G.T.

C Merged Presentation
--By Ankit Agarwal

ANILINE POINT

Cetane number (define) Q. Describe briefly about Aniline Point

The aniline point is the lowest temperature at which equal volume of aniline and oil are completely miscible

The value gives an indication of the aromatic content of diesel oil, since aniline is an aromatic compound which is dissolved on heating by the aromatics in diesel oil.

Importance
Aniline is an aromatic compound It becomes miscible with an oil by dissolving aromatic compounds present in it. So its give an idea about the aromatic contents of any fuel or oil.

Aniline point

aromatic contents Aromatic contents

Aniline point

Diesel Index
It is derivative of aniline point It is defined aso [0.018A.P C+0.32]API It is measure of ignition quality of fuel All the diesel fuel are processed to have a diesel index in the range of 45 to 55 High diesel index is not desirable(as a fuel rich in aromatics gives rise to better calorific value than paraffin rich fuel for equal weights)

Cetane number
It is defined as percentage volume of n-cetane in a mixture of n-cetane and alfa methyl napthalene which gives the same ignition delay as the fuel under consideration, when tested in a CFR engine.

Significance of aniline point

High aniline point indicates that the fuel is highly paraffinic and hence has a high Diesel index and very good ignition quality. In case of aromatics the aniline point is low and the ignition quality is poor. This test is useful for calculating Diesel Index. Diesel index is defined as:[0.018A.P oC+0.32]AP It can also predict the amount of carbon present in molecules and is given by the formula %C=1039.4nD20 -470.4 d20-0.567 AP(oC)-1104.42 where nD20=refractive index at 20oC d20=density at 20oC

ANTI-BIOTICS AND VITAMINES

What is an Antibiotic?
Antibiotics are products of microorganisms that

react with and inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. An antibiotic is a selective poison. It has been chosen so that it will kill the desired bacteria, but not the cells in your body. Each different type of antibiotic affects different bacteria in different ways.

classification
Antibiotics can be classified in several ways. The most common method classifies them according to their action against the infecting organism. Some antibiotics attack the cell wall; some disrupt the cell membrane; and the majority inhibit the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, the polymers that make up the bacterial cell.

classification
Antibiotics are also classified on the basis of chemical structure, as penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, or sulfonamides, among others.

Vitamin Characteristics
Each vitamin has one or more specific purposes. Vitamins are essential to life processes. Vitamins are generally used by the body with very minimal changes Vitamins are usually required in only small amounts Most vitamins cannot be synthesized by the body directly

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Catalytic reforming

Define Catalytic reforming 1.{Catalytic reforming is a chemical process used to convert petroleum refinery naphthas, typically having low octane ratings, into high-octane liquid products called reformates which are components of high-octane gasoline (also known as petrol). }

Question she might ask 1) Describe briefly about zeolites (2marks)answer is not in the presentation ** 2) Advantage & Disadvantage of Catalytic cracking 3) Describe FCC briefly 4) Definition of Catalytatic reforming

**for any queries on the answers ask kali or prachee

Describe briefly about FCC (3marks)

1. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC):most important conversion process used in petroleum refineries.
2. USE: converting the high-boiling, high-M.W.hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum crude oils to more valuable gasoline, olefinic gases and other products. 3. FEEDSTOCK: portion of the crude oil that has an initial boiling point of 340 C or higher at atmospheric pressure and an avg. M.W. ranging about 200 to 600 or higher(heavy gas oil). 4. PROCESS: vaporizes and breaks the long-chain molecules of the high-boiling hydrocarbon liquids into much shorter molecules by contacting the feedstock, at high temperature and moderate pressure, with a fluidized powdered catalyst.

Drugs

Type of drug ?
Antipyretics lower down temperature of body. example aspirin , paracetamol etc.
Analgesics relieve or decrease pain of body. these are of two types narcotic non narcotic. example morphine , codeine , heroin ,aspirin etc. Antiseptics prevent the growth of bacteria. They do not harm to the living tissues . example Dettol , Savlon , boric acid etc
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 Disinfectants prevents the growth of bacteria these are harmful to living tissues and can not be used on the skin. used for sterilization of utensils , cloath , floors. Example phenol , chlorine , hydrogen peroxide .

