CHAPTER 16

Exercises
E16.1 The input power to the dc motor is Pin = Vsource I source = Pout + Ploss Substituting values and solving for the source current we have 220I source = 50 746 + 3350 I source = 184.8 A Also we have

50 746 Pout 100% = = 91.76% 50 746 + 3350 Pin n nfull load speed regulation = no load 100% nfull load =
= 1200 1150 100% = 4.35% 1150

E16.2

(a) The synchronous motor has zero starting torque and would not be able to start a high-inertia load. (b) The series-field dc motor shows the greatest amount of speed variation with load in the normal operating range and thus has the poorest speed regulation. (c) The synchronous motor operates at fixed speed and has zero speed regulation. (d) The ac induction motor has the best combination of high starting torque and low speed regulation. (e) The series-field dc motor should not be operated without a load because its speed becomes excessive. Repeating the calculations of Example 16.2, we have 2 V = 40 A (a) iA (0+) = T = RA 0.05 f (0+) = BliA (0+) = 2(0.3)40 = 24 N 2 V = 3.333 m/s u = T = Bl 2(0.3) f 4 = 6.667 A (b) iA = load = 2(0.3) Bl

E16.3

(c)

eA = VT RAI A = 2 0.05(6.667) = 1.667 V 1.667 e = 2.778 m/s u = A = Bl 2(0.3) pm = fload u = 4(2.778) = 11.11 W 2 pR = iA R = 2.222 W pt = VT iA = 2(6.667) = 13.33 W p 11.11 = m 100% = = 83.33% pt 13.33 f 2 iA = pull = = 3.333 A Bl 2(0.3) eA = VT + RAI A = 2 + 0.05(3.333) = 2.167 V e 2.167 u = A = = 3.611 m/s Bl 2(0.3) pm = fpull u = 2(3.611) = 7.222 W

pt = VT iA = 2(3.333) = 6.667 W 2 pR = iA R = 0.5555 W p 6.667 = t 100% = = 92.31% pm 7.222

E16.4

Referring to Figure 16.15 we see that E A 125 V for I F = 2 A and

n = 1200. Then for n = 1500 , we have

EA = 125
1500 = 156 V 1200

E16.5

Referring to Figure 16.15 we see that E A 145 V for I F = 2.5 A and

n = 1200. Then for n = 1500 , we have

1500 = 181.3 V 1200 2 m = n = 157.1 rad/s 60 P 10 746 Tdev = dev = = 47.49 Nm 157.1 m

E A = 145

Pdev 10 746 = = 41.15 A EA 181.3 VT = E A + RA I A = 181.3 + 0.3(41.15) = 193.6 V IA =

E16.6

VT RF IF 300 10 10 = = 20 IF 10 Because IF remains constant the value of K is the same value as in Radj =

Example 16.4, which is 2.228. Furthermore the loss torque also remains constant at 11.54 Nm, and the developed torque remains at 261.5 Nm. Thus the armature current is still 117.4 A. Then we have EA = VT RAI A = 300 0.065(117.4) = 292.4 V 292.4 E = 131.2 rad/s m = A = K 2.228 60 nm = m = 1253 rpm 2 Thus the motor speeds up when VT is increased.

E16.7

Following Example 16.4, we have 240 VT IF = = = 6A RF + Radj 10 + 30 Referring to Figure 16.18 we see that E A 200 V for I F = 6 A and

n = 1200. Thus we have 200 E K = A =

m

= 1.592 1200(2 / 60) T 261.5 I A = dev = = 164.3 A K 1.592 EA = VT RAI A = 240 0.065(164.3) = 229.3 V 229.3 E m = A = = 144.0 rad/s K 1.592 60 nm = m = 1376 rpm 2 Pout =Tout m = 36 kW Pin = VT (IF + I A ) = 240(6 + 164.3) = 40.87 kW
=

