Cdma2000 Wcdma Comparison

CDMA2000 & W-CDMA
"A Comparison Study"
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CDMA2000 & W-CDMA

Prepared by:
Hedayat Azad Roger Cheung
Advanced Technologies Group
CDMA2000 & W-CDMA

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Table of Contents
1. Introduction 2. Evolution of cellular systems 3. CDMA: Past, Present and Future 4. Standardization Process of 3G Systems 5. cdma2000
5.1 cdma2000 Standard 5.1.1 Phase 1: cdma2000 1xRTT 5.1.2 Phase 2: cdma2000 3xRTT 5.1.3 5.3 cdma2000 Packet Core Network 5.2 cdmaOne Evolution Path to 3G CDMA cdma2000 Attributes 5.4 cdma2000 Key Parameters Summary 5.5 cdma2000 Downlink 5.5.1 cdma2000 Downlink Multicarrier Scenario 5.5.2 5.6.1 5.6.2 cdma2000 Downlink Channel Structure cdma2000 Uplink Scenario cdma2000 Uplink Channel Structure 5.6 cdma2000 Uplink
5 7 11 13 21
21 24 25 26 27 28 31 32 33 33 35 35 36 38 38 38 39 39 40
5.7 More on cdma2000 Technology 5.7.1 Spreading 5.7.2 Multirate 5.7.3 5.7.5 Packet Data Transmit Diversity 5.7.4 Handover
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6. Wide-band CDMA (W-CDMA)

6.2 Carrier Spacing and Deployment Scenarios 6.3.1 Uplink Physical Channels 6.3.2 Downlink Physical Channels 6.4 More on W-CDMA Technology 6.4.1 Spreading 6.4.2 Multirate 6.4.3 Packet Data 6.4.4 Soft Handover 6.4.5 Interfrequency Handovers 6.4.6 Inter-Operability Between GSM and W-CDMA 6.5 UTRA TDD 6.5.1 Transport Channels 6.5.2 Physical Channels 6.5.3 Multiplexing, Channel Coding and Interleaving 6.5.4 Spreading and Modulation 6.5.5 Radio Transmission and Reception 6.5.6 6.5.7 Physical Layer Procedures Additional Features and Options
41
46 46 47 52 55 55 57 59 59 60 61 63 63 64 68 70 71 72 74
6.1 UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) Logical Architecture 45 6.3 W-CDMA FDD Logical and Physical Channels
7. Comparison of CDMA2000 with UTRA (FDD & TDD)

7.1 Major Technical Differerences between cdma2000 and W-CDMA 7.1.1 The Chip Rate 7.1.2 Base Station Synchronization 7.1.3 Compatibiliy with Different Core Networks 7.1.4 Multi-Carrierd vs. Direct Sequence 7.1.5 7.2 Pilot Channel Functionality cdma2000 and UTRA (FDD, TDD) Specifications Comparison
75
75 75 76 76 77 77 78
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7.3 Comparison of cdma2000 and UTRA Evaluation Reports
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8. Other Relevant Technologies

8.1 1xEV-DO Standard 8.1.1 1xEV-DO Protocol Architecture 8.1.2 Physical Layer Link Structures 8.1.3 1xEVs Reverse Channel Structure 8.1.4 Reverse Link Modulation Parameters 8.1.5 8.1.7 Reverse Link Other Parameters Forward Link Other Parameters 8.1.6 1xEvs Forward Channel Structure 8.2 1xTREME 8.2.1 Evolutions from IS-2000 1X 8.2.2 Key Concept of 1xTREME 8.2.3 Adaptive Modulation and Coding
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99 100 100 101 106 107 109 115 118 118 120 122
9. References
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1. Introduction
The explosive growth of the Internet is expected to produce a tremendous increase in the demand for wireless multimedia services. First and second generation wireless networks have proven capable of providing voice and low-rate data services; however, their current air interfaces are inadequate for satisfying the higher data rates that have been specified by the ITU for IMT-2000. In order to satisfy so-called third generation requirements, GSM networks will evolve to GPRS/EDGE technology and ultimately utilize a new air interface based on wideband CDMA. Is-136 TDMA networks will most likely follow the same path as of GSM by evolving to GPRS136 and eventually to 136 HS or W-CDMA. Finally, cdma2000 will provide the migration path for existing IS-95 networks based on code division multiple access. Third-generation mobile radio networks, often dubbed as 3G, have been under intense research and discussion recently and will emerge around the year 2000. In the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), third generation networks are called International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000), and in Europe, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). IMT-2000 will provide a multitude of services, especially multimedia and highbit-rate packet data. Wideband code division multiple access (CDMA) has emerged as the mainstream air interface solution for the third-generation networks. In Europe, Japan, Korea, and the United States, wideband CDMA systems are currently being standarized. The preferred technology for third-generation systems depends on technical, political, and business factors. Technical factors include issues such as provision of required data rates, and performance. Political factors involve reaching agreement between standards bodies and taking into account the different starting points of different countries and regions. On one hand, the investments into the existing systems motivate a backward compatibility approach. On the other, new business opportunities or the possibility of changing the current situation might motivate a new approach.
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This document provides a complete review of the accepted CDMA air interface proposals which are the European WCDMA and cdma2000 in the United States. The document is organized as follows. The evolution of cellular systems is presented in section-2. In section-3, the past, present, and future of CDMA technology are presented. A brief summary of the 3G standardization is described in section-4. American cdma2000 standard and its different phases has been explained in section-5. Technical specifications of European W-CDMA standard are introduced in section-6. A comparison between cdma2000 and W-CDMA has been carried out in section-7. Some other relevant 2.5/3rd generation technologies are described in section-8. Section9 is a brief conclusion and finally, the references are given in section-10.
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2.
Evolution of Cellular Systems
The evolution of the Cellular Systems can be summarized as the following steps ( see also Table1).
Precellular Systems First Generation
Analog Voice with No Coding Few Services and Features Almost No Message Security Low Capacity Capacity (Spectral Efficiency) & Coverage
Second Generation
Digital Compressed Voice Channel Coding Encryption and Security Enhanced Features and Services
Capacity, Security & Unification of Various Standards
Third Generation High Speed Data Capability Multimedia Services Global Harmonization and Roaming Intelligent Networking HSD, Mutimedia Services, IN, more Unification
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Table-1 : 2G vs. 3G Systems
2G System Digital Technology Use digital technologies for modulation, speech, and channel coding.
3G System Increased use of digital technologies, including software.
Commonality for Different Operating Environments
Optimized for specific environment
Maximizing commonality and optimization of radio interface.
Frequency Band
800 MHz, 900 MHz, and 1.5 and 1.8 GHz
Use of common global frequency band for both terrestrial and satellite components.
Data Services
Data services less than or equal to 32kbps
Higher transmission speed capabilities with circuit and packet switch as well as multimedia services.
Roaming
Generally limited to specific region
Improved global roaming due to global frequency coordination, increased use of SIM, availability of global satellite coverage.
Technology
Spectrum efficiency, overall cost, and flexibility are limited by system design objectives and technologies existing at design inception and implementation.
Spectrum efficiency, flexibility, and overall costs will be improved as a result of building upon 2G Wireless system design experience and utilization of year 2000 technologies.
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First and second generation wireless networks currently provide support for circuit-switched voice services as well as low-rate circuit-switched and packet-switched data services. The most widely deployed first generation analog mobile phone systems are Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), and Total Access Communications System (TACS). AMPS has major network deployments in North America, the Asia / Pacific region, and Central and Latin America. NMT and TACS first deployments were primarily in Europe NMT in Scandanavia and TACS in the United Kingdom, with other substantial network operations in the Asia / Pacific region. Second generation (2G) systems consist of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), IS-136 or Digital AMPS (DAMPS), IS-95 or cdmaOne, and Personal Digital Cellular (PDC). GSM, IS-136, and PDC are time-division multiple access (TDMA) based systems; whereas, IS-95 relies on code division multiple access (CDMA) as its air interface. GSM is widely deployed throughout the world and is the predominant standard in Europe. GSM is also recognized as the world leader in terms of number of subscribers. IS-136 and IS-95 are the main 2G standards in operation in the North America, with other major installations throughout Central and South America and the Asia / Pacific region. Although it supports a substantial digital subscriber base, PDC is currently only in operation in Japan. The primary focus of third generation architectures will be to attempt to seamlessly evolve second generation systems to provide high-speed data services to support multimedia applications such as web browsing. The key word is "evolve" - as the challenge to wireless equipment manufacturers is to provide existing customers, namely, service providers, with a migration path that simultaneously satisfies the requirements set forth by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) for 3G wireless services while preserving customer investment in existing wireless infrastructure. Emerging requirements for higher rate data services and better spectrum efficiency are the main drivers identified for the third-generation mobile radio systems.
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The main objectives for the IMT-2000 air interface (Figure. 1) can be summarized as: Full coverage and mobility for 144 Kb/s, preferably 384 Kb/s Limited coverage and mobility for 2 Mb/s High spectrum efficiency compared to existing systems High flexibility to introduce new service
Figure 1: IMT-2000 User Bit Rate vs. Coverage and Mobility
User Bit Rate 2Mbps
384Kbps
IMT-2000/UMTS CDMA2000,WCDMA
EDGE
64Kbps 10Kbps
Evolved 2G (GSM HSCSD and GPRS, IS-95B) GSM, IS-95A, IS-136, PDC (Basic 2G)
Fixed/low mobility Wide area/ high mobility
The bit rate targets have been specified according to the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) rates. The 144-Kb/s data rate provides the ISDN 2B+D channel, 384 Kb/s provides the ISDN H0 channel, and 1920 Kb/s provides the ISDN H12 channel. However, it may be that the main IMT-2000 services are not ISDN-based services. It has to be noted that these figures have been subject to considerable debate. Ultimately, market demand will determine what data rates will be offered in commercial systems.
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3. CDMA: Past, Present, and Future

The origins of spread spectrum are in military field and navigation systems. Techniques developed to counteract intentional jamming have also proved suitable for communication through dispersive channels in cellular applications. In this section we highlight the milestones for CDMA development starting from the 1950s after the invention of the Shannon theorem.
In 1949, John Pierce wrote a technical memorandum where he described a multiplexing system in which a common medium carries coded signals that need not be synchronized. This system can be classified as a time hopping spread spectrum multiple access system [1]. Claude Shannon and Robert Pierce introduced the basic ideas of CDMA in 1949 by describing the interference averaging effect and the graceful degradation of CDMA [2]. In 1950, De Rosa-Rogoff proposed a direct sequence spread spectrum system and introduced the processing gain equation and noise multiplexing idea [1]. In 1956, Price and Green filed for the anti-multipath "RAKE" patent [1]. Signals arriving over different propagation paths can be resolved by a wideband spread spectrum signal and combined by the RAKE receiver. The near-far problem (i.e., a high interference overwhelming a weaker spread spectrum signal) was first mentioned in 1961 by Magnuski [1]. For cellular application spread spectrum was suggested by Cooper and Nettleton in 1978 [3]. During the 1980s Qualcomm investigated DS-CDMA techniques, which finally led to the commercialization of cellular spread spectrum communications in the form of the narrowband CDMA IS-95 standard in July 1993. Commercial operation of IS-95 systems started in 1996. Multiuser detection (MUD) has been subject to extensive research since 1986 when Verdu formulated an optimum multiuser detection for the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, maximum likelihood sequence estimator (MLSE) [4]. During the 1990s wideband CDMA techniques with a bandwidth of 5 MHz or more have been studied intensively throughout the world, and several trial systems have been built and tested [5]. These include FRAMES Multiple Access (FRAMES FMA2) in Europe, Core-A in Japan, the
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European/Japanese harmonized WCDMA scheme, cdma2000 in the United States, and the Telecommunication Technology Association I and II (TTA I and TTA II) schemes in Korea. Introduction of third-generation wireless communication systems using wideband CDMA is expected around the year 2000. Based on the above description, the CDMA era can be summarized into three periods: the pioneer CDMA era, the narrowband CDMA era, and the wideband CDMA era, as shown in Table 2.
Table 2: CDMA era Pioneer Era John Pierce: time hopping spread spectrum Claude Shannon and Robert Pierce: basic ideas of CDMA De Rosa-Rogoff: direct sequence spread spectrum Price and Green: antimultipath "RAKE" patent Magnuski: near-far problem Several developments for military field and navigation systems Narrowband CDMA Era Cooper and Nettleton: cellular application of spread spectrum Investigation of narrowband CDMA techniques for cellular applications Formulation of optimum multiuser detection by Verdu IS-95 standard Wideband CDMA Era Europe:FRAMES FMA2 WCDMA Japan: Core-A USA :cdma2000 Korea :TTA I TTA II Commercialization of wideband CDMA systems
1949 1949 1950 1956 1961 1970s
1978 1980s 1986 1993
1995
2000s
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4. Standardization Process of 3G Systems
In 1998, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) (www.itu.int) called for Radio Transmission Technology (RTT) proposals for IMT-2000 (originally called Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunications Systems, FPLMTS), the formal name for the Third Generation standard. Many different proposals were submitted: the DECT and TDMA/Universal Wireless Communications proposals for the RTT (Radio Transmission Techonology) were TDMA-based, whilst all other proposals for non-satellite based solutions were based on wideband CDMA - the main submissions were called Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) and cdma2000. The ETSI/GSM players including infrastructure vendors such as Nokia and Ericsson backed WCDMA. The North American CDMA community, led by CDMA Development Group (CDG) including infrastructure vendors such as Qualcomm and Lucent Technologies, backed cdma2000. Figure-2 details the main Participants for the IMT-2000.
3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) In December 1998, the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) was created following an agreement between six standards setting bodies around the world including ETSI, ARIB and TIC of Japan, ANSI of the USA and the TTA of Korea. This unprecedented cooperation into standards setting made 3GPP responsible for preparing, approving and maintaining the Technical Specifications and Reports for a Third Generation mobile system based on evolved GSM core networks and the Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) radio access technology. For example, ETSI SMG2 activities on UMTS have been fully transferred to 3GPP. The Chinese and the CDMA Development Group were not the original members of the 3GPP.
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Ko re a
EDGE
TTA (I & II)
ETSI
WCDMA & TD-CDMA
TIA TR45.5 & TR45.3

CDMA2000 & UWC-136
ITU-R
Euro pe ARIB J apan

ARIB - Association of Radio Industries and Business (Japan) ETSI - European Telecommunications Standards Institute (Europe) ITU - International Telecommunications Union TIA - Telecommunications Industry Association (USA) TTA - Telephone and Telegraph Association (S.Korea)
U.S.
Figure 2: IMT2000 Main Participants
3GPP2 (Third Generation Partnership Project 2)
The Third-Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) is an effort spearheaded by the International Committee of the American National Standards Institute's (ANSI) board of directors to establish a 3G Partnership Project for evolved ANSI/TIA/EIA-41, "Cellular Radiotelecommunication Intersystem Operations" networks and related RTTs. 3GPP2 members are TIA (USA), ARIB/TTC (Japan), TTA (Korea), CWTS (China). 3GPP2 is focused on cdma2000 (1x and 3x) Access Network and Evolved IS-41& All-IP Core network.
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In the first half of 1999, much progress was made in agreeing a global IMT-2000 standard that met the political and commercial requirements of the various technology protagonists- GSM, CDMA and TDMA. In late March 1999, Ericsson purchased Qualcomms CDMA infrastructure division and Ericsson and Qualcomm licensed each others key Intellectual Property Rights and agreed to the ITUs family of networks (Figure 3) compromise to the various standards proposals.
Figure 3: IMT-2000 Family of Systems
Cdma2000 & UWC-136
North America
ANSI-41/ WIN TIA TR 45 UTRA
Europe
GSM-MAP / CAMEL ETSI Cdma2000 & DoCoMo WCDMA ANSI-41 / WIN & GSM-MAP/CAMEL ARIB & TTC
A Family of Systems for IMT2000 services, ensuring network standards interoperability.
Asia/ Pacific
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A summary of IMT-2000 goals and requirements is given in Table 3.

