Submission: Environmental Legislation and Management Systems (ELMS) Course: MSc Health, Safety and Environmental Management

Contents Page 2 Page 4 Page 6 Page 10 Page 14 Page 15 Page 17 Appendices Page 18 Page 20 Page 20 Page 21 Page 24 Page 25 Page 27 Appendix A (Aspects and Impacts) Appendix B (Legislation) Appendix C (Short List of Criteria) Appendix D (A short written brief as to why I have chosen the aspects / impacts and legislation listed in Appendix A and B) Appendix E Map of Location References Websites: Introduction Planning and Sustainable Design Fire Station Activities Waste Management. Water Management Energy Management. Conclusion

Name: Martin Kirk Introduction

Student No:316643

A location was selected from the map in Appendix E. Out of the five possible locations, location C was chosen. The type of organisation to be located there is a fire station. This location is close to the built up area known as Port Wooldridge, with good transport routes to Glensherren and the other parts of the area. It is very important for the fire station to be located where it can speedily attend emergency incidents. This report will examine the issues, obstacles and conflicts that the fire station would face. A comprehensive understanding of the environmental aspects and impacts will influence the sustainable development of the region. Sustainability will remain the core of the business strategy and will relate to current legislation when dealing with the organisations waste strategy. This report is based on role of the Environmental Manager and will focus on the waste strategy.

A preparatory review has been conducted to identify the significant environmental aspects and impacts created by the work related activities, products and services of the fire station. To ensure the environmental impacts are kept to a minimum Best Available Techniques (BAT) will be a core standard to be adopted. This standard uses established processes and technologies that ensure damaging emissions to the environment are avoided or reduced to a minimum that is reasonably practicable for the associated cost. This standard is normally associated with activities that require licensing.

BAT has some limitations as it adopts well established methods that may not be so environmentally friendly. Best Practical Environmental Option (BPEO) is an approach that assesses the environmental impact of each option available and requires 10 steps of

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Name: Martin Kirk

Student No:316643

assessment to be undertaken to then identify the best practical environment option. To ensure BAT and BPEO promote sustainability they would need to consider the Local Agenda 21 requirements, for example reduction of consumption of resources, protect human health, reduction of pollutants to the atmosphere, ensuring deforestation does not occur, to name a few. The Local Agenda 21 would be based on the 40 key principles that were adopted by 178 Governments at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janerio. The main thrust for these standards is the European Commission Council Directive 96/61/EC concerning integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC). The Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Directive also requires specific environment effects of a plan or programme are to be identified, described and evaluated. This would include not just the general environmental issues, for example biodiversity, population, soil, water, air, to name a few, but the more specific environmental issues, for example energy efficiency, use of renewable resources, adaptation to climate change. SEA Assessments differ to Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) in that SEA Assessments are in relation to scoping of local environmental resources and the impacts are not always understood at this stage, as they are only given a passing check and only those that appear significant are looked at in more detail. These impacts would be considered later by the Environmental Management System (EMS). Below is a diagram giving further explanation.

Environment Agency (2007)

Planning and Sustainable Design

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Name: Martin Kirk

Student No:316643

The fire station will need to be located in an area that will enable it to be effective in responding to emergency incidents. A fire vehicle would need to achieve a target response time of 7 minutes to arrive at the scene of operations. Failing this could have devastating consequences to human life and property along with the environment.

The Local Authority would be required to conduct an Appropriate Assessment (AA). This assessment assesses the impact of the land use plan against the conservation objectives of a site to ensure it does not significantly affect the environmental integrity of the site.

There are of course many more considerations that would need to be assessed for planning permission to be granted. The design of the building not only requires it to be functional but a sustainable approach should be adopted to ensure the impact to the environment is considered at every stage. The design stage needs to ensure the building is built using the latest innovations in construction technologies and materials. The building should aim to be carbon neutral and be energy efficient. To the right is an image showing how air can be conditioned when an
B R E Ltd (2007)
German PassivHaus dwellings

air circulation system is incorporated into the building design, thus reducing the energy consumption required to heat/cool the building. The construction costs of the building could be significantly increased for more advanced environmentally friendly technologies.

