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Contents

Part I : Technical Session
1. Remarks on "Science, Technology and Society"
- Prof. Dr. Dayananda Bajracharya 1
2. Role of Science and Technology in Poverty Reduction
- Dr. Shankar Sharma 3
3. Comments:
- Dr. Binayak Bhadra 6
4. Highlights on Science and Technology and Its Role in Today's World
- Prof. Dr. Pramod Kumar Jha 10
5. Comments:
- Prof. Dr. M.B. Gyawali 15
6. Role of MOST with other Ministries and Its Line Agency
- Dr. Shom Pudasani 17
7. Comments:
- Mohan Bahadur Karki 22

Part II : Evaluation & Recommendation
1. General Report 23
2. Recommendations 25

Part III : Annexes
1. Programme 27
2. Inaugural Session
(a) Welcome Address and Highlight of the seminar
By Hon'ble State Minister Mrs. Prativa Rana, State Minister,
Ministry of Science and Technology 29
(b) Inauguration of the Programme by the Chief Guest
Rt. Honble Prime Minister Mr. Sher Bahadur Deuba 31
(c) Vote of thanks
Dr. Swoyambhu Man Amatya, Secretary, Ministry of Science and Technology 33
(d) Remarks and Closing of Ceremony by the Chairman
Hon'ble Minister Mr. Balaram Ghartimagar, Ministry of Science and Technology 34
3. List of Participants 35
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4. A Glimpse of the Seminar 36
Science, Technology and Society
- Prof. Dr. Dayananda Bajracharya

Science is, in a very fundamental sense, the process of seeking truth. It is a common heritage of mankind. People of all nations have
contributed to its development. Openness, universality, honesty, quality and respect for evidence are important values of scientific
enterprise. It is one of the most remarkable human achievements.
Advances in Science and Technology
In the last century many advances were made in science and technology that will have lasting impact on humanity. Among others,
the 20
th
century will best be remembered as the century in which the atom was split, a relation between matter and energy was
revealed, man defied gravity and landed on the moon, silicon turned into computing power, the Internet was created, antibiotic was
discovered, DNA was spliced and manipulated, test tube babies were born, sheep named Dolly was cloned and human genome was
decoded. While advances in physical sciences changed our view about the genesis of universe, advances made in biological sciences
changed our view about our-selves, our relation with the universe and our place in creation. In the first half of 20
th
century
physicists were revered and feared for what atom could do to the society. Today, such ambivalent feelings are held towards
biologist for what DNA could do.
Growing Pace of Science and Technology
Scientific knowledge is growing at an unprecedented speed. More new information has been generated in the last 30 years than in
the previous 5000 years. Scientific knowledge now doubles every 3-4 years. Similarly, technology is also growing at a galloping pace.
In the 19
th
century it used to take over 50 years for the scientific discoveries to result in new technologies. In the second half of 20
th

century, it was reduced to less than 20 years. Today, the transition from science to technological innovation takes only 5-10 years.
With such explosion in knowledge, the world economies in 21
st
century will increasingly become knowledge-based, with value-
added coming more from knowledge than materials.
Impact of Science and Technology
Advances in scientific knowledge have led to great benefits to humankind. Life expectancy has increased strikingly. Cures have been
discovered for many diseases. Antibiotics alone have saved more human lives than were killed by all the centurys wars combined.
Agricultural output has increased significantly and helped fight hunger. The use of new energy resources has freed humankind from
arduous labor. A number of industrial products and processes have made life more comfortable. Due to progress in transportation
and communication, millions of human beings cross national borders every day and hundreds of millions of written, visual and
sound message are exchanged instantaneously all around the world. There are billions of pages of information in World Wide Web.
With the click of a mouse, individuals around the world can access to them. However, despite many positive achievements in using
science for human benefit, indiscriminate use of scientific advances has at the same time contributed to the production of weapons
of mass destruction, adverse climate change and environmental degradation. There are still no cures for many diseases such as
HIV/AIDS and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Hunger and poverty still exist in significant parts of the world. Existing
science and technology structure is worsening the divide between rich and poor nations. New advances in biological sciences, such
as cloning, stem cell research and genetic engineering, are confronting our society with more and more complex ethical and moral
questions.
Science, Technology and Development
Science serves as an engine for economic development of a nation. There is a growing consensus among planners and economists
that at least half, if not more, of economic growth of countries is directly attributable to science. In a globalizing knowledge- driven
world of 21
st
century this contribution can only become higher. It is well recognized now that there is a distinct relation between
the scientific capability and economic well-being of a nation. For example, science-rich nations of the north with only 20% of world
population possess 80% of worlds wealth whereas science-poor nations of the south with nearly 80% world population possess
only about 20% of worlds wealth. Poorest fifth of worlds nations hold only 1.4% of world riches whereas some 358 billionaires
from rich countries have wealth equal to the combined income of nearly 2.2 billion people from poor nations. Nearly 4.3 billion
people from 140 states still live in abject poverty. Nearly one billion people have no access to safe drinking water and basic
sanitation. According to the late Abdus Salam, a Nobel Laureate, the widening economic gap between rich and poor nations is
basically due to a gap in their scientific capability.
Do Poor Nations Need Science?

Vice-Chancellor, Royal Nepal Academy for Science & Technology.

1
Many people in developing nations believe that science is a luxury for poor nations. But it is necessary to understand that science
cannot be imported as commodities from foreign producers and that every nation needs to develop its own scientific capability. To
judiciously assess the risks and opportunities of emerging technologies, developing nations need more, not less, science than the
developed nations. Nobel Laureates from developing countries have always stressed on the importance of science in the
development of poor nations. According to the late C. V. Raman, the first Asian to receive Nobel Prize in science, there is only one
solution to economic problems of poor nations. That is science, more science and still more science. Similarly, Abdus Salam had
always advocated that the key to economic progress in the developing countries is first to build and then sustain scientific
capability. There is no short cut to it. No doubt, science alone cannot develop a nation but no nation can develop without science.
There is not a single nation which has come out of underdevelopment without putting big emphasis on investing in science and
technology. All nations, including poor nations, will continue to face challenges that require sound scientific knowledge and
technology for their resolution. In the 21
st
century the success of all countries and societies around the world increasingly depend
on their capacity to generate and access science, technology and innovation. Enhancing scientific capacity in poor nations is,
therefore, truly a necessity not a luxury.

Since 1960s a DNA Molecule became a New Symbol of Science Till 1950s an Atom was a Symbol of Science
Science, Technology and Future
During the 21
st
century human society faces the daunting task of forging a new relationship with the natural world. This new
relationship is defined by the concept of sustainability that implies meeting current human needs while preserving the environment
and natural resources needed by future generation. Sustainable development is one of the greatest challenges humanity has ever
faced. The worlds population, which stands at about 6 billion at present, is expected to reach nearly 9 billion by 2050. About 80%
of this population will live in developing countries. This population growth will result in enormous demand for more food, shelter,
health care, safe drinking water, energy and material. It will also lead to further loss of biodiversity and environmental degradation.
These are all areas that are central to sustainable development and also where science and technology has much to offer. This is the
reason why science and technology is being increasingly recognized as the foundation for sustainable development and the best
hope for a better human future. Unless problems related to these issues of sustainable development are properly addressed, intense
competition for human needs could lead to national, regional and international conflicts and threaten world peace. Scientists,
however, believe that such a dismal forecast need not come to pass. Effective application of current and new scientific knowledge,
if supported by political will, appropriate socio-economic policies and international cooperation, can produce substantial progress
towards a sustainable human future.

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Role of Science and Technology in Poverty Reduction
- Dr. Shankar Sharma

Scientific and technological development presents tremendous opportunities for economic growth, poverty reduction, and human
development. Technology not only helps in doing old things in better ways but also demonstrates new ways of doing previously
unimagined things, the technological development - industrial revolution, green revolution, advancement in health sciences,
improvement in transport technology, the fusion of information and communication technology, progress in knowledge and
education - has broken the bounds of cost, time, distance and capability of doing things. These developments have helped to
increase production and productivity of the economy dramatically. However, the dissemination and utilization of technological
development have been uneven and the benefits of these developments have been distributed to the poorer countries, poorly.
Nepal, in a limited way is trying to develop, import and disseminate technology focusing more on poverty reduction. As agriculture
plays a prominent role in reducing poverty, the focus of agricultural development has been on the development and utilization of
improved seed, better irrigation facilities and enhanced soil fertility, as guided by the Agricultural Perspective Plan. To make
research and dissemination complementary to each other, the government, among other components, has also initiated agricultural
research and development fund to be used by the farmers according to their needs and demand.
Nepal has adopted liberal and market oriented policy in importing goods and service and attracting foreign investment to make the
economy competitive and effective. The policy has provided the opportunity for importing, developing and using new technology
by allowing the imports of capital goods and facilitating transfer of technology in an easier manner in the country. In addition,
increasing ODA has helped to bring and adopt newer technology in Nepal.
In a similar manner, Nepal has give emphasis on health, especially to improve overall health of the population and increase
longevity by adopting and disseminating new technologies. Increased focus on education is expected to improve the absorbing
capacity of the people.
One of the problems of technology transfer is the inappropriateness of technology. Technology does not become useful and
sustainable if it is not appropriate. However, if the technology is simple, labour intensive, applicable to small productive units,
carries smaller risk, and suits the country conditions the technology will be more sustainable. In this context, Nepal's effort to
expand bio-gas, micro-hydro and indigenous medicine (aurbed) is commendable.
Technological progress should not be confined to the industrial and mechanical arts. It should also include improvements in
economic organization-perhaps a reform of marketing arrangements, or better incentives for extension workers or better
management of the economy. Furthermore it covers improvements in skill, resulting from formal training or from 'learning by
doing'. These types of changes can also lower average cost sometimes substantially and improves the effectiveness of the program
dramatically.
Keeping in view some of these issues, HMG has prepared and implemented highly focused and prioritized plan (or poverty
reduction strategy) supported by monitoring framework and medium term expenditure framework. Sectoral business plans are also
being prepared and significant progress has also been made in implementing decentralized delivery-involving local bodies, private
sector, NGOs and CBOs and local communities, in implementing and managing service delivery functions. Overall improvement
in the management of the economy combined with the emphasis on technological adoption, development and dissemination are
expected to help expedite the poverty alleviation program of the country. The overall paper can be summarized in the following
heads:

Vice-Chairman, National Planning Commission.