Table 3: Summary of IMT-2000 Objectives
IMT- 2000 Goals
Global system for wireless communications Multi-environment operation Vehicular Pedestrian and Outdoor-to-Indoor Indoor Office Satellite Support for packet data and circuit-switched services Multimedia services support Expected data rates: 144 kbps in vehicular 384 kbps in pedestrian 2 Mbps in indoor office environment IMT- 2000 spectrum allocated at WARC 1992 in the 2 GHz band Year 2000+ services (subject to market considerations)
IMT-2000 End User Terminal Requirements Low cost Light weight Low power drain / long talk time Toll-quality voice High security Use multiple devices with the same User ID Services, routing and charging by personal ID/subscription International roaming Broad range of services Fixed and mobile Voice, data, multimedia
IMT- 2000 Key Architectural Requirements Broadband Radio Access Data Rates: 144, 384, 2000 kbps Evolution from 2G (CDMA, TDMA, GSM, PHS, etc.) Mobility vs. Fixed Wireless Access Advanced Technologies Group
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Harmonized Spectrum Allocations Broadband Backbone Infrastructure Integrated Voice, Data, Image Network Architecture Functional Distribution WIN, GSM MAP, INAP
The proposed IMT-2000 standard for Third Generation mobile networks globally is a CDMAbased standard that encompasses THREE OPTIONAL modes of operation, each of which should be able to work over both GSM MAP and IS-41 network architectures. The three modes are shown in Table 4 and Figure 4.
Table 4: Three Operational Modes of IMT-2000
Mode
Title
Origin
Supporters
IMT DS Based on the first operational mode WCDMA of ETSIs UTRA (3G Terrestrial Direct Spread FDD Radio Access) RTT proposal. (Frequency Division Duplex)
Japans ARIB (Association of Radio Industries and Businesses, the Japanese standards setting body) and GSM network operators and vendors. To be deployed in Japan and Europe.
IMT MC cdma2000 Multi-Carrier FDD (Frequency Division Duplex)
Based on the cdma2000 RTT proposal from the US Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA). Consists of the 1XRTT and 3XRTT components
cdmaOne operators and members of the CDMA Development Group (CDG). Likely to be deployed in the USA.
IMT TC UTRA TDD (Time Division Duplex)
The second operational mode of Harmonized with Chinas TD-SCDMA ETSIs UTRA (3G Terrestrial Radio RTT proposal. Probably will be Access) RTT proposal. An unpaired deployed in China. band solution to better facilitate indoor cordless communications.
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Figure 4: Family of 3G: Radio Access and Core Network
One goal of the harmonization effort is to provide seamless global roaming between the different modes of CDMA 3G, cdma2000 and WCDMA. Table 5 shows some of the contracts already awarded to equipment manufacturers by different service providers around the globe.
Table 5: 3G Contracts Awarded
Country
Australia Australia Canada Canada France France
Network Operator
Telstra (WCMA) One.Tel Microcell/ GSM Allianc (WCDMA) France Telecom (WCDMA) Cegetel
Date announced
23MAY99 23NOV99
3G Supplier
Lucent Lucent Ericsson Nortel Nortel Nortel
Alcatel and Ericsson switches, Alcatel and Nortel base stations
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Germany Germany Hong Kong Hong Kong Italy Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Korea Sweden USA USA USA UK UK UK UK UK
(WCDMA) Mannesmann D2 T-Mobil D1 SmarTone (WCDMA) Hong Kong Telecom (WCDMA) Telecom Italia Mobile NTT DoCoMo (supply of WDMA terminals) NTT DoCoMo (WCMA TERMINALS) DDI/ IDO (WCDMA) NTT DoCoMo (WCDMA) NTT DoCoMo (WCDMA) DDI/ ICO (cdma2000) NTT DoCoMo NT DoCoMo (WCDMA) SK Telecom (WCDMA) Telia AT&T Wireless (UWC 136) Bell Atlantic (cdma2000) Sprint PCS (cdma2000) Vodafone (WCDMA) Vodafone (WCDMA) Orange (WCDMA) Vodafone (WCDMA) BT
01JUL98 01JUL98
Ericsson Ericsson Ericsson Nokia Ericsson Nokia Motorola Motorola Siemens Nortel Lucent
28APR99 26APR99
Ericsson Lucent Nokia Ericsson Lucent Lucent Lucent
23FEB99 15OCT98 10FEB99 Ericsson Ericsson
Motorola Lucent Lucent Nortel Nortel
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UK USA USA USA USA Venezuela
(WCDMA) Vodafone Sprint PCS (cdma2000) Sprint PCS (cdma2000) AirTouch (cdma2000) Movilnet (TDMA)
22APR99
Ericsson Motorola Nortel Ericsson Nortel
13DEC99
Ericsson
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5. cdma2000
Currently, mobile data rates are low on both GSM at 9.6 kbps with Circuit Switched Data and cdmaOne 95A networks at 14.4 kbps in either circuit or packet switched modes. These speeds are far lower than those available to a typical user of a PSTN wire-line network. However, we are now entering a period that will see new and faster non-voice mobile services. For example, anticipating an increased demand for data services, Korean and Japanese operators SK Telecom, Hansol, DDI and IDO have already implemented commercial cdmaOne 95B packet data at speeds of 64 kbps.
5.1 cdma2000 Standard

cdma2000 is the 3rd Generation solution based on IS-95. It is an evolution of an existing wireless standard. cdma2000 supports 3G services as defined by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) for IMT-2000. 3G networks will deliver wireless services with better performance, greater cost-effectiveness and significantly more content. The goal is access to any service, anywhere, anytime from one terminal - true converged, mobile services. cdma2000 is one solution for wireless operators who want to take advantage of the new market dynamics created by mobility and the Internet. cdma2000 is both an air interface and a core network solution for delivering the services that customers are demanding today. These services are sometimes referred to as 3G. cdma2000 and 3G are synonymous. cdma2000 is one mode of the Radio Access "Family" of Air interfaces agreed upon by the Operators Harmonization Group (OHG) for promoting and facilitating convergence of third generation (3G) networks. The CDMA2000 specification defines two modes (Figure 5 and Figure 6) of spreading and modulations.
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Direct Spread
the high rate baseband signal is directly spread over the entire available spectrum.
Figure 5: Direct Sequence cdma2000
abc
Multicarrier
the spectrum is divided into multiple 1.25MHZ channels. the information bit stream is multiplexed into different lower rate data streams, each spread and modulated over a 1.25MHz wide carrier. Multiple carriers are transmitted and received in parallel, and data bits are demultiplexed at the receiver.
Figure 6: Multi-carrier cdma2000
S/P
abc
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The cdma2000 standard is divided into two phases commonly known as 1X and 3X. Phase one provides support for the cdma2000 1X air interface - providing average data rates of 144 kbps. Phase two incorporates additional support for 3X systems - providing for data rates upto 2Mbps. The approximate voice capacity and peak data rates of cdma2000's both phases, 1x and 3x RTTs, are shown in Figure 7. Figure 7- cdma2000 Today and Beyond
MC3x MC1x 2000 3 x Bandw idth / Capac ity ov er 1 x
V oice Cap acity
Curr ent Capacity
2 x Capacity over Current Sys tem
MC 3x MC1X (IS-2000 rel.0) IS 95B 64 k bps 153 kbps MC1X ( IS-2000 rel.A) 614 kbps 2 Mbps
Peak Data Rates
And finally, the timeline for market trial and commercial availability of 1x and 3x solutions are presented in Figure 8. Figure 8- cdma2000 Timeline
1xRTT
Marke t Trial Commercially Ava ilab le Ma rket Tria l Commercially A vailable
3xRTT
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
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5.1.1 P hase 1: cdma2000 1X

The IS-2000 standard (cdma2000 1X) has been completed and published by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA). 1X offers approximately twice the voice capacity of cdmaOne, average data rates of 144 kbps, backward compatibility with cdmaOne networks, and other performance improvements. 1X refers to cdma2000 implementation within existing spectrum allocations for cdmaOne - 1.25 MHz carriers. The technical term is derived from N = 1 (i.e. use of the same 1.25 MHz carrier as in cdmaOne) and the 1X means one times 1.25 MHz (RTT refers to Radio Transmission Technology). 1X can be implemented (Figure 9) in existing spectrum or in new spectrum allocations.
Figure 9: cdma2000 1X
A cdma2000 - 1X network will also introduce simultaneous voice and data services, low latency data support and other performance improvements. The backward compatibility with cdmaOne, further ensures investment protection.
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5.1.2 P hase 2 : cdma2000 - 3X

The IS-2000-A standard (cdma2000-3X) offers even higher capacity than 1X, data rates of up to 2 Mbps, backward compatibility with both 1X and cdmaOne deployments, and other performance enhancements.
3X can also be implemented in existing or new spectrum allocations, but it utilizes a broader band of spectrum. The term 3X refers to N = 3 (i.e. use of three 1.25 MHz carriers). There are currently two implementations ( Figure 10) of 3X identified in the standard. The Multi-Carrier mode utilizes three 1.25 MHz carriers to deliver 3G services, while the Direct Sequence mode utilizes one 3.75 MHz carrier to deliver the same services. The mode implemented would largely depend on the operator's existing spectrum allocations and usage.
Figure 10: cdma2000 3X
With cdma2000 3X operators will be able to offer even higher average and peak data rates from their networks - upto 2Mbps. Quality of service for delivering multimedia applications will also be improved. cdma2000 3X offers simultaneous support and roaming for cdmaOne, 1X and 3X users and improves the voice capacity even more - adding value and lowering cost for wireless operators.
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5.1.3 cdma2000 Packet Core Netw ork

The standards for a CDMA packet core network (Figure 11) are being developed by the TR45.6 working group of the TIA. These standards are being developed by using existing standards from the IEFT (Internet Engineering Task Force) on Mobile IP. To provide secure and efficient transport for wireless data, a data delivery mechanism should be introduced. One example is using a PCN (Packet Core Network) which is comprised of the PDSN (Packet Data Serving Node) and AAA (Authentication, Authorization and Accounting). The HA (Home Agent) can be added to provide Mobile IP based packet data services.
Figure 11: CDMA Packet Core Network
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5.2 cdmaOne Evolution Path to 3G CDMA

Figure 12: Evolution Path for cdmaOne to cdma2000
From IS-95A to IS-95B (Figure 12 and Table 6) Same Physical and Radio Channelization Added Supplemental Channel for Multi-code Operation
From IS-95A / B to cdma2000 (see Figure 12 and Table 6) Same Radio Channelization for 1X, Wider channels for nX deployments Multi-Carrier / Direct Spread Options Multi-Rate Physical Channels Many new common channels, broadcast and dedicated in support of packet data and high data rates.
Migration from cdmaOne to 1x Main unit and software upgrade only No modiffication to remote units or antennas Upgrade only portions of network that demand capacity or higher data rates
Migration to 3x with channel card and software upgarde only Operate 1X and 3X on the same base station Remote units designed with wideband receive chain for 3X reverse link No changes required to antenna configuration Optional support for transmit diversity
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Table 6: Packet Data Equipment Requirments for cdma2000 evoluation from cdmaOne
Packet Data Equipment 95A requirements
95B
IMT-2000 CDMA Multi-carrier 1X(MC 1X) 1X standard in chipsets in 2001 1X handsets will work on 95A networks at 14.4Kbps, 95B Networks at speeds up to 114 Kbps and 1X and 3X networks at speeds up to 307Kbps-SingleMode phone 1X requires new software in backbone and new channel cards at base station CDMA
IMT-2000 CDMA Multi-carrier 3X(MC 3X) New handsets 3X handsets will work on 95A networks at 14.4Kbps, 95B networks at speeds up to 114Kbps and 1X networks at speeds up to 307 Kbps and 3X networks at 2MbpsSingle-Mode phone Backbone modificationsNew channel cards at base stations CDMA
Handset
Standard 95A handsets will work on all future networks: 95B, 1X and 3Xat 14.4KbpsSingle-Mode phone *
Standard inchipsets 1999 95B handsets will work on 95A networks at 14.4Kbps and 95B, 1X and 3X systems at speeds up to 114 Kbps-Single-Mode phone New software in BSC (Base Station Controller) CDMA
Infrastructure Technology Platform
Standard
CDMA
5.3 cdma2000 Attributes

Voice Capacity Improvement Doubling the available voice capacity in the existing 1.25 MHz cdmaOne carrier Improved Grade of Service (GoS) and Customer satisfaction with service More revenue with less investment Voice Quality Improvement and QoS Offering premium voice quality to certain users at a premium price Also called V2 Voice Mode (V1 is a standard voice quality) Multimedia Applications Low Delay Tolerance Priority Service Access Data Rate Guarantee Advanced Technologies Group
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Backward Compatibility (Figure 13) Simultaneous support for both cdmaOne and 1X users in the same cell
Figure 13: cdma2000 1X Backward Compatibility with cdmaOne
cdmaOne Traffic
cdma2000 Traffic
1xRTT Coverage cdmaOne Phone
cdma2000 - 1X Phone
Handoff and Roaming (Figure 14)

Figure 14: Roaming and Handoff between cdmaOne and 1X networks cdma2000 - 1xRTT Network
Neighboring cdmaOne Network
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High Speed Wireless Data Services Average data rates of 144 kbps Improved data throughput for packet and circuit data applications Internet, File Transfer, Streaming data, e-commerce Provides low latency data throughput for delay-sensitive applications Credit card transaction, telematics, VoIP (Voice Over IP), streaming audio and video Offering side range of data speeds and data services Various Data Speeds 144 kbps average with 1X 2 Mbps peak with 3X Various Data Services Telematics Services Horizontal Services Vertical Services Simultaneous Voice / Data Services Concurrent Services Circuit-switched voice / data and packet data simultaneously Talking over the phone while sending fax and surfing Internet, etc. Hot Spot Coverage and Smart Antenna Tracking (Figure 15) Increasing coverage, capacity, or data rate Hot spots coverage in convention centers, stadiums, malls and campuses Dedicated data rates and coverage to group of users
Figure 15: Hot Spot Coverage for different data rate requirements High Speed Data Users Sector
C S
Auxiliary Sectors serving high speed data
Normal sectors serving voice and low speed data users
Sector
Sector Auxiliary Sectors dedicated to high speed data
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Access Reliability Improving Acccess reliability when.. High data pipes for multiple data rate applications leave big gap in Walsh space assigned to users Run out of Walsh functions in sector Sport beam and Smart antenna application Extends battery life / talk time of the mobile unit
5.4 cdma2000 Key Parameters Summary

Within standardization committee TIA TR45.5, the subcommittee TR45.5.4 was responsible for the selection of the basic cdma2000 concept. Like for all the other wideband CDMA schemes, the goal has been to provide data rates that meet the IMT-2000 performance requirements of at least 144 Kb/s in a vehicular environment, 384 Kb/s in a pedestrian environment, and 2048 Kb/s in an indoor office environment. The main focus of standardization has been providing 144 Kb/s and 384 Kb/s with approximately 5-MHz bandwidth. The main parameters of cdma2000 are listed in the Table 7 for reference.
Table 7: Cdma2000 Key Parameters List Channel bandwidth 1.25, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz
Downlink RF channel structure Direct spread or multicarrier 1.2288/3.6864/7.3728/11.0593/14.7456 Mc/s for direct spread Chip rate n x 1.2288 Mc/s (n = 1, 3, 6, 9, 12) for multicarrier Roll-off factor Frame length Similar to IS-95 20 ms for data and control/5 ms for control information on the fundamental and dedicated control channel Balanced QPSK (downlink) Spreading modulation Dual-channel QPSK (uplink) Complex spreading circuit
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QPSK (downlink) Data modulation BPSK (uplink) Pilot time multiplexed with PC and EIB (uplink) Coherent detection Common continuous pilot channel and auxiliary pilot (downlink) Control, pilot, fundamental, and supplemental code multiplexed Channel multiplexing in uplink I&Q multiplexing for data and control channels Multirate Spreading factors Power control Variable spreading and multicode 4-256 Open loop and fast closed loop (800 Hz, higher rates under study) Variable length Walsh sequences for channel separation, M-sequence 215 Spreading (downlink) (same sequence with time shift utilized in different cells, different sequence in I&Q channel) Variable length orthogonal sequences for channel separation, M-sequence Spreading (uplink) 215 (same sequence for all users, different sequences in I&Q channels); M-sequence 241 -1 for user separation (different time shifts for different users) Soft handover Handover Interfrequency handover
5.5 cdma2000 Downlink

cdma2000 Multi- Carrier (MC) demultiplexes modulated symbols into N separate 1.25 MHz carriers resulting in a chip rate of 1.2288 Mcps per carrier. cdma2000 Direct Spread (DS) spreads the modulation symbols to N x 1.2288 Mcps resulting in one N X 1.25 MHz carrier. Both methods offer comparable link performance and capacity. As was mentioned before, cdma2000 multi-carrier has been chosen as one of the modes of IMT-2000 family of systems concept.
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5.5.1 cdma2000 Dow nlink mult icarrie r scenario

Figure 16: Downlink Scenario for multi-carrier cdma2000 (N = 3)
where F1, F2 & F3 carry the Fundamental Channel Spread using a single Walsh Code over all three 1.25 MHz channels (transmitted separately) and S1, S2 & S3 carry the supplemental channel spread using a single Walsh Code over all three 1.25 MHz channels (transmitted separately).
5.5.2 cdma2000 Dow nlink Channel Structure

cdma2000 multi-carrier downlink channel structure is shown in Figure 17. The Fundamental and Supplemental Channels carry user data and the dedicated control channel control messages. The dedicated control channel contains power control bits and rate information. The synchronization channel is used by the mobile stations to acquire initial time synchronization. One or more paging channels are used for paging the mobiles. The pilot channel provides a reference signal for coherent detection, cell acquisition, and handover. In the downlink, cdma2000 has a common pilot channel, which is used as a reference signal for coherent detection when adaptive antennas are not employed. The pilot channel is similar to IS95 (i.e., it is comprised of a long PN-code and Walsh sequence number 0).
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Figure 17: cdma2000 Multicarrier downlink channel structure
FORWARD CDMA CHANNEL for Spreading Rates 1 and 3 (SR1 and SR3)
Broadcast Channels
Sync Channel
Pilot Channels
Quick Paging Channels
Paging Channels (SR1)
Common Control Channels
Common Assignment Channels
Common Power Control Channels
Traffic Channels
Forward Pilot Channel
Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel
Auxiliary Pilot Channels
Auxiliary Transmit Diversity Pilot Channels
0-1 Dedicated Control Channel
0-1 Fundamental Channel
Mobile Station Power Control Subchannel
0-7 Supplemental Code Channels (Radio Configurations 1-2)
0-2 Supplemental Channels (Radio Configurations 3-9)
When adaptive antennas are used, auxiliary pilot is used as a reference signal for coherent detection. Code multiplexed auxiliary pilots are generated by assigning a different orthogonal code to each auxiliary pilot. This approach reduces the number of orthogonal codes available for the traffic channels. This limitation is alleviated by expanding the size of the orthogonal code set used for the auxiliary pilots. Since a pilot signal is not modulated by data, the pilot orthogonal code length can be extended, thereby yielding an increased number of available codes, which can be used as additional pilots The multicarrier transmission principle is illustrated in Figure 18.
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Figure 18: Multicarrier Downlink
5.6 cdma2000 Uplink

