CHAPTER 1 COMPANY PROFILE

Introduction of Industry
The ITI Ltd Mankapur was established in the year 1982. The construction work started on 31st May 1983 and by April 1985 the production had also started. The first complete Exchange was provided to INDIA by ITI Mankapur Unit a n d h e n c e M a n k a p u r w a s g i v e n t h e u n i q u e distinction of Digital City of India at that time. The land area covered by ITI Ltd is 352 acres.The factory area is 77,500 sq meters while the air conditioned space within the factory is 44,300sq meters. The township under ITI Mankapur consists of 3,000 residences, three intermediateschools, two clubs, and one recreation center (auditorium) post office, banks, shopping complex, pollution free area and swimming pool. Main divisions of ITI Limited, Mankapur 1. Component Division - Where different circuit components are manufactured or stored if purchased from other sources. 2. Circuit Division - It is the division where circuits are developed on the base material. Itconsists of Printed Circuit Board Plant and Hybrid Circuit Section. 3. SEA (Switching Exchange Assembly) Division - It is the division where different circuitcomponents are assembled on the PCB. 4. New Products Division - It is the division where new products are manufactured, mainlythe Surface Mount Technology. 5. C ent ral S ervi ces Division It i s t he di vi si on whi ch provi des A.C faci lit i es, wat er supplies, electricity supplies etc used in the factories.

Products of ITI Ltd, MANKAPUR E10B Exchanges CSN-MM Exchanges CSN-MM Exchanges C-DOT Exchanges B.T.S GSM Products and Specification of ITI Ltd:

E10B Exchanges - It is the Electronic Digital (10 digit) basic exchange which works at atemperature of 18-22 degree Celsius. CSN-MM Exchanges - It is numeric satellite control media exchange along which worksat a temperature of 18-22 degree Celsius. CSN-MM Exchanges - IT is a multimedia exchange to meet the demand of Internet andISDN facilities. C-DOT Exchanges - Control department of TELEMATICS Exchange was designed byM r. Sh yam P et roda of Guj rat (The scienti fi c advisory i n the minist ry o f Mrs . Indi ra Gandhi) to suit the Indian climatic condition. The exchange works satisfactorily up to 35degree Celsius. B.T.S - Base Transceiver Station is manufactured in ITI Ltd MANKAPUR. G.S.M - It stands for Global System for Mobile Communication.The above products are telecom products. Besides these, ITI also produces non-telecom productslike NCM (Note Counting Machine), Fire Alarm etc. Project Title and ObjectiveMission

 The mission of industry is to be the leader of the domestic market and be an important player in the global market for voice data and image communication by providing totalsolution to the customers. The other is to build core competences to enter in new business areas. HRD (Human Resource Development) The human resource and development center is headed by Mr. S.S.Bisht (Manager HRED)Different types of training programs are provided by it Summer training Winter training

OCB-283
All new technology switching systems are based on Stored Program Control concept. The call processing programmes are distributed over different control organs of the system and are stored in ROM / RAM of different control units. Processor in the control units by using the programme and data stored in unit ROM / RAM process and handle calls. Handling or processing call means to ultimately establish a connection in a switch between i/c and o/g ends. Depending on the name and architecture of control units and switch may change but criterion for switching remains more or less the same. OVERVIEW OF OCB-283 INTRODUCTION:OCB-283 is digital switching system which supports a variety of communication needs like basic telephony, ISDN, etc. This system has been developed by CIT ALCATEL of France and therefore has many similarities to its predecessor E-10B (also known as OCB-181 in France). SALIENT FEATURES OF THE SYSTEM: 1. It is a digital switching with single T stage switch. A maximum of 2048 PCMs can be connected. 2. It supports both analog and digital subscribers. 3. It supports all the existing signalling systems, like decadic, MF (R2), CAS and also CCITT#7 signalling system. 4. It provides telephony, ISDN, Data communication, cellular radio, and other value added services. 5. The system has automatic recovery feature. When a serious fault occurs in a control unit, it gives a message to SMM. The SMM puts this unit out of service, loads the software of this unit in a back up unit and brings it into service. Diagnostic programmes are run on the faulty unit and the diagnostics is printed on a terminal. 14 6. It has a double remoting facility.Subscribers access unit can be placed at a remote place and connected to the main exchange through PCM links. Further, line concentrators can also be placed at a remote location and connected to the CSNL or CSND through PCMs. 7. Various units of OCB 283 system are connected over token rings. This enables fast exchange of information and avoids complicated links and wiring between various units.

8. The charge accounts of subscribers are automatically saved in the disc, once in a day. This avoids loss of revenue in case of battery failure. 9. The traffic handling capacity of the system is huge. 10. The exchange can be managed either locally or from an NMC through 64 kb/s link. 11. All the control units are implemented on the same type of hardware. This is called a station. 12. The system is made up of only 35 types of cards. This excludes the cards required for CSN. Due to this, the number of spare cards to be kept for maintenance, are drastically reduced. 13. The system has modular structure. The expansion can be very easily carried out by adding necessary hardware and software. 14. The SMMs are duplicated with one active other standby. In case of faults, switch over takes place automatically. 15. The hard disc is very small in size,compact and maintenance free. It has a very huge memory capacity of 1.2 Giga bytes. 16. The space requirement is very small. 17. There is no fixed or rigid rack and suite configuration in the system. SUBSCRIBERS FACILITY PROVIDED BY OCB-283 OCB-283 provides a large number of subscriber facilities. Some facilities are available to only digital subscribers and as such they cannot be 15 availed by analog subscribers. To avail these facilities subscriber number are given special categories by man machine commands. Facilities to analogue subscribers A line can be made only outgoing or incoming. Immediate hot line facilityThe subscriber is connected to another predetermined subscriber on lifting the handset without dialling any number. Delayed hot line facilityWhen subscriber lifts the handset, dial tone is provided he can dial any number. If he does not dial a number, within a predetermined time, he is connected to predetermined number. Abbreviated diallingThe subscriber can record a short code and its corresponding full number in the memory. Later he dial this number, he has to only dial short code. Call forwardingWhen activated, incoming calls to the subscriber gets transferred to the number mentioned by the subscriber while activating the facility. Conference between four subscribersTwo subscribers while in conversation can include two more subscribers by pressing button and dialling their numbers. Call waiting indicationWhen a subscriber is engaged in conversation and if he gets an incoming call, an indication is given in the form of tone. Hearing this, the subscriber has option, either to hold the subscriber in conversation and attend the waiting call or to

disconnect this subscriber and attend the waiting call. In the former case, he can revert back to the earlier subscriber. Automatic call back on busy16 If this facility is activated and if the called subscriber is found busy, the calling subscriber simply replaces the receiver. The system keeps watch on the called subscriber and when it becomes free, a ring is given to both the subscribers. On lifting they can talk to each other. Priority lineCalls from this line are processed and put through even when the number of free channels are within a threshold. Malicious call identificationIn this category, the number of calling subscriber is printed on the terminal Battery reversal- the system extends battery reversal when called subscriber answers. Detailed billingThe system provides detailed bills giving details of date, time, etc. Absent subscriber serviceWhen activated, the incoming calls are diverted to absent subscriber service for suitable instructions or information. Facilities to digital subscribers: Digital subscribers are provided all the facilities available to analog subscribers. In addition, they are provided following facilities which are called ISDN services. An ISDN subscriber can use many electronic devices on its telephone line and can utilize them for two or more simultaneous calls of either Voice Data Video

