Theoretical and Experimental Modal Analysis

Topics: Experimental and theoretical routes Introduction to model testing, vibration testing Models of vibrating structures Spatial model Modal model and Response model
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Introduction
Modal analysis is a method to describe a structure in terms of its natural characteristics which are the frequency, damping and mode shapes its dynamic properties. o Modal analysis involves process of determining the modal parameters of a structure to construct a modal model of the response
Theoretical [ Finite Element Analysis (FEA) ] and Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA) have been very separate engineering activities aimed at solving above mentioned common problem. Now the two technologies are converging and powerful new tools for solving noise and vibration problems are emerging as a result.

Experimental and theoretical routes

Experimental and theoretical routes

The modal parameters may be determined by analytical means, such as finite element analysis, and one of the common reasons for experimental modal analysis is the verification/correction of the results of the analytical approach (model updating). Often, though, an analytical model does not exist and the modal parameters determined experimentally serve as the model for future evaluations such as structural modifications. Predominately, experimental modal analysis is used to explain a dynamics problem, vibration or acoustic, that is not obvious from intuition, analytical models, or previous similar experience.
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Theoretical and Experimental Modal Analysis

Topics: Experimental and theoretical routes Introduction to model testing, vibration testing Models of vibrating structures Spatial model Modal model and Response model
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Introduction to Modal Testing

Introduction to Modal Testing

Introduction to Modal Testing

Introduction to Modal Testing

Introduction to Modal Testing

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Introduction to Modal Testing

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Modal Testing ( Linearity Assumption )

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Modal Testing

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Anatomy of FFT analyzer

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Modal Testing

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Curve Fitting Methods

CURVE FITTING METHODS All curve fitting methods fall into one of the following categories,
o o o o Local SDOF Local MDOF Global Multi-Reference (Poly Reference)

SDOF methods estimate modal parameters one mode at a time. MDOF, Global, and Multi-Reference methods can simultaneously estimate modal parameters for two or more modes at a time.
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Curve fitting technique [ Peak picking method ]

Modal Damping as Peak Width
The width of the resonance peak is a measure of modal damping. The resonance peak width should also be the same for all FRF measurements, meaning that modal damping is the same in every FRF measurement. The width is actually measured at the so-called half power point, and is approximately equal to twice the modal damping (in Hz).

Mode Shape From Quadrature Peaks

From (displacement/force) or (acceleration/force) FRFs, the peak values of the imaginary part of the FRFs are taken as components of the mode shape. This is called the Quadrature method of curve fitting. From (velocity/force) FRFs, the peak values of the real part are used as mode shape components.
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Curve fitting technique [ Peak picking method ]

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Curve fitting techniques [ Circle fit ]

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Curve fitting techniques

Local MDOF Methods
The Complex Exponential and the Rational Fraction Polynomial methods Complex Exponential (CE) This algorithm curve fits and analytical expression for a structural impulse response to experimental impulse response data. A set of impulse response data is normally obtained by applying the Inverse FFT to a set of FRF measurements, as shown in Figure .

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Curve fitting techniques

Rational Fraction Polynomial (RFP) This method applies the rational fraction polynomial expression shown in Figure directly to an FRF measurement. Its advantage is that it can be applied over any frequency range of data, and particularly in the vicinity of a resonance peak.

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Curve fitting techniques

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Theoretical and Experimental Modal Analysis

Topics: Experimental and theoretical routes Introduction to model testing, vibration testing Models of vibrating structures Spatial model Modal model and Response model
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Models of vibrating structures

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Acknowledgements

ContentsforsomeoftheslidesofthepresentationhavebeentakenfromtheB&K Applicationnotes

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