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Analog Communications Lab

Swarnandhra College of Engineering and Technology Page 25 TABULAR FORM:PREEMPHASIS:

S.No Frequency(Hz) O/p voltage(V

0

) Gain in dB 20log(V
0

/V
i

DE-EMPHASIS: S.No Frequency(Hz) O/p voltage(V

0

) Gain in dB 20log(V
0

/V
i

Analog Communications Lab

Swarnandhra College of Engineering and Technology

Page 26 MODEL GRAPH: Gain in dBPreemphasisFrequenc yDe- emphasis RESULT: Thus the preemphasis and deemphasis

characteristics are studied. VIVA -VOCE: 1. What is the need for preemphasis?2. Explain the operation of preemphasis

circuit.3. Pre emphasis operation is similar to high pass filter with gain in pass band explainhow?4.

De emphasis operation is similar to low pass filter with attenuation in stop band,Justify?5. What is deemphasis?6. Draw the frequency

response of a preemphasis circuit.7. Draw the frequency response of a deemphasis circuit.8. Give the formula for the cutoff frequency of the

pre-emphasis circuit.9. What is the significance of the 3dB bandwidth. REMARKS: Signature of the Faculty.

Analog Communications Lab

Swarnandhra College of Engineering and Technology Page 27 Expt. No:Date: FREQUENCY MODULATION

AND DEMODULATIO N AIM: To generate the frequency modulated waveform with different

modulation indices anddemodulate the same. EQUIPMENT: 1. F.M modulator and demodulator kit2.

Dual trace C.R.O3. Signal generator4. Connecting leads CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Analog Communications Lab

Swarnandhra College of Engineering and Technology

Page 28 THEORY: In the process of modulation, some characteristics of a high frequency (carrier) sinewave is varied in accordance with

instantaneous values of the information or modulatingsignal. FREQUENCY MODULATION: Frequency modulation is that form of angle

modulation in which the instantaneousfreq uency )( t f

i

is varied linearly with the base band signal m(t) . The instantaneous frequencyof an FM signal is given by

)()( t mk f t f
f ci

+=

.The term
c

f represents the frequency of the un-modulated

carrier, and the constant

f

represents the frequency sensitivity of the modulator, expressed in

Hz/volts (assuming m(t) isa voltage waveform). Integrating the above equation with respect to time and

multiplying theresult by 2 , we get

+=
t f ci

dt t mk t f t
0

)(22)(

. (Assuming that the angle of theunmodulated carrier wave is zero at t = 0).The

frequency modulated wave is thus given as }])(22cos[)(

0

+=
t f cc

dt t mk t f At s

 The figure below shows the frequency modulated or FM wave form. The informationor modulating signal and the un

modulated carrier is shown in figure a. With FM, themodulating signal changes the frequency of the carrier rather than its amplitude. The resultingfrequency

modulated waveform is shown in the figure b. At

0

T , the modulated waveform is atits center frequency.

As the modulating signal swings positive, the frequency of the carrier isincreased. The carrier reaches its maximum frequency when the modulating

signal reaches itsmaximum amplitude at time

1

T
.

At time T
2

, the modulating signal returns to 0 and the carrierreturns to its center frequency. After T
2

, the modulating signal swings negative. This forcesthe carrier below its center frequency. The carrier again returns to its center frequency whenthe

modulating signal returns to 0 volts at time T

4

. Between times T
4

and

T
8

, the modulatingsignal repeats its cycle. As a result, the carrier is again shifted in frequency. It

swings firstabove and then below its center frequency. Notice that it returns to its center frequency eachtime the modulating signal passes through 0

volts.The carrier changes equally above and below its center frequency. The amount of frequency change is called the frequency

deviation. For example, lets assume that a carriercontinuousl y swings form 100 MHz up to 100.1MHz and back to 100MHz. The

frequencydeviatio n is +0.1MHz or +100 KHz. The rate of frequency deviation is determined by thefrequency of the modulating signal. For

example, if the modulating signal is a 1 KHz audiotone, the carrier will swing above and below its center frequency 1000 times each second.

A10 KHz audio tone will still cause the carrier to deviate +100 KHz, but this time at the rate of 10000 times each second. Thus, the frequency of

the modulating signal determines the rate of frequency deviation but not the amount of deviation.

Analog Communications Lab

Swarnandhra College of Engineering and Technology

Page 29 The amount that the carrier deviates from its center frequency is determined by theamplitude of the modulating signal. A high

amplitude audio tone may cause a deviation of

100 KHz. A lower amplitude tone of the same frequency may

cause a deviation of only

50KHz.Thus the frequencymodulated waveform has the following characteristics:1.

It is constant in amplitude but varies in frequency.2. The rate of carrier deviation is the same as the

frequency of the modulating signal.3. The amount of carrier deviation is directly proportional to the amplitude of

themodulating signal. MODULATION INDEX: In AM, the degree of modulation is measured as a percentage form 0% to 100% or asa

modulation factor from 0 to 1. In angle modulation, the degree of modulation is measuredby the modulation index. The equation for

modulation index is
md

f fm

=
d

= the frequency deviation

m

f = the modulating frequencyWhile the modulation factor in AM is limited to a

decimal between 0 and 1, the modulationindex in angle modulation can reach quite high numerical values. Another measure of

anglemodulation is the deviation ratio. This is the ratio of the maximum deviation to the maximum

Analog Communications Lab

Swarnandhra College of Engineering and Technology

Page 30 audio frequency; thus, it is a total system measurement rather than the instantaneousmea surement of modulation index.

