Venturi effect

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The pressure at "1" is higher than at "2" because the fluidspeed at "1" is lower than at "2".


A flow of air through a venturi meter, showing the columns connected in a U-shape (a manometer) and partially
filled with water. The meter is "read" as a differential pressure head in cm or inches of water.
The Venturi effect is the reduction in fluid pressure that results when a fluid flows through a
constricted section of pipe. The Venturi effect is named after Giovanni Battista
Venturi (17461822), an Italian physicist.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Experimental apparatus
o 2.1 Venturi tubes
o 2.2 Orifice plate
3 Instrumentation and Measurement
o 3.1 Flow rate
o 3.2 Differential Pressure
4 Examples
5 See also
6 External links
7 References
[edit]Background
The Venturi effect is a jet effect; as with an (air) funnel, or a thumb on a garden hose, the
velocity of the fluid increases as the cross sectional area decreases, with the static
pressure correspondingly decreasing. According to the laws governing fluid dynamics, a
fluid's velocity must increase as it passes through a constriction to satisfy the principle of
continuity, while its pressure must decrease to satisfy the principle of conservation of
mechanical energy. Thus any gain in kinetic energy a fluid may accrue due to its increased
velocity through a constriction is negated by a drop in pressure. An equation for the drop in
pressure due to the Venturi effect may be derived from a combination of Bernoulli's
principle and the continuity equation.
The limiting case of the Venturi effect is when a fluid reaches the state of choked flow, where
the fluid velocity approaches the local speed of sound. In choked flow the mass flow rate will
not increase with a further decrease in the downstream pressure environment.
However, mass flow rate for a compressible fluid can increase with increased upstream
pressure, which will increase the density of the fluid through the constriction (though the
velocity will remain constant). This is the principle of operation of a de Laval nozzle.
Increasing source temperature will also increase the local sonic velocity, thus allowing for
increased mass flow rate.
Referring to the diagram to the right, using Bernoulli's equation in the special case of
incompressible flows (such as the flow of water or other liquid, or low speed flow of gas), the
theoretical pressure drop at the constriction is given by:

where is the density of the fluid, v
1
is the (slower) fluid velocity where the pipe is
wider, v
2
is the (faster) fluid velocity where the pipe is narrower (as seen in the figure).
This assumes the flowing fluid (or other substance) is not significantly compressible -
even though pressure varies, the density is assumed to remain approximately constant.
[edit]Experimental apparatus


Venturi tube demonstration apparatus built out of PVC pipe and operated with a vacuum pump
[edit]Venturi tubes
The simplest apparatus, as shown in the photograph and diagram, is a tubular setup
known as a Venturi tube or simply a venturi. Fluid flows through a length of pipe of
varying diameter. To avoid undue drag, a Venturi tube typically has an entry cone of 30
degrees and an exit cone of 5 degrees. To account for the assumption of an inviscid
fluid a coefficient of discharge is often introduced,.. which generally has a value of 0.98.
[edit]Orifice plate
Venturi tubes are more expensive to construct than a simple orifice plate which uses
the same principle as a tubular scheme, but the orifice plate causes significantly more
permanent energy loss.
[1]

[edit]Instrumentation and Measurement
Venturis are used in industrial and in scientific laboratories for measuring the flow of
liquids.
[edit]Flow rate
A venturi can be used to measure the volumetric flow rate Q.
Since