Antibiotics chemical substance produced by living cells which is capable of inhibiting the life processes of micro-organism. example penicillin
Sulpha drugs - contain -SO2NH2 group. this was the first widely used chemotherapy for the cure of bacterial infection in human. Example- sulphapyridine , sulphadiazine .
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 Anesthetics drugs which produces insensibility to vital functions to all type of cell especially of nervous system. Example xylocaine , ethyl chloride , nitrous oxide etc.

Tranquillizer chemicals which reduces mental tension , without grossly altering the level of consciousness . example luminal , seconal , librium etc. Anti-malarials- drugs that are used to cure malaria. example primaquine , chloroquine , etc.
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Importance of drugs
chemotherapy-chemotherapy is the use chemicals(drugs) to selectively destroy infectious micro-organisms without simultaneously destroying the host. A derivative of folic acid known as methotrexate has proved effective in the treatment of cancer.
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CELLULOSE

Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula (C6H10O5)n, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand (14) linked D-glucose units.

Derivatives of cellulose are compounds in which the cellulose has reacted as an alcohol, giving rise to ether and ester linkage.There are two major derivatives of cellulose, namely, cellulose ether and cellulose ester.

GLASS

INTRODUCTION
GLASS IS ANY SUBSTANCE OR MIXTURE OF SUBSTANCES THAT HAS SOLIDIFIED FROM THE LIQUID STATE WITHOUT CRYSTALLIZATION. IT IS REFERRED AS MATERIAL WHICH IS MADE BY THE FUSION OF MIXTURE OF SILICA, BASIC OXIDES AND FEW OTHER COMPONENTS REACTIVE TOWARDS THEM IT IS HARD (TENSILE STRENGTH: 35 TO 70 N/mm2), BRITTLE, TRANSPARENT, OR TRANSLUCENT MATERIAL

CLASSIFICATION
As per composition and properties Soda lime or crown glass Flint glass Pyrex or heat resistance glass Special types of Glasses Lead glasses Borosilicate glasses High silica glasses Colored glasses Fibre glasses

CONSTITUENTS
aX2O, bYO, 6SiO2 X = atom of alkali metal. Y= bivalent metal.eg: Ca,Pb.
Principle constituent is silica. Sodium and potassium carbonate Lime Manganese dioxide Cullet Coloring substance

MANUFACTURING (important acc. To mam)

The procedure adopted in manufacture of glass may broadly be divided into following 5 stages:
Collection of raw materials Preparation of batch Melting in furnace Fabrication Annealing

COLLECTION OF RAW MATERIALS

Various raw materials used are chalk, soda ash, clean sand, potassium carbonate, litharge, and coke. Raw materials generally contain traces of iron compounds which imparts green color to glass. To avoid such effects, decolorizers are added( Arsenic oxide, cobalt oxide and Manganese dioxide) Cullet: It indicates waste glasses. It increases fusibility and prevents loss of alkali during reaction and also reduces cost.

PREPARATION OF BATCH AND MELTING IN FURNACE

Raw materials, cullet and decolorizers are finely powdered in grinding machine. Such a uniform mixture is known as batch and it is taken for further process of melting in furnace Batch is melted either in pot furnace or tank furnace. Batch is heated in large compartment and it contains somewhat impure glass. The furnace is heated by allowing producer gas .

FABRICATION
Molten glass is given a suitable shape or form in this stage. It can either be done manually or by machines. Different ways of Fabrication
Blowing Casting Drawing Pressing Rolling Spinning

Schematic View Of Glass Manufacturing (flow diag. not imp)

ANNEALING
The Glass after being manufactured is to be cooled down slowly and gradually. This process of slow and homogeneous cooling of glass articles is known as annealing of glass. It is very important process Two methods of annealing
Flue treatment Oven treatment

TREATMENT OF GLASSES
Bending: The glass may bent in desired shape by placing in oven by suitable heating.
Cutting: The glass is cut in required sizes with help of diamond or rough glasses.

Opaque making: The glass can be made impervious to light! It is done by grinding glass surface with emery
Silvering: This process consists in applying a very thin coat of tin on surface. The silver is then deposited on this layer of tin.