COMMON CHANNEL SIGNALLING NO.7 The latest signalling being implemented world wide is now the Common Channel Signalling. This type of signalling is essential for the setting up of the ISDN network. In this type of signalling the signalling information is sent from one exchange to other exchange in the form of message coded in binary which is understandable by the intelligent devices available in both exchange. The CCITT organization has recommended a standard protocol called CCITT signaling. 19 The signalling message travels over a single Time Slot of the PCM connecting the two exchange . This Time Slot is called Common Channel for signalling, hence the name Common Channel Signalling. The message over this common channel carry all relevant data for any other time slots circuits which carry voice or subscriber data. The channels for subscribers are called Voice Channels. Signalling is often referred to as the Glue, which holds a network together. It provides the ability to transfer information between subscribers, within networks and between subscribers and networks. Without signalling, networks are inert. By

providing effective signalling systems, a network is transformed into a tremendously powerful medium through which subscribers can communicate with each other using a range of telecommunications services. SUBSCRIBER ACCESS UNITS(CSN) CSN are so designed that they can be equipped with either analogue or digital subscriber or both. The cards for analog and digital subscribers are different, but can be equipped in any slot of the shelf. CSN can be either placed in the exchange switch room or at a remote location. Further, subscriber card shelf can also be placed at the rack or at a remote location. These features provide great flexibility to meet any type of requirement of dense or sparse connection densities. Depending on their location, CSN is known as CSNL or CSND and subscriber shelf is known as local or remote concentrator. The CSNL is connected to switching matrix through a minimum of 1 GLR or a maximum of 2 GLRs. The CSND is connected to SMT rack through a minimum of 2 PCM and a maximum of 16 PCMs. ROLE AND LOCATION: ALCATEL 1000 E-10 is the digital system developed by ALCATEL CIT. It can be used for the entire range of switch, from the smallest local exchanges to the largest transit gateway switches. It adapts to every type of environment. System operation and maintenance can be local or common to 20 several switches, or both at the same time. It provides all modern communication services i.e. basic telephony, isdn, centrex, digital cellular radiotelephony and all in services. SYSTEM APPLICATIONS: 1. Local subscribers exchange 2. Remote subscribers unit 3. Transit exchange 4. Hybrid local/transit exchange 5. Tandem exchange 6. Centrex(private or public) GENERAL ARCHITECTURE OF DIGITAL SWITCHING SYSTEM: A digital switching system uses the S.P.C. concept and a digital switch. A brief description of the components is given below: 1. Subs. Access Interface: Analogue or digital subscribers make entry to the exchange at this interface.isdn protocol translation is done at this interface.no. of digital links are extended from this interface to switch. 2. PCM Interface: Any digital exchange can only accept intelligence in pcm decoded form and hence trunks from other exchange or links from remote subscriber units or other access systems. 3. Auxilliary Interface: It is a service peripheral which take care of one or more functions.

4. Controllers: Various controllers are required to control switching based on the digital informations received from subscribers or over the trunks.the main control functions are: Call Handler(Register):- this is the control function which processes a call right from the point of seizure to called party connection. 21 Translator:- this control function basically maintains all data base of subs. and trunks and provides necessary information to call handler enabling the same to establish connection between calling linkst/s to called link t/s. Charger:- computation of charge based on set principles is carried out by this control function. FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF OCB-283 SWITCH: The main functional blocks of a ocb-283 switch are: Subscriber access sub system which carries out connection of different types of analogue and digital subscriber. Connection and control sub system which carries out connections and processing of calls including pcm connections. Operation and mtce.sub function which does the management of database and helps in carrying out various maintenance procedures in built in the systems. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS: 1. BT(TIME BASE): Time pulses are generated in triplicate and distributed to lrs at switching unit. The time base is usually synchronised with the network by a synch.interface. It gets the clock from pcms which carry traffic also and synchronises the local clock with the pcm clock and thus network synchronisation is achieved. 2. HOST SWITCHING MATRIX: This is a pure switch of maximum 2048 lrs connectivity capability. The switching of lr time slots are controlled by the function com which in turn obtains the particulars from call handler known as multiregister. 3. AUXILIARIES: Auxiliary Equipment Manager(ETA).It supports following functions: -Tone generation 22 -Frequency generation and reception -Conference call facility -Exchange clock 4. CALL HANDLER (MR): This obtains necessary data from subs.& ckts.&process for connection and disconnection of call with the help of a database manager tr. In addition this helps in carrying out ckt.tests and some observations. It establishes and releases the calls. It takes real time decisions for processing of a call. The MR also consults TR to find out subscribers entitlements 5. DATA MANAGER(TR): This is responsible for managing &storing various subscriber and trunks related database. The data is returned by the call handler as & when required during call

processing. It also stores routing and analysis data. It converts (or) translates the received digits into equipment number of the called subscriber. 6. CHARGING FUNCTION (TX): This function is responsible for charge computation on the basis of certain charging parameters supplied by the traslator during analysis of digits received from a source. This also prepares detailed billing messages & forwarding the same to the operation & maintenance function for further processing . 7. MATRIX HANDLER(GX): This function is responsible for processing and for defence of connections on receipt of-Request for connection & disconnection from MR or MQ. -Fault in connection 23 8. MESSAGE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION MARKER: Its function is to format if required & distribute messages. Also supervises semipermanent links& inter messages between different communication multiplexes. 9. PCM CONTROLLER(URM):PCM interface receives PCM from other exchanges remote subs. access units, access networks and digital recorded announcement systems and the URM function carries out the following -hdb3/binary code conversion -injection/extraction of ts 16 for cas. 10. OM FUNCTION: This function enables to create all data required for subs/circuits and their testing. This also enables spontaneously issuing faults & alarm messages in case of indications coming from OCB units. Also provides features for saving detail billing/bulk billing messages on magnetic tape. It possess a two way communication path with the exchange. 11. This is implemented in CSNL/CSBD & is responsible to forward new call connection & disconnection requests to control functions. HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE : CONTROL FUNCTIONS-CONCEPT OF STATION For all control function ocb uses concept of a station. Following type of stations are available: 1. SMT - Trunk Multiprocessor Station 2. SMA - Auxiliary Multiprocessor Station 3. SMX - Switch Multiprocessor Station 4. SMC - Command Or Control Multiprocessor Station 5. SMM - Maintenance Multiprocessor Station 6. STS - Synchronisation And Time Base Station 24 The control stations communicate among themselves on a token ring called MISInter Station Multiplex, while the other stations are connected on 1 to 4 MASStation Access Multiplexes. The MASare connected to control stations also, so that the MASdomain units

