Running a Java Program from Command Prompt

Create a temporary folder C:\mywork. Using Notepad or another text editor,

create a small Java file HelloWorld.java with the following text:
public class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}
}
Save your file as HelloWorld.java in C:\mywork. To make sure your file
name isHeloWorld.java, (not HelloWorld.java.txt), first choose "Save as
file type:" All files, then type in the file name HelloWorld.java.
Run Command Prompt (found under All Programs/Accessories in the Start
menu). Type
C:\> cd \mywork
This makes C:\mywork the current directory.
C:\mywork> dir
This displays the directory contents. You should
see HelloWorld.java among the files.
C:\mywork> set path=%path%;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.5.0_09\bin
This tells the system where to find JDK programs.
C:\mywork> javac HelloWorld.java
This runs javac.exe, the compiler. You should see nothing but the next
system prompt...
C:\mywork> dir
javac has created the HelloWorld.class file. You should
see HelloWorld.java andHelloWorld.class among the files.
C:\mywork> java HelloWorld
This runs the Java interpreter. You should see the program output:
Hello, World!
If the system cannot find javac, check the set path command. If javac runs
but you get errors, check your Java text. If the program compiles but you
get an exception, check the spelling and capitalization in the file name and
the class name and the java HelloWorld command. Java is case-sensitive!
It is possible to make the path setting permanent but you have to be very
careful because your system might crash if you make a mistake. Proceed
with extreme caution!
In Windows XP, go to Control Panel, choose "System," click on the
"Advanced" tab, click on the "Environment variables" button. In the lower
list, "System variables," click on Path:

Click "Edit" and at the end append
;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.5.0_09\bin
(or the path to the appropriate folder where the latest version of JDK is
installed). Do not put spaces before the appended path string.
Click OK on the path edit box and OK on the Ennvironment Variables
box. The new setting will go into effect next time you run Command
Prompt.

Hello World!" for Microsoft Windows
It's time to write your first application! The following instructions are for users of Windows
XP Professional, Windows XP Home, Windows Server 2003, Windows 2000 Professional,
and Windows Vista. Instructions for other platforms are in "Hello World!" for Solaris OS and
Linux and "Hello World!" for the NetBeans IDE.
If you encounter problems with the instructions on this page, consult the Common Problems
(and Their Solutions).
A Checklist
Creating Your First Application
o Create a Source File
o Compile the Source File into a .class File
o Run the Program

A Checklist
To write your first program, you'll need:
1. The Java SE Development Kit 6 (JDK 6)
You can download the Windows version now. (Make sure you download
the JDK, not the JRE.) Consult the installation instructions.
2. A text editor
In this example, we'll use Notepad, a simple editor included with the Windows
platforms. You can easily adapt these instructions if you use a different text editor.
These two items are all you'll need to write your first application.

Creating Your First Application
Your first application, HelloWorldApp, will simply display the greeting "Hello world!". To
create this program, you will:
Create a source file
A source file contains code, written in the Java programming language, that you and
other programmers can understand. You can use any text editor to create and edit
source files.
Compile the source file into a .class file
The Java programming language compiler (javac) takes your source file and
translates its text into instructions that the Java virtual machine can understand. The
instructions contained within this file are known as bytecodes.
Run the program
The Java application launcher tool (java) uses the Java virtual machine to run your
application.
Create a Source File
To create a source file, you have two options:
You can save the file HelloWorldApp.java on your computer and avoid a lot of
typing. Then, you can go straight to Compile the Source File into a .class File.
Or, you can use the following (longer) instructions.
First, start your editor. You can launch the Notepad editor from the Start menu by
selecting Programs > Accessories > Notepad. In a new document, type in the following
code:
/**
* The HelloWorldApp class implements an application that
* simply prints "Hello World!" to standard output.
*/
class HelloWorldApp {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World!"); // Display the string.
}
}
Be Careful When You Type

Note: Type all code, commands, and file names exactly as shown. Both the compiler (javac) and
launcher (java) are case-sensitive, so you must capitalize consistently.

HelloWorldApp is not the same as helloworldapp.

Save the code in a file with the name HelloWorldApp.java. To do this in Notepad, first
choose the File > Save As menu item. Then, in the Save As dialog box:
1. Using the Save in combo box, specify the folder (directory) where you'll save your file. In this
example, the directory is java on the C drive.
2. In the File name text field, type "HelloWorldApp.java", including the quotation marks.
3. From the Save as type combo box, choose Text Documents (*.txt).
4. In the Encoding combo box, leave the encoding as ANSI.
When you're finished, the dialog box should look like this.

