production
Abundance- The higher the abundance the lower the price commercial of a metal. The less abundant, the higher the commercial price. Production- The higher the production the higher the commercial price of a metal. So the lower the production costs the lower the commercial price. Transport- The easier it is to transport the more likely it is to be lower the commercial price Metal Iron Gold Aluminium Abundance High Low High Production Easy Hard Hard Cost Low High High

Recount the steps taken to recycle aluminium

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Scraps taken to recycling plant Scraps separated, checked and sorted. Value determined Aluminium transferred to furnace. Heated up to 500*C to produce molten element. Aluminium cools, and then it is cast, made into thin sheets. Sheets travel to commercial factories. Sheets are made into beverage cans.

Explain why ores are a non-renewable source

They have a very long time scale over which they form (up to 1000s of years). After all of an ore has been used up it will take a very long amount of time before new deposits of that ores have formed. Complex processes that form ores take very many years. The elements are almost impossible to extract due to their low concentrations.

plate boundaries: mineral filled, super-saturated wa

-smokers

gold/silver/sulphate minerals are produced due to the crystallisation processes of cooled solutions. Formation of metamorphic rocks: high temperatures in crust = large amount of pressure = mass hering exposes buried ores = mineral rich sediments. Weathering/sedimentary rocks: particles in water are transported (grouped due to different

Describe the separation processes, chemical reactions and energy considerations involved in the extraction of copper from one of its ores
Copper carbonate 1. Copper carbonate reacts with sulphuric acid CuCO3 (s) + H2SO4 = CuSO4 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

2. Copper sulphate is electrolysed and copper is produced at the cathode This copper is 99.99% pure

Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- = Cu (s)