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Name: Martin Kirk

Student No:316643

This may be an obstacle not only for the finances of the project but also a cause public concern. The overall construction cost should be offset against the estimated financial savings of the energy saving technologies the building has integrated, showing that an overall financial saving would be achieved over a given period along with the reduced emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) helping to reduce global warming. Microgeneration of energy should also be considered to supply energy to the building. Microgeneration is the generation of energy on a small-scale that emits little or no carbon dioxide, for example solar thermal, wind, hydro, biomass, ground heat, to name a few. Building Research Establishments (BRE) mission is to build a better world and their vision is our unmistakable imprint on a highly regarded and sustainable built environment. Building Research Establishments Environmental Assessment Method for buildings is called BEEAM. It provides a standard of certification that recognises the use of best practice in sustainable construction. Using this method or similar scheme would show how committed the fire station was in ensuring it makes every effort to reduce the impact on the environment, which may satisfy the requirements of applying for government funding or other initiatives and assist in overcoming any potential obstacles that may be presented, for example reservations from the local community for the introduction of a fire station to the area.

Fire Station Activities Once the fire station has been constructed, the operation of the station will significantly impact on the environment if not managed correctly. If for example the hazardous waste is

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Name: Martin Kirk

Student No:316643

not managed correctly this would be a breach of the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005 and Duty of Care Regulations 1991 along with Section 34 of the Environmental Protection Act 1990. One of the most effective ways to ensure the activities have a minimal impact on the environment is to adopt an Environment Management System (EMS) that includes a robust waste minimisation strategy to ensure waste is always avoided where possible, failing that it is reduced to a minimum and reuse of waste materials is adopted wherever possible. Any remaining waste is then recycled. If the waste cant be recycled then it is treated and disposed of. The most common system used by industry is BS EN ISO 14001:2004. BS EN ISO 14001:2004 provides a framework for the development of both the management system and a supporting audit program. In BS EN ISO 14001:2004 the requirement of EMS are covered in section 4.0 of the quality standard. BS EN ISO 14001:2004 requires the development of an EMS starting with an Environmental Policy demonstrating Senior Management commitment.

A good Environmental Policy should effectively communicate the organisations standards in regards to environmental management. If adhered to and well communicated it should improve public relations. It should aim to achieve important cost savings, good use of energy, a sustainable use of raw materials and effective waste management. In BS EN ISO 14001:2004 the requirement of the environmental policy is covered in section 4.1 of the quality standard. A preparatory environmental review has been undertaken to identify each and every activity, where there is a significant environment impact. These activities are listed in the appendices. These activities are termed as environmental aspects. Each of these aspects

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Name: Martin Kirk

Student No:316643

will need to be covered by the EMS. In BS EN ISO 14001:2004 the requirement to identify environmental aspects is covered in sections 4.2.1 and 4.2.2 of the quality standard.

Benchmarks should be established from both National Fire Service and by the fire station to develop a continual improvement programme, that ensures impacts are reduced over time, through objectives and target setting using Key Point Indicators (KPI), for example energy consumption, tonnage of waste produced, number of staff trained, incidents/complaints to name a few. In BS EN ISO 14001:2004 the requirement of target setting is covered in section 4.2.3 of the quality standard.

In BS EN ISO 14001:2004 there is a requirement to develop an organisational structure that clearly identifies responsibilities of staff, for example waste manager. This is covered in sections 4.3.1 and 4.3.2 of the quality standard.

To ensure continual improvement is achieved and environmental impacts are reduced ongoing management programmes will need to be developed that identify responsibilities of staff, timescales and resource requirements for meeting designated objectives and targets. In BS EN ISO 14001:2004 there is a requirement to develop environment management programmes; this is covered in section 4.2.4 of the quality standard. Though the Environmental Policy outlines the core standards and how the organisation will achieve them, these are quite general terms. The methods to be adopted by the fire station, for example achieving reduced waste, will be documented in the form of EMS Manual, Operational Procedures and Forms. These documents will have quality control to ensure

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Name: Martin Kirk

Student No:316643

only current documents are referenced. In BS EN ISO 14001:2004 there is a requirement to develop an environment manual and documentation; this is covered in sections 4.3.4 and 4.3.5 of the quality standard.

To ensure that the fire station has established operational controls that address and support the previously identified significant environmental aspects and ensure the waste minimisation strategy is effective, an effective communication system needs to be established not only with the workforce but also to suppliers and contractors if their products, services and activities have the potential to affect the environmental aspects, for example suppliers to reduce packaging to a minimum to ensure waste to kept to a minimum which will not only reduce the environmental impact, but will save time and money on recycling or disposal. This is also a requirement under the Producer Responsibility Obligations (Packaging Waste) Regulations 2007. In BS EN ISO 14001:2004 there is a requirement to develop operational controls; this is covered in sections 4.3.6, 4.3.7, 4.4.1 and 4.4.2 of the quality standard.