can communicate with control stations. Most of the time cross over from MAS toMIS domain or vice-versa may require a gateway function and this is provided in the SMC with marker function. 1. SMT-Trunk Multiprocessors Station It is also known as PCM trunk control station. The smt is a interface for PCMs coming from the particular exchange and the remaining world.The current version of SMT being supplied to India is SMT 2G. In each SMT 2G, there are 8 modules and in each module there are 16 PCMs. Thus there are 128 PCMs, in a single SMT 2G. SMT 2G is built around microprocessor 68030. Function of SMT-Provides terminations of a maximum of 128 pcms from trunks -Carrying out URM -Transforming the intelligence in PCM to LR for switching to destinations and transforming the switched LR time slot into PCM. 2. SMA-Auxiliary Multiprocessor Station Function of SMA-Tone generation(GT) Tone generators generate various tones required to be connected during call processing. These tones are Dial tone, Busy tone, Ring back tone, Processing tone etc. -Conference call(CCF) 25 The conference circuits are used to set up connection between a maximum of 4 subscribers. These 4 subscribers can hold conference on the telephone i.e. they can talk to each other. -Frequency Generation and Reception for R2 MF signalling or for receiving DTMF frequencies(RGF) The frequency receivers/generators recognizes the digits dialed through DTMF instrument and also the MF(R2) signaling and testing etc. -Clock -PUPE signalling management -Access Network management(AN) The SMA is connected to the switch by one GLR,on the other side it is connected to MAS token ring over which it communicates with control units. The time base is obtained by the SMA from STS via the switch over GLR cable. Types of software used are ETA frequency decoder PUPE-to handle signaling 3. SMX-Switching Multiprocessor Station A SMX is one module of the entire switch matrix system with independent control. The station is responsible for carrying out connection of an incoming LR time slot to an outgoing LR time slot. Switching may effect connection between subscribers, subscriber to junction, junction to junction subs. To tone or rf, junction to tone or rf etc or there may be a semipermanent connection for certain data link.

Besides the connection function,the SMX performs following other functions:-clock reception from STS & distribution -fault and alarm processing -defence of the station etc. The SMX is connected on 4Mbps links to units like SMT, SMA referred to as peripherals. Also connected to control units over MAS token rings which provide particulars of connections to be effected. 26 The network synchronised clock from STS is supplied to SMX. Switching is done on the strobe of clock and also this clock is supplied to the service peripherals-SMT, SMA on LR links. 4. SMCMain Control Station All the control functions are supported in SMC and one or more of these functions can be used during call processing. The main control functions are MR,TR,TX,MQ etc. Relative position of SMC in OCB exchange as shown in fig. Control functions in SMC communicate on MIS while other communicate with SMC on MAS.There are 6 common control functions in OCB-283. The following list illustrates their minimum and maximum numbers. Number of SMCs depends on the capacity of exchange. There can be minimum 2 SMCs required and maximum number of SMC can be 32. Hardware of all SMCs is same but their software is different as per requirement. Types of softwares used are: MQ-marker MR-multiregister,call analyser TR translator TX-charging unit -the switch in ocb-283 is a pure time switch. -ultimate capacity of switch matrix is 2048*2048lr. -modularity 256*256lr in 8 smx module S.NO. NAME OF UNIT MINIMUM MAXIMUM 1. MR 2 7 2. TR 2 2 3. TX 2 2 4. MQ 2 2 5. PC 2 2 6. GX 2 2 27 64*64 lr matrix by adding pcbs. each module of smx is duplicated and switching takes place in either branch parallaly. 2 mbps access links la issuing from smt or sma are converted into 4 mbps lr links. switching is done at 16mbps rate but reception & issue of lr links is at 4 mbps rate 5. SMM-Maintenance Multiprocessor Station The smm provides the facility for carrying out operation and maintenance

of OCB units and also manage the data base.It carries out following functions:-database management and storage -central defence of the OCB system -supervisor of token rings -processing of various commands -general initialisation of the exchange It provides local link for data processing devices and administration terminals. This can also be connected to a network management system. It is accessible to exchange units on one side and to the peripherals on the other side. The SMM also have access to mass storage devices. It consists of two units one act as pilot and other as a standby. Both system share a common communication bus supporting various communication peripherals. The two subsystems are referred as SMMA and SMMB. 6. STS-Synchronisation And Time base Station This is clock system of OCB-283 system which happens to be the most vital unit of any digital switching system as switching takes place at the strobe of clock. The clock needs to be synchronised with the network. This ensures almost 28 a common clock at every switching station. The clock system in OCB-283, therefore consists of two parts-synchronisation part and time base generator part. The synchronization interface carries out following functions:-Receives max 4 clock inputs from PCMs coming from other exchange -In the event of a error detected on the chosen PCM it shifts to other PCM and gives alarm concerning the faulty PCM -It maintains reasonably high quality of clock in terms of precision of frequency. -Counteracts losses of all synchronisation links by very high stability oscillator. -In the event of loss of PCM synch. Runs on free run mode

ARCHITECTURE OF C-DOT DSS MAX

C-DOT DSS MAX exchanges can be configured using four basic modules.
1. 2. 3. 4. Base Module Central Module Administrative Module Input Output Module MDF SBM CONFIGURATION

Structure of C DOT DSS MAX

HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE

C-DOT MAX exchange can be configured using four basic modules:1.BASE MODULE(BM) 2.CENTRAL MODULE(CM) C 3.ADMINISTRATION STRATIVE MODULE(AM) 4.INPUT OUTPUT MODULE(IOM&IOP)

(a) BASE MODULE (BM) : -

The Base Module is the basic growth unit of the system . It interfaces the external world to the switch. The interfaces may be subscriber lines, Along and digital trunks. Each Base Module can interface up to 2024 terminations. The number of Base Modules directly corresponds to the exchange size. It carries out majority of call processing function and in a small exchange application, it also carries out operation and maintenance function with the help of Input-Output Module. The Basic functions of a base modules are:1. 2. 3. 4. Analog to digital conversion of all signals on analog lines and trunks. Interface to digital trunks and digital subscriber. Switching the calls between terminals connected to the same Base Module. Communication with the AM via the CM for administrative(i.e. Call processing ) functions. 5. Provision of special circuits for call processing support e.g. Digital 6. Tones, announcement, MF/DTMF Senders/receivers. 7. 6.Provision for local switching Unit(RSU) as well as in case of Single Base Module Exchange(SBM_RAX).