5.6.1 cdma2000 Uplink scenario
Figure 19: Uplink Scenario for cdma2000
F: 5Mhz fundamental channel with pilot and control S: 5Mhz supplemental channel dynamically assigned; - Variable user data rate with 3.6864 Mcps chiprate
Multiple supplemental channels can be used for multiple services
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5.6.2 cdma2000 Uplink channel st ructure

cdma2000 uplink channel structure is shown in Fifure 20. In the uplink there are four different dedicated channels. The fundamental and supplemental channels carry user data. A dedicated control channel, with a frame length 5 or 20 ms, carries control information such as measurement data, and a pilot channel is used as a reference signal for coherent detection. The pilot channel also carries time multiplexed power control symbols.
Figure 20: cdma2000 uplink channel structure

REVERSE CDMA CHANNEL (1.25 MHz or 5 MHz channel received by base station)
Access Channel
Enhanced Access Channel
Reverse Common Control Channel
Reverse Traffic Channel (RC 1 or 2)
Reverse Dedicated Channel (RC 3 to 6)
Reverse Pilot Channel Enhanced Access Channel
Reverse Pilot Channel Reverse Common Control Channel
Reverse Fundamental Channel 0 to 7 Reverse Supplemental Code Channels
Reverse Pilot Channel 0 or 1 Reverse Dedicated Control Channel 0 or 1 Reverse Fundamental Channel 0 to 2 Reverse Supplemental Channels Power Control Subchannel
Figure 21 illustrates the different uplink dedicated channels separated by Walsh codes. The reverse access channel (R-ACH) and the reverse common control channel (R-CCCH) are common channels used for communication of layer 3 and MAC layer messages. The R-ACH is used for initial access, while the R-CCCH is used for fast packet access. Advanced Technologies Group
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Figure 21: cdma2000 uplink dedicated channels
The fundamental channel conveys voice, signaling, and low rate data. Basically it will operate at low FER (around 1 percent). The fundamental channel supports basic rates of 9.6 Kb/s and 14.4 Kb/s and their corresponding subrates (i.e., Rate Set 1 and 2 of IS-95). The fundamental channel will always operate in soft handover mode. The fundamental channel does not operate in a scheduled manner; thus permitting the mobile station to transmit acknowledgments or short packets without scheduling. This reduces delay and the processing load due to scheduling. Its main difference compared to the IS-95 voice channel is that discontinuous transmission is implemented using repetition coding rather than gated transmission. The supplemental channel provides high data rates. The uplink supports one or two supplemental channels. If only one supplemental channel is transmitted, then the Walsh code (+-) is used on the first supplemental channel, and if two supplemental channels are transmitted then the Walsh code (+-+-) is used. A repetition scheme is used for variable data rates on the supplemental channel.
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5.7 More on cdma2000 technology

5.7.1 Spreading
On the downlink, the cell separation for cdma2000 is performed by two M-sequences of length 215 , one for the I-Channel and one for the Q-Channel, which are phase shifted by PN-Offset for different cells. Thus, during the cell search process only these sequences need to be searched. Since there is only a limited number of PN-Offsets, they need to be planned in order to avoid PNConfusion. In the uplink, user separation is performed by different phase shifts of M-sequence of length 241 . The channel separation is performed using variable spreading factor Walsh sequences, which are orthogonal to each other. Fundamental and supplemental channels are transmitted with the multicode principle. The variable spreading factor scheme is used for higher data rates in the supplemental channel. In the uplink, it is used with dual-channel modulation.
5.7.2 Multi rate

The fundamental and supplemental channels can have different coding and interleaving schemes. In the downlink, high bit rate services with different QoS requirements are code multiplexed into supplemental channels, as illustrated Figure 22.
Figure 22: Principle of code multiplexing
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In the uplink, one or two supplemental channels can be transmitted. The user data frame length of cdma2000 is 20 ms. For the transmission of control information, 5- and 20-ms frames can be used on the fundamental channel. Also on the fundamental channel a convolutional code with constraint length of 9 is used. On supplemental channels a convolutional code is used up to 14.4 Kb/s. For higher rates Turbo codes with constraint length 4 and rate 1/4 are preferred. Rate matching is performed by puncturing, symbol repetition, and sequence repetition. 5.7.3 Packet Data cdma2000 uses also the slotted Aloha principle for packet data transmission. However, instead of fixed transmission power it increases the transmission power for the random access burst after an unsuccessful access attempt. When the mobile station has been allocated a traffic channel, it can transmit without scheduling up to a predefined bit rate. If the transmission rate exceeds the efined rate, a new access request has to be made. When the mobile station stops transmitting, it releases the traffic channel but not the dedicated control channel. After a while it also releases the dedicated control channel but maintains the link layer and network layer connections in order to shorten the channel setup time when new data need to be transmitted. Short data bursts can be transmitted over a common traffic channel in which a simple ARQ is used to improve the error rate performance.
5.7.4 Handover
It is expected that soft handover of the fundamental channel will operate similarly to the soft handover in IS-95. In IS-95, the Active Set is the set of base stations transmitting to the mobile station. For the supplemental channel, the Active Set can be a subset of the Active Set for the fundamental channel. This has two advantages. First, when diversity is not needed to counter fading, it is preferable to transmit from fewer base stations. This increases the overall downlink capacity. For stationary conditions, an optimal policy is to transmit only from one base station -the base station that would radiate the smallest amount of downlink power. Second, for packet operation, the control processes can also be substantially simplified if the supplemental channel is Advanced Technologies Group
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not in soft handover. However, maintaining the fundamental channel in soft handover provides the ability to reliably signal the preferred base station to transmit the supplemental channel when channel conditions change. 5.7.5 Transm it Diversity The downlink performance can be improved by transmit diversity. For direct spread CDMA schemes, this can be performed by splitting the data stream and spreading the two streams using orthogonal sequences. For multicarrier CDMA, the different carriers can be mapped into different antennas.
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6. Wide-band CDMA (W-CDMA)

WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) is the radio access technology selected by ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) in January 1998 for wideband radio access to support third-generation multimedia services. The W-CDMA scheme has been developed as a joint effort between ETSI and ARIB during the second half of 1997[6]. The ETSI W-CDMA scheme has been developed from the FMA2 scheme in Europe [7 - 13] and the ARIB W-CDMA from the Core-A scheme in Japan [14 - 19]. The uplink of the WCDMA scheme is based mainly on the FMA2 scheme, and the downlink on the Core-A scheme. Optimized to allow very high-speed multimedia services such as voice, Internet access and videoconferencing, the technology will provide access speeds at up to 2Mbit/s in the local area and 384kbit/s wide area access with full mobility. These higher data rates require a wide radio frequency band, which is why WCDMA with 5MHz carrier has been selected; compared with 200kHz carrier for narrowband GSM. WCDMA can be added to the existing GSM core network. This will be particularly beneficial when large portions of new spectrum are made available, for example in the new paired 2GHz bands in Europe and Asia. It will also minimize the investment required for WCDMA rollout it will, for example, be possible for existing GSM sites and equipment to be reused to a large extent. An agreement on a globally harmonized third-generation CDMA radio standard that addresses the needs of all current wireless communities was reached by the Operators Harmonization Group in May 1999. There will be three modes in the harmonized 3G CDMA standard; a direct-sequence mode for WCDMA, a multi-carrier mode for cdma2000 (an evolution of narrowband CDMA), and a time division duplex (TDD) CDMA mode. Figure 23 illustrates the different schemes and their relations to standards bodies and to each other.
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Figure 23: Relationship between wideband CDMA schemes and standards bodies
In this section, the main technical features of the ARIB / ETSI W-CDMA scheme are presented and the key parameters and requirements of W-CDMA are listed in Table 8 and Table 9 respectively.
Table 8: Key Parameters of WCDMA
Multiple Access
DS-CDMA (FDD Mode) TDMA / CDMA (TDD Mode)
Channel bandwidth
5 / 10 / 20 MHz (FDD Mode) 5 MHz (TDD Mode) FDD Mode: Basice Chip Rate = 4.096 Mcps, Higher Chip Rate with 8.192 and 16.384 Mcps TDD Mode: 4.096 Mcps (3.84 Mcps) FDD Mode: Asynchronous (Sync. Possible) TDD Mode: Synchronous 10 ms
Chip rate
Inter BS Timing Frame length
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Power control Spreading Techique
Fast power control for both uplink and downlink

Variable-spreading factor + multi-code
Modulation
QPSK with roll-off factor = 0.22
Detection
Coherent Detection on both uplink and downlink 1 / 2 1 / 3 rate Convolutional & Turbo Coding (FDD Mode) Convolutional Codes, RS Codes, Turbo Codes (TDD Mode) Soft-Handoff (FDD Mode) Hard-Handoff (TDD Mode)
Channel Coding
Handover
Table 9: M i n i m u m b e a r e r c a p a b i l i t i e s f o r U M T S
Real Time/Constant Delay BER / Max Operating environment Peak Bit Rate
Rural outdoor
(terminal speed up to 500 km/h)
Non Real Time/Variable Delay

Peak Bit Rate
144 kbit/s
granularity 16 kbit/s
Transfer Delay -3 B E R 1 0 (20 ms ) -7 B E R 1 0 (300 ms) B E R 1 0 (20 ms) -7 B E R 1 0 (300 ms)

-3
144 kbit/s
BER / Max Transfer Delay -5 -8 BER = 10 t o 1 0 Max Transfer Delay 150 ms or more -5 -8 BER = 10 t o 1 0 Max Transfer Delay 150 ms or more -5 -8 BER = 10 t o 1 0 Max Transfer Delay 150 ms or more
Urban/ Suburban outdoor

(Terminal speed up to 120 km/h)
512 kbit/s
512 kbit/s
Indoor/ Low range outdoor

(Terminal speed up to 10 km/h)
2 Mbit/s
delay 20 - 300 ms -3 B E R 1 0 (20 ms) -7 B E R 1 0 (300 ms)
2 Mbit/s
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UMTS Goal
"UMTS will be a mobile communications system that can offer significant user benefits including high-quality wireless multimedia services to a convergent network of fixed, cellular and satellite components. It will deliver information directly to users and provide them with access to new and innovative services and applications. It will offer mobile personalised communications to the mass market regardless of location, network and terminal used." From UMTS Forum 1997.
UMTS Vision
The UMTS vision of Global/Umbrella/Macro cell, Suburban/urban/Micro cell and inbuilding/Pico cell in a hierarchical cell structure is shown in Figure 24.
Figure 24: UMTS Vision
Global
Suburban Micro-Cell Macro-Cell
Urban In- Building Home-Cell Pico-Cell
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6.1 UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) logical Architecture

The UTRAN consists of a set of Radio Network Subsystems (RNS) connected to the Core Network through the Iu. An RNS consists of a Radio Network Controller (RNC) and One or more Node B nodes. Node B is connected to the RNC through the Iub interface. The RNC is responsible for the hand-over decisions that require signaling to the User Equipment (UE). The RNC comprises a combining/splitting function to support macro diversity inside a Node B. However, a Node B can comprise an optimal combining/splitting function to support macro diversity inside a Node B. Inside the UYRAN, the RNCs of the RNS can be interconnected together through the Iur. Iu and Iur are logical interfaces. Iur can be conveyed over physical dorect connection between RNCs or via any suitable transport network. The UTRAN architecture is shown in Figure 25.
Figure 25: UTRAN Architecture Core Network Iu RNS Iur RNC Iub Node B Iub Node B Iub Node B RNC Iub Node B RNS Iu
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6.2
Carrier Spacing and Deployment Scenarios
The carrier spacing has a raster of 200 kHz and can vary from 4.2 to 5.4 MHz. The different carrier spacings can be used to obtain suitable adjacent channel protections depending on the interference scenario. Figure 26 shows an example for the operator bandwidth of 15 MHz with three cell layers. Larger carrier spacing can be applied between operators than within one operator's band in order to avoid inter-operator interference. Inter-frequency measurements and hand-overs are supported by WCDMA to utilize several cell layers and carriers.
Figure 26 - Frequency utilization with WCDMA
6.3
W-CDMA FDD Logical and Physical Channels
WCDMA basically follows the ITU Recommendation M.1035 in the definition of logical channels. The following logical channels (Figure 27) are defined for WCDMA. Advanced Technologies Group
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Figure 27: WCDMA Logical Channels
Control Channel (CCH)
Synchronisation Control Channel (SCCH) Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

Common Control Channel (CCCH) Shared Channel Control Channel (SHCCH) ODMA Dedicated Control Channel (ODCCH) ODMA Common Control Channel (OCCCH) Traffic Channel (TCH) Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) ODMA Dedicated Traffic Channel (ODTCH) Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)
6.3.1 Uplink Physical Channels

There are two dedicated channels and one common channel on the uplink (Figure 28). User data is transmitted on the dedicated physical data channel (DPDCH), and control information is transmitted on the dedicated physical control channel (DPCCH). The random access channel is a common access channel. Frame structure for W-CDMA uplink DPDCH and DPCCH is depicted in Figure 29.
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Figure 28: WCDMA Uplink Physical Channels
Uplink Physical channels
Dedicated Physical Channels
Common Physical Channels
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (Uplink DPCCH)) Dedicated Physical Data Channels (Uplink DPDCH)
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)
Figure 29: Frame Structure for WCDMA Uplink DPDCH / DPCCH
DPDCH Pilot Npilot bits
Data Ndata bits TFCI NTFCI bits FBI NFBI bits TPC NTPC bits
DPCCH
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2 k bits (k=0..6)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i 1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
Slot #14
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Figure 29 shows the principle frame structure of the uplink DPDCH. Multiple parallel variable rate services (= dedicated logical traffic and control channels) can be time multiplexed within each DPDCH frame. The overall DPDCH bit rate is variable on a frame-by-frame basis. In most cases, only one DPDCH is allocated per connection, and services are jointly interleaved sharing the same DPDCH. However, multiple DPDCHs can also be allocated (e.g. to avoid a too low spreading factor at high data rates). The dedicated physical control channel (DPCCH) is needed to transmit pilot symbols for coherent reception, power control signaling bits, and rate information for rate detection. Two basic solutions for multiplexing physical control and data channels are time multiplexing and code multiplexing. A combined IQ and code multiplexing solution (dual-channel QPSK) is used in WCDMA uplink to avoid electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problems with discontinuous transmission (DTX). The major drawback of the time multiplexed control channel are the EMC problems that arise when DTX is used for user data. One example of a DTX service is speech. During silent periods no information bits need to be transmitted, which results in pulsed transmission as control data which must be transmitted in any case. This is illustrated in Figure 30.
Figure 30: Illustration of pulsed transmission with time multiplexed control channel
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Because the rate of transmission of pilot and power control symbols is on the order of 1 to 2 kHz, they cause severe EMC problems to both external equipment and terminal interiors. This EMC problem is more difficult in the uplink direction since mobile stations can be close to other electrical equipment, like hearing aids.
Figure 31: Illustration of parallel transmission of DPDCH and DPCCH channel when data is present/adsent
The IQ/code multiplexed control channel is shown in Figure 31. Now, since pilot and power control are on a separate channel, no pulse-like transmission takes place. Interference to other users and cellular capacity remains the same as in the time multiplexed solution. In addition, linklevel performance is the same in both schemes if the energy allocated to the pilot and the power control bits is the same. The structure of the random access burst is shown in Figure 32. The random access burst consists of two parts, a preamble part of length 16 x 256 chips (1 ms) and a data part of variable length. The WCDMA random access scheme is based on a slotted ALOHA technique with the random access burst structure shown in Figure 32.
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Figure 32: Structure of WCDMA random access burst
Before the transmission of a random access request, the mobile terminal should carry out the following tasks: Achieve chip, slot, and frame synchronization to the target base station from the synchronization channel (SCH) and obtain information about the downlink scrambling code also from the SCH Retrieve information from BCCH about the random access code(s) used in the target cell / sector Estimate the downlink path loss, which is used together with a signal strength target to calculate the required transmit power of the random access request It is possible to transmit a short packet together with a random access burst without settting up a scheduled packet channel. No separate access channel is used for packet traffic related random access, but all traffic shares the same random access channel. More than one random access channel can be used if the random access capacity requires such an arrangement.
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6.3.2 Dow nlink Physical Channels

The downlink physical channels are shown in Figure 33, and Figure 34 shows the principle frame structure of the downlink DPCH (DPDCH and DPCCH).
Figure 33: WCDMA Downlink Physical Channels
Downlink Physical Channels
Dedicated Physical Channel