then

A venturi can also be used to mix a liquid with a gas. If a pump forces the
liquid through a tube connected to a system consisting of a venturi to increase
the liquid speed (the diameter decreases), a short piece of tube with a small
hole in it, and last a venturi that decreases speed (so the pipe gets wider
again), the gas will be sucked in through the small hole because of changes
in pressure. At the end of the system, a mixture of liquid and gas will appear.
See aspirator and pressure head for discussion of this type of siphon.
[edit]Differential Pressure
Main article: Pressure head
As fluid flows through a venturi, the expansion and compression of the fluids
cause the pressure inside the venturi to change. This principle can be used
in metrology for gauges calibrated for differential pressures. This type of
pressure measurement may be more convenient, for example, to measure
fuel or combustion pressures in jet or rocket engines.
[edit]Examples
The Venturi effect may be observed or used in the following:
Cargo Eductors on Oil, Product and Chemical ship tankers
Inspirators that mix air and flammable gas in grills, gas stoves, Bunsen
burners and airbrushes
Water aspirators that produce a partial vacuum using the kinetic energy
from the faucet water pressure
Steam siphons using the kinetic energy from the steam pressure to create
a partial vacuum
Atomizers that disperse perfume or spray paint (i.e. from a spray gun).
Foam firefighting nozzles and extinguishers
Carburetors that use the effect to suck gasoline into an engine's intake air
stream
Wine aerators, used to infuse air into wine as it is poured into a glass
The capillaries of the human circulatory system, where it indicates aortic
regurgitation
Aortic insufficiency is a chronic heart condition that occurs when the aortic
valve's initial large stroke volume is released and the Venturi effect draws
the walls together, which obstructs blood flow, which leads to a Pulsus
Bisferiens.
Protein skimmers (filtration devices for saltwater aquaria)
In automated pool cleaners that use pressure-side water flow to collect
sediment and debris
The barrel of the modern-day clarinet, which uses a reverse taper to
speed the air down the tube, enabling better tone, response and
intonation
Compressed air operated industrial vacuum cleaners
Venturi scrubbers used to clean flue gas emissions
Injectors (also called ejectors) used to add chlorine gas to water treatment
chlorination systems
Steam injectors use the Venturi effect and the latent heat of evaporation
to deliver feed water to a steam locomotive boiler.
Sand blasters used to draw fine sand in and mix it with air
Emptying bilge water from a moving boat through a small waste gate in
the hullthe air pressure inside the moving boat is greater than the water
sliding by beneath
A scuba diving regulator to assist the flow of air once it starts flowing
Modern vaporizers to optimize efficiency
In Venturi masks used in medical oxygen therapy
In recoilless rifles to decrease the recoil of firing
Ventilators
The diffuser on an automobile
Large cities where wind is forced between buildings
The leadpipe of a trombone, affecting the timbre
Foam proportioners used to induct Fire fighting foam foam concentrate
into fire protection systems
A simple way to demonstrate the Venturi effect is to squeeze and release a
flexible hose in which fluid is flowing: the partial vacuum produced in the
constriction is sufficient to keep the hose collapsed.
Venturi tubes are also used to measure the speed of a fluid, by measuring
pressure changes at different segments of the device. Placing a liquid in a U-
shaped tube and connecting the ends of the tubes to both ends of a Venturi is
all that is needed. When the fluid flows though the Venturi the pressure in the
two ends of the tube will differ, forcing the liquid to the "low pressure" side.
The amount of that move can be calibrated to the speed of the fluid flow.
[1]

[edit]See also
Venturi flume
Bernoulli's principle
De Laval nozzle
Bunsen burner
Choked flow
Orifice plate
Pitot tube
[edit]External links

Wikimedia Commons has media
related to: Venturi effect
3D animation of the Differential Pressure Flow Measuring Principle
(Venturi meter)
UT Austin. "Venturi Tube Simulation". Retrieved 2009-11-03.
[edit]References
1. ^
a

b
"The Venturi effect". Wolfram Demonstrations Project. Retrieved 2009-
11-03.
Categories: Fluid dynamics
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Def

In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that for an inviscid flow, an increase in the
speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease inpressure or a decrease in
the fluid's potential energy.
[1][2]
Bernoulli's principle is named after the Dutch-
Swiss mathematician Daniel Bernoulli who published his principle in his
book Hydrodynamica in 1738.
[3]

Bernoulli's principle can be applied to various types of fluid flow, resulting in what is loosely
denoted as Bernoulli's equation. In fact, there are different forms of the Bernoulli equation
for different types of flow. The simple form of Bernoulli's principle is valid for incompressible
flows (e.g. most liquid flows) and also forcompressible flows (e.g. gases) moving at
low Mach numbers. More advanced forms may in some cases be applied to compressible
flows at higher Mach numbers (see the derivations of the Bernoulli equation).
Bernoulli's principle can be derived from the principle of conservation of energy. This states
that, in a steady flow, the sum of all forms of mechanical energy in a fluid along
a streamline is the same at all points on that streamline. This requires that the sum of kinetic
energy and potential energy remain constant. Thus an increase in the speed of the fluid
occurs proportionately with an increase in both its dynamic pressure and kinetic energy, and
a decrease in its static pressure and potential energy. If the fluid is flowing out of a reservoir
the sum of all forms of energy is the same on all streamlines because in a reservoir the
energy per unit mass (the sum of pressure and gravitational potential g h) is the same
everywhere.
[4]

Fluid particles are subject only to pressure and their own weight. If a fluid is flowing
horizontally and along a section of a streamline, where the speed increases it can only be
because the fluid on that section has moved from a region of higher pressure to a region of
lower pressure; and if its speed decreases, it can only be because it has moved from a
region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure. Consequently, within a fluid flowing
horizontally, the highest speed occurs where the pressure is lowest, and the lowest speed
occurs where the pressure is highest.