There are two types of Base Modules :1. Single Base Modules(SBM) 2. Multi Base Module(MBM)

In SBM exchange configuration, the Base Module acts as an independent switching BM directly interface with the Input Output Module for bulk data storage, operations and maintenance function. Clock and synchronization is provided by a source within the BM. It is a very useful application for small urban and rural environments. The Base cabinet houses total 6 frames:

Terminal Unit (TU, Top 4 Frames) system and provides connection to 1500 lines and 128 trunks. In such a configuration ,the th Base Processor Unit ( BPU,5 frame) Time switch unit (TSU) There are following four terminals units:1. ANALOG TERMINAL UNIT (ATU):The Analog Terminals Unit (ATU) is used for interfacing 128 analog termination which may be lines or trunks and providing special circuits as conference announcements and terminal tester. It consists of terminal cards, which may be a combination of Analog Subscriber Line Cards, Analog Trunk card & some Special Service Cards.

(a) Analog Subscriber Ling Cards : Two variants of subscriber line cards as LCC(Line Circuit Card) or CCM(Coin Collection Monitering) with interfaces upto 8 subscribers. Analog to digital conversion is done by per channel CODEC according to A-Law of Pulse Code Modulation so we can say that it for the subscriber connected for subscriber to exchange. A unit has 16 line cards so 16*8=128 subscribers. There are 4 unit so 4*128= 512 subscribers. 4 cards make 1 Terminal Group(TG) so TG = 4. (b) Analog Trunks Cards :Analog trunk cards interface analog inter exchange trunks which may be of three types as TWT,EMT & EMF. These interfaces are similar to subscriber Line Cards, with only difference that the interfaces are designed to scan/drive events on the trunks as predefined signaling requirement. (c) Signaling Processor Cards : SP Processes the signaling information received from the terminals cards. SP processes the signaling information consists of scan/drive function like original detection, answer detection, digit reception, reversal detection etc. The validated events are reported to Terminal interface controller for further processing. (d) Terminal interface controller (TIC) Cards : TIC controls the four terminals group ( TG) of 32 channels and multiplex them to form a duplicated 128 channels, 8 mbps link towards the Time Switch. For Signaling information of 128 channels it communicates with signaling processor to receive/send the signaling event on analog terminations. It also uses to communicate with BPU. (e) Special Service Cards : A Terminal unit has some special service cards such as Conference (CNF) cards to provide six party conference. Speech Samles from five parties are Terminal Test Controller (TTC) card is used to test analog terminal interfaces via the test access relays on the terminal cards. Announcement controller card provides 15 announcement on board cast basis.

(2) DIGITAL TERMINAL UNIT( DTU ) : Digital terminal unit is used to interface digital trunks, i.e. used between the exchanges. one set of Digital Trunks Synchronization (DTS) Card along with the Digital Trunk Controller(DTC) card is used to provide one E-1 interface of 2mbps. Each interface occupies one TG of 32 channels and four such interfaces share 4 TGs in a DTU. Here Terminal Unit Controller (TUC) is used of TIC and DSP cards. Out of 32 channels, 30 for voice communication and remaining two for Signaling and Synchronization. In DTU 4 TGs are there so total number of unit are 4*30 = 120 units in DTU. (3) # 7 or Signaling Unit Module(SUM) : It is used to support SS7 protocol handlers and some call processing function for CCS7 calls. SS7 capability in C_DOT DSS MAX exchanges is implemented in the form of a SS& Signaling Unit Module (SUM). The sum hardware is packaged into a standard equipment frame, similar to that of terminal unit. It is a module by itself and contains global resources. It interfaces with the Time Switch via Terminal Unit Controller (TUC) on a 128 channel PCM link operating at 8mbps.

ISDN
To support termination of BRI/PRI interfaces and implementation of lower layers of DSSI Signalling protocol. They are used as carriers to transport bulk volume of data. With the increasing use of internet access, the use of ISDN interface is likely to go up as it provides the reliable access to the user at the rate of 64/128kbps. It is of two types i.e. circuit switched voice and data and packet switched data. In circuit switch the traffic is routed through ISDN and is packet switched data the traffic is routed through PSPDN. REMOTE SWITCH UNIT : In this time switch card BMs are replaced by Enhanced Switch Cards(ETS). It is used when the e exchange is at a far distance from the central module. It can

modified BM via 2 mbps digital links. Analog and Digital trunk interfaces are also implemented in RSU to support direct perenting of small exchanges from RSU. Instead of perenting it to the main exchange. RSU is an autonomous exchange capable of local call completion. Only the even numbered BMs can be configured as RSU i.e. a maximum 16 RSUs are possible in C-DOT DSS MAX-XL and 8 RSUs in MAX-L Maintenance and operation function are handled by the host exchange. Remoter Switch Unit 1.Tpe of connectivity used is 1 data cables and E-3 cards of 32Mbs. 2. Contains Time Switch Cards. 3. Situated at a Distance. TIME SWITCH UNIT (TSU):Time Switch Unit (TSU) implements three basic function as time switching with in the Base Module, routing of control message within the Base Module and across Base Module and support services like DTMF circuit, answering circuit, tones etc. These functions are performed by three different functional unit, integrated as Time Switch Unit in a single frame. i.e. SERVICE UNIT : It is integrated around three different cards as Tone Generator with Answering Circuit (TGA), Service circuit interface Controller (SCIC) and DTMF Controller, (MFC) Card. These three forms TGs towards Service Circuit interface (SCI). SCI multiplexes these TGs together with another terminal group from the Base Message. Switch (BMS) to form a 128 channel, 8 Mbps link & send it to the Time Switch. BASE MESSAGE SWITCH (BMS) : Base Message Switch (BMS) route the control message with in the Base Module, across different Base Module and also Administrative Module via the Central Module. It is implemented around two cards as Message Switch Controller (MSC) with the Message Switch Device (MSD) with 16 HDCL links. So total 22 HDLC channels are implemented for communication with the Base Processor, Time Switch Controller, Service Circuit interface Controller with in the BM. It transfer the message between the Base processor and these controllers. Normal BMs 1.Type of connectivity is through Ecards of 2mbps 2.Contains Enhanced Switch Card. 3. Should be in side of CM.