3
How Technology can Help Poverty Alleviation
Economic Growth
Advancement of Medicine
Agriculture Growth
Education/Knowledge Technology
Technology and Economic Growth
Transport and Communication
Industrial Revolution
Green Revolution
Information Technology
Educational Advancement
Medical Advancement
Antibiotics and Vaccines
Oral Rehydration
HIV/AIDS
Other Innovations and Development
Industrial Revolution (only examples)
Steam Engine
Computer Chips
Energy Technologies
Industrial equipment and Technologies
Green Revolution
High Yield Varieties
Fertilizer Use
Investment in Irrigation and Infrastructure
Pesticides
Knowledge and Information Technology
Human Skills
R & D Expenditures
Increased Number of Scientist and Engineers
Advancement in ICT
Human Deprivation in Nepal
Poverty Incidence (app. 30% or 7 million)
Child Mortality Rate 91 (per 000)
Adult Literacy 49.2%
Agriculture still Subsistence
Technological Development Efforts for Poverty Alleviation in Nepal
Facilitation of Transfer of Technology
Demand Led R and D
Promotion and Dev. Of Appropriate Technology
Education
Other Interventions
Facilitation of Transfer of Technology
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Conducive Environment for Trade and Investment
Development Assistance
Deregulation
Government Support for Adoption
Trade, Investment, and Deregulation
Tariff Reduction from 32% to 14% in 10 years time
Open Investment Policy
Licensing System Removed
ODA and Governments Support in Adoption of Technology
ODA Increasing
Facilities Improved for Adoption of New Technology
Deregulation Expedited
Demand led Research
Appropriate Technology
Appropriate Energy Technology (120, 000 hhls/year )
Efforts for increased Indigenous Medical Technology
Conservation of Bio-diversity
Improving Technological Absorbing Capacity
Increased Focus in Education
Emphasis on Medical and Engineering Education
Development of Different Scientific Labs and Facilities in the Government


5
Comments on the paper entitled
"Role of Science and Technology in Poverty Reduction"
- Dr. Binayak Bhadra

The basic ideas of the power-point presentation are indeed very sound and agreeable, specially as they relate to Science and Technology
Policy. So my comments are simply going to elaborate S&T Policy themes. The promotion, development (R&D), adoption and transfer
of technology are an important consideration. But perhaps it needs to be examined in the context of the demand side and resources
available. Thus, a development strategy based on hydro-power may be quite relevant for our consideration.
The strategy for industrialization through hydro-power development, in the medium term, is likely to be dominated by three broad
thrusts towards integration, which are listed below:
Rural Electrification Initiative
Electric Transportation Systems
Energy Intensive Industries
In addition, as already noted, integration of hydro energy with the development process, also requires a balance between centralised
and decentralised hydroelectricity development. The grid electricity or hydro-energy can form a strong base for the national
development in Nepal. Hydro-electricity may be utilised in Industry to enhance her comparative advantage in exports, and hydro-
electricity can be used in transportation, to reduce the imports of fossil fuels and also to reduce environmental pollution from
internal combustion engines used in vehicles. In agriculture and agro-industrial activities, the integration can take the form of
hydro-electricity use in lift irrigation, food processing, refrigeration, canning and a host of other manufacturing and processing
activities.
Rural Electrification Initiative
One important consideration is related to the strategies of rural industries development and off-farm employment generation. The core
of such a strategy will be that of the agricultural diversification and specialization, which leads to demand for irrigation and transportation
services. The opportunities for agriculture based rural industries also expand with agricultural diversification. The provision of motive
powers in these services and industries create demand for hydro power. However, as has already been pointed out, the expansion of
transport, communication and marketing infrastructures (warehouses, storage facilities) is a highly complementary intervention on the
part of the community, and local government.
The viabilities of rural industries and employment generation are not always guaranteed if local consumption and demand alone are
considered. It has been pointed out else where, that existence of transport and marketing facilities often times play a critical role
in making a success of these enterprises (Bhadra, 1995).
In this context, let us look at the possibilities in the context of rural electricity provisions, as an element of rural industrialization. The
case studies of turbine mills and micro hydro installations indicate that, often times, hard nosed economic analysis has been replaced by
excessive enthusiasm on the part of both entrepreneurs and credit institutions (RECOS, 1993). Such unchecked enthusiasm of course
ultimately leads to unnecessary pessimism about the finance/economics of small hydro technology, and probably does more harm in the
longer term. It may be noted that sound project formulation demands creativity on the part of the entrepreneurs and financiers alike, in
identifying the initiatives needed on both supply and the demand side.
A diverse set of end-uses needs to be designed, such that the small hydro scheme becomes viable, in economic and financial terms. It
should be noted that for a given level of initial outlay/investment in small hydro scheme, the cost-price of a unit of energy, (i.e.
Rs./KWH) is inversely proportional to the load-factor or capacity utilization. In the short run with excess capacity therefore, the more
energy is used, the cheaper its sales-price, is likely to be (primarily because the unutilized capacity has already been paid for). Thus, in
managing the supply and demand for electricity, a good degree of flexibility remains in promoting use of electricity in non-lighting
applications. Thus a multi-pronged approach will be necessary: R&D in various sectors of end-uses, enterprise promotions through easy
credit and effective marketing, and skill and human resources development. Following are some examples, which may have to be made
more elaborate and specific, for implementation.

Former Member, National Planning Commission.

6
Cottage Industries
Role of rural electrification in enhancing cottage industries can not be over emphasized. For example, it is clear that hand looms are no
longer competitive with respect to machine made imported textiles, although mechanized looms probably are still competitive. So in
envisaging a textile industry in rural areas, it would be important to take this into consideration, and see if small hydro/ rural
electrification can contribute the rural industrialization process. Similarly food processing, metal working, dying, paper-making, saw
milling and wood furniture making, electrical, electronic and a host of other industrial processes are possible candidates to be integrated
with small hydro development.
Rural Transportation and Communication
The small hydel development can very well complement the development of electric road transportation, such as trolley buses, or electric
rope-way transportation. The later is more attractive for areas where roads are either uneconomical or undesirable (as in trekking and
recreational areas). The load factor improvements can reduce the selling price of small hydro electricity. Communication sector also
benefits from small hydro.
Irrigation through Renewable Energy (hydro electricity, biogas and wind)
Use of electrically pumped irrigation during the day and during the night, during the off-peak times is beneficial, specially in the context
of cash crop development through provision of irrigation water (e.g. sprinkler for cardamom growing in Ilam). The cost advantages are
high, for already electrified areas, specially if one compares electric pump with the diesel/ kerosene type of installation. In remote areas,
in the hills with large porter transportation, small hydro are quite cost effective compared to diesel/kerosene pump sets in terms of
operation and maintenance costs and also in terms of the initial outlays. Similar systems can be based on biogas and wind in suitable
areas.
Lighting and Space Heating
The lighting demand, in the absence of other industrial and agricultural loads, results in very low load-factor. This means that lighting
electricity is rather expensive, on its own. The end-use diversification can reduce this imputed cost of lighting electricity. It should be
noted that, compact florescent light bulbs are more cost effective in the longer run, although their initial outlay are comparatively high.
In remote and inaccessible areas, the cost of fossil fuels are quite high, due to porterage, and under those circumstances small hydro and
even photo voltaic are comparatively cheaper. Space heating may also be feasible if the load-factor is low.
Cooking from Hydro Electricity
The use of electricity for cooking, although very attractive from the fuelwood saving and environmental perspective, becomes a
problem if the cooking time coincides with peak demand during evening. A recent seminar held on rural electric cooking highlighted the
technical viabilities of using thermal storage to reduce the wattage requirements per household for cooking (ITDG, 1994). Similar
storage technology using hydrogen, based on electrolysis of water, although proposed, has not yet been tried in Nepal (Bockris and
Veziroglu, 1991).
The technology consists of the use of aluminum containers, cast iron or stone pebbles in insulated containers, to store and extract heat
energy. Electricity at low wattage, is used to heat the vessel, cast iron or stone pebbles, and is stored as heat. This heat can be used for
slow cooking, as in the case of Bijuli Dekchi, which operating at about 80% efficiency, has been demonstrated to be feasible in
Ghandrung, Salleri and Andhi Khola areas (ITDG, 1994). This type of slow cookers does not permit the frying of foods, the traditional
cooking style, and thus may have limited popularity.
The heat stored in the Pebble Bed Storage Cooker is used for cooking with the help of a fan blower, which takes the high temperature
heat through the media of air to the cooking vessel for normal or fast cooking, and permits frying of foods. Although more expensive
initially, this type of pebble bed cooker may become more popular, due to high cooking temperature and speed.
The social acceptance has been proven for these electric cooking technologies under a subsidy, although, it is clear that if the subsidized
cost is higher than that of fuelwood then users will most likely revert back to using traditional fuelwood chulo. However, when
opportunity cost of labour is high, say due to agricultural diversification, electric cooking may be acceptable without subsidy.
Electric Transportation Systems
Another example is the use of ropeways and trolley buses in local transport, to provide the necessary link to the markets for the
inter-regional and local trade. In general, hydro-electricity may also be integrated with transportation sector, through electric battery
vehicles, ropeways, trolley buses, trams, and electric trains. This will reduce the dependence on imported oil, and reduce the
7
transportation costs considerably. The implication to the urban environment will be great, particularly, where there is severe
congestion and over-crowding. The use of public transportation in urban areas such as, Kathmandu, can dramatically improve the
city environment.
The most important physical characteristics of the hill and the mountain regions is inaccessibility, as it results from the rugged terrain and
the complex river system. Thus inaccessibility results in lower productivity in agriculture, because of inputs constraints, which when
coupled with population pressures leads to unsustainability. Therefore, priorities given to the development of hill and mountain roads is
obvious, although the capital investments required for the roads are very high. The infrastructure development imperatives for
attainment of sustainable mountain agriculture has already been indicated elsewhere (B. Bajracharya,1992). The transport infrastructure
opens up the area for transfer of modern technology (HYVs), new market openings, new opportunities for capital formations and
human resource development.
Given the large investments and high repair and maintenance costs associated with roads transportation, and also the incidence of
environmental problems associated with roads construction techniques presently prevalent in the country, it appears that alternative
modes of transportation are more effective in terms of initial investment and maintenance. For example, it is noted that, roads have to,
more or less, follow the contour lines between two towns in the hills. The length of the roads is about 8 or 9 times longer than a
ropeway line between the two points separated by a fair distance. The advantage of the ropeway is that it can be powered by
hydroelectricity, which is abundant in the hills and the mountains.
The hydel development can very well complement the development of electric road transportation, such as trolley buses, electric
trains, and electric rope-way transportation. The later is more attractive for areas where roads are either uneconomical or
undesirable (as in trekking and recreational areas). Thus there are a number of areas such as ropeways, electric trams and trolley
buses, battery operated vehicles, electric batteries and a host of related technologies (such as tunnelling and manufacturing of rock
blasting materials) which may be beneficially transferred to Nepal. There has yet to be a clear analysis of technology transfer policy
in this area, although it may be added that savings in terms of the foreign exchange of imported petroleum fuels (which will be
replaced by electricity based transportation) alone would make it worthwhile for Nepal. Some research and development is also
warranted in this area, particularly as it relates to down scaling of certain technologies, such as ropeways and tunnels, and of
adapting modern technologies of manufacturing explosives for tunnelling.
Use of electrically pump for transportation of water ( irrigation) during the day and during the night during the off-peak times are
beneficial, specially in the context of cash crop development through provision of irrigation water (e.g. sprinkler for cardamom growing
in Ilam). The cost advantages are high, for already electrified areas, specially if one compares electric pump with the diesel/ kerosene type
of installation. In remote areas, in the hills with large porter transportation, small and medium hydro are quite cost effective compared to
diesel/kerosene pump sets in terms of operation and maintenance costs and also in terms of the initial outlays.
Energy Intensive Industries
The possibility exists to manufacture and export energy intensive goods, such as special steels, aluminum, calcium carbide, and a
number of chemicals, such as, sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate. The value additions from hydro-electricity in these
industries far exceed the cost of electricity, so that these industries are highly profitable. More importantly, this allows Nepal to fully
capture, the potential comparative advantage of cheap hydro-electricity, through value addition in industrial activities within the
country. Needless to say, the multiplier effects will promote industrial growth as well as growth of other sectors, such as service
sectors. This allows Nepal to move away from the situation of singular dependence on India for exports of hydropower. It should
be clear that, export of raw electricity means that Nepal is exporting her comparative advantage to India; the multiplier effects
also go to her, with no means to capture them again.
The energy intensive industry technologies such as those used in manufacture of high energy compounds (e.g. calcium carbide), high
energy and high purity metals (e.g. aluminum, copper, zinc, magnesium, titanium) and alloys (alloy steels, electrically produced),
fertilizers, paper and pulp are candidates for development and technology transfer. There should be a deliberate policy to promote these,
and electricity supply to these industries should be at cost, so as to exploit the comparative advantage, Nepal has.
References:
Bhadra, Small Hydro Power Development and Environmental Preservation.
In Hills and Mountains in Nepal, International Seminar on Sustainable Development of Small Hydro-Power in Nepal, June, 1995.
Bajracharya, B.B. " Infrastructural Development Imperatives for Sustainable Mountain Development", in Sustainable Mountain
Agriculture, (Eds.) N.S. Jhodha, M. Banskota, and Tej Pratap, 1992, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt., New Delhi, India.
Bockris J. O'M., Veziroglu, T.N. and Smith D., Solar Hydrogen Energy: The Power to Save the Earth, Macdonald Optima, 1991.
ITDG, Seminar on Rural Electric Cooking, Feb. 14-15, 1994.
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RECOS, Country Report on Mini and Micro-hydropower Programme in Nepal, Case Study No. 2, prepared for ICIMOD,
December 1993.
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Highlights on Science and Technology and Its Role in Today's World
- Prof. Dr. Pramod Kumar Jha