TMUX
Common Physical Channels
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
Synchronisation Channel (SCH) Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Page Indication Channel (PICH)
Secondary CPICH Primary CPICH
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)
Figure 34: Frame Structure for WCDMA Downlink DPCH
DPDCH Data1 Ndata1 bits
DPCCH TPC NTPC bits TFCI NTFCI bits
DPDCH Data2 N data2 bits
DPCCH Pilot Npilot bits
T slot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..7)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i One radio frame, T f = 10 ms
Slot #14
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The dedicated channels (DPDCH and DPCCH) are time multiplexed. The EMC problem caused by discontinuous transmission is not considered difficult in downlink since (i) there are signals to several users transmitted in parallel and at the same time and (ii) base stations are not so close to other electrical equipment, like hearing aids. In the downlink, time multiplexed pilot symbols are used for coherent detection. Since the pilot symbols are connection dedicated, they can be used for channel estimation with adaptive antennas as well. Furthermore, the connection dedicated pilot symbols can be used to support downlink fast power control. In addition, a common pilot time multiplexed in the BCCH channel can be used for coherent detection. The SCH consists of two subchannels, the primary and secondary SCHs. Figure 35 illustrates the structure of the SCH. The SCH applies short code masking to minimize the acquisition time of the long code [48]. The SCH is masked with two short codes (primary and secondary SCH). The primary SCH is used to acquire the timing for the secondary SCH. The modulated secondary SCH code carries information about the long code group to which the long code of the BS belongs. In this way, the search of long codes can be limited to a subset of all the codes.
Figure 35: Structure of the synchronization channel (SCH)
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The primary SCH consists of a modulated code of length 256 chips, which is transmitted once every slot. The primary synchronization code is the same for every base station in the system and is transmitted time aligned with the slot boundary, as illustrated in Figure 35. The secondary SCH consists of one modulated code of length 256 chips, which is transmitted in parallel with the primary SCH. The secondary synchronization code is chosen from a set of 16 different codes depending on to which of the 32 different code groups the base station downlink scrambling code csc belongs. The secondary SCH is modulated with a binary sequence of length 16 bits, which is repeated for each frame. The modulation sequence, which is the same for all base stations, has good cyclic autocorrelation properties. The multiplexing of the SCH with the other downlink physical channels (DPDCH / DPCCH and CCPCH) is illustrated in Figure 36.
Figure 36: Multiplexing of the SCH (s p = primary spreading code; s c = secondary spreading code; cch = orthogonal code; csc = long scrambling code).
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The SCH is transmitted only intermittently (one code-word per slot), and it is multiplexed with the DPDCH/DPCCH and CCPCH after long code scrambling is applied on DPDCH/DPCCH and CCPCH. Consequently, the SCH is non-orthogonal to the other downlink physical channels.
6.4
More on W-CDMA technology
6.4.1 Spreading
The WCDMA scheme employs long spreading codes. Different spreading codes are used for cell separation in the downlink and user separation in the uplink. In the downlink, Gold codes of length 218 are used, but they are truncated to form a cycle of a 10-ms frame. The total number of available scrambling codes is 512, divided into 32 code groups with 16 codes in each group to facilitate a fast cell search procedure. In the uplink, either short or long spreading (scrambling codes) are used. The short codes are used to ease the implementation of advanced multiuser receiver techniques; otherwise long spreading codes can be used. For channelization, orthogonal codes are used. Orthogonality between the different spreading factors can be achieved by the tree-structured orthogonal codes. IQ/code multiplexing leads to parallel transmission of two channels, and therefore, attention must be paid to modulated signal constellation and related peak-to-average power ratio (crest factor). By using the complex spreading circuit shown in Figure 37, the transmitter power amplifier efficiency remains the same as for QPSK transmission in general. Moreover, the efficiency remains constant irrespective of the power difference G between DPDCH and DPCCH. This can be explained with Figure 38, which shows the signal constellation for IQ/code multiplexed control channel with complex spreading.
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Figure 37: IQ/code multiplexing with complex spreading circuit
Figure 38: Signal constellation for IQ/code multiplexed control channel with complex spreading. G is the power difference between DPCCH and DPDCH
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In the middle constellation with G = 0.5 all eight constellation points are at the same distance from the origin. The same is true for all values of G. Thus, signal envelope variations are very similar to the QPSK transmission for all values of G. The IQ/code multiplexing solution with complex scrambling results in power amplifier output backoff requirements that remain constant as a function of power difference. Furthermore, the achieved output backoff is the same as for one QPSK signal.
6.4.2 Multi rate

Multiple services of the same connection are multiplexed on one DPDCH. Multiplexing may take place either before or after the inner or outer coding, as illustrated in Figure 39.
Figure 39: Service multiplexing in WCDMA
After service multiplexing and channel coding, the multiservice data stream is mapped to one DPDCH. If the total rate exceeds the upper limit for single code transmission, several DPDCHs can be allocated. A second alternative for service multiplexing would be to map parallel services to different DPDCHs in a multicode fashion with separate channel coding/interleaving. With this alternative scheme, the power, and consequently the quality of each service, can be separately and independently controlled. The disadvantage is the need for multicode transmission, which will Advanced Technologies Group
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have an impact on mobile station complexity. Multicode transmission sets higher requirements for the power amplifier linearity in transmission, and more correlators are needed in reception. For BER = 103 services, convolutional coding of 1/3 is used. For high bit rates a code rate of 1/2 can be applied. For higher quality service classes outer Reed-Solomon coding is used to reach the 106 BER level. Retransmissions can be utilized to guarantee service quality for non real-time packet data services. After channel coding and service multiplexing, the total bit rate can be almost arbitrary. The rate matching adapts this rate to the limited set of possible bit rates of a DPDCH. Repetition or puncturing is used to match the coded bit stream to the channel gross rate. The rate matching for uplink and downlink are introduced below. For the uplink, rate matching to the closest uplink DPDCH bit rate is always based on unequal repetition (a subset of the bits repeated) or code puncturing. In general, code puncturing is chosen for bit rates less than (20 percent above the closest lower DPDCH bit rate. For all other cases, unequal repetition is performed to the closest higher DPDCH bit rate. The repetition/puncturing patterns follow a regular predefined rule (i.e., only the amount of repetition/puncturing needs to be agreed on). The correct repetition/puncturing pattern can then be directly derived by both the transmitter and receiver side. For the downlink, rate matching to the closest DPDCH bit rate, using either unequal repetition or code puncturing, is only made for the highest rate (after channel coding and service multiplexing) of a variable rate connection and for fixed-rate connections. For lower rates of a variable rate connection, the same repetition / puncturing pattern as for the highest rate is used, and the remaining rate matching is based on discontinuous transmission where only a part of each slot is used for transmission. This approach is used in order to simplify the implementation of blind rate detection in the mobile station.
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6.4.3 Packet Data

Figure 40 shows different types of packet data transmission possibilities.
Figure 40: WCDMA Packet Data Transmission
Forward link FACH/SCCPCH 1 x 10msec Frame

300 bits@ 30kb/s (SF=256) 19080 bits @ 1920kb/s (SF=4)
Reverse link RACH/PRACH 1 x 10msec Frame

150 bits @ 15kb/s (SF=256) 1200 bits @ 120kb/s (SF=32)
Short Packets
DSCH/PDSCH N-max x 10msec Frame

300 bits@ 30kb/s (SF=256) 19200 bits@ 1920kb/s (SF=4)
Medium Packets
CPCH/PCPCH N-max x 10msec Frame

DCH/DPCH N-max x 10msec Frame

60 bits@ 15kb/s (SF=512) 18720 bits@ 1920kb/s (SF=4)
Long Packets
DCH/DPCH N-max x 10msec Frame

6.4.4 Soft Handover

Base stations in WCDMA need not be synchronized, and therefore, no external source of synchronization, like GPS, is needed for the base stations. Asynchronous base stations must be considered when designing soft handover algorithms and when implementing position location services.
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Before entering soft handover, the mobile station measures observed timing differences of the downlink dedicated channel of the current base station and the P-CCPCH of the target base station. The mobile station reports the timing differences back to the serving base station. The timing of a new downlink soft handover connection is adjusted with a resolution of one symbol (i.e., the dedicated downlink signals from the two base stations are synchronized with an accuracy of one symbol). That enables the mobile RAKE receiver to collect the macro diversity energy from the two base stations. Timing adjustments of dedicated downlink channels can be carried out with a resolution of one symbol without losing orthogonality of downlink codes.
6.4.5 Interfrequency Handovers

Interfrequency handovers are needed for utilization of hierarchical cell structures; macro, micro, and indoor cells. Several carriers and interfrequency handovers may also be used for taking care of high capacity needs in hot spots. Interfrequency handovers will be needed also for handovers to second-generation systems, like GSM or IS-95. In order to complete interfrequency handovers, an efficient method is needed for making measurements on other frequencies while still having the connection running on the current frequency. Two methods are considered for interfrequency measurements in WCDMA: Dual receiver Slotted mode
The dual receiver approach is considered suitable especially if the mobile terminal employs antenna diversity. During the interfrequency measurements, one receiver branch is switched to another frequency for measurements, while the other keeps receiving from the current frequency. The loss of diversity gain during measurements needs to be compensated for with higher downlink transmission power. The advantage of the dual receiver approach is that there is no break in the current frequency connection. Fast closed loop power loop is running all the time.
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Figure 41: Slotted mode structure
The slotted mode approach depicted in Figure 41 is considered attractive for the mobile station without antenna diversity. The information normally transmitted during a 10-ms frame is compressed time either by code puncturing or by changing the FEC rate.
6.4.6 Inter-operabil ity Betw een GSM and WCDMA

The handover between the WCDMA system and the GSM system, offering worldwide coverage already today, has been one of the main design criteria taken into account in the WCDMA frame timing definition. The GSM compatible multiframe structure, with a superframe multiple of 120 ms, allows similar timing for intersystem measurements as in the GSM system itself. Apparently the needed measurement interval does not need to be as frequent as for GSM terminal operating in a GSM system, as intersystem handover is less critical from intra-system interference point of view. Rather, the compatibility in timing is important that when operating in WCDMA mode, a multimode terminal is able to catch the desired information from the synchronization bursts in the synchronization frame on a GSM carrier with the aid of frequency correction burst. This way the relative timing between a GSM and WCDMA carriers is maintained similar to the timing between two asynchronous GSM carriers. The timing relation between WCDMA channels and GSM channels is indicated in Figure 42 where the GSM traffic channel and WCDMA channels use similar 120 ms multiframe structure.
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Figure 42: Measurements timing relation between WCDMA and GSM frame structure
The GSM frequency correction channel (FCCH) and GSM synchronization channel (SCH) use one slot out of the eight GSM slots in the indicated frames with the FCCH frame with one time slot for FCCH always preceding the SCH frame with one time slot for SCH as indicated in the Figure 42. A WCDMA terminal can do the measurements either by requesting the measurement intervals in a form of slotted mode where there are breaks in the downlink transmission or then it can perform the measurements independently with a suitable measurement pattern. With independent measurements the dual receiver approach is used instead of the slotted mode since the GSM receiver branch can operate independently of the WCDMA receiver branch. For smooth interoperation between the systems, information needs to be exchanged between the systems, in order to allow WCDMA base station to notify the terminal of the existing GSM frequencies in the area. In addition, more integrated operation is needed for the actual handover where the current service is maintained, taking naturally into account the lower data rate capabilities in GSM when compared to UMTS maximum data rates reaching all the way to 2 Mb/s.
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The GSM system is likewise expected to be able to indicate also the WCDMA spreading codes in the area to make the cell identification simpler and after that the existing measurement practises in GSM can be used for measuring the WCDMA when operating in GSM mode. As the WCDMA does not rely on any superframe structure as with GSM to find out synchronization, the terminal operating in GSM mode is able to obtain the WCDMA frame synchronization once the WCDMA base station scrambling code timing is acquired. The base station scrambling code has 10-ms period and its frame timing is synchronized to WCDMA common channels.
6.5
UTRA TDD
Wide-band CDMA TDD mode is one of technologies approved by the ITU to be included in the IMT-2000 family of systems concept.
6.5.1 Transport channels

A general classification of transport channels is into two groups:
dedicated channels common channels
Dedicated transport channels The only type of dedicated transport channel is the Dedicated Channel (DCH) characterized by:
possibility to use beam-forming, possibility to change rate fast (each 10ms), possibility to use enhanced power control and inherent addressing of MSs.
Common transport channels Common transport channels are: 1. Random Access Channel(s) (RACH) 2. Forward Access Channel(s) (FACH) 3. Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) 4. Paging Channel (PCH) 5. Synchronization Channel (SCH)
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6.5.2 Physical channels

A physical channel is defined as the association of one code, one time slot and one frequency. Frame structure In the following sections, an overview about the frame, time slot and code structure is outlined. Time slots The TDMA frame has duration of 10 ms and is subdivided into 16 time slots (TS) of 625 s duration each. A time slot corresponds to 2560 chips. The physical content of the time slots is the bursts of corresponding length. TDD frame Each 10 ms frame consists of 16 time slots; each allocated to either the uplink or the downlink (Figure 43). With such flexibility, the TDD mode can be adapted to different environments and deployment scenarios. In any configuration at least one time slot has to be allocated for the downlink and at least one time slot has to be allocated for the uplink.
Figure 43: The TDD frame structure
Spreading codes Two options are being considered for the bursts that can be sent as described below. Both options allow a highdegree of bit rate granularity and flexibility, thus allowing the implementation of the whole service range from low to high bit rates.
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Multi-code transmission with fixed spreading Within each time slot of length 625 ms, an additional separation of user signals by spreading codes is used. This means, that within one time slot of length 625 ms, more than one burst of corresponding length can be transmitted. These multiple bursts within the same time slot can be allocated to different users as well as partly or all to a single user. For the multiple bursts within the same time slot, different spreading codes are used to allow the distinction of the multiple bursts. The bursts as described in Section 0 are designed in such a way, that up to 8 bursts could be transmitted within one time slot, if the bursts are allocated to different users in the uplink. In the downlink or if several bursts in the time slot are allocated to one single user in the uplink, even more than 8 bursts (e.g. 9 or 10) can be transmitted within one time slot. Single code transmission with variable spreading Within each time slot of 625 ms: a mobile always uses single code transmission by adapting the spreading factor as a function of the data rate. This limits the peak-to-average ratio of the modulated signal and consequently the stress imposed to the power amplifier resulting in an improved terminal autonomy. Several mobiles can be received in the same time slot by the base station, they are separated by their codes and the individual decoding can take profit of the joint detection. a base station should broadcast a single burst per mobile again by adapting the spreading as a function of the data rate. High rate data transmissions, requiring more than one timeslot per mobile, can be supported by terminals having the processing power for joint detection on a single slot: the required throughput occupies in a general way an integer number of slots plus a fraction of an extra slot. Single burst transmission should occur in the integer number of slots, while the extra slot can be occupied by a burst for the considered mobile plus extra bursts for other mobiles, joint detection is only needed for this last time slot in the considered mobile. Advanced Technologies Group
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Burst types Two options are being considered for the spreading. Bursts for dedicated transport channels Two types of bursts for dedicated transport channels are defined: The burst type 1 and the burst type 2. Both consist of two data symbol fields, a midamble and a guard period. The burst type 1 has a longer midamble of 512 chips than the burst type 2 with a midamble of 256 chips. Because of the longer midamble, the burst type 1 is suited for the uplink, where up to 8 different channel impulse responses have to be estimated. The burst type 2 can be used for the downlink and, if the bursts within a time slot are allocated to less than four users, also for the uplink. Thus the burst type 1 can be used for: uplink, independent of the number of active users in one time slot downlink, independent of the number of active users in one time slot The burst type 2 can be used for uplink, if the bursts within a time slot are allocated to less than four users downlink, independent of the number of active users in one time slot
The data fields of the burst type 1 are 976 chips long, whereas the data fields length of the burst type 2 are 1104 chips. The corresponding number of symbols depends on the spreading factor, as indicated in Table 10 below. The guard period for the burst types 1and 2 is 96 chip periods long.
Table 10: Number of symbols per data field in bursts 1 and 2 Spreading Factor (Q) 1 2 4 8 16 Number of symbols (N) per data field in Burst 1 976 488 244 122 61 Number of symbols (N) per data field in Burst 2 1104 552 276 138 69
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The burst type 1 and 2 are shown in Figure 44 and Figure 45 as below. The contents of the traffic burst fields are described in Table 11 and Table 12.
Table 11: The contents of the burst type 1 fields
Chip Number (CN) 0 975 976-1487 1488-2463 2464-2559
Length of field in chips 976 512 976 96
Length of field in symbols Cf. Table 7 Cf. Table 7
Length of field in s 238.3 125.0 238.3 23.4
Contents of field Data symbols Midamble Data symbols Guard period
Figure 44: Burst Structure of the burst type 1. GP denotes the guard period and CP the chip periods.
Table 12: The contents of the burst type 2 fields
Chip Number (CN) 0 1103 1104-1359 1360-2463 2464-2559
Length of field in chips 1104 256 1104 96
Length of field in symbols Cf. Table 7 Cf. Table 7
Length of field in s 269.55 62.5 269.55 23.4
Contents of field Data symbols Midamble Data symbols Guard period
Figure 41: Burst structure of the burst type 2. GP denotes the guard period and CP the chip periods
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The two different bursts defined here are well-suited for the different applications mentioned above. It may be possible to further optimise the burst structure for specific applications, for instance for unlicensed operation.
6.5.3 Multip lexing, channel coding and in terleaving