Record keeping is a vital part of the EMS. All the necessary records, for example quantity and types of waste produced, training records, audits results, and results of reviews must be maintained in an organized manner. There should also be a system to archive and identify older records, this would include: legal matters, permits, previously identified environmental aspects and impacts, to name a few. This gives traceability for all previous matters and establishes the foundation of a continual improvement programme. If records are not archived in a methodical, logical and orderly manner that is consistent, then there

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Name: Martin Kirk

Student No:316643

may be repeat financial losses and impacts may not be effectively reduced, instead they may increase, for example if previous years waste statistics were not available accurate targets could not be set or monitored. In BS EN ISO 14001:2004 there is a requirement to maintain records; this is covered in section 4.4.3 of the quality standard. There is also a legal duty to keep certain records. Under the Duty of Care Regulations 1991, if the fire station is transferring waste, a waste transfer note, containing a written description of that waste, is required that must be retained for at least 2 years.

To ensure the EMS is effective and the Environmental Policy is current along with all other documentation and the operational controls are, an audit of the EMS needs to be routinely undertaken. This audit would identify both systems that are working well and systems that may require further support. Audits are fundamental for a continual improvement programme. In BS EN ISO 14001:2004 there is a requirement to conduct routine audits; this is covered in section 4.4.4 of the quality standard.

Once the routine audit has been conducted Senior Management can perform a management review of the EMS. The findings of the audit along with forthcoming changes in legislation or non compliance with current legislation all need to be addressed as part of this review. This review gives the Senior Management authority to continual improvement. In BS EN ISO 14001:2004 there is a requirement to conduct a routine management review; this is covered in section 4.5 of the quality standard.

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Name: Martin Kirk

Student No:316643

It may be considered to be an obstacle or challenge to fulfil the requirements of BS EN ISO 14001:2004. One way to address this is to adopt a more flexible approach, using BS 8555:2003: Environmental Management System, which is a six stage approach to BS EN ISO 14001:2004 and also includes the quality standard of Environmental Performance Evaluation (ISO 14031).

Waste Management. The European definition of waste in the Framework Directive on waste is:-any substance or object...which the producer or the person in possession of it discards or intends or is required to discard, and "Controlled waste" means waste from households, commerce or industry.

The fire station will need to control the disposal of its waste using only licensed carriers. It is an offence under Section 33 Environmental Protection Act 1990 Part II to deposit, knowingly cause or permit the disposal of waste on land without a waste management license. Section 34 sets out the duty of care on producers, carriers and disposers of waste. It is also a contravention of the Waste Management Licensing Regulations 1994 for a waste carrier to transport waste without a license.

As part of the EMS and to ensure the waste strategy is effective, sources of waste (waste streams) would need to be identified. Waste streams once identified need to be broken down into their constituent parts to understand the waste issue. Once identified objectives and targets can be set to reduce waste. If the waste objectives and targets can be traced

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Name: Martin Kirk

Student No:316643

back to packaging, then this should be discussed with suppliers to ensure they are aware of the fire station waste minimisation strategy. This can be managed through agreements with the suppliers to ensure minimal packaging is used and any packaging used should be returnable for either reuse or recycling. The supply chain have a responsibility to avoid using packaging and reuse/recycle wherever possible, if they handle more than 50 tonnes of packaging materials a year or they turnover more than 2 million. To ensure suppliers to meet recovery/recycling obligations suppliers should be encouraged to join a registered compliance scheme for example Valpak, Wastepak.

The Government has set targets to recover packaging. Obligated companies must demonstrate conformance with Producer Responsibility Obligations (Packaging Waste) Regulations 1997. European Parliament and Council Directive 94/62/EC of 20 December 1994 on packaging and packaging waste requires UK to recover 60% of all packaging waste by December 31, 2008. It also requires at least 92% of all waste to be recycled.

To address the challenge minimising waste production, waste awareness will be an essential skill to be understood and adopted by all members of staff. The adoption of the waste minimisation strategy will ensure waste streams are kept to a minimum. Each member of staff have an important role in reducing waste. Accurate waste statistics should be well communicated throughout the fire station to raise awareness to staff key areas where waste is being produced along with active campaigns to avoid, reduce and recycle. Waste minimisation strategy should be a key activity that all employees, service providers and suppliers must adhere to and should be stated in the Environmental Policy Statement.

