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Published date: January 2007 Publication code: BB3573 ISBN: 978 1 85969 696 5 Published by the Scottish Qualifications Authority The Optima Building, 58 Robertson Street, Glasgow G2 8DQ Ironmills Road, Dalkeith, Midlothian EH22 1LE www.sqa.org.uk
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Contents
Page
Electron Arrangements of Main Group Elements ....................................................... 1 Densities of Selected Elements ................................................................................... 2 Melting and Boiling Points of Selected Elements ........................................................ 3 Names, Symbols and Relative Atomic Masses of Selected Elements ........................... 4 Flame Colours ........................................................................................................... 4 Formulae of Selected Ions containing more than one kind of Atom ............................. 4 Solubilities of Selected Compounds in Water ............................................................. 5 Melting and Boiling Points of Selected Inorganic Compounds .................................... 6 Melting and Boiling Points of Selected Organic Compounds ....................................... 6 Electrochemical Series (Reduction Reactions) .............................................................. 7 Periodic Table of the Elements showing Symbol and Date of Discovery ...................... 8
Key
Group 1 1 Hydrogen H
1
3 Lithium Li 2, 1 11 Sodium Na 2, 8, 1 19 Potassium K 2, 8, 8, 1 37 Rubidium Rb 2, 8, 18, 8, 1 55 Caesium Cs 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1 87 Francium Fr 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 1
Group 1
Group 2
Hydrogen
0.00009
Key
Lithium
Beryllium
0.53
1.85
11
12
Sodium
Magnesium
0.97
1.74
19
20
21
22
23
Potassium
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
0.86
1.54
2.99
4.50
5.96
37
38
39
40
41
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
Molybdenum Technetium
1.53
2.60
4.47
6.52
8.57
55
56
57
72
73
Caesium
Barium
Lanthanum
Hafnium
Tantalum
1.93
3.51
6.15
13.3
16.6
* The density of carbon as graphite is 2.25 g/cm3 The density of carbon as diamond is 3.51 g/cm3
Group 1
Group 2
Hydrogen
259
253
Key
Lithium
Beryllium
181
1278
1347
2970*
11
12
Sodium
Magnesium
98
649
883
1090
19
20
21
22
23
Potassium
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
63
842
1541
1660
1890
759
1484
2831
3287
3380
37
38
39
40
41
Rubidium 2623 4639 74 Tungsten 3410 5660 5627 3180 Rhenium 75 4265 2157
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
Molybdenum Technetium
39
769
1522
1852
2477
688
1384
3338
4377
4742
55
56
57
72
73
Caesium
Barium
Lanthanum
Hafnium
Tantalum
28
725
921
2227
2996
671
1640
3457
4602
5425
* at 28 atmospheres sublimes
Element aluminium argon bromine calcium carbon chlorine copper fluorine gold helium hydrogen iodine iron lead lithium
Symbol Al Ar Br Ca C Cl Cu F Au He H I Fe Pb Li
Element magnesium mercury neon nickel nitrogen oxygen phosphorus platinum potassium silicon silver sodium sulphur tin zinc
Symbol Mg Hg Ne Ni N O P Pt K Si Ag Na S Sn Zn
FLAME COLOURS
Element barium calcium copper lithium Ion Ba2+ Ca Cu Li
2+ 2+
Ion K+ Na Sr
+ 2+
one negative Ion ethanoate hydrogencarbonate hydrogensulphate hydrogensulphite hydroxide nitrate permanganate Formula CH3COO HCO3 HSO4 HSO3 OH NO3 MnO4
two negative Ion carbonate chromate dichromate sulphate sulphite Formula CO3 2 CrO4 2 Cr2O7 2 SO4 2 SO3
2
ammonium NH4
phosphate
PO4
The table shows how some compounds behave in water vs means very soluble (a solubility greater than 10 g/l) s means soluble (a solubility of between 1 and 10 g/l) i means insoluble (a solubility of less than 1 g/l) no data chloride vs vs vs vs vs vs vs s vs vs vs vs i vs vs vs vs s vs i vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs i i i vs i vs i i i vs i vs i vs vs i vs i vs vs vs i vs vs vs vs s vs vs vs vs vs i s vs vs i i vs vs vs vs vs vs i vs iodide nitrate phosphate sulphate oxide i vs s i i i i vs i i vs i vs i i hydroxide i vs s i i i i vs i i vs vs i i
bromide i i i i i i i i i i i
carbonate
aluminium
vs
ammonium
vs
vs
barium
vs
calcium
vs
copper(II)
vs
iron(II)
vs
iron(III)
vs
lead(II)
lithium
vs
vs
magnesium
vs
nickel
vs
potassium
vs
vs
silver
sodium
vs
vs
tin(II)
vs
zinc
vs
Under normal conditions, carbon dioxide does not melt but sublimes instead. The melting point and boiling point were measured under different conditions.
