Qualities of A Good Paragraph A good paragraph is like a miniature essay. it has a clear beginning, middle, and ending.

Strong paragraphs combine focus and attention to detail to develop a single idea thoroughly, and they help the reader transition from one idea to the next. Consider the following when writing a paragraph: 1. UNITY - singleness or "oneness" of purpose. All the detail sentences clearly point to or support the topic sentence. 2. COHERENCE - all the sentences and ideas in the paragraph flow smoothly together to make clear and logical points about the topic. Coherence can be achieved through the use of: A. A natural or easily recognized order: > Time Order (Chronological) - arranging details or sentences as they happen according to time; usually used in writing narratives > Space / Direction Order (Spatial) - arranging evidence in relation to space, direction or location > Importance Order (Emphatic) - arranging details in order of importance or emphasis > Step-by-Step (Sequential or Procedural) - arranging information according to numbers. B. Transition Words and Phrases - used to show the connection from one sentence to another, or to signal a new train of thoughts > Some common transitions: a. For continuing a common line of reasoning: consequently, clearly, then, furthermore, additionally, and, in addition, because, besides that, in the same way, also, in the light of... b. To change the line of reasoning: however, on the other hand, but, yet, nevertheless, on the

contrary c. For the final points of a paragraph or essay: finally, lastly d. Transitional chains, to use in separating sections of a paragraph which is arranged chronologically: - first, second, third... - generally, furthermore, finally - in the first place, also, lastly/finally - in the first place, just in the same way, finally - basically, similarly, as well as e. To signal conclusion: therefore, this, hence, in conclusion, indeed f. To restate a point within a paragraph in another way or in a more exacting way: after, afterwards, as soon as, at first, at last, before, before long, finally, in the first place, in the meantime, later, meanwhile, next, soon, then C. Repetition of Key Words - important words or phrases (and their synonyms) may be repeated throughout a paragraph to connect the thoughts into a coherent statement. D. Substitution of Pronouns for Key Nouns - use a key noun in one sentence and then use a pronoun in its place in the following sentences. When using pronouns consider the nouns to be replace by checking the nouns: 1. number - is the noun to be substituted singular of plural, 2. function in the sentence - is the noun to be replaced use as a possessive, a subject, or object, 3. gender - is the noun to be replaced a male, a female, a common noun or a neutre, 4. Person - is the noun to be replaced in the first, second, or third person. E. Parallelism - use of the same grammatical structure in several sentences to establish coherence. The use of similar phrasing helps tie ideas and sentences together. 3. PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT - Support and evidence provided by the writer can be explained in different ways, These details can be provided by giving or using: a. narration telling a story b. description painting something or someone by use of words c. comparison showing how two subjects are similar

d. contrast pointing out how two subjects are different from each other e. example providing illustrations or representatives of an idea or topic f. classification organizing or grouping together subjects with the same qualities or characteristics g. division taking out a part from the whole to fully discuss or emphasize how the part is integral to the whole h. definition giving the meaning of a term, idea, or concept i. process analysis telling how something is achieved or came to be; or telling how to do something j. cause and effect showing reasons/results of a phenomena/process Methods of Paragraph Development Writing Definition Smooth muscle has no striations. It is involuntary, which means that we cannot consciously control it. Found mainly in the walls of hollow visceral organs Such as the stomach, urinary bladder, and respiratory passages. Smooth muscle propels substances along a definite tract, or pathway, within the body. We can Define smooth muscle using the terms visceral, nonstriated and involuntary. Writing Classification There are three types of body planes, Sagittal section, Frontal section, and Transverse section. Sagittal Section is a cut made along the lengthwise, or longitudinal, plane of the body, dividing the body into right and left parts. Frontal Section is a cut made along a lengthwise plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. Transverse Section is a cut made along a horizontal plane, dividing the body organ into superior and inferior parts. Writing Description Filtration is a nonselective, passive process. The filtrate that is formed is essentially blood plasma without blood proteins. Both proteins and blood cells are normally too large to pass through the filtration membrane, and when either of these appear in the urine, it is a pretty fair bet that there is some problem with the glomerular filters. As long as the systemic blood pressure is normal, filtrate

will be formed. If arterial blood pressure drops too low, the glomerular pressure becomes inadequate to force substances out of the blood into the tubules, and filtrate formation stops. Writing Cause and Effect There was a guy who has been a victim of hold-up. Instead of giving his valuable things such as his phone and wallet, the guy fought to the criminal. Result of this, the criminal hit him on his head. His temporal lobe was damaged and he suffered Wernickes Aphasia characterized by fluent but incoherent speech. In writing, it may be normal but contains nonsense words and neologisms. Writing Analogy Nursing is like a bible. That has many mysteries and need to study. Many of us seeks for that mysteries. In nursing it is based on the technologies. While in bible faith is the important and your experience in your life. Writing Illustration Many people visit hospital to get check-up. For example, in cold season the most common illness is cold and coughs. While in hot season the most common illness is conjunctivitis and etc. This are the example of illness that is very common in our life. In addition, people must take their healthy diet to prevent this illness. Writing Process Analysis Levels of structural organization in human being. First is Chemical level, in this level atoms combine to form molecules. Second is Cellular level which cells are made up of molecules. Third is tissue level which consist of similar types of cells. Fourth is organ level which is made up of different types of tissue. Writing Comparison and Contrast Asthma and acute bronchitis are both disease and disorders of the respiratory system. However, asthma is a breathing problem that makes it more difficult to get air in and out of his/her lungs. Unlike acute bronchitis is an infection of the bronchial tree (made up of tubes that carry air to lungs). Both disease which affect the respiratory tract. Both range from trivial to lifethreatening.