To supports 8,00,000 BHCA,MSC AND MSD cards are replaced by a high Performance Switch(HMS) with high speed upto 750 Kbps, 32 bit microprocessor. TIME SWITCH ( TS ) : The Time Switch complex is implemented using three different functional cards as multiplexer/demultiplexer (TSM),Time Switch (TSS) and Time Switch Controller (TSC). The Time Switch complex performs time switching with in the Base Module :

Four 128 channel multiplexed link from four different terminal units which may be any combination of ATU,DTU,#7SU AND ISTU. One 128 channel multiplexes BUS from the Service Circuit interface Controller (SCIC) in the Time Switch Unit. Three 128 channel link to support on board three party conference circuit (3*128).

BASE PROCESSOR UNIT :Base Processor Unit (BPU) is the master controller in the Base Module. It is impleted as a duplicated controller with memory units. These duplicated sub-units are realised in the form of the following cards :1. Base Processor Controller(BPC) Cards. 2. Base Memory Extendra (BME) Card. 1. Base Processor Controller(BPC) Cards : BPC control time switching within the Base Module via the Base Message Switch and the Time Switch Controller. It communicates with the Administrative processor via Base Message Switch for operations and maintenance functions. In a SBM configuration,BPC directly interface with the Alarm Display Panel and the input Output Module. To support 8,00,000 BHCA, the BC card is replaced by High performance processor card.(HPC) i.e. Protocol Handler Card (PHC) which contain 26 slot,8slot for the power supply, 2 for memory and remaining 10 for message switching.

2. Base Memory Extender (BME) Card : It is for the storage purpose i.e. saving memory purpose. It can store up to 16 bits

CENTRAL MODULE
Central module is responsible for space switching of inter-Base Module calls, communication between Base Module and Administrative Modules, clock distribution and network synchronization. For these function central module has a Space Switch, Space Switch Controller, a Administrative Processor and a Central Message Switches CMS(A,B,C,D). In a 32 Base Module configuration , there are 64 bit parallel buses carrying the voice information from Base Module to the Central Module, and also the Switched information in the reverse direction.

The complete control conceptually is shown in following figure : -

Concept Control Scheme for Space Switch The administrative processor communicates with the IOPs which act like a central storage. Administrative processor is also connected to Central Message Switches CMSA and CMSB through which AP communicates to SSC. The SSC is

connected to all the CMSs (A,B,C,D) so as to communicate with all the BMs through these Central Message Switches (CMS_A,B,C,D). There are two types of Central Module : 1.CM-XL (Extra Large) 2.CM-L(large)

Central Module Large (CM-L) 1.There are one BTU (Base Terminal Unit) and one SSU (Space Switch Unit) 2.The 8 MHz clock may be locally generated at the Space Switch Clock (SSK) card in CM-L. or may be derived by using Network Synchronisation Equipment(NSE) in this. 3. In CM-L,CM provides connectivity to 16 BMs. 4.Each message switch is a high performance message routing block, implemented by using high speed 16 bit microprocessor Motorolla Company (MC).

Central Module Extra Large (CM-XL) 1.There are two BTU and two SSU. 2.The 8 MHz clock may be locally generated at the Central Clock (CCK) Card in CM-XL. Or may be derived by using Network Synchronization Controller Card. 3. In CM-XL, CM provides connectivity to 32 BMs. 4.Each message switch is a high performance message routing block, implemented by using high speed 16 bi microprocessor Motorolla Company (MC).

Each BM interfaces with CM via two 512 channel parallel buses as BUS-0 and BUS-1,each operating at 4 Mbps. These buses carry voice information of 512 termination of the Base Module towards CM. In the reverse direction, after space switching has been done in the Space Switch under the control of Space Controller (SSC), the same buses carry the switched voice information for 512 termination towards BM. Thus, in a 32 Base Module configuration, there are 64 parallel buses

carrying the voice information from Base Modules to the Central Module, and also the switched information in the reverse direction. BUS TERMINATION UNIT : It contains Multiplexer and Demultiplexer. It is Basically an Interface Unit Between the BM and Space Switch. There are two buses-Bus 0 and Bus 1.Bus 0 contain all even time slots and Bus 1 carries all odd time slots. Bus is terminated from the Base Modulation. It controls the Space Switching between Base Modules. BTU insert the message CMS to BMS and vice versa. FUNCTION : (a) Caters to maximum 16 BMD in release one. (b) Multiplexes the data for Space Switching. (c) De multiplexes the Switched Bus. (d) Distributed 8 MHz clock and 8 KHz sync. To BMs. (e) Acts as a Gateway for CMS by message extraction/insertion scheme Types of cards used : 1. Space Switch Mux Card(SSM) : - It multiplexes two BMs data. 2. Space Switch Mux Termination Card (SMT) :- It is used in an unequipped. SSM slot in the BTU frame to avoid any noise generated due to termination of a bus from BM in BTU frame. It offer 2A load at 5V. 3. Power Supply Card : - It supplies power to the cards and unit it work as a load sharing mode in each bus. 4. Space switch unit : Space Switch provide connectivity between two subscriber of two different BMs on time slot basis. It is responsible for switching of cards between various base modules FUNCTION : (a) Establishes Inter Base Module Switching. (b) Caters for 16*16 Base Module switching.

(c) Implements two 16*16 switching; one for bus 0 and other for bus 1. (d) Provides redundancy as copy 0,copy1(switch duplicated) Types of cards used : 1. Space Switch Switch Cards (SSS) : The switch card forms the part of the space switch which is situated in the Central Module. Each SSS Card caters for four base modules (16*4 switch in CM). 2. Space Switch Termination Card ( SST) : It provides proper termination to the MUX data bus received from 16 space Switch MUX Cards. The card is used if corresponding SSS slot is unequipped. 3. Space Switch CU Bus Termination Cards (SCT) : It is used in Space Switch Unit and Space Switch Control Unit frames of CM. It terminates CPU, address, data and control signals. 4. Power Supply Cards : SSU employs 4 cards for supplying power and it is used in BPU,TSU,IOP. 3. Space Switching Controller Unit(SCU) : It is a CPU complex and interfaces with space switch and clock for controlling the space switch. SSC communicates with the CMSs which in turn enable the SSC to communicate with the BMs. It contain Power Unit