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Name: Martin Kirk

Student No:316643

Electrical and Electronic waste, for example computers, monitors, televisions, is however to be treated as hazardous waste. The fire station would need to comply with the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Regulations 2006 and ensure this type of waste is disposed of in the correct manner. This should be highlighted in the Environmental Policy statement to ensure staff, service providers, suppliers and contractors are aware of this requirement. Emphasis on suppliers who supply electrical/electronic items should be encouraged when the equipment has reached the end of its life, the supplier will accept its return so it can be reused wherever possible otherwise recycle the waste generated.

Foam concentrate, used for fire fighting, would also be deemed as hazardous waste in accordance with the Hazardous waste (England and Wales) Regulations 2005 and the List of Waste (England) Regulations, because it is listed in the EU Hazardous Waste List. The concentrate in general use is Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) for fire fighting and Fluorine-Free Foam (FFF), due to its minimal environmental impact, is used for training and testing vehicles and equipment. Fire fighters are trained in the appropriate use of foam to ensure it is not used routinely especially when not required in accordance with the waste minimisation strategy. Equally fire fighters will be trained in the importance of controlling fire run-off to prevent contamination of land and ground watercourses, with the support and guidance of the Environment Agency at major incidents. As part of the planning process for major sights provisions for fire run-off will need to be considered.

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Name: Martin Kirk

Student No:316643

To reduce leaks and spills the foam concentrate will be stored in Intermediate Bulk Container (IBC) that has an impermeable bund/secondary containment system, which will contain at least 110% of the volume of the largest tank or 25% of the total volume likely to be stored, whichever is the greatest. Equally the supplier, as part of the supply chain, will need to accept returned stock that has passed its shelf life to ensure the chemical is recycled rather than disposed of. The fire station will need to make sure any waste foam concentration or other waste liquids must not be sent to landfill for disposal. It is contravention of the Landfill Regulations 2002 to dispose of liquid wastes at landfills. The IBC will reduce the need to stock rotate and bunding will control any leaks or spills, preventing them from polluting the environment. To avoid contamination of controlled waters, surface water drains would not be located near any bunded areas. The polluting of surface water drains is a contravention of the Water Resources Act 1991. The polluting of land or controlled waters is a contravention of the Contaminated Land (England) Regulations 2000.

Other chemicals such as cleaning chemicals would need to be managed responsibly to prevent pollution. There is a requirement under Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations 2002 to prepare COSHH assessments that include arrangements for the safe use of hazardous substances including the safe storage and disposal of hazardous substances. The Pollution Prevention and Control (England and Wales) Regulations 2000 also requires adequate arrangements for the safe storage, use and disposal of chemicals.

Water Management

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Name: Martin Kirk

Student No:316643

The use of water is a fundamental resource of the fire station. It is doubtful if there would be the risk of drought in the area identified for the fire station, given that there are several lakes and rivers in close proximity to the community along with the surrounding sea. Fire fighters would be trained in the responsible use of water to ensure a drought situation does not prevail through fire fighting by depleting the water supply or contaminating the water supply with fire run-off. Water from the sea would be used wherever possible to ensure the inland water is not depleted and reducing potential drinking water.

The fire station will require consent in the form of a certificate to discharge before it allows any trade effluent to be discharged to a foul sewer. Any activity that uses water and requires the water to be discharged as trade effluent must be declared to the sewage undertaker and consent granted. This consent will limit the maximum amount of water to be discharged per day, maximum flow rate per second, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), the pH level/total suspended solids and the maximum temperatures. This certificate is a legal requirement of the Water Industry Act 1991. If any of these amounts are exceeded it would be classed as a breech of the Regulation, equally any activities that are not declared, for example not declaring the cleaning of vehicles and equipment using cleaning chemicals. Both the responsible use of water and prevention of pollution would be standards detailed in the Environmental Policy statement to ensure staff, suppliers and contractors are aware of this requirement. Routine monitoring of the surrounding watercourses and sea would be an activity undertaken by the fire station EMS to ensure the marine population and quality of water is not significantly affected by the fire stations activities.