In the UTRA-TDD mode, the total number of basic physical channels (a certain time slot one spreading code on a certain carrier frequency) per frame is given by the maximum number of time slots which is 16 and the maximum number of CDMA codes per time slot. This maximum number of codes is 8 in case the different codes within one time slot are allocated to different users in the uplink and is higher than 8 (e.g. 9 or 10) in the downlink or if several codes are allocated to one single user in the uplink. The service classes given in the following represent only a selection of all possibilities that are conceivable. Multiplexing In a same connection, multiple services could be treated with separate channel coding/interleaving and mapping to different basic physical channels (slot/code), Figure 46 (a). In this way QoS can be separately and independently controlled.
Figure 46: Service multiplexing (a)
A second alternative is time multiplexing at different points of the channel coding scheme, as shown in Figure 46 (b). Advanced Technologies Group
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Figure 46: Service multiplexing (b)
After service multiplexing and channel coding, the multi-service data stream is mapped to one or, if the total rate exceeds the upper limit for single-code transmission, several resource units. Channel coding and interleaving In Real Time (RT) services a FEC coding is used, instead Non Real Time (NRT) services could be well managed with a proper combination of FEC and ARQ. For the RT services two levels of QoS (10-3 , 10 -6 ) have been considered as examples in Figure 47. Only convolutional coding is used in case of BER = 10-3 , while a concatenated code scheme (Reed-Solomon, Outer Interleaving and Convolutional Coding) or Turbo Codes could be used to achieve BER = 10 -6 . Figure 47: FEC coding
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Inner coding/interleaving The convolutional coding rates change according to the rates of different services. The convolutional coding rates from 1/4 to 1 have been chosen such that the complete system will be able to use as much as possible the same decoding structure. Outer coding/interleaving The outer RS coding, on GF(28 ) has different rate for different services. An outer interleaver to break the error burst at the output of the Viterbi decoder is needed in addition to an inner interleaver for breaking the error bursts due to fading. Rate matching To map the services on the air interface either puncturing or unequal repetition is used after channel coding. This rate matching is performed considering both bursts: burst 1 (long midamble) used in uplink; burst 2 (short midamble) used in downlink as well as for uplink transmission in the case of multi-code transmission.
6.5.4 Spreading and modulation

There has been made a separation between the data modulation and the spreading modulation (Table 13).
Table 13: Basic modulation parameters
Chip Rate Carrier Spacing
Same as FDD basic chiprate: 4.096 Mchip/s
Data Modulation Chip Modulation
Spreadingn Characteristics
5.0 MHz QPSK Same as FDD chip modulation: Root-Raised-Cosine Roll-Off = 0.22 Orthogonal Q chips/symbol, where Q = 2p , 0 <= p <= 4
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Data modulation Symbol rate The symbol rate and duration are indicated below. Ts = Q Tc , where Tc = 1 / chiprate = 0.24414s, reflecting the dependence of the
symbol time Ts upon the spreading factor Q. Pulse shape filtering The pulse shape filtering is applied to each chip at the transmitter. The impulse response of the above mentioned chip impulse filter shall be a root raised cosine. The roll-off factor shall be = 0.22. TC is the chip duration, Tc = 1 / Chip rate = 0.24414s. Spreading modulation Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes are used that allowing mixing in the same timeslot channels with different spreading factors while preserving the orthogonality. A code can be used in a timeslot if and only if no other code on the path from the specific code to the root of the tree or in the sub-tree below the specific code is used in this timeslot. This means that the number of available codes in a slot is not fixed but depends on the rate and spreading factor of each physical channel. The spreading factor goes up to 16.
6.5.5 Radio transmission and reception

Proposed frequency bands for operation UTRA/TDD is designed to operate in any frequency band that will accommodate at least one 4,096 Mcps carrier. Carrier raster The channel raster is 200 kHz. Tx - Rx Frequency Separation Tx and Rx are not separated in frequency.
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Output power dynamics The transmitter uses fast closed-loop carrier/interference based power control and slow quality based power control on both the up- and downlink. The step size is variable and in the range 1.5 to 3 dB with 100-800 steps/s. The power control dynamic is 80 dB on the uplink and 30 dB on the downlink.
6.5.6
Physical layer procedures
Synchronization of the TDD base stations It is required that BTS supporting the TDD mode, are operated in synchronised mode, so far the coverage area of the cells are overlapping, i.e. we have contiguous coverage for a certain area. The nature of the TDD operation requires BTS frame synchronisation, to achieve good spectral efficiency. The fact that MS and BTS are receiving and transmitting on the same frequency makes it desirable, that in the reuse cell the same TX / RX timing get used. The lack of a frame synchronisation can cause, depending on the actual time slip, interference events that will effect several time slots. Channel Allocation For the UTRA-TDD mode, a physical channel is characterised by a combination of its carrier frequency, time slot, and spreading code. Channel allocation covers both: resource allocation to cells (slow DCA) resource allocation to bearer services (fast DCA) Resource allocation to cells (slow DCA) Channel allocation to cells follows the rules below: A reuse one cluster is used in the frequency domain. In terms of an interference-free DCA strategy a timeslot-to-cell assignment is performed, resulting in a time slot clustering. Any specific time slot within the TDD frame is available either for uplink or downlink transmission.
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In order to accommodate the traffic load in the various cells, the assignment of the timeslots (both UL and DL) to the cells is dynamically (on a coarse time scale) rearranged (slow DCA) taking into account that strongly interfering cells use different timeslots. Resource allocation to bearer services (fast DCA) Fast channel allocation refers to the allocation of one or multiple physical channels to any bearer service Resource units (RUs) are acquired (and released) according to a cellrelated preference list derived from the slow DCA scheme. Power Control Power control is applied for UTRA/TDD to limit the interference level within the system thus reducing the inter-cell interference level and to reduce the power consumption in the MS. As mandatory power control scheme, a slow C-level based power control scheme (similar to GSM) is used both for up- and downlink. Power control is made individually for each resource unit (code) with the following characteristics as indicated in Table 14:
Table 14: Power Control characteristics Uplink 80 dB Variable; 1-800 cycles / second 1.5 3 dB A cycle rate of 100 means that every frame the power level is controlled Downlink 30 dB Variable; 1-800 cycles / second 1.5 3 dB Within one timeslot the powers of all active codes are balanced to be within a range of 20 dB
Dynamic Range Power Control Rate Step Size Remarks
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6.5.7
Addit ional fea tures and options
Joint detection Joint detection of simultaneously active CDMA codes in the uplink as well as the downlink will already be performed in the introductory phase of the UTRA TDD mode. Adaptive antennas In the UTRA TDD-component, adaptive antennas are supported through the use of connection dedicated midamble sequences in both uplink and downlink (optional in the downlink). Although the UTRA TDD component does not require the use of smart antennas, the resulting signal-tointerference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) can significantly be improved by incorporating various smart antenna concepts at the base station on the uplink as well as the downlink. Downlink transmit diversity Downlink transmit diversity is supported by the UTRA TDD mode.
Positioning function support The fact that the base stations in a local area are synchronised facilitates the implementation of mobile positioning algorithms in the UTRA TDD mode. Time delay or delay difference measurements to the base stations are obtained in a very efficient fashion. They are required as input for mobile positioning algorithm. Relaying and ODMA The UTRA TDD mode is a suitable platform for the support of relaying which is a widely used technique for radio packet data transmission both in commercial and military systems. The UTRA TDD design is sufficiently flexible to support both simple relaying and advanced relaying protocols such as Opportunity Driven Multiple Access (ODMA) with negligible increase to the MS complexity or cost.
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7.
Comparison of CDMA2000 with UTRA (FDD & TDD)
In the battle to set a global standard for mobile communications, there are several competing solutions based on CDMA technology. The differences between them often have historical origins and are intended to enable the new systems to interwork with existing systems on today's frequency bands. The principal contenders are a direct sequence wide-band CDMA solution that is supported by Ericsson, Nokia and several other European system suppliers and DS/multicarrier cdma2000, which both derive from the IS-95 world. In principle, multi-carrier cdma2000 is identical to DS-cdma2000. The difference is that the multi-carrier technique employs several frequencies in the downlink to the mobile terminal, allowing a mixture of IS-95 traffic using the narrowband carrier and cdma2000 traffic using the full multi-carrier, which improves compatibility with IS-95. The uplink, however, is wide-band, just as in W-CDMA. The requirement that cdma2000 systems should be backward-compatible with IS-95 dictated a number of design decisions. To be completely compatible with IS-95, DScdma2000 will employ a chip rate of 3 x 1.2288, or 3.6864 Mcps. Incidentally, the multi-carrier technique is a good solution for migration of IS-95. All traffic can be mixed, since the signals from the base station to the mobile units can be synchronized, and socalled orthogonal codes can be used to reduce interference within each cell. Because synchronization is not possible on the uplink, Using a multi-carrier in that direction is therefore pointless. Instead, both IS-95 and cdma2000 traffic are transmitted on the same 5 MHz broadband channel.
7.1
Major Technical Differences between cdma2000 & W-CDMA
7.1.1 The Chip rate

The chip rate is closely linked to the bandwidth and is determined in principle by how tightly the carriers are packed. W-CDMA uses 4.096 Mcps ( or the compromised 3.84 Mcps), while DScdma2000 uses 3.6864 Mcps. A higher speed means that a given number of users can obtain Advanced Technologies Group
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higher transfer rates or that the operator can support more users for a given level of performance, but there are trade-offs. High bandwidth provides higher performance, but reduces opportunities for flexible utilization of the allocated frequency, while complicating the design and making it more dependent on faster signal processing. Also, The closer to 5 Mcps the system operates, the greater will be the leakage into the neighboring channel, making sharper filters necessary to eliminate interference.
7.1.2 Base station synchroniz ation

WCDMA does not require GPS synchronization it employs a technique such that different sequences are transmitted, each one unique for a given base station, thus supporting a system without synchronization. But this synchronization function can be added if it is required by the operator. Eliminating the requirement for GPS synchronization is an advantage in cases where the base station site has poor GPS coverage.
On the other hand, the IS-95 system has strict requirements for synchronization, which will also be necessary for cdma2000. Each base station in IS-95 and cdma2000 systems is therefore equipped with a GPS receiver. In an IS-95 system, all base stations continuously transmit the same pre-defined sequence that enables the mobile units to locate cells, identify new base stations and establish connections. In order to enable mobile units to identify base stations and distinguish between cells, signals are shifted in time by a constant value. This requires strict synchronization, which is why a GPS receiver is needed.
7.1.3 Compatibility w ith d ifferent Core Netw orks

W-CDMA standard is compatible with GSM-MAP, protocol which is GSMs core network protocol, and Evolved GSM-MAP. It will eventually be compatible with GPRS/All IP core network. On the other hand, cdma2000 standard is compatible with ANSI-41 and Evolved ANSI41. However, compatibility with both core network protocols has been required by Family of Systems concept approved by ITU Advanced Technologies Group
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7.1.4 Multi -carrie r vs Direc t Sequence

cdma2000 uses a multi-carrier scheme for downlink which was described in previous chapters. W-CDMA uses a single carrier direct sequence technique for downlink. Although different in some parameters, both standards use direct sequence technique for uplink. The advantage of multi-carrier scheme is the backward compatibility with existing CDMA system, IS-95. While it has been claimed that the direct sequence wide-band scheme is more spectrally efficient. Different investigations have indicated that the performance of the two systems are
quite similar.
7.1.5 Pilot channel funct ionality

This information is used to measure the radio link characteristics, multi-path dispersion, etc. The W-CDMA system is based on a dedicated pilot, which uses a different sequence for each mobile unit, while cdma2000, like IS-95, is based on a common pilot. W-CDMA uses a time-multiplexed pilot signal, in which the pilot is transmitted first, followed by the data, while cdma2000 transmits two different codes simultaneously. Both techniques offer roughly equal performance.
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7.2
cdma2000 and UTRA (FDD, TDD) specifications comparison
Some key technical differences between UTRA FDD and TDD modes with cdma2000 is presented in Tables 15 and 16.
Table 15: Key Technical Differences between ETSI UTRA W-CDMA (FDD Mode) and cdma2000
W-CDMA (FDD Mode) Multiple Access BandWidth Chip Rate Inter BS timing Frame Length
DS-CDMA 5MHz (10/20) 4.096Mcps (8.192/16.384) Asynchronous (Sync. Possible) 10ms
cdma2000
DS-CDMA or multi-carrier CDMA 3.75MHz (1.25 x N times, N=3) Other bandwidth (1.25 x N, N=1, 6, 9, 12) 3.6864Mcps (1.2288 x N, N=3) (Other chip rates: N x 1.2288, N=1, 6, 9, 12) Synchronous Dedicated control channel and fundamental channel: 5, 20ms Common control channel: 5, 10, 20ms Supplemental channel: 20ms Soft-Handoff QPSK QPSK Common Pilot Symbols / Auxiliary PL Code Multiplexed Closed-loop based on fundamental CH or DCCH SIR: 0.8kbps BPSK QPSK IQ / Code Multiplexed Pilot Based Coherent Open-loop + Closed-loop (0.8kbps Pilot CH SIR based) Convolutional Codes Turbo Codes 5/20ms
Handoff Data Mod. Spreading Mod. D Pilot Structure L Power Control Data Mod. Spreading Mod. Pilot Structure Detection Power Control
U L
Channel Coding Interleaving Periods
Soft-Handoff QPSK QPSK TCH dedicated Pilot Symbol Time multiplexed Closed-loop based on dedicated CH SIR: 1.6kbps BPSK QPSK IQ Multiplexed Pilot based Coherent Open-loop (initial, RACH), Closedloop (1.6kbps DCH SIR based) Convolutional Codes RS Codes Turbo Codes 10/20/40/80ms
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Table 16: Key Technical Differences between ETSI UTRA W-CDMA (TDD Mode) and cdma2000
W-CDMA (TDD Mode) Multiple Access BandWidth Chip Rate Inter BS Sync. Cell Search Scheme Frame Length
TDMA/CDMA 5MHz
cdma2000
DS-CDMA or multi-carrier CDMA 3.75MHz (1.25 x N times, N=3) Other bandwidth (1.25 x N, N=1, 6, 9, 12) 3.6864Mcps (1.2288 x N, N=3) (Other chip rates: N x 1.2288, N=1, 6, 9, 12) Synchronous Pilot Channel Dedicated control channel and fundamental channel: 5, 20ms Common control channel: 5, 10, 20ms Supplemental channel: 20ms For N=3 DL: 4-128 depending on channel type (Fund, Suppl), Rate set (RS-1, RS-2) and bit rate UL: 2, 4 or 8 + repetition (SF depends on channel type and number of supplemental channels but independent of chip rate and bit rate) For other N DL: 4-256 (N=6), 4-512 (N=9), 4-512 (N=12) UL: same as for N=3 Soft-Handoff QPSK QPSK 1 Symbol Length 215 x N chips (26.6ms) Common Pilot Symbols / Auxiliary PL Code Multiplexed Coherent based on Pilot Channel Closed-loop (0.8kbps Fund. CH SIR based) Orthogonal VSF + Repetition
4.096Mcps
Synchronous SCH in Beacon Slot (1 slot per 240ms) 10ms
VSF (Spreading Code)
2-16
Handoff Data Mod. Spreading Mod. Spreading Code Scrambling D Code L Pilot Structure Detection Power Control Variable rate concept
Hard-Handoff QPSK QPSK 1 Symbol Length 1 Symbol Length TCH dedicated Pilot Symbol Time multiplexed Coherent based on Midamble Symbols Closed-loop (0.1-0.02k cycles/sec) Orthogonal VSF + VTS + VMC + DTX
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Data Mod. Spreading Mod. Spreading Code Scrambling Code Pilot Structure U L Detection Power Control Variable Rate Concept Channel Coding Interleaving Periods Rate Detection Other Features Random Access Super Frame Length
QPSK QPSK 1 symbol length 1 symbol length (Cell Specific) Time multiplexed (Midamble for Joint Detection) Coherent based on Midamble Symbols Open-loop (initial), Closed-loop (0.1-0.02k cycles/sec) VSF + VTS (Time Slot) + VMC Convolutional Codes RS Codes Turbo Codes 10/20/40/80ms Not clearly defined in the UTRA proposal (Negotiation by MAC Layer) Joint Detection is required DCA is required RACH specific slot 240ms (multi-frame)
BPSK OQPSK 1 symbol length 242 1 chips IQ / Code Multiplexed Pilot Based Coherent Open-loop + Closed-loop (0.8kbps Pilot code SIR based) Rate Matching (Repetition/Puncturing) Convolutional Codes Turbo Codes 5/20ms Fundamental CH: Blind Supplemental CH: No Blind Detection for rate > 14.4kbps Multi-Carrier (DL) Auxiliary Pilots (DL) Orthogonal Tx diversity (OTD) Preamble (N x 1.25ms) + Message (N x 5 (10, 20)ms) N/A
7.3
Comparison of cdma2000 and UTRA Evaluation Reports
Table 17 presents a comparison of cdma2000 and W-CDMA Evaluation Reports published by the
standard organizations and proponents of the relevant proposals [29], [30].
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Table 17: cdma2000 and W-CDMA Evaluation Reports comparison
COMMENTS ISSUES OF INTERESTS