FM DEMODULATOR The 565 phase locked loop is a general purpose circuit designed for highly linear F.Mdemodulation. During lock, the

average D.C level of the phase comparator output is directlyproportion al to the frequency of the input signal. As the input frequency shifts, it

is this outputsignal which causes the VCO to shift its frequency to match that of the input. Consequentlythe linearity of the phase comparator

output with frequency is determined by voltage tofrequency transfer function of the VCO. Because of its unique and highly

linear VCO, the 565can lock to and track an input signal over a very wide range (typically 60%) with very highlinearity

(typically within 0.5%). PROCEDURE: 1. Turn on the FM trainer and patch the circuit as shown in the figure.2. Connect 200Hz sine wave

from the audio oscillator to the input of FM.3. Connect the oscilloscope to the pin 2 of IC XR2206 (output) and set the CRO time/cmcontrol to

2ms/cm and the vertical input to 1 v/cm. The CRO should display a sine waveoutput. If not check the circuit for patching errors.4. Turn

potentiometer to mid range. The CRO should show a slightly blurred sine wave. Thisgraphically illustrates the frequency deviation of the

FM output. It occurs because theoscilloscope triggers each move at the same point on the display. However, since eachcycle has a slightly different

frequency, the blurred display results.5. Calculate the values of

maxmin

& TT

for the blurred sine wave. Calculate the frequencydeviatio n using the formula

=
maxmin

11 TT f .6. Patch the FM output to the input of the demodulator.7. Connect the CRO to pin 7 of the 565 phase locked loop.

Set the time/cm control to2ms/cm and the vertical input to 0.5V/cm. At this point, you may or may not observe theaudio output signal displayed on the

CRO. You must adjust the 565 PLL to the correctoperating frequency. To do this, adjust R
2

until a sine wave output is displayed

on theoscilloscope. At this point, the VCO operating frequency is same as the input frequency.The sine wave output is the error voltage

required to keep the VCO locked on to the inputFM signal.8. Note down the amplitude and check the frequency of the demodulated

signal.9. Now increase the amplitude of the input signal and repeat steps 5 - 8 for this input signal.10. For a given input signal, adjust R1 and note

the effect on the blurred output. R

1

controlsthe amplitude of the message signal and thus changes the value of deviation.11. Also

by keeping the input signal amplitude constant, change the frequency of the inputsignal and observe the blurred output. Since the input

amplitude is constant, the deviationshould remain constant irrespective of the change in input frequency.12. Turn off the trainer.

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Pavendiran Coimbatore nice....... 03 / 19 / 2012

DE MODULATOR: for AC Lab Manual for Ece

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SEETHARAMPURAM, NARASAPUR 534 280 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS S.NO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENTS DATE OF Expt. No: Date: AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

AMPLITUDE MODULATION: DEGREES OF MODULATION: DEMODUALTION: PROCEDURE: TABULAR FORM: MODULATING SIGNAL FREQUENCY CONSTANT: MODULATING SIGNAL AMPLITUDE CONSTANT: DISCUSSION: Vm < Vc Vm = Vc DE MODULATED SIGNAL: RESULT: REMARKS: AM DSB - SC MODULATION & DE MODULATION AM DSB-SC De Modulator (Synchronous Detector) THEORY: IC BALANCED MODULATORS: MODULATOR: Frequency in hertz OBSERVATIONS: DE MODULATOR: Frequency in hertzs VIVA-VOCE: SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF MODULATED SIGNALS USING SPECTRUM ANALYZER APPARATUS: Types of Spectrum Analyzers MODEL GRAPHS: AM WAVE: DSB-SC WAVE: VIVA - VOCE: DIODE DETECTOR CHARACTERISTICS CALCULATIONS: PRE-EMPHASIS AND DE-EMPHASIS De-emphasis PRE-EMPHASIS DE-EMPHASIS PRE-EMPHASIS: DE-EMPHASIS: MODEL GRAPH: VIVA -VOCE: FREQUENCY MODULATION: MODULATION INDEX: FM DEMODULATOR TABULAR FORM: Modulating signal frequency (fm) = Modulating signal amplitude =

Demodulation: AGC CHARACTERISTICS DESCRIPTION: 1. RF Generator: 2. AF Generator: Amplitude SAMPLING THEOREM 1. Time domain statement 2. Frequency domain statement Sampling: Recovery: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: MODEL WAVE FORMS: VIVA VOCE: PWM, PPM -MODULATION AND DEMODULATION EQUIPMENT: PWM: MODULATION: DEMODULATION: PPM: PHASE LOCKED LOOP PIN AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF 565 PLL: THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:

55 p. AC Lab Manual for Ece

56 p. AC Lab Manual for Ece

20 p.

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