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Name: Martin Kirk

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Energy Management. As previously stated the integration of energy saving technology as part of the planning and design process is vital for an effective energy saving strategy. Microgeneration to supplement energy provision to reduce dependency of fossil fuels will help reduce the carbon footprint of the fire station. Greener energy should always be considered to ensure the energy supplier is reducing their environmental impact through the provision of energy. In total in 2003, the UK produced 786 million tonnes of carbon emissions. According to Warwick University (2005) 218 million tonnes of CO2 can be attributed to electricity, gas and water supplies. The average person's produces enough carbon to fill 24 million balloons, which equates to a carbon footprint of about 10 tonnes. A carbon footprint is calculated by quantifying the emissions created through travel, heating, electricity consumption and shopping. It is important that staff receive comprehensive information regarding the amount of energy being consumed at the fire station and through vehicle and equipment use. The Environmental Policy statement should actively promote energy saving techniques and the use of energy saving technologies. Light bulbs and domestic appliances should all have an energy saving rating as close to A where possible and avoid the purchase of any appliances with a rating of G. This should be a supply chain standard for any domestic appliance/light bulb. Environment awareness campaigns to not only make staff aware of the benefits to be gained by reducing energy consumption at work but also the potential cost savings that staff can achieve at home through adopting a conscientious attitude to energy conservation. The fire station would be required to pay tax on their energy consumption as a requirement of the Climate Change Agreements (Eligible

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Name: Martin Kirk

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Facilities) Regulations 2001. It is believed that Greenhouse gases contribute to global warning and climate change. CO2 is one of the main greenhouse gases along with methane emissions from biodegradable waste disposed of at landfill sites. Conducting a travel plan of staffs movements both to and from work as well as work related travel will help understand travel patterns and the associated emissions that can then be targeted as a reduction campaign through cycling schemes, public transport initiatives and rewards for car sharing, all helping to reduce the car emissions that contribute to global warming.

Conclusion In conclusion, to achieve sustainability throughout the fire station and to reduce the environmental impacts, its important to firstly ensure the fire station building is of a sustainable design, the planning stage will require waste minimisation to be a key feature incorporated in the design of the building. This sustainable design will take advantage of BAT and BPEO using the latest innovations in construction technologies and materials that incorporates energy efficiency, the reuse of energy and microgeneration of energy.

Once the fire station is operational, the integration of an effective waste minimisation strategy throughout every activity where there is an identified impact to the environment will ensure waste is effectively managed. To ensure the waste strategy is effective the

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Name: Martin Kirk

Student No:316643

introduction of an EMS will need to be established. Throughout every activity the Environmental Policy will set the standards required, based on the Local Agenda 21 principles, ensuring sustainability. The EMS will ensure activities comply with the Environmental Policy by achieving reduction targets and objectives, ensuring continual improvement through audit and review. Training and effective communication of the required standards will ensure the waste minimisation strategy is core to all activities. Record keeping will also enable monitoring of the targets and objective. It was identified that BS EN ISO 14001:2004 was the industry standard for EMS. If sustainability is core to the fire station waste minimisation will be easily achieved.

Word Count 4048 APPENDIX A (Aspects and Impacts) The following have been considered as the most significant aspects for a fire station positioned at location C and these were then rated to determine a relative level of importance. Within the fire station. there are ten aspects relating to activities that potentially have significant environmental impacts. The influence of stakeholders was considered as well as the direct environmental importance. The main stakeholders being: Regulators, Local Authorities, Employees & Unions, Suppliers and Contractors and neighbours and the local community. The neighbours and the local community may present difficulties as small communities often resist change. The potential environmental impact of each aspect was assessed by scoring the likelihood of an issue arising and three areas of potential risk. The score allocated to the likelihood and the four risk areas were assigned based on descriptors listed in Tables 1a, 1b & 1c. The significant aspects were identified and listed in Table 2 together with the individual scores and the total if all the scores were multiplied together. These are subjective assessment and only interned to help priorities dealing with the impacts.

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Name: Martin Kirk

Student No:316643

Table 1a: Table 1c: Table 1b: Likelihood Score Timescale Score Compliance / Environmental Score Certain 5 Existing 5 Impact /Public perception. Likely 4 Next aspects. 4 Major the fire station from significant environmental12 months 5 Table 2 The relative risk assessment for Moderate 3 2-3 years C E P T 3 Sum Severe 4 Area Hazard Risk L Unlikely 2 3-5. years 2 4 3 5 2 600 Moderate 3 1 Foam Pollution of watercourses The storage and stock rotation of 5 Minimal Risk. 1 >5 1 2 and groundMinor from water foam increases risk of spillage years Negligible 1 foam storage and use. and generation of hazardous Components of foam concentrate do not biodegrade and could potentially bio accumulate. The use of BAT and BEPO for design and during construction. waste. The use of foam should be a high profile issue and a risk management programme is required. Contractors may not be aware of 3 or adopt BAT or BEPO.