These compounds have two or more isomers. Other isomers have slightly different melting points and boiling points. 6
lithium potassium calcium sodium magnesium aluminium zinc iron nickel tin lead
+ Li (aq) + e
Li(s) K(s) Ca(s) Na(s) Mg(s) Al(s) Zn(s) Fe(s) Ni(s) Sn(s) Pb(s) Fe(s) H2(g) SO3 (aq) + H2O( ) Cu(s) 4OH (aq) 2I (aq) Fe2+(aq) Ag(s) Hg( ) 2Br(aq) 2Cl (aq) Au(s)
2
K+(aq) + e Ca2+(aq) + 2e Na+(aq) + e Mg2+(aq) + 2e Al3+(aq) + 3e Zn2+(aq) + 2e Fe2+(aq) + 2e Ni2+(aq) + 2e Sn2+(aq) + 2e Pb2+(aq) + 2e Fe3+(aq) + 3e
hydrogen
2H+(aq) + 2e
+ SO4 (aq) + 2H (aq) + 2e 2
copper
Cu2+(aq) + 2e
2H2O( ) + O2(g) + 4e
Group Group 1 2
Group 0
Hydrogen
Key
3 Boron
Lithium
Beryllium
Li
Be
1817 1808 13 Aluminium Al 1827 23 26 27 29 30 Zinc Zn Gallium Ga 1875 49 Indium In 1817 80 Mercury Au Hg 1863 81 Thallium Gold Tl 1861 Copper Cu
Prehistoric 16th century
TRANSITION METALS
11
12
Sodium
Magnesium
Na
Mg
1775 25 Iron Cobalt Co 1735 45 48 Cadmium Cd Rhodium Rh 1803 77 78 79 Platinum Pt Iridium Ir 1804 109 1803 Pd Palladium Fe
Prehistoric
Prehistoric
1774 33 Arsenic Ge 1866 50 Tin Sn As ~1250 51 34 Selenium Se 1817 52 Antimony Tellurium Sb Te 35 Bromine Br 1826 53 Iodine I
20
21
22
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Ca
Sc
Ti
1807
1808
1879
1791
37
38
39
40
Rubidium Strontium Nb Mo 1778 74 76 Osmium Os 1804 108 Hassium Meitnerium Hs* 1964 1992 Mt* Tungsten W 1783 106 107 1925 Re Rhenium 75 1937 1844 Tc Ru 1801 73 Tantalum Ta 1802 105 Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Db* 1970 1974 1981 Sg* Bh*
Yttrium
Zirconium
Rb
Sr
Zr
1861
1790
1794
1789
Prehistoric
~1450 82 Lead Pb
Prehistoric
55
56
57
5871
72
Caesium
Barium
Lanthanum
Hafnium
Cs
Ba
La
1860
1808
1839
Hf
1923
87
88
89
90103
104
Francium
Radium
Actinium
Rutherfordium
Fr*
Ra
Ac
1939
1898
1899
Rf*
1964
The elements on this side of The elements on the dark line are metals. this side of the dark line are non-metals.
64 Europium Eu 1896 95 Americium Am* 1944 Gadolinium Gd 1880 96 Curium Cm* 1944 65 Terbium Tb 1843 97 Berkelium Bk* 1949 66 Dysprosium Dy 1886 98 67 Holmium Ho 1879 99 Californium Einsteinium Cf* 1952 Es* 1953 68 Erbium Er 1843 100 Fermium Fm* 1955 69 Thulium Tm 1879 101 Mendelevium Md* 1957 70 Ytterbium Yb 1907 102 Nobelium No* 1961 71 Lutetium Lu 1907 103 Lawrencium Lr* 1969
58
59
Cerium
Ce
Pr
1803
1885
90
91
Thorium
Protactinium
Th
Pa
1828
1917
* = element which is not found in nature either as the element or in a compound, but has been made by scientists