FUNCTION : (a) Controller for the Switch Time slot management and allocation Switch monitoring for sanity Switch diagnosis (b) Communication b/w the central message switch and Aps, BMs (c) System clock generation (d) Management of power alarms in BTU,SSU and SCU Space Switch(SS) and Space Switch Controller (SSC) : 1. In order to take care of the large number of interface signals, the switch portion of CM is divided into three stages viz. MUX stage, Switch stage and DEMUX stage. The

MUX and DEMUX stage are implemented on single card to provide the Base Module to Central Module interface in each direction. Interfacing and switching are controlled by SSC which provides control signals for the MUX/DEMUX cards and the space Switch cards. 2.MUX/DEMUX Cards extract the information from time slots 0 and 1 of Bus 0 and Bus 1 from the Base Modules. These time-slot carry control message from each base Module and these messages are sent to the Central Message Switch (CMS). The CMS sends these message to the Space Switching controller (SSC) on a 128 kbps link to control space switching based upon the information. 3. Four 512-channel buses from four BMs are multiplexed to form a 2048channel,16Mbps multiplexed BUS which is sent to both copies of the Space Switch Switch Card. Space switching of these 2048 channels is done based upon the switching information received by Space Switch Controller (SSC) from CMS Central Message Switch (CMS) : It consists of four different message switches and each one of them is implemented by using high speed 32 bit microprocessor. All Central Message Switches (CMS 1,2,3 & 4) are used for routing of messages across the Base Modules. Only CMS1 and CMS2 interface with the Administrative Module for routing control message between Base Processors and Administrative Processor. Type of Cards used : 1. CPU Complex

Space Switch Controller Card (SSC) (CPU) : - This is to serve as central processing engine for the C-DOT DSS both in the BM & the CM mode. It coordinates system activities and perform call processing functions. It is used as Base Processor (BP) in the BM& as administrative processor (AP) and Space Switch Controller (SSC) in CM. Bus interface-CPU(BIC) Card : - It is used to access memory and space switch in plane copy-0 & copy 1. Bus interface Device (BID) Card : - It along with bus interface CPU (BIC) card provides the cross connection b/w duplicate CPUs (controller) an duplicate device (memory) in such a way that any one failure either at CPU or at device does not bring down the whole processor complex.

Memory Card (2MB) : -It provides storage space and interfaces to a standard 6800 CPU bus. Both word & byte accessory are possible on the memory space.

2. Switch Interface

BIC Card Bid Card Space Switch Controller Termination (SCT)

3. System Clock and PSU errors

Space Switch Clock Card(SCK) : - It is the source of clock signal to the space switch switch cards & the space switch mux cards which constitute the space switch. It is used for the control of timing and for synchronizing of the space switches.

Administrative Processor Unit (APU) :

Status of all module of the exchange is maintained by the AP and whenever a problem is reported required action is initiated to clear the problem. All the global resource like trunks. Time slots etc are managed by the A.P. Directory to equipment number translation for the establishment of a call is performed by AP All global data is managed by the AP. In a multimodule exchange all the processing. Administration and maintenance function are supervised by the

call AP.

Function of APU : 1. All administrative function in the system 2. Interaction with SSC through central message switches CMS(A,B) (SSC/BM to IOP via AP). 3. Communication to ADP. 4. Administrative Processor (AP) somewhat similar to BP. 5. Maintain status of all modules of the exchange. 6. Initiate whenever a problem is reported required action to clear the problem. 7. Switch over of copies, diagnostic of faulty units and put in service units which are out of service etc, are initiated and supervised by the AP. 8. Manage all the global resource (like trunks,ts etc.) 9. Perform directory to equipment no. translation for the established of a call. 10. Connects of exchange to the operator through IOP. 11. Handle the man-machine communication.

12. During initialization of the multimode exchange AP gather initialization request from different BMs, collects code and data from IOP and send it to corresponding BMs.

Types of Card used : 1. CPU Complex (APU) CPU Card BIC Card BID Card Memory Card(2MB)

2. Central Message Switch-CMS (A,B,C,D)

Message Switch Controller Card (MSC) Message Switch Device Card (MSD)

CALL PROCESSING
GENERAL CONCEPT There are five function steps of call processing including the location of the originating and terminating equipment. These steps are :

Origination : - Origination begins when the subscriber line goes off hookor incoming trunks seized. It receives the incoming digits, selects the digit analysis tables, and determines the screening information for this call. Digit Analysis: - It interprets the digits it receives from origination ,select a destination for each call, and passes the dialed digits to routing. Routing/Screening:- Routing uses the destination information from digit analysis and screening information origination to select the terminating trunk group or line. Charging : - It uses the charging information from routing to expand the charging data into a formate usable by call accounting process. Termination : - The last step in call processing is termination. Termination Processor is different for calls destined for lines and call destined for trunks.

Trunk termination : - A trunk member of the trunks group is selected based on a predetermined pattern. After selection the digits are out pulsed to the distant office.

Line termination : - The line identified in routing is checked to determine the line has any special features. Ringing is applied to the line if applicable or the special feature is activated. Signaling Points Each signaling point in the SS7 network is uniquely identified by a numeric point code. Point codes are carried in signaling messages exchanged between signaling point to identify the source and destination of each message. Each signaling point uses a routing table to select the appropriate signaling path for each message. There are three kinds of signaling points in the SS7 network.

SSP(Service Switch Point) STP (Signal Transfer Point)

SCP (Service Control Point)

ALARM PHILOSOPHY :In a C-DOT DSS, there are three categories :-non urgent => green LEDs . -urgent -critical => orange LEDs . => red LEDs .

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION :The ADP is housed on three cards :1. Controller card .

2. display card . 3. power supply card .

1. Controller card :It is a subdivided into following blocks:(a) CPU LOGIC :It generates clock required by microprocessor, buffers for buffering for CPU address and data bus , power on reset logic to generate the signal. (b) MEMORY :Occupies address space RAM. (C) DISPLAY CARD INTERFACE :Consist of logic which generates the various strobes for the registers on the display card (D) INTERRUPT AND WATCHDOG DOG :The sources of interrupt for the CPU are :(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Real time timer Acknowledge switch LED test switch The two HDLCs.

The sources for generate one interrupt line for the microprocessor. (e) INPUT /OUTPUT PORTS AND AUDIO ALARM :input port is used to determine the configuration of the system and the source of the interrupt. Output port is used for cleaning the various interrupts & for enabling the audio alarm. The audio alarm is implemented using a piezo-electric buzzer

(f) COMMUNICATION INTERFACE:Consists of clock generator for the HDLs. INTERCONNECTION Various interconnection required in the ADP are as follows :1. link connection: The two links from the two copies of BPs are terminated on the back panel. 2. Controller card to display card connection : This connection is made with a 34 pin flat cable also carries the power for the display card . 3. Power connection from power supply card to controller card : A four wire cable connect the power from the power supply card to controller card through four pin connector. 4. Connection for switches and beeper => switches => Reset switch LED test switch Acknowledge switch connected through twisted pair wires. 5. 48V connection to power supply card =>
48V from the exchange battery is the ADP through a two pin power connector that passes through a power ON/OFF switch .