Science and Technology evolved with evolution of human civilization. Man marched through the Stone Age to bronze, to iron and
to information and technology age. Today, he has emerged as a mighty species because he developed science and technology.
The industrial setting started after 1850. The simple appearing technologies today were the seeds of industrial revolution. For
example: The Singer Sewing Machine became available in 1851, the bicycle without ball bearings started in 1877 and pneumatic
tyres in 1888; Benz motorized tricycle run at 7 miles / h in 1978; Light weight high speed petrol engine was invented in 1885, etc.
Today, we talk about human cloning, new sources of energy, life at other planets, biotechnology to increase productivity and
control diseases.
There are five major driving spheres that play major roles is designing the present and future of all countries.
(i) Political sphere (to look for peaceful solution to conflicts).
(ii) International sphere (globalization of national economies).
(iii) Technological sphere (emergence of hi-tech information, communication, materials, biotechnology).
(iv) Environmental sphere (global change seems to threaten the system).
(v) Strategic sphere.
Out of these five spheres, technological sphere has emerged as a very strong factor influencing all other spheres.
Success Stories of Countries through Science and Technology
Today, the world is categorized as developed and developing countries. The major basis of this categorization is economy and base
of science and technology. One can see a strong correlation between use of S & T and economy of the country, and all developed
countries have strong base of S & Tit is now evident that the countries that adopted strong S & T policies developed faster. A few
examples are as follows:
Peter was born in 1672 in a royal Tsars family in Russia, and throned at the age of 10. He made several celebrated pilgrimages
to Western Europe. Seeing the effect of technology while there, he was convinced that this would make a positive impact on
the lives of his people at home. Making a determined effort, he sent several of his countrymen to Western Europe to study and
acquire skills. He also brought experts from Western Europe and ensured that these helped to diffuse the technology in Russia.
So great on impact did technology bring into the lives of the people that he earned the veritable title of Peter the Great. He
transformed Russia within a couple of decades (Roberts 1990). It is said that developing countries need many people like Peter
the Great.
Today, Japan is a super economy power. After the second world war, Japan vigorously set policies and programme to import,
acquire and promote manufacturing technologies for the improvement of the economy (Jain 1994).Accordingly, it is said that
between 1956 and 1978 Japan spent about US $ 9 billion to arduously acquire technologies from the USA that cost a
staggering US $ 1 trillion to develop (Abiodun 1994).
India set a clear science policy within the first decade after independence in 1947, and offered a good condition service to scientists,
honored position, and also associated indigenous scientists with formulation of national policies. India has already attained food
sufficiency and became industrial power with impressive manufacturing abilities ranging from computers to satellites and rockets.
Brazil is another economy that has benefited enormously from the fruits of its science and technology efforts. The country has
acquired high tech manufacturing capabilities in air craft and other areas, while it is also building its capacity in new and emerging
technologies, including biotechnology, space technology, computer manufacturing. Indeed, in the manufacturing of certain type of
military helicopters, Brazil also tops the world.
China has also made a tremendous progress in science and technology and developed capabilities today of manufacturing satellites,
electronic equipments, laser and optic technologies, etc. Most of there technologies have been imported from the west, then
modified, internalized and adapted to blend with the indigenous knowledge.

Head, Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur.

10
Upto the end of 19
th
century the countries now regarded as developing market economy countries accounted for about one percent
of world's industrial output. By the end of the twentieth century there was a sharp change in the distribution of world industrial
output, and developing countries now share more than twenty percent.
The world Bank estimates that seven of the ten largest economies in the world by the year 2020 will be in Asia: China, Japan, India,
Indonesia, South Korea, Taiwan and Thailand. Few decades back these countries were known to have poor policies, low discipline,
high level of corruption, and with its people disregard wealth and material concepts. These Asian countries have done miracles with
the help of science and technology.
Views of the West on S&T
While the developing economies have worked hard to acquire the technological advances of the west with varying degree of
success, countries of the west have continued to work with rigor in the pursuit of scientific excellence .And frontiers of knowledge
have continued to advance. Today, technological innovations double every 18 years (Moores law).
The west is proud of its S&T success, and rightly. So a British national clearly echos this with the remarks: Engineers are our life
blood. Every one knows that we are an industrial country. Our wealth is based on adding value to our raw materials. It is clear that
S&T is a number one priority in the industrially developed countries.
S & T Indicators:
The most relevant indicators of S & T capabilities are:
(i) Per capita Gross Domestic Product.
(ii) Exports of manufactured products.
(iii) Percentage of Gross National Product to R & D.
(iv) Scientists and engineers engaged in R & D.
(v) R & D personnel in higher education.
(vi) Third level (Tertiary level) S & T students.
(vii) Potential number of scientists and engineers.
(viii) R & D personnel in industry as a percentage of total R & D personnel.
(ix) Number of patents and inventions.
(x) Number of scientific publications.
Based on the above indicators, developing counties are categorized under three major groups. (UNESCO 1992)
Group A: Countries with no or very poor S & T base :
Very low income per person,
A share of less than 0.3% of GNP devoted to R & D,
Less than 200 third level students per 100,000 inhabitants
Less than 20,000 potential scientists and engineers,
Less than 100 R & D scientists, engineers / million populations,
In many cases information on S & T is lacking.
11
Group B: Countries with Fundamental Elements of S & T base.
Income between US $ 200 and 900/person.
Devote more than 0.4% of their GNP to R & D.
Between 20,000 and 80,000 potential scientists and engineers.
Between 100 and 250 R & D scientists and engineers /million .
Between 200 and 900 third level students/100000 inhabitants.
Group C: Countries with an established S & T base.
Already acquired a relatively significant S & T base.
Above the group B indicators.
Group D: The Industrialized countries with strong S & T base:
Nepal falls under the group A.
India and China falls in group C. China and India are sometimes unclassifiable and call for a special group.
Role of S & T in Todays World
Science and Technology have played an instrumental role in improving the living condition in almost all countries, but the benefits
have not been harvested maximum by all the countries. It is true that S & T are making our lives healthier, easier and more
comfortable. In the last five decades tremendous development occurred in almost all fields of life, health, education,
communication, energy, agriculture, industry, etc. (Table 1).The global economic output increased 17 fold in 20
th
century, and
almost eight fold in the last five decades. Life expectancy has increased, literacy and education level has increased, agriculture
production and productivity increased, and miracles happened in communication and transportation sectors, Today, one in 30
people in the world have access to internet. In spite of all these achievements, the world is still not free from hunger, disease,
pollution, illiteracy and poverty. Still 20% of world's population is hungry and malnourished and lack access to clean water, decent
house and health care. 1.3 billion People are still illiterate, and 1.5 billion people have a very 1ow per capita income of no more than
$ 1 per day. The gap between rich and poor has widened in the last few decades. According to WHO, each year, at least 10 million
of the desperately poor die prematurely of malnutrition increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, drinking water.
Government can make an impressive change in the twenty first century with the help of S & T. Science and Technology obviously
cannot solve all problems, but can play a decisive role in extending the range of options. The health and relevance of the S & T
base turn out to be especially important.
Governments of seven largest economy of west spend a large proportion of R & D budget for military (36%), and insignificant in
agriculture (3%), social development (1%) and environmental protection (1%).Increase in R & D budget in agriculture, social and
environment sectors can minimize the problems significantly in the twenty first century.
12
Table 1. Changes in different sectors during 1950-2000
Indicators 1950 2000
Agriculture
Grain harvest (mill ton) 631 >1900
Fertilizer Use (mill ton) 14 143
Export of pesticides (bill $) < 1.0 >12.0