W-CDMA (ETSI UTRA) Cdma2000
SPECTRUM EFFICIENCY :
VOICE TRAFFIC CAPACITY (Erlangs/MHz/cell) in a total available assigned non-contiguous bandwidth of 30 MHz (15 MHz forward/15 MHz reverse) for FDD mode or contiguous bandwidth of 30 MHz for TDD mode. Key assumptions: (i) GoS: 1% blocking (ii) a common generic continuous voice bearer with characteristics 8 kbit/s data rate and an average BER 1 x 10 3 Simulation Results for FDD Mode Voice traffic capacity (at 9.6 Kbps) [Erlangs/MHz/cell] Indoor Environment Uplink: 34.2 (Omni-cell), 82.1 (3-Sector) Downlink: 32.3 (Omni-cell), 79.7 (3-Sector) Pedestrian Environment Uplink: 33.5 (Omni-cell), 80.4 (3-Sector) Downlink: 34.7 (Omni-cell), 83.3 (3-Sector) Vehicular Environment Uplink: 29 (Omni-cell), 69.6 (3-Sector) Downlink: 36.7 (Omni-cell), 88.1 (3-Sector)
Indoor Environment Uplink: 33.8 Erlangs/MHz/cell Downlink: 18.4 Erlangs/MHz/cell Pedestrian Environment Uplink: 30.8 Erlangs/MHz/cell Downlink: 31.4 Erlangs/MHz/cell Vehicular Environment Uplink: 22.4 Erlangs/MHz/cell Downlink: 17.8 Erlangs/MHz/cell
INFORMATION CAPACITY
Simulation Results for FDD Mode [Mbits/MHz/cell]
Vehicular Environment 76.8kbps LONG DELAY DATA
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(Mbit/s/MHz/cell) in a total available assigned non-contiguous bandwidth of 30MHz (15 MHz forward / 15 MHz reverse) for FDD mode or contiguous bandwidth of 30 MHz for TDD mode. The information capacity is to be calculated for each test service or traffic mix for the appropriate test environments. This is the only measure that would be used in the case of multimedia, or for classes of services using multiple speech coding bit rates. Information capacity is the instantaneous aggregate user bit rate of all active users over all channels within the system on a per cell basis.
SPEECH SERVICE Indoor Environment (3km/h) Uplink: 0.135 Downlink: 0.074 Pedestrian Environment Uplink: 0.123 Downlink: 0.125 Vehicular Environment Uplink: 0.090 Downlink: 0.071 LCD SERVICE Indoor Evironment (3km/h): 2048kbps Uplink: 0.176 Downlink: 0.047 Pedestrian Environment: 384kbps, using 4 code sets Uplink: 0.269 Downlink: 0.461 Vehicular Environment : 144kbps, uing 2 code sets Uplink: 0.208 Downlink: 0.210 UDD SERVICE Indoor Environment(3km/h): 2048kbps, using 2 code sets Uplink: 0.273 Downlink: 0.453 Pedestrian Environment: 384kbps, using 2 code sets Uplink: 0.449 Downlink: 0.668 Vehicular Environment: 144kbps Uplink: 0.202
Uplink: 0.212 (Omni-cell), 0.509 (3-Sector) Downlink: 0.134 (Omni-cell), 0.322 (3-Sector) 153.6kbps LONG DELAY DATA Uplink: 0.197 (Omni-cell), 0.473 (3-Sector) Downlink: 0.078 (Omni-cell), 0.187 (3-Sector) Pedestrian Environment 76.8kbps LONG DELAY DATA Uplink: 0.264 (Omni-cell), 0.634 (3-Sector) Downlink: 0.140 (Omni-cell), 0.336 (3-Sector) 460.8kbps LONG DELAY DATA Uplink: 0.215 (Omni-cell), 0.516 (3-Sector) Downlink: 0.055 (Omni-cell), 0.132 (3-Sector) Indoor Environment 76.8kbps LOW DELAY DATA Uplink: 0.226 (Omni-cell), 0.542 (3-Sector) Downlink: 0.73 (Omni-cell), 0.175 (3-Sector)
(N.B. for cdma2000 information capacity evaluation, the following FER targets were used for the various simulated data rates: )
(N.B. Capacity estimates for long delay data assume softhandoff.)
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Downlink: 0.290 Simulation Results for TDD Mode [Mbits/s/MHz/cell] SPEECH SERVICE Indoor Office: Outdoor to Indoor, Pedestrian: Vehicular:
0.073 0.148 0.070
LCD SERVICE (with Antenna Diversity) Indoor Office(2048kbps): 0.062 Outdoor to Indoor, Pedestrian (384kbps): 0.330 Vehicular (144kbps): 0.201 UDD SERVICE (with Antenna Diversity) Indoor Office(2048kbps): 0.400 Outdoor to Indoor, Pedestrian (384kbps): 0.642 Vehicular (144kbps): 0.320 (N.B. Since it has been found that the system capacity is limited by the downlink case, only the downlink direction is considered.)
N EED FOR ECHO CONTROL The need for echo control is affected by the round trip delay. (N.B. The delay of the codec should be that specified by ITU-T
Echo Control is required in the Mobile Station. It is not necessarilly required in the fixed network. It is required towards the PSTN.
This delay varies depending on vocoder used. The following delay budget assumes EVRC is used. Typical up reverse/uplink delays are shown (forward/downlink results are comparable) Delay (ms) Mobile Station
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for the common generic voice bearer and if there are any proposals for optional codecs, include the information about those also.)
Vocoder delay Vocoder processing Channel processing Air Transission Frame Trans. Time Base Station Channel processing Viterbi decoding Vocoder Speech Generation Total Delay Delay without Vocoder is 25.6 ms. Delay specified above is one way delay.
33.0 10.0 2.0
20.0
2.0 1.6 1.0 69.6ms
Approximate round trip delays can be estimated by doubling the numbers provided. Echo control is needed for voice services.
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PEAK TRANSMITTED /CARRIER (Pb) POWER Peak transmitter power for the BS should be considered because lower peak power contributes to lower cost. Note that Pb may vary with test environment application.
The RTT itself does not impose any constraints on the peak transmitter / carrier power. Limitations may come from Regulation
The RTT itself doesn not impose any constraints on the peak transmitter / carrier power. BS power levels are subject to radio regulatory agencies (e.g., the FCC in the Unite States) There are expected to be less than a total EIRP of 1640 W in transmit bandwidth and a maximum total power of 100W. The maximum total transmitter power at the BS used in the link budget calculation is 47 dBm.
MS are expected to be of five power classes: Class I: 28 dBm < EIRP < 33 dBm Class II: 23 dBm < EIRP < 30 dBm Class III: 18 dBm < EIRP < 27 dBm Class IV: 13 dBm < EIRP < 24 dBm Class V: 8 dBm < EIRP < 21 dBm
CHANNEL CODING / ERROR HANDLING FOR BOTH FORWARD

AND REVERSE LINKS
Default: Convolutional inner code (rate 1/3 or rate 1/2, constraint length K = 9) Optional outer Reed-Solomon code for BER = 1 x 10-6 Circuit-Switch Services. The use of Turbo Codes for high-rate services is under consideration and will most likely be adopted.
Forward Link (Downlink) 6-bit, 8-bit, 10-bit, 12-bit, or 16-bit CRC frame error checking; 9/16, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 rate, K = 9 convolutional coding (other derived rates obtained via puncturing)
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Special FEC schemes, e.g. unequal error protection can be applied.
Equivalent rate Turbo Codes with K = 4 for Supplemental Channels; 20ms and 5ms interleaving Reverse Link (Uplink) 6-bit, 8-bit, 10-bit, 12-bit, or 16-bit CRC frame error checking; 9/16, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 rate, K = 9 convolutional coding Equivalent rate Turbo Codes with K = 4 for Supplemental Channels; 20ms and 5ms interleaving; Each Supplemental Channel may use different coding schemes.
DIVERSITY SCHEMES (e.g. micro and macro diversity schemes)
Time Diversity Channel coding and interleaving in both uplink and downlink. Multipath Diversity RAKE receiver, Joint Detection or similar receiver structures with, typically, maximum ratio combining is used in both BS and MS (implementation dependent). Space Diversity Receive antenna diversity with, typically, maximum ratio combining can be used in both uplink and downlink. Transmit antenna diversity is under consideration for
Time Diversity Symbol interleaving and error coding and correction. Multipath Diversity RAKE receiver Space Diversity BS uses 2 antennas; MS antenna diversity is optional Orthogonal Transmit Diversity Can be used on the forward link
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downlink. Macro Diversity Soft (inter-site) handover with, typically, maximum ration combining in downlink, selection combining in uplink. Softer (inter-sector) handover with, typically, maximum ratio combining in both uplink and downlink. Frequency Diversity Wideband Carrier (equivalent to multi-path diversity) Improvement due to Diversity For receiver antenna diversity, the diversity gain is 2.53.5dB in required Eb/No for BER = 10-3. If power control is disabled, the gain is much higher for the low speed cases. On top of the gain in reduced Eb/No there is a gain in decreased transmitted power. This gain can be up to 2.5dB, depending on the environment. Transmit Diversity can also be employed, especially in the downlink. A gain similar to the gain with receiver antenna diversity is expected. All other diversity methods are inherent parts of the RTT concept and therefore it is difficult to specify an explicit diversity gain figure in dB.
Frequency Diversity 1.2288, 3.686, 7.3728, 11.0592, or 14.7456 MHz spreading Delay Transmit Diversity May be employed for both Multi-carrier and Direct Spread deployments. Diversity combining Either maximum ratio or equal gain combining may be used with multiple RAKE fingers. Minimum number of demodulators / receivers 1 per MS 2 per BS Minimum number of antennas 1 per MS (antenna diversity is optional) 2 per BS Overall Performance Improvement due to Diversity A function of situation, typically up to 10dB for 1% FER.
BS FREQUENCY S YNCHRONIZATION/TIME
ALIGNMENT REQUIREMENTS
FDD Mode BS-BS synchronization is not required. TDD Mode
BS-to-BS synchronization is required. The synchronization requirements are: Short-term timing accuracy = 10us
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Time slot synchronization is recommended to decrease the effort for neighbour cell interference suppression. Frame synchronization is recommended to speed up listening of neighbour cell beacon information.
Short-term frequency accuracy = 0.05ppm Base-to-Base bit time alignment over a 24 hour period = 10us The mobile station corrects its reference frequency and adjusts it to that of the BS during acquisition and operation by using the continuous common pilot. The BS-to-BS Synchronization allows: Fast acquisition; Simplified, faster and more reliable hand off procedures; Improved emergency position localization; Increased capacity and reliability by allowing common channels to be in soft handoff; Use of a poorly synchronized network (developping coutries, etc.);
The number of users per RF carrier/frequency channel supported by the RTT (This can affects overall cost especially as bearer traffic requirements increase or geographic traffic density varies widely with time.)
FDD Mode There are a maximum of 256 orthogonal downlink channels available, some of which must be allocated for downlink common transport channels. This leaves approximately 250 orthogonal channels for user traffic, such as voice. Normally, the cell capacity is interference limited, i.e. the actual number of voice channels is lower than this number (exact number of voice channels depends on operational conditions). Uplink is never limited by the number of orthogonal code channels, as the orthogonal code tree used is user-specific in the uplink. In some cases, e.g. for the case when adaptive antennas are used, the number of voice
For a 5MHz deployment, 253 Walsh codes (and thus an equal number of channels) are available for voice per BS sector. This result can be scaled accordingly for the number of sectors used for a particular BS. The maximum number of user channels for voice traffic in different environments are: Vehicular : 109 Pedestrian : 118 Indoor : 112 (N.B. Worst case numbers between channel-A and channelB are chosen as required per ITU-R M.1225.)
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channels per cell can be increased above 250 by applying multiple non-orthogonal code sets on the downlink. The simulation results are: Vehicular A : 85 Pedestrian A: 154 (2 code sets are considered) Indoor A : 85
TDD Mode There are a maximum of 128 orthogonal downlink channels available, some of which are allocated for downlink common transport channels. This leaves approximately 120 orthogonal channels for user traffic. The reason why the maximum number of channels in TDD is only 50% of that in FDD is the Uplink/Downlink sharing of one 5MHz carrier in TDD mode.
HANDOVER COMPLEXITY
FDD Mode The handover scheme is based on a mobile assisted soft/softer handover mechaniksm and hard handover. The mobile station (MS) monitors the pilot signal levels received from neighbouring base stations and reports to the network those pilots crossing or above a given set of dynamic thresholds. Based on this information the network orders the MS to add or remove pilots from its Active Set. The Active Set is defined as the set of base stations for which user signal is simultaneously demodulated and
Various types of handover are supported Soft Handover between neighboring CDMA base stations on the same frequency. Soft handover results in increased coverage range on the reverse link (uplink). This soft handover mechanism results in seamless handover without any disruption of service. The spatial diversity obtained reduces the frame error rate in the handover regions and allows for improved performance in a difficult radio environment.
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coherently combined. The same user information modulated by the appropriate base station code is sent from multiple base stations. Coherent combining of the differernt signals from different sectored antennas, from different base stations, or from the same antenna but on different multiple path components is performed in the MS by the usage of RAKE receivers. Base stations with which the mobile station is in soft handover, process the signal transmitted by a mobile station. The received signal from different sectors of a base station (cell) can be combined in the base station, and the received signal from different base stations (cells) can be combined at the radio network controller. Soft handover results in increased coverage range on the uplink. This soft handover mechanism results in truly seamless handover without any disruption of service. The obtained spatial diversity reduces the frame error rate in the handover regions and allows for improved performance in difficult radio environment. Furthermore, the RTT supports various types of hard handover, e.g. inter-frequency handover. The measurements to detect other available carriers are made possible through the use of measruement slots. TDD Mode TDD provides two different handover mechanisms depending on the service type: connection oriented or Hard Handover between CDMA base stations on different frequencies. Hard Handover CDMA to other bandwidths or technologies. Mobile Assisted Handover (MAHO) is supported. The Supplemental Channel Handover does not necessarily use the complete Active Set of the Fundamental Channel. The optimal policy varies with channel conditions.
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packet services. For connection oriented services, the basic HO scheme is a mobile assisted, network evaluated and decided hard handover using backward signalling. Appropriate measures are provided to accelerate the HO procedure, e.g. in case of a corner effect. Furthermore, the proposed RTT does not prevent the introduction of soft handover, which is for further study. For packet services, the basic HO scheme is a mobile evaluated and decided hard handover with background network control using forward signalling (cell reselection). Potential advantages: Seamless HO for connection oriented, loss-less HL for packet bearer services Mobile assisted network evaluated and decided handover scheme is most appropriate for RT services since it allows for both high flexibility in HO-algorithm design and implementation, e.g. to meet operator specific requirements in various deployment scenarios and system stability at high capacity. Mobile evaluated and decided handover with network background control is most appropriate for packet services since it allows for both resource savings on the air interface by decentralised decision making and system integrity at high capacity by network coordinating measures.
S YSTEM OVERLOAD
FDD Mode
System overload causes graceful degradation of the system.
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PERFORMANCE (Evaluate the effect on system blocking and quality performance on both the primary and adjacent cells during an overload condition, at e.g. 125%, 150%, 175%, 200% and also any other effects of an overload condition.)
Overload causes graceful degradation of system performance, e.g. by decreasing the speech codec bit rate or increasing the BER. An additional mechanism of handling overload conditions is Cell-Breathing. Under overload conditions, the increased interference will lead to a smaller boundary. Users near the boundary area will be handled over the adjacent, hopefully less loaded cells. TDD Mode Under overload conditions, DCA (Dynamic Channel Allocation) can be used to increase the allocated resources to the overloaded cell at the expense of capacity loss in the neighbouring cells.
The technique called Cell-Breathing can be applied to reduce blocking on the overloaded cell and to minimize its impact on the system. When a particular cell is overloaded its reverse link interference level increases. The effective reverse link range of the cell is reduced due to power constraints in the mobile station. By adjusting the forward link power accordingly, a mobile station at the border of the overloaded cell will naturally and gracefully handoff to adjacent cells. This will reduce the effective coverage of the overloaded cell and reduce its interference. An additional feature for managing and improving the QoS for high load conditions is the variable rate voice codec. The codec bit rate will drop to improve the coverage or range as necessary during high loading conditions.
HANDPORTABLE PERFORMANCE:
ISOLATION BETWEEN TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER (This has an impact on the size and weight of the handportable) FDD Mode A duplexer is required. Required transmitter / receiver isolation is 50 dB. TDD Mode No duplexer is required. FDD: duplexer required in MS. TDD: no duplexer required. Different requirements may apply for different MS classes. A typical Class II MS will require about 55dB of Tx to Rx isolation to be provided by the Rx Duplexer Filter. A BS will require about 90 dB of Tx to Rx isolation. This increased requirement is due to high effective BS power and about 5 dB better noice figure in the receiver. This
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isolation could be provided from a combination of antenna spacing and Rx filtering.
AVERAGE TERMINAL POWER OUTPUT Po (mW) (Lower power gives longer battery life and greater operating time.)
FDD Mode Activity is 100% if a mobile operates a dedicated channel. For packet transmission on the common channels, smaller TX active cycles possible. Average power outputs depend on the environment. Simulations where based in the following values: Indoor: 2.5 mW (4 dBm) Pedestrian : 25 mW (14 dBm) Vehicular : 250 mW (24 dBm) TDD Mode: 1 code (peak/average ratio 3.2 dB): Min. 14.8 dBm (1 timeslot), Max. 26.5 dBm (15 timeslots). 8 codes (peak/average ratio 8.7 dB): Min. 9.2 dBm (1 timeslot used), Max. 21 dBm (15 timeslots used). Calculation: Time average power = 30dBm peak/average ratio + 10 * log10(used timeslots/frames/16)
In the active state, the time-averaged maximum output power levels are the same as the maximum EIRPs. However the exact transmitted average is less and is service dependent (e.g. for voice services the voice activity factor significantly reduces the transmitted power0 Values used in the link budget calculation: 24 dBm for vehicular 14 dBm for pedestrian 4 dBm for indoor
Peak Transmission Power
Three types of power control strategies are employed. One is the fast closed loop power control (FDD mode
The RTT itself does not impose an constraint on the peak transmitter / carrier power.
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only) which counteracts fading on a slot basis (0.625 ms). It is based on measurements on SIR. The second one is open loop power control. It is used only for the initial power setting. The third one is the outer loop power control. It is based on BER and FER measurements. It has the role to change the target C/I, when the situation of the mobile is changing or for power control planning. It is done on a longer period basis. The use of fast power control significantly improves the link-performance (BER as a function of Eb/No) especially in the case of slow-moving mobile stations. For fast moving mobile stations (>100km/hr), there is less performance improvement due to fast power control.
Class I : 28 dBm < EIRP < 33 dBm Class II : 23 dBm < EIRP < 30 dBm Class III: 18 dBm < EIRP < 27 dBm Class IV: 13 dBm < EIRP < 24 dBm Class V : 8 dBm < EIRP < 21 dBm
POWER CONTROL DYNAMIC RANGE (Larger power control dynamic range gives longer battery life and greater operating time)
Uplink: 80 dB Downlink: 30 dB
The power control dynamic range for the open and closed loops are: Open loop: +/- 40dB Closed loop: +/- 24 dB
POWER CONTROL S TEP S IZE, ACCURACY AND S PEED
FDD Mode Variable on a cell basis in the range 0.25 1.5 dB Downlink: Variable on a cell basis in the range 0.25 1.5 dB. Uplink:
Power Control Step Size: 1.0 dB nominal on Uplink 0.5 dB nominal on Downlink 0.25 dB, 0.5 dB and 1.0 dB are available as options.
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Speed:
1600 control cycles per second. Residual power variation after power control: Power Control Error is typically below 1.3 dB (low mobility case) to 2.7 dB (high speed vehicular case) Power Control Speed: 800 Hz normal
TDD Mode The power control step size is variable, ranging from 0.5 to 3 dB. Speed: 100 to 800 control cycles per second, depending on the exact UL/DL time slot allocatioin.
DIVERSITY SCHEMES (Diversity has an impact on handportable complexity and size )
Diversity in the Mobile Station is possible but not mandatory.
Time Diversity: symbol interleaving and error coding and correction. Path diversity: RAKE receiver Space Diversity: BS uses 2 antenna; MS antenna diversity is optional Orthogonal Transmit Diversity: can be used on the forward link Frequency Diversity: 1.2288, 3.686, 7.3728, 11.0592, or 14.7456 MHz spreading Diversity Combining: either maximal-ratio or equal gain combining may be used with multiple RAKE fingers.
THE NUMBER OF ANTENNAS
The Mobile Station requires a single antenna. Implementations using more than one antenna are possible.
Minimum number of antennas :
1 per MS (antenna diversity optional) 2 per BS
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The Number of R ECEIVERS
The Mobile Stationn requires a single receiver. Implementations including more than one receiver will provide additional advantages, for example, in the application of FDD mode inter-frequency handover.
Minimum number of demodulators / receivers:
1 per MS 2 per BS
COVERAGE / POWER EFFICIENCY
BASE S ITE COVERAGE EFFICIENCY (The number of base sites required to provide coverage at system startup and ongoing traffic growth significantly impacts cost.)
All the following results are expressed in km /cell, [Downlink / Uplink] FDD MODE Speech Indoors: 2.6 / 3.3 Pedestrian: 2.7 / 3.3 Vehicular: 35.5 / 22.6 LCD Indoors (2048): 0.40 / 0.32 Pedestrian (384): 0.9 / 0.7 Vehicular (144): 18.9 / 8.3 UDD Indoors (2048): 0.40 / 0.32 Pedestrian (384): 0.88 / 0.80 Vehicular (144): 27.43 / 12.99
Coverage Efficiency in km / site , [Downlink / Uplink] Voice Traffic (9.6 kbps) Indoor Environment: 0.01 / 0.01 Pedestrian Environment: 0.375 / 0.391 Vehicular Environment: 113.6 / 72.1
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TDD MODE Speech Indoors: 2.9 / 2.6 Pedestrian: 2.9 / 2.1 Vehicular: 28.7 / 8.9 LCD Indoors (2048): 0.1 / 0.1 Pedestrian (384): 0.8 / 0.5 Vehicular (144): 53.4 / 12.2
UDD (N.B. These results are based on the following assumptions: Vehicular Environment: BS with 3-sector antenna. Gain : 17 dBi MS antenna gain: 2dBi TX Powers (Downlind / Uplink) [dBm] ) Indoor Office (A): 13 / 10 Outdoor to Indoor: 23 / 20 Pedestrian: 23 / 20 Vehicular (A): 30 / 24 The proposed Type II Hybrid ARQ Scheme allows for retransmission in case of unsuccessful data detection. Therefore, no fixed Eb/No or C/I values required to achieve the QoS at the cell border can be defined. However, due to ARQ retransmission, the range of UDD services is larger than the range of the corresponding LCD service.
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Method to INCREASE the Coverage Efficiency
Both FDD and TDD operating modes of UTRA are able to use all the standard types of Base Station antennas. This includes those that provide omni-directional, sectored, fixed or variable patterns. Directive Antennas decrease the interference, leading to an increase in system capacity. Both FDD and TDD mode support remote, distributed, and smart antenna systems. Signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ration (SINR) can be significantly improved by incorporating various smart antenna concepts in the uplink as well as in the downlink. These SINR gains may be exploited: to increase the capacity (mainly in urban areas), e.g. by reducing the interference. to increase the coverage (mainly in rural areas), e.g., by increasing the cell size (range extension) or by improving the edge coverage. to increase the link quality. to decrease the delay spread. to reduce the transmission power, or a combination thereof. Repeaters can be used. In addition, ODMA supports data transfer via a network of intermediate relaying nodes (dedicated fixed relays or relaying enable mobiles).
Distribued antennas can be used in microcellular environments to extend coverage. Similarly, spot antennas can be used to direct a beam to a group of mobiles to extend coverage. A spot beam can be static or can follow a group of mobiles. The degree to which the above techniques can be used to extend coverage is dependent on implementation and deployment scenarios.
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8. Other Relevant Technologies