SYSTEM CAPACITY
INTRODUCTION The capacity of C-DOT DSS is defined in terms of the following parameters: The termination capacity express as the number of lines and trunks The amount of traffic (in erlangs) that can be switched The number of Busy Hour Call Attempts (BHCA) that can be processed with a given call-mix while meeting the overall service quality requirements.

This section indicates the maximum capacity of different system element as well as that of complete exchange, equipped to its ultimate termination capacity. It has been ensured that the specified parameters are valid to meet overall reliability objectives for the C-DOT DSS as specified in ITU-T recommendation. TERMINATION CAPACITY A terminal Card is the basic system element. It interfaces/terminates the lines and trunks. The next higher element is a Terminal Unit. The types of terminal card and terminal unit used in C-DOT DSS along with its function are already explained in chapter 3 &4. Termination capacity of BM is 488 analog lines and that of LM in 768 analog lines. A BM can be concentrated with 2 LMs to provide maximum termination capacity of 2024 Analog lines. Incase of BM, a maximum of 256 B channels are provided at the cost of 512 analog lines. One to one replacement of Base channel is planned in immediate future. Base Module and Line Module are the highest level of system elements. Each Base Module has four Terminal Units whereas a Line Module has six Terminal Units. A maximum of 16 BMs can be connected in MAX-L and 32 BMS can be connected in MAX-SL configurations. Table summaries the termination capacities of the various system element of C-DOT DSS MAX.
S.NO. 1 1.1 SYSTEM ELEMENT TERMINATION CARD Analog Line Card TERMINATIONCAPACITY DESCRIPTION LCC-8 analog subscribers CCM-8 CCB subscriber with last two ports supporting16 KHz metering pulse TWT or EMF -8 Trunks One,2 Mbps E-1 link as CAS/CSS7 trunks 8 Nos. protocol handlers/signaling links 8BRI (2B+1D) interface I.e. 16 Bearer Channels One PRI (308+D) interface I.e. 30 Bearer Channels

1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

Analog Trunk Card A set of DTS/DTC Cards #7 PHC Card (SHM) ISDN-BRI Cards ISDN-PRI Cards

2 2.1

TERMINATION UNIT/FRAM Analog TU (ATU)

2.2 2.3 2.4

Digital TU (DTU) #7Signalling Unit Module (SUM) ISDN-Terminal Unit (ISTU)

16 analog terminal cards(LCC,CCM,EMF,TWT) to support any combination of lines and Trunks in multiple of eight termination 4 Nos. 2 MbpsE1 links asCAS/CSS7 64 Nos; 37 protocol handlers/signaling links 256 Bearer channels to be configured as BRI, PRI or any combination of them. 480 analog subscribers. A maximum 256 Bearer Channels for ISDN interface can be provided at the Cost of 128 subscriber lines. 768 analog subscribers. A maximum of two line module connected with Base Module support 2024 Lines 488 analog trunks 15 Nos., 2Mbps E1 links as"CAS/CCS7 Three possible configuration as 360 AT + 4 PCMs, 232+8PCMs or 104AT + 12PCMs.

3 3.1

BASE MODULE/RACK Link Module(line)

3.2

Line Module

3.3 3.4 3.5

Base Module(Analog Trunks) Base Module (Digital Trunks) Base Module (Analog+ Digital)

EXCHANGE CONFIGURATION C-DOT DSS MAX can be configured to support any combination of lines and trunks, for different application in the network as local Exchange, Local cum Tandem

Exchange. Trunks Automatic Exchange(TAX) or Integrated Local cum Transit (ILT) Exchange. In this maximum configuration, upto 40,000 lines and 5,500 trunks are supported when configured as Local/Local cum Tandem. When configured as TAX. 14,500 trunks are supported.

Termination Capacity of Exchange Configuration

S. No. Exchange Configuration Single Base Module(SBM) 1. Termination Capacity Description 1500 lines and128 trunks. The trunks may be analog and/or digital. The no. of trunks can be increased at the cost of reducing subscribers. Ideal configuration to support 40,000 lines and 5500 trunks with 20 line BMs and 12 Trunks BMs. The trunk capacity can be increased by 450 at the cost of 2,000 subscriber or vice versa Ideal configuration to support 20,000 lines and 2700 trunks with 10 line BMs and 6 Trunk BMs. The trunk capacity can be increased by 450 at the cost of2,000 subscriber and vice versa. 2,000 Subscriber Lines. Trunk interface at the cost of subscriber lines. 14,500 Trunks

2.

Multi Base Module (DSS-MAX) (i) MAX-XL (ii) MAX-L

3. 4

Remote Switching Unit (RSU) Multi Base Module TAX

Note : Out of the total equipment capacity, a maximum of 30,000 Lines may be Remote Subscriber through RSUs in MAX-XL whereas 14000 lines.

CHAPTER 4ELECTRONIC ASSEMBLY Electronic Assembly on PCB 1.Mix ed t echnol ogy (combinati on of both S MT and THT)2.THT (t hrough hol e t echnol ogy)3.S MT (surface mount t echnol ogy) T H T a s s e m b l y w a s r e p l a c e d b y S M T a s c o m p o n e n t o f T H T a s s e m b l y h a d l e a d w h i c h i s hazardous for health. So SMT technology was introduced in which component were lead free. SMT Technology All the cards used in mobile product t h a t i s B T S r a c k a r e p r e p a r e d h e r e t h r o u g h S M T technology.Assembly Procedure of Different Cards

1.Input Loader The m ul t il a yered PC B i s loaded on i nput l oader i n st acks and t hen i t is verified there if it is the same PCB whose program has been loaded.2.Soldering Machine In this machine there is a screen similar to that of PCB inserted has same circuitry made on it. The solder paste is squeezed over it once in forward directionand then it return back removing the extra paste.3.Manual checking of card is done here through magnifying glass if solder paste is placed properly or not. 4. XP142E (chip shooter) This machine has been manufactured by JAPANESE companycalled FUZI. It is used for placing finer components on the board. When the first card enters into it then it is verified at each point. It verifies the board from the reference pointon the PCB board which is called FUDICIAL. The X and Y dimension of PCB board arecompared from that point. After the verification of 1 st card at each and every point on the board, component placement is done. There are two cameras inside the machine. Thecamera scans the location of the point where component is to be placed and place it onthe right position through nozzle. Nozzle

create vacuum and sucks the component of same type from the component tape and place it on the exact location as the programmingis done. Speed of nozzle is very high.5.XP242E (fine pitch placer) Large component are placed through it. Its nozzle can pick single component at a time. Its speed is 6500comp/sec. 6. Manual verification of component placed is done through magnifying glass to check whether the components are properly placed or splited. 7. Heating After this, it goes to oven to properly paste the component on the solder. It isheated in four zones. Preheating zone (heated slowly 45 c to 110 c) Soak zone Reflow zone Cooling zone The heating process takes 6 minutes. The oven used is air force conviction oven. Second Insertion In second insertion, connectors are inserted on the PCB board as these can melt down in ovenduring heating process, so it is inserted in the second insertion.