Energy
Coal consumption (mill ton oe) 1043 2146
Oil 436 3200
Natural Gas 187 2301
Nuclear Power (gigawatt) <1.0 345
Wind energy (mw) <10 (1980) 13040

Production
World Paper Production (mill ton) 77(1961) 294
World Paper Production (kg/person) 25 50
World automobile Fleet (million) 5.3 540
World bicycle production (mill/yr) 8 39
Telephone lines (mill) 89(1960) >1000

Economy
Gross World Production (total trillion $) 6.3 40.5
Gross World Production (Per Person $) 2525 6757
Source: WWI 2000, 2002.
S & T in Nepal:
Nepal is a developing country endowed with natural resources but could not get much success in harnessing benefits of natural
resources as well as S & T. Human Development Report (2004) places Nepal in the Medium Human Development category ( 140
th

position out of 177 countries ) (Nepal was in the low human development group in the last years). Most of the indicators reveal
poor condition (e.g. GDP $ 230/person in Nepal, for developing countries $ 1264, $ 516 for South Asia, and for low human
development countries $ 322; life expectancy Nepal 59.6 yr, developing countries 64.6 yr, developed countries 77.4 yr; public
expenditure on education in 1999-2001 was 3.4% of GDP, many countries spend more than 5 % ).
Nepal falls under the S&T Group A, having poor S & T base. Country spends 0.3 % of GNP for R&D, and major population of
S&T personnel are neither happy with the existing scenario nor contributing to their capacity. As a result, country could not
harness the benefit of S & T to the desired level. There are several reasons for poor performance. A few are as follows:
S & T personnel and infrastructure inadequate outside Kathmandu valley.
While developing economies have thirty scientists or engineers to every 10,000 people, Nepal has less than 5 scientists or
engineers.
The major issue for Nepal is not merely to train the S & T personnel, but to use them effectively and keep them in the country.
The challenge is to maintain/develop their motivation to work for the nation.
Transfer of technology was either inadequate or improperly done.
Nepal has not pursued a determined path to harness the benefits of S & T for uplifting the quality of life of her people.
Nepal's people have a general lack of appreciation of the contribution that S & T can make to economic development.
Many of the scientists and engineers we now have in Nepal have their talents barely recognized properly by Nepal's leaders and
society.
Table 2. S & T scenario of Nepal (Annual enrolment in Nepalese Institutes)
S&T 1997-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03
Engi. B.E 216 312 360 412 404
M.E 37 60 43 67 106
13

Agriculture B.Sc. (Ag) 116 136 150 135 100
M.Sc. (Ag) 19 40 40 39 47

Medicine (MBBS) 96 155 167 178 182
(PG) 70 66 73 72 115

Forestry (B.Sc) 60 61 10 59 58
(M.Sc) 14

Science & Tech (B.Sc) 1700 2568 1624 1905 1889
(M.Sc.) 863 1077 697 690 702


Total (Bachelor) 2196 2633
(Masters) 1026 984

Total (B+M) 3222 3617
_____________________________________________________________
Policy challenges:
Realize a need of change at all levels.
Invest adequately in S & T sector.
Strengthening strong education system.
Providing internet access to S & T Institutions and personnel.
Develop capacity to adapt existing technology.
Develop sectoral strategies and implement effectively.
Give continuity to the S & T processes.
In order to utilize S & T to achieve economic development, Nepal needs to emphasize on science education. In faces the
above challenges, the government has a great role to play.
We still have a long way to go. The present seminar is thus a wake up call to all of us.


14
Comments on the paper entitled
"Highlights on Science and Technology and Its Role in Today's World"
- Prof. Dr. M.B. Gyawali

Let me start by appreciating the endeavor of Ministry of Science and Technology for organizing such a important Seminar on
"Science and Technology and It's Role for National Development" and congratulating Professor P.K. Jha for his thoughtful and
lucid presentation of "Highlights of Science and Technology and It's Role in Today's World".
Chemistry Nobel Prize winner Ahmed H. Zewail lis four factors for unsatisfactory pace of progress his developing countries- (a)
high rate of illiteracy reflecting the failure of education system and subsequently resulting in alarming increase in unemployment, (b)
limited use of human resources largely due to hierarchical dominance, strong seniority system and centralization of power all
cumulatively suppressing collective human thought and stifling human potentials, (c) the mix-up of state laws and religious beliefs
causing confusion and chaos through the misuse of religion's fundamental message about the ethical, moral and human ingredients
of life, and (d) lack of coherent vision for science and technology. Let us try to see what type of vision we have in the field of
science and technology. It would be fair to say that modern science entered in our country with the introduction of Intermediate
Science Education in Tri-Chandra College in 1919. Since then, a number of scientific institutions have been established. They
include Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology (1977), National Council for Science and Technology (1977, now
dismantled), Royal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (1982) and Ministry of Science and Technology (1995). We have
Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu University, Purbanchal University, Pokhara University, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Science
and National Academy of Medial Science delivering higher education in the area of science and technology. Several government
laboratories and departments such as National Agricultural Research Centre, Department of Forest Survey and Research,
Department of Irrigation, Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department of Plant Resources, Department of Geology
and Mines, Department of Soil Conservation, National Bureau of Standard and Metrology, Food Research Lab, Department of
Wild Life Conservation, Department of Drug Administration etc. have come into existence. Several policies and acts related to
science and technology such as the Five Year Plan (starting from 1956), Industrial Enterprise Ace and Industrial Policy (1992),
Foreign Investment and Technology Transfer Act (1992), National Science and Technology Policy (1989), Information Technology
Policy (2000), National Biotechnology Policy (forthcoming) and others have also been put forward. Against this background, we
have to ask what is the state of science and technology in our country.
Needless to state that a nation's development and prosperity are judged to a large extent by the status of science and technology of
that country. A scientifically unsophisticated society means virtually underdevelopment in all sectors. This is evident from the fact
that the countries that invest substantially in research and development activities such as Japan (3.12% of GDP), USA (2.65% of
GDP) and others are in the highest echelon of development whereas country such as Nepal that invests just 0.34% of GDP
remains in the lowest ladder of development. Therefore the lawmakers are well advised to increase R/D share of budget pie if
Nepal is to progress fast.
Teaching institutes play a key role in producing well qualified manpower in S/T sectors. What is the state of our teaching, learning
and research activities of our university? There are some good points. Our graduates are internationally sellable in reputed foreign
universities and research institutions which show that we are doing alright in basic teaching. Some of our faculty members are doing
a good piece of research work as evidenced by their publications in journals of international repute. Talking of Tribhuvan
University, research infrastructure of central departments of profusely upgraded, thanks to World Bank assistance despite this,
several issues can be raised. Our Ph.D. program is very weak, without a sound Ph.D. program research cannot be sustained in the
country. Furthermore, programs designed to enhance teacher's ability, motivation and confidence seem to be lacking. Although a
few scholarships for Ph.D. program are available for teachers, it is still a far cry for most of our teachers. A few of our young
teachers are talented and fortunate enough to go to abroad for higher studies. But chances of their return and serve the country
after completion of their studies are becoming more and slimmer. They feel that they cannot quench the thirst of doing innovative
research in their country due to lack of research environment. Some complain that their expertise and skill are not recognized in
there country. Brain drain has become a real problem. The other side of the coin is equally interesting. Young people who have

Executive Director, Research Centre for Applied Science & Technology.

15
done Ph.D. and excelled in research do not get job or become part timer for a long period of time. We lack administrative
mechanism to retain good people.
Motivation runs very low among scientists. Budget for scientific organizations is being irrationally cut down. Social prestige and
fringe benefit from scientific work are not comparable to the bureaucrats and bankers. Scientists are therefore lured into executive
posts. Inadequacy of promotion mechanism in R and D sectors needs special mention. Scientists are frustrated by the lack of career
development mechanism. An old study has shown that in a government lab, a scientist gets promotion in 14 years of service. Job
description of scientists is also some time faulty. What purpose will be served by transferring a scientist who has worked years on
medicinal plants to supervise the work related to mines and geology?
One another point I would like to raise over here is that there appears to be minimum involvement of business community and
entrepreneurs in R and D activities. Whatever R and D work we have done in the lab has not come out of the lab. Scientists lack
entrepreneurial skill. Business communities do not have dialogue with scientists. What can be done in such situation? One approach
will be to establish technology incubates. The incubator will have a technological laboratory acting as a source of innovations,
investment fund for seed capital and incubating facility located next to the laboratory. The IT Park in Banepa is expected to play
the role of some sort of incubator.
Our economist friends usually remind us that in the sixties, Nepal and South Korea were almost in the same level of development.
Where has Korea reached today? My Korean friends have time and again stated that among others, two things really stand out as
the major factors in Korea's success story - heavy emphasis on S/T and quality educations. Our policy makers would be well
advised to look into the Korean model. These are some of my feelings. I know very well that I have not touched upon many
relevant issues. Nevertheless, I would like to thank the august audience in this hall for their patient listening.