Planning and Construction

540

Table 2 (Continued) The relative risk assessment for the fire station from significant environmental aspects. Area Hazard Risk L C E P T Sum 3 Incident The risk of contamination The fire station attends potential 3 3 5 2 5 450 response from special situations pollution incidents and situations where there may be contaminated run off. These require pollution control action to mitigate potential effects. 4 Travel Plan Fire station may have a The risk that stakeholders try to 4 2 3 3 5 360 relatively high impact on set demanding targets and car emissions within the timescales which are difficult to local area. support. 5 Hazardous Hazardous Waste on fire The risk is that Hazardous Waste 4 4 2 2 5 320 Waste station. is not disposed of correctly resulting in potential environmental damage as well as non-compliance of Regulations. 6 CO2 Air emissions of CO2 CO2 from energy use in fire 4 1 4 4 4 256 station, fire simulation building and vehicles contributes to global warming. CO2 management is high profile in any significant operation. 7 Supply chain Assessment of our supply The risk of interruption to supply 4 2 3 2 5 240 chain to ensure continuity through failure to comply with and sustainability. environmental legislation and ethical guidelines. 8 PM10 Air emission of PM10 The fire station has a fleet of 5 4 2 2 2 160 HGV vehicles which are required Page 18 of 26

Name: Martin Kirk

Student No:316643 to comply with DOT standards. It is difficult to predict levels of commercial waste. This has a significant environmental and cost implication. Due to proposed location water for emergency incidents is not an issue as sea water can be used. Water for domestic use may be an issue if water supply is contaminated or affected by drought.

Waste

The increasing cost of Waste sent to landfill. Resources - use of water for operational use. This also covers use in buildings

120

10

Water Resource

36

APPENDIX B (Legislation) 1. Building Regulations 2000 2. EC Council Directive 96/61/EC. 3. Environmental Act 1995 4. Environmental Protection Act 1990 5. Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road Regulations 1996 6. Contaminated Land (England) Regulations 2000 7. Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 2002 8. Control of Major Hazards Regulation 1999 9. Control of Pollution (Applications, Appeals and Registers) Regulations 1996 10. Controlled Waste Regulations 1992 11. Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005 12. Clean Air Act 1993 13. Controlled Waste (Registration of Carriers and Seizure of Vehicles) Regulations 1991 14. End of Life Vehicle Regulations 2003 15. Environment Protection (Duty of Care) Regulations 1991 16. Environmental Protection (Prescribed Processes and Substances) Regulations 1991(Part 1: Integrated Pollution Control and Air Pollution Control) 17. Groundwater Regulations 1998 18. Hazardous Waste Regulations 2004 19. Landfill Regulations 2002 20. Landfill Tax Regulation 1996 21. Noise Act 1996 22. Non-Road Mobile Machinery (Emission of Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants) Regulations 1999 23. Noise and Statutory Nuisance Act 1993 24. Pollution Prevention and Control Act 1999 25. Producer Responsibility Obligations (Packaging Waste) Regulations 1997 26. Producer Responsibility (Packaging Waste) Regulations 1997