The Save As dialog just before you click Save.
Now click Save, and exit Notepad.
Compile the Source File into a .class File
Bring up a shell, or "command," window. You can do this from the Start menu by
choosing Command Prompt (Windows XP), or by choosing Run... and then entering cmd.
The shell window should look similar to the following figure.

A shell window.
The prompt shows your current directory. When you bring up the prompt, your current
directory is usually your home directory for Windows XP (as shown in the preceding figure.
To compile your source file, change your current directory to the directory where your file is
located. For example, if your source directory is java on the C drive, type the following
command at the prompt and press Enter:
cd C:\java
Now the prompt should change to C:\java>.

Note: To change to a directory on a different drive, you must type an extra command: the name of
the drive. For example, to change to the java directory on the Ddrive, you must enter D:, as shown
in the following figure.

Changing directory on an alternate drive.

If you enter dir at the prompt, you should see your source file, as the following figure shows.

Directory listing showing the .java source file.
Now you are ready to compile. At the prompt, type the following command and press Enter.
javac HelloWorldApp.java
The compiler has generated a bytecode file, HelloWorldApp.class. At the prompt,
type dir to see the new file that was generated, as shown in the following figure.

Directory listing, showing the generated .class file
Now that you have a .class file, you can run your program.
If you encounter problems with the instructions in this step, consult the Common Problems
(and Their Solutions).
Run the Program
In the same directory, enter the following command at the prompt:
java HelloWorldApp
The next figure shows what you should now see:

The program prints "Hello World!" to the screen.
Congratulations! Your program works!
If you encounter problems with the instructions in this step, consult the Common Problems
(and Their Solutions).
Previous Trail Next

In your observation, the exercise should include Aim, Algorithm, and Mnemonics in
the RHS and a table in which the columns correspond to Address, Mnemonics,
Opcode and Comments in the LHS.

You are expected to bring a copy of the opcode sheet.

Draw the index in your observation.

You are expected to complete the first two exercises in the observation on
09.01.2012 and get ready to submit your record on 16.01.2012.

Finite Group Elements of Finite Order
Contents
[hide]
1 Theorem
2 Proof
3 Alternative Proof
4 Sources
Theorem
In any finite group, each element has finite order.

Proof
Let G be a group whose identity is e.
From Finite Semigroup Exists Idempotent Power, for every element in a finite semigroup, there is a
power of that element which is idempotent.
As G, being a group, is also a semigroup, the same applies to G.

That is:
xG:nN:xnxn=xn.

From Identity Only Idempotent Element in Group, it follows that:
xnxn=xnxn=e.

So x has finite order.


Alternative Proof
Follows as a direct corollary to the result Powers of Infinite Order Element.
Finite Semigroup Exists Idempotent Power,
Theorem
Let (S,) be a finite semigroup.
For every element in (S,), there is a power of that element which is idempotent.

That is:
xS:iN:xi=xixi

Proof
From Finite Semigroup Equal Elements for Different Powers, we have:
xS:m,nN:mn:xm=xn.

Let m>n. Let n=k,m=k+l.
Then xS:k,lN:xk=xk+l.

Now we show that xk=xk+lxkl=xklxkl, i.e. that xkl is idempotent.
First:

xk = xk+l



xkxl = xk+lxl

Both sides xl

xk+l = xk+2l

ndex Laws for Semigroups

xk = xk+2l

as xk=xk+l

From here we can easily prove by induction that nN:xk=xk+nl.

In particular, xk=xk+kl=xk(l+1).

There are two cases to consider:
1. If l=1, then xk=xk(l+1)=x2k=xkxk, and xkl=xk is idempotent.
2. If l>1, then:

xk = xk+kl



= xk(l+1)



xkxk(l1) = xk(l+1)xk(l1)

Both sides xk(l1)

xk+klk = xkl+k+klk

ndex Laws for Semigroups

xkl = xkl+kl



= xklxkl


... and again, xkl is idempotent.

Identity Only Idempotent Element in Group

Theorem
Every group has exactly one idempotent element: the identity.

Proof
The identity is idempotent.
From the Cancellation Laws, all group elements are cancellable.
If e is the identity of a monoid (S,), then e is the only cancellable element of S that is
idempotent.