16
Role of the Ministry of Science and Technology with
other Ministries and Its Line Agencies
- Dr. Shom Pudasani
Introduction
Humanity has made a tremendous advancement in the field of sciences and technologies in the twentieth century and the progress
is likely to be even more spectacular in the twenty first century. Many countries, particularly those in Western Europe and North
America and Japan, were able to take full advantages of the modern scientific and technological innovations earlier on and rapidly
develop their nations and enhance the standard of living and quality of lives of their peoples. By now many other countries in Asia
Pacific, Latin America and Eastern Europe have also made significant headways in the field of poverty reduction and socio-
economic progress through the development, adaptation and utilization of modern and indigenous technologies. Our two big and
friendly neighbors, China and India, are also rapidly progressing in the field of socio-economic development through the utilization
of appropriate modern and indigenous technologies as well as impressive development in trade and commerce. A bunch of the so
called Least Developed countries such as Nepal is still in a high poverty and low development trap and they will have to take due
advantage of scientific and technological innovations to jump out of the trap and make necessary progress in socio-economic
development and poverty reduction without further delay.
While the level and quality of technological development, adaptation and utilization is rather meager, Nepal has made some efforts
to upgrade it in various sectors by research, adaptation and transfer from outside with a limited success. However, what ever has
been achieved is grossly inadequate and represents only a very small tip of the gigantic scientific and technological iceberg and a lot
needs to be done in a much faster pace if we are to alleviate poverty and raise quality of life of the people, particularly those
belonging to disadvantaged groups and backward regions.
In view of the need, Nepal has established institutions such as the Royal Nepal Academy for Science and Technology (RONAST),
the National Agricultural Research Council (NARC), the High Level Commission for Information Technology (HLCIT), the
Alternative Energy Promotion Center (AEPC). In addition, the Government of Nepal also constituted the Ministry of Science and
Technology (MOST) in 1996 (BS 2053) to effectively deal with issues and institutions concerned with science and technology. The
key objective of this paper is to highlight the roles MOST may play to develop and promote science and technology together with
other line Ministries and their agencies. The objectives set by the Tenth Plan and the mandates of MOST constitute the basis for
delineating the role of the Ministry.
National Development Objectives
The ongoing Tenth Development Plan (2002-2007) emphasizes on the need to achieve GDP growth of 7 percent during the plan
period and the "following consecutive two plans in order to reduce the number of people living below poverty line to 10 percent
by 2017" from over 38 percent in 2004. Given that the rate of growth of GDP was 3.6 percent against the target rate of 6 percent
during the Ninth Development Plan, it is stressed that a significant increase in productivity and productive capacity will have to be
attained to ensure that the targeted rate of GDP growth is achieved in the Tenth Plan and beyond. The four key strategies of the
plan emphasizes on (1) a high, sustainable and broader economic growth with focus on agriculture, forestry, industry and water
resources; (2) social sector and infrastructure development with due focus on education, health and drinking water; (3) targeted
programs to empower and enhance "the welfare of vulnerable, disadvantaged and exploited groups" and (4) good governance " to
produce result-oriented and effective management of service delivery and implementation of projects/ programs ". The Tenth Plan
stresses that the " use of science and technology should focus on fulfilling basic needs, alleviating poverty, promoting income
generating activities, generating employment opportunities and conserving natural resources and environment and maximizing their
utilization".
The Tenth Plan enlists six strategies for science, technology and alternative energy chapter as follows:
- Ensuring maximum utilization of available resources and means in the science and technology sector and to arrange additional infrastructures and
institutions as per the need.
- Developing and adopting appropriate technology through the mobilization of private sector in the development of science and technology and import of
appropriate technology.
- Developing of mechanism to conduct research and development activities in a competitive manner among individuals, communities and institutions
engaged in science and technology.
17
- Contributing in the socio-economic development of people through the development of knowledge and skills in the science and technology sector and
sustainable use of natural resources and means.
- Encouraging universities, concerned institutions and individuals in scientific researches and generating high-skill scientists by giving special priority to
science and technology in the higher-level education.
- Expanding and developing water and metrological services.
Nevertheless, it may not be out of the context to note here that the ongoing almost 10 years old conflict initiated by the Maoist
in 1996 is the biggest threat to peace, security and development and it is important that our development initiatives addresses
the root causes of the conflict. It is now well accepted that inequalities coupled with poverty are at the very root of the conflict.
The Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS) adopted by Nepal "identifies social exclusion as one of the fundamental development
challenges" and absolute number of poor has increased since mid-1980 and income distribution have become unequal in the
country (World Bank). Also, poverty incidence in remote districts of Far Western and Mid-western is as high as 70 percent
while it is 55 percent in the mountains, 44 percent in rural areas and 25 percent in urban areas. The inequalities are long
standing and are economic, social as well as political. Women, Dalits, Janajatis and those living in backward areas; particularly
remote districts in the far western and Midwestern development regions, have suffered the most from inequalities and lack of
opportunities. Bad governance; including widespread corruption and nepotism, largely subsistent economy and slow growth,
poor resource base, illiteracy, poor health, poor infrastructures and inaccessibility, superstitions and harmful cultural traditions
have been among the critical constraints to overcoming the problems of poverty and inequalities. All the development efforts,
including science and technologies, will have to be directed to effectively address the root causes.
Mandate of MOST
The Ministry was created in 1996 (BS 2053) with the following three objectives (MOST):
- Contribute to the national poverty alleviation efforts by identifying and developing new technologies through promotion and development of research
activities.
- Develop and promote indigenous technologies.
- Encourage intellectuals engaged in science and technologies by creating appropriate opportunities for them.
The programs to be handled by the Ministry were listed as follows:
- formulation and implementation of policy, plan and program
- recording, analysis and research progress
- alternative energy development
- contact and collaboration with universities
- production, supply and management of scientific materials
- survey and data collection of modern technologies
- national, regional and international conferences, seminars and meetings
- bilateral and multilateral agreements and understandings
- contact with international institutions
- serve as contact Ministry for RONAST and HLCIT
The following institutions are directly under the jurisdiction of the Ministry:
- National Information Technology Center (NITC)
- Alternative Energy Promotion Center
- Water and Weather Science Department
- National Forensic Science Laboratory
- B.P.Koirala Memorial Planetarium, Observatory and Science Museum Development Committee
The Ministry has two divisions under it: (1) Planning, Evaluation an Administration Division and (2) Science and Information
Technology Promotion Division. A total of 57 staff works in the Ministry and the total number of staff under the Ministry and
agencies under it is 287.
List of Tasks and Role
Concerning its role the Tenth Plan states "with the objectives of helping people to uplift their socio-economic condition, the
Ministry of Science and Technology will play a role of promoter and facilitator, and will provide necessary guidelines to ensure
qualitative development of research institutions. It will also extend cooperation to various institutions involved in research and
18
development activities, like universities, council and academies. It will help coordinate between national and international
institutions, enhancing institutional capacity and effective mobilization of resources".
In view of the review of the Tenth Plan and the mandate of MOST, a broad range of tasks and roles to be played by the Ministry
emerges, which is listed as follows:
1. Awareness creation, information and communication
2. Motivation, promotion and facilitation
3. Technical assistance, issuance of guidelines, backstopping and feedback
4. Human resources and institutional development
5. Coordination and collaboration
6. Strategy and plan development
7. Promotion of regional and international cooperation and understanding
8. Bilateral and multilateral agreements to enhance scientific and technological innovations
9. Updating National Science and Technology Policy
10. Expanding utilization of information technology(IT) to schools, VDCs and general public
11. Improving and expanding the utilization of indigenous technology
12. Updating laws concerning IT and other technology
13. Promoting e-governance, e-education and e-commerce
14. Mobilizing and supporting the private sector for scientific and technological development, promotion and utilization
15. Protecting intellectual property rights
16. Minimizing brain drain by arranging attractive programs, facilities, incentives and environment to retain and use scientists and
intellectuals within the country
17. Develop and promote appropriate technologies to reduce the burden and drudgery of rural folks and women's household
chores
18. Integrating appropriate science and technology education in school and higher level education
19. Promoting alternative energy technologies such as biogas, water mills, improved ovens, wind energy, solar electricity
20. Managing transfer of appropriate technologies to the country
21. Supporting research and institutional development; including biotechnology and genetic engineering
22. Establishment of Biotechnology Research Centre
23. Establishment of Rural Energy Fund
24. Supporting the establishment of National Space Center and upgrading of National Forensic Laboratory
25. Support to the establishment of IT Parks and information highways.
Broad Roles
Given the mandate, its limited capacity and existence of a number of institutions dealing with scientific and technological concerns
in both the public and the private sectors; the MoST will have to prioritize and specify its roles based on its comparative advantages
and national development priorities. It is suggested that the Ministry might wish to concentrate on the following four roles, which
are presented only in nutshells and will have to be elaborated and worked out in detail once the roles are agreed by the concerned
authorities in principle.
19
1. Vision Building and Policy Leadership:
One of the most critical roles for the Ministry to play would be to map out a longer term vision or strategy in scientific and
technological development, adaptation, transfer and utilization that could guide government agencies, NGOs, private sector
and educational institutions to enable Nepal achieve the millennium development goals (MDGs) by 2015 as set by the UN
member states in 2000 or help Nepal reduce poverty to 10 percent by 2017 as stated under the Tenth Plan or development of
even a longer and more realistic "Science and Technology Vision 2025" to achieve developmental and Scientific and
technological goals decided in consultation with all stakeholders. The Vision could clearly suggest a broad range of research
activities to be conducted by various institutions, development of IT Parks, IT based industries, export of IT based goods and
services, computerization of local and national government agencies, establishment of planetarium and space center, role of
private sector in R and D etc. Also, in close collaboration with the National Planning Commission (NPC) and other relevant
partners, the MoST will have significant roles to play to formulate effective short and medium term policies to support timely
implementation of the Vision and provide necessary policy leadership to all the stakeholders.
2. Coordination and Collaboration:
In the absence of systematic and effective coordination, the scientific and technological work conducted by Line Ministries
and other agencies is hampered due to duplications, omissions and neglect. The MOST could shoulder the coordination
responsibility so far as research, scientific and technological components are concerned. For the purpose, "A High-Level
National Science and Technological Council" and "A Coordination Committee" as proposed under the Tenth Plan could be
established under the leadership of the Ministry. The High-Level Commission for Information Technology (HLCIT)
established with a broad mandate "to provide strategic policy direction and support to the government" in Information and
Communication Technologies (ICTs) could be considered for integration into the MoST for better policy coordination and
cost effectiveness. RONAST and the Ministry need to review their programs, roles and responsibilities to enhance
coordination and effectiveness. Concerning coordination with other Line Ministries, it should first focus on the Ministries and
agencies identified as most crucial for achieving poverty reduction and other important goals stated in the Tenth Plan. Based
on the criteria, agriculture, education, health, water resources, local development and environment sectors might turn out to be
priority agencies for MOST to initiate coordination.
The Ministry should strengthen its collaboration with regional and international organizations. The role will include signing
understandings and agreements with regional and international organizations concerning science and technology and
organizing conferences, seminars and meetings. In addition, transfer of technology from other countries to Nepal and exports
of scientific and technological materials and services; including IT, might be important aspects of collaboration with other
nations. MOST should also collaborate with Line Ministries, Universities, NGOs and private sector on important scientific and
technological initiatives; particularly on those initiatives in which the other national institutions may have comparative
advantages.
3. Information, Facilitation and Promotion:
The Ministry, particularly the Science and Technology Information Center will have to be adequately pro-active in providing
information on appropriate indigenous and modern technologies to all the relevant stakeholders. Provision of guidelines and
information on the type of useful R & D that could be undertaken and information on funding sources and markets would be
very helpful. This will include responses and feedbacks on queries and concerns they may wish to clarify time to time. In
addition, the Ministry will have to earnestly promote suitable technologies and facilitate their adoption by creating conducive
environment and arranging proper incentives. Information on how to network and exchange experiences among like minded
national and international institutions would be valuable. Tax breaks, lower import duties, fair and transparent laws, rules and
regulations will be critical for the purposes. The Ministry may have to establish a proper data bank and documentation center
to ensure effective information and promotion functions.
4. Human Resource and Institutional Development Support:
Availability of quality human resource and functioning institutions are critical ingredients for successful development and
utilization of science and technology to meet the national development goals and enhancing the quality of life and standard of
living of the Nepalese people. The Ministry will have to review and assess human resources and institutions currently available
and support Line Ministries, Universities, NGOs and private sector to bridge any gaps between availability and the identified
needs. It needs to play important role to ensure to the maximum possible extent that scientists and relevant intellectuals are
properly employed and receive due incentives and recognition so that large scale brain drain and their genuine frustrations can
20
be minimized. The Ministry may be able to carryout only a small fraction of human resource development by itself. Thus, it
will have to play a supportive role in encouraging and facilitating the human resource development initiatives of universities,
line agencies, private sector and other relevant institutions to meet the increasing and changing human resource needs in the
country.
Some Issues:
The Ministry of Science and Technology is relatively new and has limited capacity and resources to effectively handle a vast field
such as science and technology. Consequently, it must be strengthened by following a two prong strategy. First of all, its
organizational structure, quality and number of manpower, and capacity must be assed and necessary improvements must be
undertaken. Establishment of a sound Science and Technology Division with adequate number and type of professional
manpower will be critical for effective implementation of the four roles explained above. Secondly, it mandate; including the
specific scientific and technological areas for which it is directly responsible and for which it is expected to play coordinating and
collaborating roles should be clarified so that it does not over stretch itself and unnecessarily step on the toes of others.
Coordination of activities of other line agencies by a sectoral Ministry such as MOST is likely to meet resistance from the others
and thus would require due sensitivity on the part of MOST and its ability to be beneficial to them in terms of technical, financial
or other assistances.
It is already the time for Nepal to start making serious and maximum efforts to benefit from information revolutions by expanding
the use of information technology up to VDCs and creating an appropriate environment for exports of IT based materials and
services. We may be able to learn and benefit from the experiences of India and others in developing IT sector in Nepal as we now
have a critical minimum mass of computer savvy population in the country. A broad based computer education and expansion of
internet could play a critical role in enhancing communication and information accessibility in a difficult terrain of the country.
Nepal is believed to have over 100,000 computers already in use and interest in computer and IT technology is expanding rapidly
among young, educated and school/ college going population as well as general public. MOST should take a lead in encouraging
individuals and institutions to expand the use and export of IT technology with the involvement of all the relevant stakeholders,
including the private sector.
Our government offices are now beginning to have computers but they are inadequate on the one hand and either unutilized or
used only for typing on the other. MOST in collaboration with private sector may move forward the idea of e-governance, in which
computers are increasingly used to deliver information and services in a transparent and efficient manner. Some agencies are
moving in this direction. One hears of citizenship certificates in some locations being processed by computers or bank statements
delivered by computers or hospitalization records maintained by computers. These are encouraging attempts but needs systematic
and dedicated efforts of agencies like MOST to strongly push the process forward if e-governance is to make any significant impact
in the near future. The process of e-governance could be effectively initiated in urban areas such as Kathmandu valley, where
electricity and other basic facilities are already available, and then gradually expanded to rest of the country.
References
National Planning Commission, Kathmandu, March 2002: Tenth Plan (2002-2007); Unofficial English Translation.
Ministry of Science and Technology, Kathmandu: Bigyan Tatha Prabidhi Mantralaya - Eak Parichaya (in Nepali).
Information Technology Policy 2057 (2000).
High Level Commission for Information Technology (HLCIT), Kathmandu, a Brochure
World Bank, Nepal: Country Assistance Strategy (2004-2007), Kathmandu.