POLYMER AND DETERGNETS

MONOMER

POLYMER

She didnt ticked the other slides in classification so I guess she would like to know the name of others hence other slides. so, you can refer the next slide in which all classification is combined

CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS
BASED ON ORIGIN

NATURAL (obtained from nature )

SEMI-SYNTHETIC
(derived from naturally occurring polymers by chemical modifications.)
VULCANISED RUBBER , CELLULOSE DIACETATE

SYNTHETIC (prepared in the laboratories )

POLYTHENE , PVC ,TEFLON , NYLON

WHAT ARE ACRYLIC FIBRE?

Acrylic fibers are high performance synthetic fibers that are made from long chain synthetic polymer composed of acrylonitrile units.

Often used as a substitute for wool. Can be used all the year round due to their comfort factor. Acrylic Fabrics are mostly used to make such garments, that need to make the wearer more and more comfortable through moisture management.

ADVANTAGES OF ACRYLIC FIBRE

Not only, the acrylic fabrics are high in performance but also they have a luxurious feel.

They are lightweight.

They are comfortable to wear due to high moisture management.

Dyes can be easily applied to them and they are colorfast. In cold weather acrylics provide excellent insulation and warmth without any extra weight.

What are synthetic detergents ?

Chemicals used to break up and remove grease and grime essential constituents : (surface active agents ie surfactants) subsidiary constituents (builders and additives). source is mineral oils (hydrocarbon compounds of petroleum or coal).

Molecules generally consist of two parts :

hydrophobic, non polar, long hydrocarbon chain tail Forces) hydrophilic, charged or polar head attracted to water molecules. attracted to particles of

oil or grease by dispersion forces (Van der Waals or London or Weak Intermolecular

less sensitive to the effects of calcium and magnesium ions in hard water.
Branched-chain are far less biodegradable than continuous-chain synthetic detergents.

Detergent shaken with water ,colloidal solution formed

How detergents work?

Solution agitated, gets concentrated and causes foaming. unimolecular film on the surface of water, penetrates the fabric
hydrophobic (water-hating )ends surround the dirt Hydrophilic (water-loving) ends face the water

mechanical action of rubbing or tumbling dislodges dirt and grease from fabric.
These get detached and are washed away with excess of water leaving the fabric clean.

Disadvantages of detergents
resistant to the action of biological agents and thus are non biodegradable. Microorganisms in septic tanks and sewage-treatment plants cannot degrade branched chains. tendency to produce stable foams in rivers, causes water pollution tend to inhibit oxidation of organic substances present in wastewaters
Modern-day detergents are designed to be biodegradable. In some cases they are manufactured from renewable plantderived resources such as carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose) or plant oils (coconut or palm oil).

Advantages of detergents
clean effectively and lather well even in hard water and salt water (sea water) ie. no scum formation do not decompose in acidic medium more soluble in water than soaps

have a stronger cleansing action than soaps

As derived from petroleum, they save on natural vegetable oils, which are important cooking medium.

OCTANE NUMBER

Knocking It is defined as sharp sounds caused by premature combustion of part of the compressed air fuel mixture in an internal combustion engine. It may sometimes also cause damage to engine parts.

Definition: The octane number of a petrol sample is defined as the percentage of isooctane(2,2,4-trimethyl pentane) in a mixture of isooctane and n-heptane which matches the fuel under test in knocking characteristics.

Octane rating does not relate to the energy content of the fuel (heating value). It is only a measure of the fuel's tendency to burn in a controlled manner, rather than exploding in an uncontrolled manner (knocking). Measures the ability of a fuel to resist knocking when ignited in a mixture with air in an engine. The knocking characteristics of petrol sample are described by the octane number or antiknock value. Higher the octane number, lower is the tendency to knock and better is the quality of petrol. Isooctane (2,2,4-trimethyl pentane) has the leat knocking tendency and its octane number is arbitrarily fixed as 100. n-Heptane, a straight chain hydrocarbon, has highest tendency to knock and is assigned an octane number zero.

Effects of Octane Rating

Octane rating reflects the quality,

purity, refinement, efficiency and heat bearing capacity of petrol. Hence we have different grades of Petrol for different uses ranging for your bikes to spacecrafts.