Note: With all the types of rhetorical strategy mentioned below, we are not talking about essay "types", but about rhetorical styles which writers use for particular purposes. Some essays ask for a more expository than argumentative style, and for particular strategies within those styles. As we shall see later, authentic essays actually require you to use a combination of these styles.

Expository "Exposition" is a rather formal term which really means either "information" or "explanation", modes of communication we might use to write a manual, offer instructions on how things work or where to find things, or recount what happened during a revolution, etc.

Types of Expository Essay Descriptive Science-related essays often require background description: of a thing, process or state of affairs - analyzing it into its parts. This can be done chronologically, serially, hierarchically, etc. It is a test of your ability to select and synthesise factual information. Explanatory This approach is asked for in essay looking for an account of reasons or causes in relation to perceived effects or results. In most Social Science disciplines, you will be asked to draw on theory to support your explanation. Your interpretation demonstrates how well you understand the relevant theories. Illustrative This could be fairly descriptive, but illustrations need to be relevant and appropriate, and written with explicit reference to the theoretical point being supported. Analytical This could apply to experimental data, or to an argument or text. It is the process of breaking down something into its component parts, often in order to analyse patterns or categories based on a theoretical position. Argumentative Argumentative literally refers to everything that involves debate and possible disagreement, and to opinion as opposed to the uncontested facts of exposition. It means agreeing or disagreeing with a given proposition, either strongly or tentatively. In more general terms it refers to a more subjective style of writing, where writers engage in defining their terms or interpreting and evaluating the views, evidence or data very clearly from their own perspective or viewpoint. Types of Argumentative Essay

Defining Essays which expect a strong defining component are common in philosophy, but also feature in Sociology. A question may look factual- e.g. Do we have free will? , but the way to answered it is by careful definition of what is meant by the concept of free will. In Sociology, in particular, competing definitions often need to be explored at length, particularly in essays on social stratification or social class. Evaluative Some essays require you to pass judgement or make an assessment, according to stated criteria. In cases when you could say Well, it depends what you mean by (X) ... , it is important that you define the terms by which you apply or explore these criteria. Terms, such as "success" or "effectiveness", are often value-laden.. Basically, you may be asked to judge how good or bad something is, or how far it is true. E.g.: Evaluate the contribution of political parties to the development of the movement for

democracy in Hongkong.

Interpretive Interpretation is classically a literary process, where you place yourinterpretation of a text in the context of other, perhaps more established interpretations. It is also often used in Political Science and History, where

the causes, developments and results of political developments or events are interpreted,

there are conventional (and often competing) interpretations to re-examine

Note: Interpretation + Evaluation: Critical Review Essays typically combine these processes and styles of writing In all argumentative essays, you are expected to

consider all sides of an issue before taking a stand, and then to argue for the validity of your own position

Writing an Essay 1. Select the topic of your essay. 2. Choose the central idea, or thesis, of your essay. For example: Information technology has revolutionized the way we work. 3. Outline your essay into introductory, body and summary paragraphs. 4. The introductory paragraph begins with an interesting sentence. For example: Home workers have grown from 150,000 to over 12 million in the past 5 years thanks to the wonders of the computer. 5. After this first sentence, add your thesis statement from above. 6. Use one sentence to introduce everybody paragraph to follow. For example: The Internet has made this possible by extending the office into the home. 7. Finish the introductory paragraph with a short summary or goal statement. For example: Technological innovation has thus made the traditional workplace obsolete. 8. In each of the body paragraphs (usually two or three) the ideas first presented in the introductory paragraph are developed. 9. Develop your body paragraphs by giving detailed information and examples. For example: When the Internet was first introduced it was used primarily by scientists, now it is common in every classroom. 10. Body paragraphs should develop the central idea and finish with a summary of that idea. There should be at least two examples or facts in each body paragraph to support the central idea. 11. The summary paragraph summarizes your essay and is often a reverse of the introductory paragrah. 12. Begin the summary paragrah by quickly restating the principal ideas of your body paragraphs. For example: The Internet in the home, benefits and ease of use of modern computer systems... 13. The penultimate sentence should restate your basic thesis of the essay. For example: We have now passed from the industrial revolution to the information revolution. 14. Your final statement can be a future prediction based on what you have shown in the essay. For example: The next step: The complete disappearance of the workplace.

Tips: 1. Use strong verbs and avoid modals to state your opinion. It is better to write: The workplace has evolved than The workplace seems to have evolved 2. Do not apologize for what you are saying. An essay is about your opinion. 3. Do not translate from your mother tongue. It will quickly get you into trouble!