Comments on the paper entitled
"Role of the Ministry of Science and Technology with Other Ministries and Its Line Agencies"
- Mohan Bahadur Karki

The paper entitled "Role of the Ministry of Science & Technology with other Ministries and its line Agencies" by Dr. Shom
Pudasaini is indeed a very good attempt.

Secretary, Ministry of Health.

21
The introductory chapter gives a brief description of the history of Science & Technology in Nepal, comparing it with other
countries. Also highlighted in the paper is why Nepal is still a least developed country and how S&T can contribute for national
development steps. Establishment of certain scientific institution including MOST as the Apex Body is considered as positive. An
overview of the National Development objectives including the 10
th
Plan has been presented well, making special correction of the
GDP scenario. Also broad mandated of MOST is listed vis--vis the programmes. What MOST has to focus at is mentioned under
broad roles. These are very valid points. The chapter under "some issues" shows how experienced and knowledgeable the author is.
Suggestions provided seem to be most practical including immediate attention.
Following additions & comments may be given some thought:
As weak state of S&T in Nepal is attributed to weak professional organization, these need to be strengthened for confidence
building & confronting challenges.
Scant-realization among the decision-makers & planners that science can be applied for the development & for the survival
of human being is another reason for the weak state of S&T in Nepal.
Another reason for the weak state of S&T in Nepal could be due to the lack of national "think-tank" to undertake policy
research & develop strategy etc. in the field of S&T.
An aware, transparent & accountable administration is a prerequisite for the development of not only S&T but also other
sectors in Nepal.
The wrong thing to do would be to cut back on technology development, cut back on investment in R&D. The right thing to
do would be to move ahead and realize that technological development in Nepal is very slow. If we slow down, we will be
left behind, we are still far behind.
There is a need for innovative and flexible administrative system involving financing, staffing, legal sanction & government
clearance. For boosting S&T, the bureaucracy has to be S&T friendly.
The media's role in understanding & supporting S&T is very important. But mostly they have been publishing more
spectacular matters only.
The MOST need to be an Apex Body in the field of S&T.
22