There are two other relevant technologies which will be discussed in this section. The first is High Data Rate (HDR) which has been developed and proposed by Qualcomm Inc. and the second is a technology called 1xtreme developed and proposed jointly by Motorola and Nokia. These technologies have been proposed, and agreed by TIA, to be incorporated and integrated into the standardization process of cdma2000 as evolutions of 1x RTT.
Some of HDRs attributes are given below:
Spectrally efficient TDM/CDMA technology optimized for packet data services Separate 1.25 MHz carrier dedicated to HDR 2.4 Mbps forward peak sector throughput with a single CDMA 1.25 MHz bandwidth carrier Asymetric forward and reverse links Forward link: 2.0 Mbps/cell average throughput (3 sector) Reverse link: 660 Kbps/cell average throughput (3 sector) Identical RF characteristics as IS-95/1xRTT Same chip rate, link budget and coverage area HDR carrier looks like an IS-95/1xRTT carrier to the rest of the network HDR system supports mobility Packetized air link leverages Internet Protocol (IP) Packet datas bursty nature allows the user to have quick bursts of High Data Rate 1x EV DO is the standard for HDR technology
8.1
1xEV DO Standard
1x EV DO is the name of the HDRs technology which is being discussed, and further developed, as an evolution of 1x RTT.
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8.1.1 1xEV-DO Protocol Archi tecture

The 1xEV-DO interface has been layered, with clean interfaces defined for each layer (and each protocol within each layer). This allows future modifications to a layer or to a protocol to be isolated. Figure 48 describes the layering architecture for the 1xEV-DO Air-Interface. Each layer consists of one or more protocols that perform the layers functionality. Each of these protocols can be individually negotiated.
Application Layer Stream Layer Session Layer Connection Layer Security Layer MAC Layer Physical Layer Figure 48: 1xEV-DO Air Interface Layering Architecture
8.1.2 Physical Layer link structures

Forward and reverse link structures are shown in Figure 49 and Figure 50.
Forward
Pilot
Medium Access Control
Control
Traffic
Reverse Activity
Reverse Power Control
Figure 49: 1xEV-DO Forward link Structure
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Reverse
Access
Traffic
Pilot
Data
Pilot
Medium Access Control Reverse Rate Indicator Data Rate Control
Ack
Data
Figure 50: 1xEV-DO Reverse link Structure
8.1.3 1x EVs Reverse Channel Structure

The Reverse HDR Channel consists of the Access Channel and the Reverse Traffic Channel. The Access Channel shall consist of a Pilot Channel and a Data Channel. The Reverse Traffic Channel shall consist of a Pilot Channel, a Reverse Rate Indicator (RRI) Channel, a Data Rate Control (DRC) Channel, an Acknowledgement (ACK) Channel and a Data Channel. The RRI Channel is used to indicate whether or not the Data Channel is being transmitted on the Reverse Traffic Channel and if it is being transmitted, its data rate. The DRC Channel is used by the access terminal to indicate to the access network the supportable Forward Traffic Channel data rate and the best serving sector on the Forward HDR Channel. The ACK Channel is used by the access terminal to inform the access network whether or not the data packet transmitted on the Forward Traffic Channel has been received successfully.
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The structure of the reverse link channels for the Access Channel shall be as shown in Figure 51, and the structure of the reverse link channels for the Reverse Traffic Channel shall be as shown in Figure 52 and Figure 53. For the Reverse Traffic Channel, the encoded RRI Channel symbols shall be time-division multiplexed with the Pilot Channel. This time-division-multiplexed channel is still referred to as the Pilot Channel. For the Access Channel, the RRI symbols shall not be transmitted and the Pilot Channel shall not be time-division multiplexed. The Pilot Channel, the DRC Channel, the ACK Channel, and the Data Channel shall be orthogonally spread by Walsh functions of length 4, 8, or 16. Each Reverse Traffic Channel shall be identified by a distinct user long code. The Access Channel for each sector shall be identified by a distinct Access Channel long code. The Access Channel frame and Reverse Traffic Channel frame shall be 26.66 ms in duration and the frame boundary shall be aligned to the rollover of the short PN codes. Each frame shall consist of 16 slots, with each slot 1.66 ms in duration. Each slot contains 2048 PN chips.
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Figure 51: Reverse HDR Channel Structure for the Access Channel W16 = + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ) ( 0
Pilot Channel (All 0's) Signal Point Mapping 0 +1 1 1 128 Binary Symbols per Slot
4 W 2 = (+ + )
Data Channel Physical Layer Packets
Encoder (Code Rate = 1/4) 256 Bits 9.6 kbps 1,024 Symbols
Channel Interleaver
Interleaved Packet Repetition 38.4 ksps
Signal Point Mapping 0 +1 1 1
307.2 ksps
cos(2fCt)
I Quadrature Spreading (Complex Multiply) I = I PN I Q PN Q Q = I PN Q + Q PN I
Baseband Filter
Q Baseband Filter
s(t)
Data Channel Relative Gain 1.2288 Mcps
PN I
PN Q Walsh Cover (+ )
sin(2fC t)
Decimator by Factor of 2
PI I-Channel Short PN Sequence UI I-Channel User Long-Code PN Sequence
PQ Q-Channel Short PN Sequence UQ Q-Channel User Long-Code PN Sequence
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Figure 52: Reverse HDR Channel Structure for the Reverse Traffic Channel
W16 = + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ) ( 0 Pilot Channel (All 0's) RRI Symbols One 3-Bit Symbol per 16-Slot Physical Layer Packet Codeword Repetition (Factor = 37 Puncture Last 3 Symbols TDM 7:1 Signal Point Mapping 0 +1 1 1
A 1.2288 Mcps
Simplex Encoder
7 Binary Symbols per Physical Layer Packet DRC Symbols One 4-Bit Symbol per Active Slot BiOrthogonal Encoder
259 Binary Symbols per Physical Layer Packet
256 Binary 128 Binary Symbols Symbols per Physical per Slot Layer Packet
W16 = ( + + + + + + + ) + 8
Codeword Repetition (Factor = 2)
B 1.2288 Mcps
DRCCover Symbols One 3-Bit Symbol per Active Slot
8 Binary Symbols per Active Slot
16 Binary Symbols per Active Slot Walsh Cover Wi8 , i = 0,...,7
8 W4 = ( + + + + )
ACK Channel 1 Bit per Slot
Bit Repetition (Factor = 128)
Signal Point Mapping 0 +1 1 1 128 Binary Symbols per Slot (Transmitted in 1/2 Slot)
C 1.2288 Mcps
4 W2 = (+ + )
Data Channel Physical Layer Packets Physical Layer Packets Bits Rate (kbps) 256 9.6 512 19.2 1,024 38.4 2,048 76.8 4,096 153.6
Encoder
Channel Interleaver
Interleaved Packet Repetition
D 1.2288 Mcps
Code Rate 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/2
Symbols 1,024 2,048 4,096 8,192 8,192
Rate (ksps) 38.4 76.8 153.6 307.2 307.2
Rate (ksps) 307.2 307.2 307.2 307.2 307.2
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Figure 53: Reverse HDR Channel Structure for the Reverse Traffic Channel
cos(2fCt) A
C ACK Channel Relative Gain DRC Channel Relative Gain
Baseband Filter
Quadrature Spreading (Complex Multiply) I = I PN I Q PN Q Q = I PN Q + Q PN I Q Q
s(t)
D Data Channel Relative Gain
Baseband Filter
PN I
PN Q Walsh Cover (+ )
sin(2f Ct)
Decimator by Factor of 2
PI I-Channel Short PN Sequence UI I-Channel User Long-Code PN Sequence
PQ Q-Channel Short PN Sequence UQ Q-Channel User Long-Code PN Sequence
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8.1.4 Reverse Link Modulation Parameters

The modulation parameters for the Access Channel and the Reverse Traffic Channel shall be as specified in Table 18.
Table 18: Modulation Parameters for the Access Channel and the Reverse Traffic Channel Data Rate (kbps) Parameter Reverse Rate Index Bits per Physical Layer Packet Physical Layer Packet Duration (ms) Code Rate Code Symbols per Physical Layer Packet Code Symbol Rate (ksps) Interleaved Packet Repeats Modulation Symbol Rate (ksps) Modulation Type PN Chips per Physical Layer Packet Bit 9.6 1 256 19.2 2 512 38.4 3 1,024 76.8 4 2,048 153.6 5 4,096
26.66 1/4 1,024
26.66 1/4 2,048
26.66 1/4 4,096
26.66 1/4 8,192
26.66 1/2 8,192
38.4 8 307.2 BPSK 128
76.8 4 307.2 BPSK 64
153.6 2 307.2 BPSK 32
307.2 1 307.2 BPSK 16
307.2 1 307.2 BPSK 8
The access terminal shall transmit information on the Access Channel at a fixed data rate of 9.6 kbps. The access terminal shall transmit information on the Reverse Traffic Channel at a variable data rate of 9.6, 19.2, 38.4, 76.8, or 153.6 kbps, according to the Reverse Traffic Channel MAC Protocol. Advanced Technologies Group
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8.1.5 Reverse Link other Parameters