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27. Smoke Control Areas (Authorised Fuels) (England) Regulations 2001 28. Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (England and Wales) Regulations 1999 29. Trade Effluent (Prescribed Processes and Substances) Regulations 1989 30. Waste Management Licensing Regulations 1994 and 1996 31. Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive (200296/EC) 32. Water Industry Act 1991 33. Water Resources Act 1991 APPENDIX C (Short List of Criteria) Position is close to local community Situated next to a major road Ample surrounding water supplies APPENDIX D (A short written brief as to why I have chosen the aspects / impacts and legislation listed in Appendix A and B) Foam as a fire fighting medium or training would be one of the most significant environmental aspects, given that fire appliances vehicles and portable pumps have a minimum pumping capacity of 1000 L/min at 10 bar with mixture strength of 0.2 to 1 percent of the foam concentrate. The concentrate in general use is Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) for fire fighting and Fluorine-Free Foam (FFF), due to its minimal environmental impact, is used for training and testing vehicles and equipment. The AFFF foam mixture when used, if untreated, could be classed as a significant environmental impact, as it would affect the biodiversity, polluting the watercourses, not only affecting the water but causing marine pollution, and contaminating the land possibly causing deforestation reducing natural carbon sinks leading to increased global warming. AFFF Foam storage and use may also cause pollution of ground water through leakage and spills. Components of AFFF foam concentrate do not biodegrade and could potentially bio accumulate. The storage and stock rotation of foam increases risk of spillage and generation of hazardous waste. The use of foam will be a high profile issue and a risk management programme will be required that adopts a Precautionary Principle in the use of foam. Legal duties under Legislation 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18,19, 20, 24, 25, 26, 30, 32 and 33 in Appendix B. Fire appliance vehicle mobilisation is an environmental aspect. The risk of contamination from special situations. The Fire Station will attend potential pollution incidents and situations where there may be contaminated run off from fires. The environmental impact would be similar to that of foam pollution. These require pollution control action to mitigate potential effects. Legal duties under Legislation 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18,19, 20, 24, 25, 26, 30, 32 and 33 in Appendix B. Air emissions of CO2. CO2 emissions from energy use in buildings, fire simulation and vehicles contributes to global warming would be another environmental aspect requiring

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effective management to ensure minimal pollution is generated. CO2 management will be high profile in any significant operation. The environmental impact would be the increase of CO2 globally, that according to Kuennen (2004), lead to ecological disaster, including wild swings in weather patterns, desertification, spread of hot-climate infectious diseases, and greater risks of severe, damaging weather. Legal duties under Legislation 2, 3, 4, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 22, and 24 in Appendix B. Hazardous Waste at Fire Station e.g. cleaning chemicals, oils for vehicle maintenance would be an environmental aspect to consider. The main environmental impact would be the risk of Hazardous Waste not being disposed of correctly resulting in potential environmental damage as well as non-compliance and potential prosecution. Legal duties under Legislation 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18,19, 20, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32 and 33 in Appendix B. Supply chain may be an aspect to consider ensuring the continuity and sustainability of supplies. There may be a risk of interruption to supply through suppliers having insufficient stock or poor transportation services, especially based on the remoteness of the fire station. This interruption to the supply may result in short term measures being taken, where other suppliers who can supply and transport essentially required goods and services may not be compliant with environmental legislation and ethical guidelines, which may then significantly impact on the environment. Ensure Best Available Techniques (BAT) or Best Practical Environment Options (BEPO) e.g. Product Stewardship, Design for the Environment (DfE) are adopted at every opportunity that also include emergency suppliers as part of the business continuity plan. Avoid wherever possible Black list and Grey list substances. Legal duties under Legislation 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18,19, 20, 24, 25, 26, 30 and 31 in Appendix B. Air emission of vehicle sooty deposits (particles measuring 10m or less - PM10) would be a significant environmental aspect given the vehicles are essential in transporting staff and equipment to scenes of operations. The fire station will have a fleet of HGV vehicles which will be required to comply with Department of Transport standards. The adoption of Euro V engines in the pumping appliance vehicles and other HGVs will ensure lower emissions along with low emission hybrid staff cars. The main environmental impact associated with PM10 according to Stedman, Linehan et al (1998) cause reductions in mortality rates and increased cardiovascular hospital admissions. A Travel Plan for the fire station staff may have a relatively high impact on vehicle emissions within the local travel plan. As part of the Local Authority, the risk that stakeholders may try to set demanding targets and timescales which are difficult to support. Legal duties under Legislation 2, 3, 4, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 22, and 24in Appendix B. The quantity of waste sent to landfill will be an environmental aspect. Waste minimisation must be considered at every opportunity with a robust waste minimisation strategy that reuses waste and any left over waste is recycled, where avoidance and reduction can not be achieved. It is difficult to predict the levels of commercial waste that will be generated. An environmental impact of pollution to the local environment, if waste contractors do not dispose of waste correctly and the fire station may be held legally responsible for the waste