General Report
The seminar which was held on 23
rd
Poush, 2061 at Kathmandu was attended by 103 participants including scientists, technologists,
and educationists. The seminar was declared open by the Rt. Hon'ble Prime Minister Mr. Sher Bahadur Deuba.
Delivering her welcome address & highlights of the seminar, Hon'ble State Minister Mrs. Pratibha Rana, MOST, said that this
seminar is a first attempt by MOST and is very encourageable by the participation of people of diverse field. She agreed that voices
of scientist should be heard and emphasized that all think tanks including scientists and politicians should work together for
national development. She further added that present seminar is a mile stone in that regard. She also mentioned the need of gender
equity in the field of Science and Technology.
High ranking officials of Institutions affiliated & working under the MOST presented there activities & achievements briefly;
among them were Dr. Dinesh Bhuju of RONAST, Mr. Atma Ram Ghimire of HLCIT, Dr. Madan Lal Shrestha of DHM, Dr.
Madan Bdr. Basnyat of AEPC, Mr. Mahesh Singh Kathayat of NITC, Mr. Sanat Kumar Sharma of BPKMPOSMDB and Mr.
Jeevan Prasad Risal of Forensic Lab.
After distributing the prizes, Rt. Hon'ble Prime Minister Mr. Sher Bahadur Deuba expressed, in his inaugural address, his thanks to
the organizers for providing opportunity to address the seminar. He noted that the spheres of science and technology are very vast
and multi-dimensional, and emphasized that the fruitful co-ordination among concerned institutions and organizations is all more
essential while formulating programs and activities. He added that the major functions of Ministry of Science and Technology is
importantly related with education, agriculture, information, internal affairs, health, environment and Tourism and appropriate co-
ordination system along these ministries is essentially important to save time and avoid duplication. He also urged to the
participants to look into shortcomings observed in the past and provide implementable suggestions for policy reformation and
institutional promotion.
Expressing his vote of thanks, Dr. Swoyambhu Man Amatya, Secretary of MOST said that MOST is quite aware of the urgent need
to develop national scientific and technological capabilities in accordance with the development targets of the country.
Chairman of the Seminar Hon'ble Minister Mr. Balaram Ghartimagar, MOST, remarked that the messages conveyed today in this
seminar might be forgotten after the end of the seminar; so attempt should be made to implement the recommendations obtained
in the seminar. He asked all the academics and intellectuals to work for the development of Science and Technology in Nepal. He
requested for some concrete proposals for this.
Presenting his paper on "Science & Technology" Dr. Dayananda Bajracharya, Vice Chancellor of RONAST, explained the major
break through in Science and Technology. He compared science with a two edged sword and said science could be blessing as well
as curse depending on its use. He highlighted the need of judicious application of science and technology. He highlighted the digital
divide in Science and Technology between developed and under developed countries. Dr. Bajracharya emphasized that Science and
Technology cannot be imputed as a commodity but every nation should develop its own Science and Technology. He highlighted
the role of development in Science and Technology for economic development of the nation.
Dr. Shankar Sharma, Hon'ble Vice-Chairman of National Planning Commission, presenting his paper "Role of Science &
Technology in Poverty Reduction", stated with explaining how technology helped in economic growth (e.g. Industrial revolution,
green revolution, medical advancement, etc). He explained the human deprivation in Nepal and highlighted the technology
development effort for poverty alleviation in Nepal. He emphasized facilitation of transfer of technology, demand led R&D,
appropriate technology, education (higher) etc. He underlined the need of conductive environment for trade and investment,
development assistance, government support for new technology. Dr. Sharma highlighted some recent trends related to the
improvement of technological absorbing capacity in Nepal. He also mentioned increased focus in education (higher vs. primary)
and significant increase in the production of doctors and engineers in the country. Dr. Sharma mentioned that development of
several labs and establishment of MOST is a significant steps.
Commenting on the paper entitled "Role of Science & Technology in Poverty Reduction"; Dr. Binayak Bhadra congratulated Dr. S.
Sharma for the excellent presentation especially for highlighting what role science and technology can play in poverty reduction.
The most important comment made by Dr. Bhadra was that, it is necessary to consider the demand side and the resources
(endowments) for the promotion of Science and Technology. He explained the endowments, hydro- electricity, scenic beauty,
biodiversity and human resources.
23
Presenting the paper entitled "Highlights on Science & Technology and It's Role in Today's World" Prof. Dr. Promod Kumar Jha
highlighted the success stories of Russia, India, and China in economic development with strong policies in Science and
Technology. He also explained how Science and Technology has changed agriculture, energy production and economic sectors of
the world in last 50 years. He pointed out that, based on science and technology category, Nepal stands in group A, i.e. group with
least Science and Technology development. He emphasized that it is due to less expenditure in Research and Development, lack of
infrastructures and expertise. He concluded that for development of Science and Technology there should be up to the level
investment in Science & Technology, strong education system and continuation of research projects.
Commenting on the paper entitled "Highlights on Science & Technology and It's Role in Today's World" Prof. Dr. M.B. Gyawali
highlighted that slow pace of progress in developing countries is due to under investment in Science and Technology. He also
pointed out that there is not only economic divide between developed and developing countries but there are also dividing in
Science and Technology. He emphasizes that there should be public understanding of Science and Technology, Entrepreneurship
development and should cultivate trust in Science and Technology. He pointed out that research work in Ph.D. and Masters
programs is weak in Nepals Universities which should be improved. Finally, he concluded with what is lacking to link Science and
Society in Nepal and recommended to establish National Science and Technology Foundation for fund mobilization in Science and
Technology.
Dr. Shom Pudasaini presented the paper entitled "Role of MOST with other Ministries and line Agencies". He started with noting
some important aspects of 10the five years plan e.g. GDP growth, poverty reduction and highlighted need to address root cause of
conflict (i.e. inequalities, poverty, unemployment). He elaborated 10
th
five years plan and its relationship with MOSTs mandate. Dr.
Pudasaini elaborated to great depth broad roles of MOST and emphasized the need to map out Science and Technology Vision
2025. Further Dr. Pudasaini listed 25 specific roles and tasks of MOST. Among all coordination and collaboration by MOST was
greatly emphasized.
Commenting on the paper "Role of MOST with other Ministries and line Agencies", Mr. Mohan Bahadur Karki, Secretary of
Ministry of Health thanked Dr. Pudasaini for interesting presentation with practical issues. He highlighted important points of the
presentation.

24

Recommendations
The seminar on "Science and Technology and It's Role for National Development" which was organized by the Ministry of Science
& Technology on Paush 23, 2061, brought together a number of prominent scientists, technologist, policy makers, planners and
administrators to discuss the issues involved in the field. There were 103 participants from various organizations including
government organizations, non-government organizations, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu University and Royal Nepal
Academy of Science & Technology.
The seminar was declared open by the Rt. Hon'ble Prime Minister Mr. Sher Bahadur Deuba. The seminar was concluded with
remarks by Hon'ble State Minister Mrs. Pratibha Rana.
After intensive deliberation, the participants agreed to make the following recommendations.
1. MOST as the national S&T policy making body should be strengthened in such a way that its effectiveness is enhanced in
every sector of economy.
2. S&T should be included in national education, economy, financial, industrial, agricultural, social, fiscal and other basic national
policy and in the related high-level government decision.
3. There is a need to set up separate and specific, legal, administrative, fiscal and institutional machinery required to carry out the
process of scientific & technological development.
4. The primary asset for further development and growth, in any country, is the level of education and training of its general
population and of its professional and workers, in all spheres of activity. So efforts to raise this level to the maximum should
be the highest priority for the government.
5. Government's priorities should include the drawing up and implement of a national plan for the training and employment of
scientific staffs at all levels based on real requirements of the country on the continuous basis, at home and abroad, so that the
research capability of the scientists and technologists is continuously developed & harnessed.
6. There is a strong need to determine scientific & technological research priorities that are related to national development
objectives, emphasis should be laid on goal-oriented research.
7. The total R&D expenditure should reach a minimum level of one percent of GNP by 2006.
8. There is a strong need to establish national laboratory of high quality.
9. Government should take a concrete responsibility in publicizing scientific and technological knowledge through dissemination
programmes aimed at the population at large; for this all available means of communication like radio, television, popular
magazines and exhibitions should be used.
10. There is a need to strengthen the capacity of scientific & technological research institutions and units for generation,
adaptation & assimilation of scientific and technological knowledge, and for the transfer of knowledge to the production
sector.
11. There is a need to study the role of new technologies like micro-electronics, bio-technology, information technologies in the
development and the impact of their application or the development.
12. There should be a commitment to ensure adequate scale of investment in R&D for the absorption, adoption and wherever
possible, improvement & generation of new technologies.
13. Fullest support should be given to the development of indigenous technology to achieve technological self-reliance and reduce
the dependence on foreign inputs, particularly in critical & vulnerable areas and in high value-added items in which the
domestic base is strong.
14. There is a need to develop a scientific & technological plan on the basis of prospective projection of national needs 10 to 20
years from now & this plan should be subjected to political decision makers at the highest level.
15. Government should evaluate instruments for the implementation of policy and spell out the detail guidelines for ministries and
agencies of government as well as for industries & entrepreneurs.
25
16. Government should consider development strategy based on hydro-power, specially energy initiative industry technologies.
17. S&T should be integrated in the sector of agriculture, medicine, industries, etc. in such a way that it would play a vital role in
poverty alleviation.
18. Emphasis should be laid on goal-oriented research so that it will be helpful for poverty reduction.
19. Our directives should clearly define systems of the choice of technology, taking into consideration economic, social and
cultural factors along with technical consideration.
20. Emphasis should be laid for the promotion & use of information technology.
21. The science & technology plan should be properly integrated within the national development plans.
22. Taking into consideration, the establishment of MOST, roles, functions and activities of various S&T related organizations
should be redefined.
23. MOST should take the coordination responsibility for the research & development activities conducted in various ministries
and organizations.
24. MOST should strengthen its collaboration with regional & international organizations.
25. MOST should push the process forward the e-governance to make a significant input in the days to come.

26

I naugur al Pr ogr ams

Seminar on
Science and Technology and It's Role for National Development


Venue: Hotel Yak and Yeti

10:15 : Welcome Address and Highlights of the
seminar
: Mrs. Prativa Rana, Hon'ble State Minister,
Ministry of Science and Technology
10:20 : Inauguration : Chief Guest Rt. Honble Prime Minister
Mr. Sher Bahadur Deuba
10:25-10:55 : Brief Presentation:
10:25 : RONAST : Dr. Dinesh Bhuju, Academician
10:30 : HLCIT : Mr. Atma Ram Ghimire, Member- Secretary
10:35 : AEPC : Dr. Madam Bahadur Basnyat, Executive Director
10:40 : DHM : Dr. Madan Lal Shrestha, Director General
10:45 : NITC : Mr. Mahesh Singh Kathayat, Executive Director
10:50 : B.P.K.M. Planetarium, Observatory & Science
Museum Development Board
: Mr. Sanat Kumar Sharma, Co-Executive Director
10:55 : Forensic Lab : Mr. Jivan Prasad Rijal, Executive Director
11:00 : Prize Distribution and address : Chief Guest Rt. Hon'ble Prime Minister
Mr. Sher Bhadur Deuba
11:10 : Vote of thanks : Dr. Swoyambhu Man Amatya,
Secretary, Ministry of Science and Technology
11:15 : Remarks and Closing of Inaugural Session : Chairman Hon'ble Minister Mr. Balaram
Ghartimagar, Ministry of Science and Technology