POLYVINYL CHLORIDE

Polyvinyl chloride
# Polyvinyl chloride commonly abbreviated PVC, is a thermoplastic polymer. It is a vinyl polymer constructed of repeating vinyl groups (ethenyls) having one of their hydrogen replaced with a chloride group.

 Pipes

PVC pipes in use with intumescent firestops at Nortown Casitas, North York, Ontario. Roughly half of the world's polyvinyl chloride resin manufactured annually is used for producing pipes for various municipal and industrial applications.

Classification of polyethene
Based on sales worldwide the most important polyethylene grades are # High density polyethylene (HDPE) 0.941 g/cm3 with low branching stronger intermolecular forces & high tensile strength it find uses in products such as milk jugs, detergent bottles, margarine tubs, garbage containers and water pipes, one third of all toys are made of HDPE # Low density polyethylene (LDPE) 0.9100.940 g/cm3 With high degree of short and long chain branching it has less strong intermolecular forces & therefore lower tensile strength but greater ductility, used for both rigid containers and plastic film applications # Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) 0.9150.925 g/cm3 with significant numbers of short branches ,compared to LDPE it has higher tensile strength higher impact and puncture resistance it is used in making thin film packaging bags used predominantly in film applications for its toughness

Applications
Grocery bags Bottles Children's toy Bullet proof vests Packaging Piping Containers Industrial Applications Laminates Wire & Cable Applications Blending Plastic welding Adhesives Appliances Automotive Applications Cosmetics Fabrics Flooring

What is synthtetic rubber..??

Synthetic rubber is obtained by improving properties of natural rubber by treating chemically.
Synthetic rubber is any type of artificial elastomer, invariably a polymer.

An elastomer is a material with the mechanical (or material) property that it can undergo much more elastic deformation under stress than most materials and still return to its previous size without permanent deformation.

Application of synthetic rubber

Polyurethane rubber are one of the best rubbers for abrasion resistance and are therefore used in reciprocating seals. Some synthetic rubber is used for vibration absorption. Due to good ozone resistance. Polychloroprene rubber is used with mineral oils and greases and dilute acids and alkalis, but is unsuitable in contact with fuels Chloroinated polyethylene rubber is used for hose linings. Polyolefin Elastomers are compatible with most olefinic materials, are an excellent impact modifier for plastics, and offer unique performance capabilities for compounded products.

 Currently synthetic polyisoprene is being used in a wide variety of industries in applications requiring low water swell, high gum tensile strength, good resilience, high hot tensile, and good tack. Butyl rubber is widely used in many manufacturing process. POLYBUTADIENE also has a major application as an impact modifier for polystyrene

Urea Formaldehyde Resin

Urea-formaldehyde, also known as ureamethanal. urea-formaldehyde resin, any of a class of synthetic resins obtained by chemical combination of urea (a solid crystal obtained from ammonia) and formaldehyde (a highly reactive gas obtained from methane).

Uses and its application

Urea-formaldehyde resins are mostly used as adhesives for the bonding of plywood, particleboard, and other structured wood products. It is used in decorative laminates, textiles, paper, foundry sand molds, wrinkle resistant fabrics, cotton blends, rayon, corduroy, etc. Urea formaldehyde is used in agriculture as a controlled release source of nitrogen fertilizer. Urea-formaldehyde polymers are also used to treat textile fibres in order to improve wrinkle and shrink resistance

UNIT OPERATIONS

Chemical engineering unit operations

Consist of five classes:
Fluid flow processes:
1. 1. 2. 3. Fluidized Bed Convection Condensation Radiation

Heat transfer processes:

Mass transfer processes:

1. 2.
1. 1.

Principle Applications: astrophysics

Gas liquefaction Crushing and pulverization

Thermodynamic processes: Mechanical processes:

Fluid Flow Processes

A fluidized bed is formed when a quantity of a solid particulate substance is placed under appropriate conditions to cause the solid/fluid mixture to behave as a fluid.
Pressurized fluid through the particulate medium.

Results in the medium then having many properties and characteristics of normal fluids. The resulting phenomenon is called fluidization.

Fluid Flow Processes

Consists of fluid-solid mixture that exhibits fluid-like properties.
Inhomogeneous mixture of fluid and solid

Objects with different densities compared to the bed can, by altering either the fluid or solid fraction, be caused to sink or float.
Enables good thermal transport inside the system and good heat transfer between the bed and its container.