Pout 100% = 88.08% Pin

E16.8

m 3 = m 1

nm 3 = m 3 Pout 3

60 = 1698 rpm 2 = Tout 3m 3 = 1066 W

Tdev 1 12 = 125.7 = 177.8 rad/s 6 Tdev 3

E16.9

With RA = 0 and fixed VT, the shunt motor has constant speed independent of the load torque. Thus we have nm 2 = nm 1 = 1200 rpm m 2 = m 1 = 125.7 rad/s Pout 1 =Tout 1m 1 = 1508 W Pout 2 =Tout 2m 2 = 3016 W Decreasing VT decreases the field current and therefore the flux . In the linear portion of the magnetization curve, flux is proportional to the field current. Thus reduction of VT leads to reduction of and according to Equation 16.35, the speed remains constant. (Actually, some speed variation will occur due to saturation effects.) The torque--speed relationship for the separately excited machine is given by Equation 16.27 K Tdev = ( T Km ) V which plots as a straight line in the Tdev - m plane. A family of plots for various values of VT is shown in Figure 16.27 in the book.

E16.10

E16.11

RA

E16.12

The torque--speed relationship for the separately excited machine is given by Equation 16.27 K Tdev = ( T Km ) V which plots as a straight line in the Tdev - m plane. As the field current is increased, the flux increases. A family of plots for various values of IF and is shown in Figure 16.28 in the book.

RA

E16.13

IF =

Radj + RF

VF

140 = 14 A 0 + 10

VNL = E A = 312

1000 = 260 V 1200

VFL = E A RA I A = 260 200 0.065 = 247 V V VFL 260 247 voltage regulation = NL 100% = 100% = 5.26% 247 VFL Pout = I LVFL = 200 247 = 49.4 kW Pdev = Pout + RA I A2 = 49400 + 0.065(200) 2 = 52.0 kW P 2 49.4 m = n m = 104.7 rad/sec Pin = out = = 58.1 kW
Plosses Tin = Pin
60 0.85 = Pin Pdev = 58.1 52.0 = 6.1 kW
= 58100 = 555 nm 104.7

0.85

Tdev =

Pdev
m

52000 = 497 nm 104.7

Answers for Selected Problems

P16.5*

Two disadvantages of dc motors compared to signal-phase ac induction motors for a ventilation fan, which we can expect to operate most of the time, are first that dc power is usually not readily available in a home and second that dc machines tend to require more frequent maintenance than ac induction motors. speed regulation = 2.27%

P16.8*

P16.11* Tstart = 50.9 Nm P16.17* Pout = 2.42 hp

Ploss = 267 W = 87.1%

P16.20* (a)

If VT is doubled, the steady-state no-load speed is doubled. If the resistance is doubled, the steady-state no-load speed is not changed. (However, it will take longer for the motor to achieve this speed.) If B is doubled, the steady-state no-load speed is halved.

(b)

(c)

P16.23* fstarting = 48.75 N

u = 5.13 m s

P16.27* Using the right-hand rule we see that in Figure 16.10, the north pole of the rotor is at the top of the rotor. Because the north rotor pole is attracted to the south stator pole, the torque is counterclockwise, as indicated in the figure.

In Figure 16.11, the north rotor poles are in the upper right-hand and lower left-hand portions of the rotor. South poles appear in the upper left-hand and lower right-hand parts of the rotor. Because the north rotor poles are attracted to the south stator poles, the torque is counterclockwise, as indicated in the figure.
P16.30* Tdev = 19.10 Nm P16.33* N 64 P16.36* n2 = 1600 rpm P16.39* (a)

Pdev = 2400 W

VT = 253 V

Pdev = 44.26 kW = 59.33 hp PRA = 1.061 kW Prot = 6.96 kW = 9.330 hp nm = 1530 rpm
The field current is

(b)
P16.42* (a)

IF =

RF + Radj

VT

240 = 1.0 A 240

From the magnetization curve shown in Figure P16.35, we find that EA = 165 V with IF = 1.0 A and nm = 1000 rpm . Neglecting losses at no load, we have I A = 0 and EA = VT = 240 V . Since EA is proportional to speed, the no-load speed is: 240 nno-load = 1000 rpm = 1455 rpm 165 I A = 9. 6 A

(b)

Tload = 15.13 Nm
6

PF = 240 W
PRA = 138.2 W
P16.45* (a)

nm , no-load = 1369 rpm

(b)

P16.48* m 1 = 174.3 and I A 1 = 21.4 A for which = 87.2% m 2 = 25.67 and I A 2 = 141 A for which = 13.5%

The first solution is more likely to fall within the rating because the efficiency for the second solution is very low.