27

Seminar on
Science and Technology and It's Role for National Development
(Tec hni c al Sessi on)

Fi r st Sessi on
(23
rd
Poush, 2061)
Chair Person: Hon'ble Minister Mr. Balaram Ghartimagar

12:10 : Science, Technology and Society : Presented by Prof. Dr. Dayananda Bajracharya
12:10-12:30 : Role of Science and Technology in Poverty
Reduction
: Presented by Dr. Shankar Sharma
12:30-12:40 : Comments : By Dr. Binayak Bhadra
12:40-13:00 : General Discussion
13:00-13:05 : Chairman's Comments
13:05-14:00 : Lunch Break

Sec ond Sessi on
(23
rd
Poush, 2061)
Chair Person: Hon'ble State Minister Mrs. Prativa Rana

14:00-14:20 : Highlights on Science and Technology and Its Role
in Today's World
: Presented by Prof. Dr. Pramod Kumar Jha
14:20-14:30 : Comments : By Prof. Dr. M.B. Gyawali
14:30-15:00 : General Discussion
15:00-15:05 : Chairman's Remarks

Thi r d Sessi on
(23
rd
Poush, 2061)
Chair Person: Dr. Swoyambhu Man Amatya, Secretary, MOST

15:10-15:30 : Role of MOST with other Ministries and It's Line
Agency
: Presented by Dr. Shom Pudasani
15:30-15:40 : Comments : By Mohan Bahadur Karki
15:40-16:00 : General Discussion
16:00-16:10 : Chair Person's Concluding Remarks & Closing of
the Seminar

16:10 : High Tea


28
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29
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31
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32
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+- = =- --- =- =-c
==+ =-a -== -= =+=-=== +- --- - +-++ += =+= =-== =~: =- +== =-+= =
=:-+ c
--- - +-+ =+== =-=-+ -+=-== =+= ==+- =+ =r==r= +=+ = - --- == ==== =~=
~ +-- - ~=++ c, === +- --- +-++ =-- =+==+ ~=+ =~ t -+= ~|+ == =-== =+ c
==++ += =---+ = +- =+- ==-= === : == ==-= ==+-- ~| -=-==: ==- +- =
-== t:- ~|+= ===--= ++-=+==: --- - +-+ =+== - = --==+ -+= -+ =~ ++= =-
=-c ===--= ++-=+=+ == ==== ==+--= -= --- - +-++ += +=- ==: + == +- ~|+ c
= ==+ == +=+== +=++ -= = -==: =-== +-==- -- == ==- ===+ =+= : : ==,
+~-- ---===+ +: + = += ~=, : == +:=-= |-= +=+++ =+-+-= : --=+ ~=, : =---+=
--== ---= =+==+ ==- =-- - ++==: -+ +=- - =-c
=== =--= =+=, ==+=, =- =r= ==-=, ==-=-=, =-=-= =-=-== -= =-= --+ = ==
==-= ==+-- ~: -==: + -== +- =-~|+ c =--= ==: -+ +=- - =-c
--- - +-+ =+==+ == ====-= -= -=+- --+ = +-- ~|+ ==+- =+-- =--=+- +- =+==+
-+= +=- - =-c
=-=, = += +==: =-=+ - +== +==+= =+= ==- = =a--==: +- = -+ +=- - =-c
+=-
33
'7| | 9'' ' ' ||| '"|| "'- -

===--= ++-=+=, =--= =+=-=, =-+-+ -+=+ += - =-=-=, =- =-=-=, + =++ ==--=,
+++ +-=, ~ =-= - ==--
==+ == ==- +-++ = = - --- +-++ == - -+=- -+== + --+ ++ ~- - -+=- =
--- +-++ ===- -+= ~ ==+ + -+= = --= +- - ~- -+== = -== ==+ =- +== -- -+=-
+-+-= +- == =---==== -+- -
-= = +- +-+-=+ -+=--- -~|+ -:-- =- ==- =-=--==~ ==== - +-==- === =+=+
-~- =-=, =+=--=+=+-== ====+ -+- =- +== ~-+ c
== - =-==--= =-- =+=a === ==+ ==- == =+== =-=- == - === --- -~== ~=+=-
=+- =+=+ == t ~-=-- =-- =- =--+- =-+ +- =|+ c -c -+ =-- -=-= --+ = -- --
+=+== +- -= ==: t + c -~- +==+ =++-=+ =- +-=- = == ==+-= =- =-+ = =-+ +-+,
:|=- ==+z = +=-= =+=== ~=|+ = -=- ==- =-c =-=-=: c=c- + t:= =- +- =-
===== ==- +-+ =-=--= ===, ==- - == =+==+ ==a +=== =+=== -=-= + |-, - =
~=++ c == --== -=-= +: =-=--==: - =-+= =+ -- =+ =+ c === = -+==: ==
-=== ==+ ==++ - =--+- ~=+ -+ c
-= =-- ~-= ~|+ = -=-a+ += ==~=- ~| -+- = s== == -=- +-= +- -=++ ++ ==
== - == -+-++ =+=: === == a +-==- ==++ c == =~= -c- =+= ==+- +=-=+ +-+=
=-=--==: +-==- ~-== =-== +=-=+ == == =+=== --+ -++ ==- =--+- += =-+- =-=+- +-
== =-== =+ c --- - +-++ += =:-- -= - =+=-= |-= +--+-== = -+ =~ ++= =-
=-c
=-=, + -++ =+= +-- - -- +=++-= === c=+= +=- +- -- =~--= -= == ==+ -- =+ =+ c
+=-


34



List of Participants
S.N. Name Organization
53 Mahesh S. Kathayat NITC
54 Mohan B. Gewali RECAST, TU
55 Mohan Man Sainju PAF
56 Mr. Mohan B. Karki Ministry of Health
57 Mukti Khanal MOST
58 Mukund P. Acharya MOIC
59 N.H. Rajbhandari DHM
60 Naindra Upadhaya MOICS
61 O.R. Bajracharya DHM
62 P.K. Jha T.U.
63 P.P. Oli H.C. EG & LRM
64 Pancha R. Shakya DHM
65 Parbati Pudasaini RONAST
66 Pradeep B Shah DHM
67 Prakash Thapa NITC
68 Prem Nidhi Gyawali Annapurna
Development Bank
69 Purushottam Ghimire MOST
70 Priya Giri RONAST
71 Prof. Govind P. Sharma T.U.
72 Prof. Karan B. Shah Natural History
Museum
73 Rajendra Adhikari AEPC
74 Rajendra Manandhar MOST
75 Rajendra Shrestha DHM
76 Rajesh Paudyal PMO, HPC
77 Ram Badan Pradhan Women in S&T
78 Ram Prasad Dhital AEPC
79 Ramesh Balayar Embassy of Israel
80 Ramesh M. Singh RONAST
81 Ranjan Shrestha EU
82 Rom Kant Pandey MOST
83 S.L. Maleku MOST
84 S.P. Prajapati DHM
85 Saloni Singh Didi Bahini
86 Saroj Raj Shahi BPKMPOSMDB
87 Shasi Hamal RONAST
88 Shishir Raj Kolachhepati RONAST
89 Shreekar Pradhan CES/IOE/TU
90 Shreeshar Pd. Pokharel MWCSW
91 Shriharsh Koirala BPKMPOSMDB
92 Shudha Shrestha RONAST
93 Sita Ram Timsina MOST
94 Sudeep Dagi NITC
95 Sunil Poudel NITC
96 Suresh R. Sharma K.U.
97 Sushila Regmi MOST
98 T.M. Bajracharya Election Commission
99 Takeshi Osaka Embassy of Japan
100 Tulasi Sitaula CIAA
101 Usha Joshi DHM
102 Vijaya Babu Khatri Kantipur
103 Willem Boers SNV
S.N. Name Organization
1 Adarsha P. Pokhrel Free Lance
Consultant
2 Akkal Man Nakarmi
3 Andila Dangol RONAST
4 Archana Shrestha DHM
5 Arjun Kumar Thapa NITC
6 Arun B. Shrestha DHM
7 Arzu R. Deuba SAMANA-A
8 Ashok Koirala Sc. Dean Office
9 B.K. Vaidya DHM
10 Bimal Shah NITC
11 Bishnu Maskey SID
12 Bishnu Narayan Gurung DHM
13 Chitra Malla MOST
14 Dayananda Bajracharya RONAST
15 Devendra L. Shrestha Action Aid Nepal
16 Dinesh K. Jha NAFOL
17 Dr. Ashok Bajracharya RONAST
18 Dr. Chiranjibi Regmi RONAST
19 Dr. Dinesh Bhuju RONAST
20 Dr. Govind Nepal AEPC/MOST
21 Dr. M. Ranjit RONAST
22 Dr. Som Pudasaini
23 Durga Khadiwada NPCS
24 Ganesh Bahadur Maharjan MOST
25 Girendra Pd. Pokhrel MOST
26 H.N. Bhattarai UGC
27 Hira Lal Shrestha FCGO
28 Hirdaya R. Shakya NAFOL
29 Ishwar Shrestha CEDPA/N
30 Jagan Nath Shrestha Center for Energy
Studies/IOE
31 Jagat K. Bhusal DHM
32 K.B. Malla RONAST
33 K.B. Thapa T.U.
34 K.M. Bhuta
35 K.N. Shrestha DHM
36 K.P. Budhathoki DHM
37 K.P. Sharma RONAST
38 Kailash Man Pradhan Embassy of Japan
39 Keshari Bajracharya DHM
40 Keshari Bajracharya DHM
41 Keshari Manandhar Women in S&T
42 Keshari P. Pokharel NVC/N
43 KP Sharma DHM
44 Krishna B. Manandhar DHM
45 Kumar Rajbhandari DHM
46 L. Shakya RONAST
47 L.C. Shrestha RONAST
48 Lok Hari Pandey MOST
49 M. Rajbahak DHM
50 Madan B. Basnyat AEPC
51 Madan Lal Shrestha DHM
52 Mahendra Thapa NAFOL

35
A Glimpse of the Seminar



36

37
5.
38