A flow of air into a venturi meter. The kinetic energy increases at the expense of the fluid pressure, as shown by
the difference in height of the two columns of water.



Applications

Bernoulli's principle can be used to calculate the lift force on an airfoil if the behaviour of the
fluid flow in the vicinity of the foil is known. For example, if the air flowing past the top
surface of an aircraft wing is moving faster than the air flowing past the bottom surface, then
Bernoulli's principle implies that thepressure on the surfaces of the wing will be lower above
than below. This pressure difference results in an upwards lift force.
[nb 1][20]
Whenever the
distribution of speed past the top and bottom surfaces of a wing is known, the lift forces can
be calculated (to a good approximation) using Bernoulli's equations
[21]
established by
Bernoulli over a century before the first man-made wings were used for the purpose of flight.
Bernoulli's principle does not explain why the air flows faster past the top of the wing and
slower past the underside. To understand why, it is helpful to understand circulation,
the Kutta condition, and the KuttaJoukowski theorem.


The wings of an aeroplane are designed such that the upper surface has a greater curvature than its
lower surface. As the aeroplane moves, the air blows in the form of streamlines. The air travels a
longer distance over the upper surface when compared to distance to its lower surface, in a given
time. This creates a difference in the velocity of the air above and below, as shown. The pressure at
top of the wing is low and below the wing is high. This pressure difference gives it an additional thrust.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bC8v6hlXnSk
The working of spray-gun is based on Bernoulli's theorem

When the rubber bulb is squeezed, air is blown into the tube A, due to which, low pressure and high
velocity is created. Since this pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure, the liquid is pushed up.
This rising liquid is sprayed out of the nozzle 'N', due to the blowing air.





Curve of a Baseball
A non-spinning baseball or a stationary baseball in an airstream exhibits symmetric
flow. A baseball which is thrown with spin will curve because one side of the ball
will experience a reduced pressure. This is commonly interpreted as an application
of the Bernoulli principle and involves the viscosity of the air and the boundary
layer of air at the surface of the ball.

The roughness of the ball's
surface and the laces on the ball
are important! With a perfectly
smooth ball you would not get
enough interaction with the air.
There are some difficulties with this picture of the curving baseball. The Bernoulli
equation cannot really be used to predict the amount of curve of the ball; the flow
of the air is compressible, and you can't track the density changes to quantify the
change in effective pressure. The experimental work of Watts and Ferrer with
baseballs in a wind tunnel suggests another model which gives prominent attention
to the spinning boundary layer of air around the baseball. On the side of the ball
where the boundary layer is moving in the same direction as the free stream air
speed, the boundary layer carries further around the ball before it separates into
turbulent flow. On the side where the boundary layer is opposed by the free stream
flow, it tends to separate prematurely. This gives a net deflection of the airstream
in one direction behind the ball, and therefore a Newton's 3rd lawreaction force on
the ball in the opposite direction. This gives an effective force in the same direction
indicated above.
Similar issues arise in the treatment of a spinning cylinder in an airstream, which
has been shown to experience lift. This is the subject of the Kutta-Joukowski
theorem. It is also invoked in the discussion of airfoil lift.
Airfoil
The air across the top of a conventional airfoil experiences constricted flow lines
and increased air speed relative to the wing. This causes a decrease in pressure on
the top according to the Bernoulli equation and provides a lift force.
Aerodynamicists (see Eastlake) use the Bernoulli model to correlate with pressure
measurements made in wind tunnels, and assert that when pressure measurements
are made at multiple locations around the airfoil and summed, they do agree
reasonably with the observed lift.

Illustration of lift force
and angle of attack
Bernoulli vs Newton
for airfoil lift
Airfoil terminology

Others appeal to a model based on Newton's laws and
assert that the main lift comes as a result of the angle
of attack. Part of the Newton's law model of part of
the lift force involves attachment of the boundary
layer of air on the top of the wing with a
resulting downwash of air behind the wing. If the wing
gives the air a downward force, then by Newton's third
law, the wing experiences a force in the opposite
direction - a lift. While the "Bernoulli vs Newton"
debate continues, Eastlake's position is that they are
really equivalent, just different approaches to the same
physical phenonenon. NASA has a nice aerodynamics
site at which these issues are discussed.
Increasing the angle of attack gives a larger lift from
the upward component of pressure on the bottom of
the wing. The lift force can be considered to be
a Newton's 3rd law reaction force to the force exerted
downward on the air by the wing.
At too high an angle of attack, turbulent flow increases
the drag dramatically and will stall the aircraft.