P16.51* The magnetization curve is a plot of EA versus the field current IF at a stated speed. Because a permanent magnet motor does not have field current, the concept of a magnetization curve does not apply to it.

P16.54* Pout = 30.87 W = 74.83% P16.57* nm = 1910 rpm P16.65* See Figures 16.26, 16.27 and 16.28 in the book. P16.68* VT = 33.33 V

Ton = 0.667 T

P16.71* Radded = 0.379 P16.77* voltage regulation = 6.667%

Tdev = 19.10 Nm
P16.78* I L = 15 A

RL = 7.5

RA = 0.5

VL = 112.5 V

Pdev = 1800 W

Practice Test
T16.1

The windings are the field winding, which is on the stator, and the armature winding, which is on the rotor. The armature current varies with mechanical load. See Figure 16.5(c) in the book. The speed becomes very high, and the machine can be destroyed.

T16.2

T16.3

See Figure 16.5(d) in the book.

T16.4 T16.5

speed regulation =

nno-load nfull-load 100% nfull-load

To obtain the magnetization curve, we drive the machine at constant speed and plot the open-circuit armature voltage EA versus field current IF. Power losses in a shunt-connected dc motor are 1. Field loss, which is the power consumed in the resistances of the field circuit. 2. Armature loss, which is the power converted to heat in the armature resistance. 3. Rotational losses, which include friction, windage, eddy-current loss, and hysteresis loss. A universal motor is an ac motor that similar in construction to a seriesconnected dc motor. In principle, it can be operated from either ac or dc 9

T16.6

T16.7

sources. The stator of a universal motor is usually laminated to reduce eddy-current loss. Compared to other single-phase ac motors, the universal motor has a higher power to weight ratio, produces a larger starting torque without excessive current, slows down under heavy loads so the power is more nearly constant, and can be designed to operate at higher speeds. A disadvantage of the universal motor is that it contains brushes and a commutator resulting in shorter service life.
T16.8

1. Vary the voltage supplied to the armature circuit while holding the field constant. 2. Vary the field current while holding the armature supply voltage constant. 3. Insert resistance in series with the armature circuit. Equation 16.15 states EA = Km With constant field current, the magnetic flux is constant. Therefore, the back emf EA is proportional to machine speed m (or equivalently to

T16.9

nm ). Thus, we have nm (rpm ) EA (V )

500 1500 2000
T16.10

80 240 320

Converting the speeds from rpm to radians/s, we have: 2 2 m 1 = nm 1 = 1200 = 40 60 60 2 2 m 2 = n m 2 = 900 = 30 60 60 Next, we can find the machine constant: E 120 3 K = A = = = 0.9549 m 1 40 The developed torque is: P 4 746 T dev = dev = = 31.66 Nm 30 m 2 Finally, the armature current is: T 31.66 I A = dev = = 33.16 A K 0.9549 10

T16.11

(a)

E A = VT RA I A = 230 V E 230 K = A = = 1.830 m 1200(2 / 60) Pin = VT I A = 4800 W Pout = 6 746 = 4476 W 2 PRA = RA I A = 200 W Pdev = Pout + Prot = 4600 W P 4600 T dev = dev = = 36.60 Nm 2 m
1200 60

Prot = Pin Pout PRA = 124 W

(b)

Trot =

Prot = m

I A , no-load = E A , no-load

Trot = 0.5392 A K = VT RA I A = 239.73 V E A , no-load K

= 131.0 rad s

2 1200 60

124

= 0.9868 Nm

m , no-load =

nm , no-load = 1251

rpm

speed regulation =

nno-load n full-load 100% = 4.25% n full-load

T16.12 For I A = 20 A , we have: 2 2 m = nm = 1000 = 104.7 radian s 60 60 E A = VT (RF + RA )I A = 226 V

For I A = 10 A , we have: E A = VT (RF + RA )I A = 233 V

Rearranging Equation 16.30 and substituting values, we have: EA 226 KK F = = = 0.1079 I A m 20 104.7

m =

nm = 2062 rpm

EA 233 = = 215.9 radian s KK F I A 0.1079 10

11