Mechanical Processes
Types Of Crushers

Cornish stamps

A portable rock crusher

mine rock crusher

Mobile crusher

Heat Transfer
Exchange of thermal energy from one physical system to another.
Classified into various mechanisms
1. 2. 3. 4. Heat conduction Convection Thermal radiation Phase-change transfer.

Because of a temperature-difference. Path Function

Mass Transfer
Net movement of mass from one location to another. Mass remains conserved. Difference in concentration between two points.

Area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Thermodynamics : extent of separation . Mass transfer : rate at which the separation will occur.

PHARMACEUTICALS

What are Pharmaceuticals ???

A pharmaceuticals are also referred to as medicine, medication or medicament. They are loosely defined as any chemical substance intended for use in the medical diagnosis, cure, treatment or prevention of disease

Antibiotics/ Antibacterial :
Compound that kills or slows down the growth of bacteria but they now denote many antimicrobial compounds. Most of these are chemically semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. Antibacterial are classified on the basis of origin as : biosynthetic semisynthetic synthetic according to biological activity, bactericides bacteriostatic Beta-lactams - Penicillin Aminoglycosides Sulphonamides

IMPORTANCE OF GCT

INTRODUCTION
Gen. chem. Technology is a subject which give us insight to the various chemical industries adding value to life.

It can be treated as a tool helping in efficient use of resources while increasing productivity of industries.
As the importance of industries to human life is enormous so the role of GCT in Industries.

The sound knowledge of it is must for chemical engineers to perform better and efficiently in industries.

STRENGTH & WEAKNESSES

Strength Large and very fast growing petroleum market. A huge pool of trained talent . Competitive labour cost. Fifth biggest in context of distillation capacity Weakness Insufficient base infrastructure. High feedstock cost compared to middle east countries. Prevalence and use of old technology. Less oil reserves as compared to Middle east and American continent.

MEPS
The extraction becomes difficult at some oil reserves during bad climatic conditions in certain regions during some part of year.
It heavily reduces the productivity and concur losses.(Tomsk in Russia). Pipeline passes through the caprice climatic condition resulting disruptions in oil transport. .

MEPS
Refineries usually at small scale are built usually to handle certain crude types. Venezuelan crude cant be handled by refineries handling Middle east crude. To enhance productivity and profit refineries need to be located near to reserves which is not possible in most cases.

MEPS in chlor-alkali industry

Caustic soda- Chlorine Production
Corrosion Choice of Cell Design Purification of Brine Environmental concern

MEPS
Solvay Process-Production of Na2Co3 Ammonia Recovery Development of suitable Calcining Equipment Waste Disposal Economic Balance on tower Design

CEMENT

Questions she might ask

What is cement and types of cement Describe briefly about portland cement Use of cement

WHAT IS CEMENT????
Material with adhesive and cohesive properties Any material that binds or unites essentially like glue
Definition: Cement is a crystalline compound of calcium silicates and other calcium compounds having hydraulic properties (Macfadyen, 2006).

FUNCTION OF CEMENT
to bind the sand and coarse aggregate together to fill voids in between sand and coarse aggregate particle to form a compact mass

Types of Cement
2 types of cement normally used in building industry are as follows:
a) Hydraulic Cement

b) Nonhydraulic Cement

Hydraulic Cement
Hydraulic Cement sets and hardens by action of water. Such as Portland Cement In other words it means that hydraulic cement are: Any cements that turns into a solid product in the presence of water (as well as air) resulting in a material that does not disintegrate in water.

Nonhydraulic Cement
Any cement that does not require water to transform it into a solid product. 2 common Nonhydraulic Cement are a) Lime - derived from limestone / chalk b) Gypsum

PORTLAND CEMENT
Chemical composition of Portland Cement: a) Tricalcium Silicate (50%) b) Dicalcium Silicate (25%) c) Tricalcium Aluminate (10%) d) Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite (10%) e) Gypsum (5%)

FUNCTION :TRICALCIUM SILICATE

Hardens rapidly and largely responsible for initial set & early strength The increase in percentage of this compound will cause the early strength of Portland Cement to be higher. A bigger percentage of this compound will produces higher heat of hydration and accounts for faster gain in strength.