A vapor trail over the wing helps visualize the air flow.
Bernoulli's Equation tells us how much the pressure within a
moving fluid increases or decreases as the speed of the fluid
changes. Here is Bernoulli's equation:

where
is the first point along the pipe
is the second point along the pipe
is static pressure in newtons per meter squared
is density in kilograms per meter cubed
is velocity in meters per second
is gravitational acceleration in meters per second squared
is height in meters






Bernoulli Equation
The Bernoulli Equation can be considered to be a statement of the conservation of
energy principle appropriate for flowing fluids. The qualitative behavior that is
usually labeled with the term "Bernoulli effect" is the lowering of fluid pressure in
regions where the flow velocity is increased. This lowering of pressure in a
constriction of a flow path may seem counterintuitive, but seems less so when you
consider pressure to be energy density. In the high velocity flow through the
constriction, kinetic energy must increase at the expense of pressure energy.

Bernoulli calculation








There are several other interesting illustrationssometimes fun and in one
case potentially tragicof Bernoulli's principle. For instance, there is the
reason why a shower curtain billows inward once the shower is turned on.
It would seem logical at first that the pressure created by the water would
push the curtain outward, securing it to the side of the bathtub.
Instead, of course, the fast-moving air generated by the flow of water from
the shower creates a center of lower pressure, and this causes the curtain to
move away from the slower-moving air outside. This is just one example of
the ways in which Bernoulli's principle creates results that, on first glance
at least, seem counterintuitivethat is, the opposite of what common sense
would dictate.
Another fascinating illustration involves placing two empty soft drink cans
parallel to one another on a table, with a couple of inches or a few
centimeters between them. At that point, the air on all sides has the same
slow speed. If you were to blow directly between the cans, however, this
would create an area of low pressure between them. As a result, the cans
push together. For ships in a harbor, this can be a frightening prospect:
hence, if two crafts are parallel to one another and a strong wind blows
between them, there is a possibility that they may behave like the cans.
Then there is one of the most illusory uses of Bernoulli's principle, that
infamous baseball pitcher's trick called the curve ball. As the ball moves
through the air toward the plate, its velocity creates an air stream moving
against the trajectory of the ball itself. Imagine it as two lines, one curving
over the ball and one curving under, as the ball moves in the opposite
direction.
In an ordinary throw, the effects of the airflow would not be particularly
intriguing, but in this case, the pitcher has deliberately placed a "spin" on
the ball by the manner in which he has thrown it. How pitchers actually
produce spin is a complex subject unto itself, involving grip, wrist
movement, and other factors, and in any case, the fact of the spin is more
important than the way in which it was achieved.
If the direction of airflow is from right to left, the ball, as it moves into the
airflow, is spinning clockwise. This means that the air flowing over the ball
is moving in a direction opposite to the spin, whereas that flowing under it
is moving in the same direction. The opposite forces produce a drag on the
top of the ball, and this cuts down on the velocity at the top compared to
that at the bottom of the ball, where spin and airflow are moving in the
same direction.
Thus the air pressure is higher at the top of the ball, and as per Bernoulli's
principle, this tends to pull the ball downward. The curve ballof which
there are numerous variations, such as the fade and the slidercreates an
unpredictable situation for the batter, who sees the ball leave the pitcher's
hand at one altitude, but finds to his dismay that it has dropped
dramatically by the time it crosses the plate.
A final illustration of Bernoulli's often counterintuitive principle neatly
sums up its effects on the behavior of objects. To perform the experiment,
you need only an index card and a flat surface. The index card should be
folded at the ends so that when the card is parallel to the surface, the ends
are perpendicular to it. These folds should be placed about half an inch
(about one centimeter) from the ends.
At this point, it would be handy to have an unsuspecting personsomeone
who has not studied Bernoulli's principleon the scene, and challenge him
or her to raise the card by blowing under it. Nothing could seem easier, of
course: by blowing under the card, any person would naturally assume, the
air will lift it. But of course this is completely wrong according to Bernoulli's
principle. Blowing under the card, as illustrated, will create an area of high
velocity and low pressure. This will do nothing to lift the card: in fact, it
only pushes the card more firmly down on the table.