1. Insertion The second insertion is done on MIPFE (manual insertion press feet machine).In this machine different shapes of nozzle for different types of connectors are insertedmanually in the machine. Then support is provided to avoid breaking of the PCB. Eventhe support is different for different types of connectors. 2. S ol deri ng S ol dering of these com ponent s are done m anuall y. S ol der past e contain 62%Sn, 36%Pb and 2%Ag. It is stored at -5 c to 5 c. Once it is taken out then after 24hrsit cannot be used again.

CHAPTER 5BTS (BASE TRANRSCEIVER STATION Introduction BTS is the main part of the mobile communication. It consists of family of cards. Whole systemof BTS consists of 1 . F A N u n i t ( i t h a v e 9 f a n s ) 2. Racks3 . F A C B ( f a n c o n t r o l b o a r d ) BTS can be classified asAccording to power supply1 . D C p o w e r s u p p l y B T S 2. AC power supply BTSAccording to sites, it is of two types1 . I n d o o r B T S 2 . O u t d o o r B T S BTS consists of mainly these cards:1.SUMA card (st ati on unit modul e advance 2.TEPA card (transmitter equipment power amplifier)3.TREPA card (transceiver equipment power amplifier)4.TR EPS card (t ransceiver equi pm ent power suppl y) 5. RT card (transceiver) 6. ANC card (antenna network chamber)TREPA, TREPS and TEPA are types of RT cards. One BTS sector name: alpha, beta, gammasectors. One sector can contain one ANC card and maximum four RT cards. In one BTS 12 RTcards are connected. RT card are connected to the ANC cards and ANC connected to BSC and then to BSC

SUMA Cards (brain of the BTS) Functions1 . T i m i n g a n d c l o c k g e n e r a t i o n 2.Managem ent of int ernal di gi t al i nt erface3.Operati on and m ai nt enance functi on 4 . R e m o t e i n v e n t o r y 5. Digital transmission6.Control DC -DC convert er and check i n of batt er y ANC Function This card is not manufactured here 1. Setting the LNA game for the assigned TREA receiver 2 . L N A alarm supervision3.Measuring of alarm VSWR 4.Selection of antenna s e c t o r 5 . R e p o r t i n g V S W R a l a r m 6 . R F c a b l i n g s t a t u s d e t e c t i o n 7.R emot e power ON/ OFF vi a the BC B i nt erface8.St atus di spl ay vi a front panel LEDs 9 . R I v i a t h e B C B i n t e r f a c e Transceiver (TRX) Level The transceiver (TRX) level coves GSM850, GSM900, GSM1800 and GSM1900 functionalitiesincluding full rate, half rate, enhanced full rate, antenna diversity, radio frequency

hopping anddifferent ciphering algorithms.For each band these functions are integrated into one single module. Inside each TRX module aRF loop is implemented. The TRX module also handles the RSL (radio signaling link) protocol. Base Station Control Function (BCF) Level

Function1. Gene rat ing the clo ck for all othe r BT S modu le s 2.Ensur ing central BTS operation and maintenance application 3. Handling of a A-bis transmission links4 . C o n t r o l l i n g t h e b a t t e r y 5.Setti ng the optimum voltage and current for battery charging 6 . Cont ro llin g th e A C/D C fun cti on Twin Wide Band Combiner Module The twin wide band combiner stage (Any) combines up to four transmitters into two outputs anddistributes the two received signal up to four receivers. The module includes twice the samestructure.Each structure containing One wide band combiner concentrating two transmitter output into one Two splitter each one distributing the received signal to two separate output s providingdiversity and non-diversity pathsAny is only necessary for sectors with five or more TRXs Antenna Coupling Level The antenna coupling level is the stage between the antenn as and the TRX level; it handles the combining function as well as the interface with the antenna. A single module called antennanet wor k com bin er p erf or ms t he se fun cti on s fo r up t o 4T R Xs. Fo r conf i gur ation of highe r capacity, a combiner stage can be added. Thanks to the ANc flexibility and the modular building,the antenna coupling level can be adapted. 2

CHAPTER 6PREPARATION OF PCB 2

Base material PCB unit is meant for producing printed circuit boards of various dimensions. The most commondimension of which PCB are generally made of:240*400sqmm280*400sqmm300*400sqmm300*500sqmm300*600sqmmThe raw material used for manufacturing of the PCB is Copper Clad Epoxy Laminate.The dimensions are920*1220sqmm1220*1220sqmmTheir thickness generally comes in the multiple of 0.8mm. Copper Clad of thickness 17.5 or 35.0or70 microns is laminated on the both sides of glass epoxy. 2

Cutting It is carried out by saw cutting machine. Cutting is done by two types of blade. Baking After cutting the base material to required size, in order to make the surface coating of Cu evento remove the volatile impurities, vapors and moistures and moreover make the sheet plane, theraw sheet of glass epoxy with Cu clad laminate is baked in oven at 3 different temperaturesdepending upon the thickness of raw material. The process requirement time and temperature aregiven below Curing of PCB base material at 140 c for 12hrs Straightening of wrapped material at 140

 c for 12hrs Drilling After backi ng the next step is drilling. The stacks of 3 raw material sheets are made along with entry sheet and back up sheet. The stack is centered and pinned here. The lot of three stacks isthus held together by pinning. Debarring Af te r d rillin g ho le s, bu rn s lef t o ve r the sh eet and on the ed ge s a re remo ved b y de ba rrin g. Deb arring remo ves un want ed mat eria l and makes ho le perf e ct . A ls o the b oard surf ace get s smoothened. Electroless Plating It is purely a channel process which is done to make the epoxy area between the two Cu clad plates conducting. A 2micron Cu layer is formed over the holes as a result of electro less plating.In this process the surface of Cu also gets evened. As no electrode is used for plating, so it iscalled as electro less plating.