FUNCTION :DICALCIUM SILICATE

Hardens slowly It effects on strength increases occurs at ages beyond one week . Responsible for long term strength

FUNCTION :TRICALCIUM ALUMINATE

Contributes to strength development in the first few days because it is the first compound to hydrate . It turns out higher heat of hydration and contributes to faster gain in strength. But it results in poor sulfate resitance and increases the volumetric shrinkage upon drying.

Cements with low Tricalcium Aluminate contents usually generate less heat, develop higher strengths and show greater resistance to sulfate attacks. It has high heat generation and reactive with soils and water containing moderate to high sulfate concentrations so its least desirable.

FUNCTION : TETRACALCIUM ALUMINOFERRITE

Assist in the manufacture of Portland Cement by allowing lower clinkering temperature. Also act as a filler Contributes very little strength of concrete eventhough it hydrates very rapidly. Also responsible for grey colour of Ordinary Portland Cement

MANUFACTURING OF PORTLAND CEMENT

The 3 primary constituents of the raw materials used in the manufacture of Portland Cement are: a) Lime b) Silica c) Alumina Lime is derived from limestone or chalk Silica & Alumina from clay, shale or bauxite

 There are 2 chief aspects of the manufacturing process: First To produce a finely divided mixture of raw materials chalk / limestone and clay / shale Second To heat this mixture to produce chemical composition There 2 main process that can be used in manufacturing of Portland Cement that is i) wet process ii) dry process

WET PROCESS
Raw materials are homogenized by crushing, grinding and blending so that approximately 80% of the raw material pass a No.200 sieve. The mix will be turned into form of slurry by adding 30 - 40% of water. It is then heated to about 2750F (1510C) in horizontal revolving kilns (76-153m length and 3.6-4.8m in diameter.

 Natural gas, petroluem or coal are used for burning. High fuel requirement may make it uneconomical compared to dry process.

DRY PROCESS
Raw materials are homogenized by crushing, grinding and blending so that approximately 80% of the raw material pass a No.200 sieve. Mixture is fed into kiln & burned in a dry state This process provides considerable savings in fuel consumption and water usage but the process is dustier compared to wet process that is more efficient than grinding.

DRY PROCES & WET PROCESS

In the kiln, water from the raw material is driven off and limestone is decomposed into lime and Carbon Dioxide. limestone lime + Carbon Dioxide In the burning zone, portion of the kiln, silica and alumina from the clay undergo a solid state chemical reaction with lime to produce calcium aluminate. silica & alumina + lime calcium aluminate

 The rotation and shape of kiln allow the blend to flow down the kiln, submitting it to gradually increasing temperature. As the material moves through hotter regions in the kiln, calcium silicates are formed These products, that are black or greenish black in color are in the form of small pellets, called cement clinkers Cement clinkers are hard, irregular and ball shaped particles about 18mm in diameter.

 The cement clinkers are cooled to about 150F (51C) and stored in clinker silos. When needed, clinker are mixed with 2-5% gypsum to retard the setting time of cement when it is mixed with water. Then, it is grounded to a fine powder and then the cement is stored in storage bins or cement silos or bagged. Cement bags should be stored on pallets in a dry place.

Uses
Cement mixed with water is virtually a plastic stone, and it can be used for many purposes in place of stone with economy in shaping to the form required. It may be used for shop floors, buildings, foundations for heavy machinery, bridge piers, walks, waterworks dams, reservoirs, walls, dry-docks, culverts, etc. A concrete casing will protect iron or timber structures from corrosion in air or in water, and will protect exposed iron work of structures from effects of conflagration.

 The most common use for Portland cement is in the production of Concrete. Concrete is a composite material consisting of aggregate (gravel and sand), cement, and water. Portland cement is also used in mortars (with sand and water only) for plasters and screed, and in grouts (cement/water mixes squeezed into gaps to consolidate foundations, road-beds, etc.). Cement has advantage in securing a hard, fire-proof material In marine use, concrete is limited because of its weight. It may be used as permanent ballast in the bilges of steel ships, and is an effective protection from corrosion.

FERTILIZERS- SCANNED PICTURES