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Name: Martin Kirk

Student No:316643

being disposed of incorrectly. This has a significant environmental and cost implication. For business continuity purposes the ever increasing cost of waste disposal would need to be considered to avoid excessive costs. Legal duties under Legislation 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18,19, 20, 24, 25, 26, 30 and 31 in Appendix B. Water Resources - use of water for operational use and domestic use in buildings. The supply of water for human consumption would be another significant environmental aspect, as the surrounding water may not be fit for human consumption. For business continuity purposes, if insufficient water is not readily available for human consumption it would predominately impact on the fire fighters who would become quickly dehydrated and unable to perform effectively in fighting fires or conducting rescues which would lead to further pollution if the fire is not extinguished in a timely manner or a chemical spill brought under control. This reduction of service could also result in being a significant impact to the environment due to the increased pollution. There would not be a significant risk of water shortage in fire fighting or conducting training as there is ample water in the surrounding area. Legal duties under Legislation 2, 3, 4, 5, 15, 17, 30, 32 and 33 in Appendix B. Planning and building the fire station is an environmental aspect that will need to adopt BAT or BEPO ensuring materials used in construction are those of the highest standards of sustainable building, ensuring energy consumption is kept to a minimum during the use of the fire station equally the deconstruction of the fire station at the end of its life is considered to ensure the waste has the minimum impact on the environment. The environmental impact, if the planning stage does not adopt a sustainable approach, will be increased pollution from a) construction, b) the proposed use during its life span and then c) finally the demolition. Legal duties under Legislation 1, 3, 4, 8, 15, 16, 17, 21, 27, 28, 29, 32 and 33 in Appendix B.

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APPENDIX E Map of Location

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References: Department of the Environment (1989) Environmental Assessment A Guide to the Procedures. London: HMSO Department of the Environment (1995) Preparation of Environmental Statements for Planning Projects that Require Environmental Assessment A Good Practice Guide. London: HMSO Global Resource Management Plc. (2004) Implementing an Environmental and Waste Management System, Leeds: Global Resource Management Plc, Local Government Management Board (1991). Environmental Audit for Local Authorities: A Guide. Luton: LGMB Portsmouth University (2006) Environmental Legislation and Management Systems (ELMS), Portsmouth: Portsmouth University, The Chartered Institute of Environmental Health (2007) CIEH Environmental Awareness First Principles, London: the Chartered Institute of Environmental Health United Nations Commission for Europe (1991). Policies and Systems of environmental impact assessment. Geneva: UN Websites: Environment Agency (2007) NetRegs, London: Environment Agency, found at: http://www.netregs.gov.uk/ Kuennen, T (2004), Primer On Climate Change. USA: The Expressways Publishing Project, found at: http://www.expresswaysonline.com/expwys/ourselves.html

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Scadplus (2007) Integrated pollution prevention and control: IPPC Directive, Belgium: European Communities, found at: http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l28045.htm Stedman, J., King, K., Holland, M. and Walton H. (2002) Quantification of the health effects of air pollution in the UK for revised PM10 objective analysis, Abingdon: The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, AEA Technology Environment National Environmental Technology Centre, AEAT/ENV/R/1162 Issue 1, found at: http://www.airquality.co.uk/archive/reports/cat02/aeat-env-r-1162.pdf References Building Research Establishment Limited (2007) Constructing the Future, Watford: BRE, Spring 2007 Issue 31 Environmental Assessment of Plans and Programmes Regulations Statutory Instrument 2004 No. 1633 Landfill Regulations 2002 PPC http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2000/20001973.htm Waste directive Council Directive 75/442/EEC as amended by Directives 91/156/EEC and 91/692/EEC. http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/legislation/pdf/waste_man_duty_code.pdf The Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) Regulations 1994 http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1994/Uksi_19942716_en_1.htm#end sea & eia http://www.environment agency.gov.uk/commondata/103196/852007? referrer=/aboutus/512398/1504325/1504415/832385/ The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (England and Wales) Regulations 1999 http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1999/19990293.htm bre http://www.bre.co.uk

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Name: Martin Kirk Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005. Duty of Care Regulations 1991 European Parliament and Council Directive 94/62/EC of 20

Student No:316643

http://85.10.200.197/bere/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/passivhausconference.pdf house http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexapi!prod! CELEXnumdoc&lg=EN&numdoc=31994L0062&model=guichett https://www.valpak.co.uk/ Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Regulations 2006 http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2006/uksi_20063289_en.pdf http://www.letsrecycle.com/materials/packaging/packaging_targets_2006.jsp pp1 chemical bunding http://publications.environmentagency.gov.uk/pdf/PMHO0204BHUP-e-e.pdf MANAGING FIRE WATER AND MAJOR SPILLAGES:PPG18 http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/pdf/PMHO600BBUD-e-e.pdf?lang=_e http://www.carboncalculator.co.uk/averages.php

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