Channel coding parameters The Reverse Traffic Channel and Access Channel physical layer packets shall be encoded with code rates of 1/2 or 1/4, depending on the data rate. First, the encoder shall discard the last six bits of the TAIL field in the physical layer packet inputs (i.e., it shall discard the last six bits in the input physical layer packets). Then, it shall encode the remaining bits with a turbo encoder. The turbo encoder will add an internally generated tail. The encoder parameters shall be as specified in Table 19.
Table 19: Parameters for the Reverse Link Encoder Data Rate (kbps) Reverse Rate Index Code Rate Bits per Physical Layer Packet Number of Turbo Encoder Input Symbols Turbo Encoder Code Rate Encoder Output Block Length (Code Symbols) 9.6 1 1/4 256 19.2 2 1/4 512 38.4 3 1/4 1,024 76.8 4 1/4 2,048 153.6 5 1/2 4,096
250
506
1,018
2,042
4,090
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/2
1,024
2,048
4,096
8,192
8,192
Channel Interleaving The sequence of binary symbols at the output of the encoder shall be interleaved with a bitreversal channel interleaver. The bit-reversal channel interleaver shall be functionally equivalent to an approach where the entire sequence of symbols to be interleaved is written into a linear
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L sequential array with addresses from 0 to 2 1 and they are read out from a sequence of addresses based on a particular procedure . Sequence Repetition If the data rate is lower than 76.8 kbps, the sequence of interleaved code symbols shall be repeated before being modulated. The number of repeats varies for each data rate and shall be as specified in Table 18. The repetition shall be functionally equivalent to sequentially reading out all the symbols from the interleaver memory as many times as necessary to achieve the fixed 307.2-ksps modulation symbol rate. Orthogonal Covers The Pilot Channel, consisting of the time-division-multiplexed Pilot and RRI Channels, the DRC Channel, the ACK Channel, and the Data Channel shall be spread with Walsh functions, also called Walsh covers, at a fixed chip rate of 1.2288 Mcps. Walsh function time alignment shall be such that the first Walsh chip begins at a slot boundary referenced to the access terminal transmission time. Quadrature Spreading Following the orthogonal spreading, the ACK, DRC, and Data Channel chip sequences shall be scaled by a gain factor that gives the gain of each of these channels relative to that of the Pilot Channel gain. The relative gain values for the ACK and DRC Channels are specified by the parameters AckChannelGain and DRCChannelGain , which are public data of the Route Update Protocol. For the Reverse Traffic Channel, the relative gain of the Data Channel is specified by parameters that are public data of the Reverse Traffic Channel MAC Protocol. For the Access Channel, the relative gain of the Data Channel is specified by parameters that are public data of the Access Channel MAC Protocol. After the scaling, the Pilot and scaled ACK, DRC, and Data Channel sequences are combined to form resultant I-Channel and Q-Channel sequences, and these sequences are quadrature. The quadrature spreading shall occur at the chip rate of 1.2288 Mcps, and it shall be used for the
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Reverse Traffic Channel and the Access Channel. The Pilot and scaled ACK Channel sequences shall be added to form the resultant I-Channel sequence, and the scaled DRC and Data Channel sequences shall be added to form the resultant Q-Channel sequence. The quadrature spreading operation shall be equivalent to a complex multiply operation of the resultant I-Channel and resultant Q-Channel sequences by the PNI and PN Q PN sequences, as shown in Figure 53.
8.1.6 1x EVs Forw ard Channel Structure

The HDR Forward Channel shall have the overall structure shown in Figure 54. The HDR Forward Channel shall consist of the following time-multiplexed channels: the Pilot Channel, the Forward Medium Access Control (MAC) Channel, and the Forward Traffic Channel or the Control Channel. The Traffic Channel carries user data packets. The Control Channel carries control messages, and it may also carry user traffic. Each channel is further decomposed into code-division-multiplexed quadrature Walsh channels. The forward link shall consist of slots of length 2048 chips (1.66 ms). Groups of 16 slots shall be aligned to the PN rolls of the zero-offset PN sequences and shall align to system time on evensecond ticks.
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Figure 54: HDR Forward Channel Structure

Forward Traffic Channel or Control Channel Physical Layer Packets Encoder R = 1/3 or 1/5 Channel Interleaver QPSK/ 8-PSK/ 16-QAM Modulator I Q C D
Scrambler
16 Channels
C D
I Q
Sequence Repetition/ Symbol Puncturing
I Q Symbol DEMUX 1 to 16
I Q 16-ary Walsh Covers
I Q
Walsh Channel Gain = 1/4
I Q Walsh Chip Level Summer
I Q
32-Symbol BiOrthogonal Cover with MACIndex i Preamble (All 0's) Signal Point Mapping 0 +1 1 1 Sequence Repetition I Channel for Even MACIndex Q Channel for Odd MACIndex 0 64 to 1,024 PN Chips per Physical Layer Packet for Preamble I Walsh Chip Level Summer I Q I Sequence Repetition (Factor = 4) Q 256 PN Chips per Slot for MAC I Q I Walsh Channels A TDM B Q Walsh Channels
64-ary Walsh Cover for MACIndex i MAC Channel RPC Bits for MACIndex i 1 Bit per Slot (600 bps) Signal Point Mapping 0 +1 1 1 RPC Walsh Channel Gains G(i)
64 Walsh Cover W4
MAC Channel RA Bits 1 Bit per RABLength Slots (600/RABLength bps)
Bit Repetition (Factor = RABLength)
RA Channel Gain
Walsh Cover 0 Pilot Channel (All 0s) Signal Point Mapping 0 +1 1 1 0 cos(2fC t) 192 PN Chips per Slot for Pilot I Q
I Quadrature Spreading (Complex Multiply) I = I' PN Q' PN I Q Q = I' PN + Q' PN Q I
Baseband Filter
Q Baseband Filter
Forward Modulated Waveform
PNI I-Channel PN Sequence 1.2288 Mcps
PNQ Q-Channel PN Sequence 1.2288 Mcps
sin(2f Ct)
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Within each slot, the Pilot, MAC, and Traffic or Control Channels shall be time-division multiplexed as shown in Figure 55. All time-division-multiplexed channels shall be transmitted at the maximum power of the sector.
Figure 55: Forward Link Slot Structure
1/2 Slot 1,024 Chips 1/2 Slot 1,024 Chips
Data 400 Chips
MAC 64 Chips
Pilot 96 Chips
MAC 64 Chips
Data 400 Chips Active Slot
Data 400 Chips
MAC 64 Chips
Pilot 96 Chips
MAC 64 Chips
Data 400 Chips
MAC 64 Chips
Pilot 96 Chips
MAC 64 Chips Idle Slot
MAC 64 Chips
Pilot 96 Chips
MAC 64 Chips
The Pilot Channel shall consist of all-0 symbols transmitted on the I channel with - Walsh cover 0. Each slot shall be divided into two half slots, each of which contains a pilot burst. Each pilot burst shall have a duration of 96 chips and be centered at the midpoint of the half slot.1 The MAC Channel shall consist of two subchannels: the Reverse Power Control (RPC) Channel and the Reverse Activity (RA) Channel. The RA Channel transmits a reverse link activity bit (RAB) stream. Each MAC Channel symbol shall be BPSK modulated on one of 64 64-ary Walsh code-words (covers). The MAC symbol Walsh covers shall be transmitted four times per slot in bursts of 64 chips each. A burst shall be transmitted immediately preceding both of the pilot bursts in a slot,
The pilot is used by the access terminal for initial acquisition, phase recovery, timing recovery, and maximal-ratio combining. An additional function of the pilot is to provide the access terminal with a means of predicting the receive C/I for the purpose of access-terminal-directed forward data rate control (DRC) of the Data Channel transmission.
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and a burst shall be transmitted immediately following both of the pilot bursts in a slot. The Walsh channel gains may vary the relative power. The Forward Traffic Channel is a packetbased, variable-rate channel. The user data for an access terminal shall be transmitted at a data rate that varies from 38.4 kbps to 2.4576 Mbps.2 The Forward Traffic Channel and Control Channel data shall be encoded in blocks called physical layer packets. The output of the encoder shall be scrambled and then fed into a channel interleaver. The output of the channel interleaver shall be fed into a QPSK/8-PSK/16-QAM modulator. The modulated symbol sequences shall be repeated and punctured, as necessary. Then, the resulting sequences of modulation symbols shall be demultiplexed to form 16 pairs (inphase and quadrature) of parallel streams. Each of the parallel streams shall be covered with a distinct 16-ary Walsh function at a chip rate to yield Walsh symbols at 76.8 ksps. The Walshcoded symbols of all the streams shall be summed together to form a single in-phase stream and a single quadrature stream at a chip rate of 1.2288 Mcps. The resulting chips are time-division multiplexed with the preamble, Pilot Channel, and MAC Channel chips to form the resultant sequence of chips for the quadrature spreading operation. Forward Traffic Channel and Control Channel physical layer packets can be transmitted in 1 to 16 slots (Table 20 and Table 21). When more than one slot is allocated, the transmit slots shall use a 4-slot interlacing. That is, the transmit slots of a packet shall be separated by three intervening slots, and slots of other packets shall be transmitted in the slots between those transmit slots. If a positive acknowledgement is received on the reverse link ACK Channel that the physical layer packet has been received on the Forward Traffic Channel before all of the allocated slots have been transmitted, the remaining untransmitted slots shall not be transmitted and the next allocated slot shall be used for the first slot of the next physical layer packet transmission.
The DRC symbol from the access terminal is based primarily on its estimate of the forward C/I for the duration of the next possible forward link packet transmission.
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Table 20: Modulation Parameters for the Forward Traffic Channel and the Control Channel
Number of Values per Physical Layer Packet Data Rate (kbps) TDM Chips (Preamble, Modulation Pilot, Type MAC, Data) 1,024 3,072 4,096 24,576 512 1,536 2,048 12,288 256 768 1,024 6,144 128 384 512 3,072 64 192 256 1,536
Slots
Bits
Code Rate
38.4
16
1,024
1/5
QPSK
76.8
1,024
1/5
QPSK
153.6
1,024
1/5
QPSK
307.2
1,024
1/5
QPSK
614.4
1,024
1/3
QPSK
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Table 21: Modulation Parameters for the Forward Traffic Channel and the Control Channel Number of Values per Physical Layer Packet Data Rate (kbps) TDM Chips (Preamble, Modulation Pilot, Type MAC, Data) 128 768 1,024 6,272 64 384 512 3,136 64 192 256 1,536 64 384 512 3,136 64 192 256 1,536 64 384 512 3,136 64 192 256 1,536
Slots
Bits
Code Rate
307.2
2,048
1/3
QPSK
614.4
2,048
1/3
QPSK
1,228.8
2,048
1/3
QPSK
921.6
3,072
1/3
8-PSK
1,843.2
3,072
1/3
8-PSK
1,228.8
4,096
1/3
16-QAM
2,457.6
4,096
1/3
16-QAM
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The Control Channel shall be transmitted at a data rate of 76.8 kbps or 38.4 kbps. The modulation characteristics for the Control Channel shall be the same as those of the Forward Traffic Channel transmitted at the corresponding rate. The Forward Traffic Channel and Control Channel data symbols shall fill the slot as shown in Figure 5. A slot during which no traffic or control data is transmitted is referred to as an idle slot. During an idle slot, the sector shall transmit the Pilot Channel and the MAC Channel, as described earlier.
8.1.7 Forw ard Link other Parameters

Modulation and data rates The modulation parameters for the Forward Traffic Channel and the Control Channel shall be as shown in Table 20 and Table 21. The Control Channel shall only use the 76.8 kbps and 38.4 kbps data rates. The Forward Traffic Channel shall support variable-data-rate transmission at 38.4 kbps to 2.4576 Mbps, as shown in Table 20: and Table 21. The data rate of the Control Channel shall be 76.8 kbps or 38.4 kbps. Channel coding, interleaving and multiplexing A preamble sequence shall be transmitted with each Forward Traffic Channel and Control Channel physical layer packet in order to assist the access terminal with synchronization of each variable-rate transmission. The Traffic Channel physical layer packets shall be encoded with code rates of R = 1/3 or 1/5. The encoder shall discard the 6-bit TAIL field of the physical layer packet inputs and encode the remaining bits with a parallel turbo encoder, as specified in Figure 56. The turbo encoder will add an internally generated tail of 6/R output code symbols, so that the total number of output symbols is 1/R times the number of bits in the input physical layer packet.
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Figure 56 illustrates the forward link encoding approach.
Figure 56: Forward Link Encoder
Forward Traffic Channel or Control Channel Physical Layer Packets Data Rate (kbps) 38.4 76.8 153.6 307.2 614.4 307.2 614.4 1,228.8 921.6 1,843.2 1,228.8 2,457.6 Slots Used 16 8 4 2 1 4 2 1 2 1 2 1 Total Code Rate 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 Bits per Packet 1,024 1,024 1,024 1,024 1,024 2,048 2,048 2,048 3,072 3,072 4,096 4,096
Discard 6-Bit Encoder Tail Field Bits per Packet 1,018 1,018 1,018 1,018 1,018 2,042 2,042 2,042 3,066 3,066 4,090 4,090
Turbo Encoder with an Internally Generated Tail
Code Symbols
Symbols per Packet 5,120 5,120 5,120 5,120 3,072 6,144 6,144 6,144 9,216 9,216 12,288 12,288
The turbo encoder employs two systematic, recursive, convolutional encoders connected in parallel, with an interleaver, the turbo interleaver, preceding the second recursive convolutional encoder. The two recursive convolutional codes are called the constituent codes of the turbo code. The outputs of the constituent encoders are punctured and repeated to achieve the desired number of turbo encoder output symbols. The turbo interleaver, which is part of the turbo encoder, shall block interleave the turbo encoder input data that is fed to Constituent Encoder 2. The output of the encoder shall be scrambled to randomize the data prior to modulation to limit the peak-to-average ratio of the envelope of the modulated waveform. The channel interleaving shall consist of a symbol reordering followed by symbol permuting. The output of the channel interleaver shall be applied to a modulator that outputs an in-phase stream and a quadrature stream of modulated values. The modulator generates QPSK, 8-PSK, or
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16-QAM modulation symbols, depending on the data rate. Then the sequence repetition and symbol puncturing would take place. The in-phase stream at the output of the sequence repetition operation shall be demultiplexed into 16 parallel streams. The individual streams generated by the symbol demultiplexer shall be assigned to one of 16 distinct Walsh channels. The modulated symbols on each branch of each Walsh channel shall be scaled to maintain a constant total transmit power independent of data rate. The scaled Walsh chips associated with the 16 Walsh channels shall be summed on a chip-by-chip basis. The Control Channel transmits broadcast messages and access-terminal-directed messages. The Control Channel messages shall be transmitted at a data rate of 76.8 kbps or 38.4 kbps. The modulation characteristics shall be the same as those of the Forward Traffic Channel at the corresponding data rate. The Forward Traffic Channel or Control Channel data modulation chips shall be time-division multiplexed with the preamble, Pilot Channel, and MAC Channel chips. Following orthogonal spreading, the combined modulation sequence shall be quadrature spread as 15 shown in Figure 54. The spreading sequence shall be a quadrature sequence of length 2 (i.e., 32768 PN chips in length). ). This sequence is called the pilot PN sequence. The chip rate for the pilot PN sequence shall be 1.2288Mcps. The pilot PN sequence period is 32768/1228800 = 26.666 ms, and exactly 75 pilot PN sequence repetitions occur every 2 seconds. Pilot Channels shall be identified by an offset index in the range from 0 through 511 inclusive. This offset index shall specify the offset value (in units of 64 chips) of the pilot PN sequence from the zero-offset pilot PN sequence. The zero-offset pilot PN sequence shall be such that the start of the sequence shall be output at the beginning of every even second in time, referenced to access network transmission time.
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8.2
1xtreme
Why does IS- 2000 1X need to evolve? IS- 2000 1X supports voice and data, but is prioritized for voice Difficult to implement shared- channel services for multiple packet data users However, market may not justify investment in a system purely for best-effort data users Market for real- time services (voice, video) continues to grow and will need IP to serve all type of services in a flexible way Market needs one air interface which, if optimized for both real- time services and besteffort data, can be parameterized in a flexible way, even on a per cell basis Therefore, comes the idea of a gracefully evolved IS- 2000 1X Support of both voice and data Evolution from existing 1X CDMA standard High- speed wireless Internet Access Performance comparable or better than 3G Standards
8.2.1 Evolution from IS-2000 1X

Same as 1x RTT: RF (1.25 MHz) Orthogonal Walsh- Hadamard Codes Long code scrambling Reuse existing antennas Uplink uses BPSK modulation with orthogonal code control channels Pilot, Paging, Quick Paging and Sync Channels as in IS- 2000
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Retain: QPSK as the basic modulation for downlink Power control 5 msec frame duration Turbo Codes Compatibility with IS2000 1X Mobiles Adaptation is the Key to Improved Performance Dynamically adjust system and link parameters to account for traffic and link quality variation Better use of radio resources to increase system capacity for multiple services Maximize operator revenue 1xtreme forward link and reverse link channels as compared to IS-2000 A comparison of 1xtreme's forward and reverse links with IS-2000 standard is presented in Table 22 and Table 23.
Table 22: 1XTREME Reverse Link Channel Types
Channel Type Acronym Compare to IS-2000 Reverse Pilot Channel R- PICH M Reverse Transmit Sector Indicator Channel R- TSICH N Enhanced Access Channel EACH U Reverse Power Control Channel R- PCCH M Reverse Acknowledgement Indicator Channel R- AICH N Reverse Explicit Rate Indicator Channel R- ERICH N Reverse Fundamental Channel R- FCH R Reverse Supplemental Code Channel R- SCH M N= new, M= modified, R= reduced, U= unchanged
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Table 23: 1XTREME Forward Link Channel Types
Channel Type Forward Pilot Channel Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel Synch and Paging Channels
Acronym Compare to IS-2000 F- PICH U F- TDPICH U F-SYNC U F-PCH Quick Paging Channel F-QPCH U Common Power Control Channel F-CPCCH U Forward Common Control Channel F-CCCH U Broadcast Channel F-BCH U Forward Fundamental Channel F-FCH R Forward Shared Channel F-SHCH N Forward Dedicated Control Channel F-DCCH M N= new, M= modified, R= reduced, U= unchanged
8.2.2 Key Concept of 1XTREME

Adaptive Scheduling Optimize scheduling to support data only or mixed services Trade peak data capacity in support of mixed services Adaptive Modulation and Coding High Data Rate Carrier in 1.25MHz bandwidth 64 QAM provides ~5 Mbps peak 16 QAM provides ~3.4 Mbps peak 8 PSK provides ~ 2.6 Mbps peak Turbo codes Error correction near theoretical limit Explicit Information Bit Rate Detection Adaptive Hybrid ARQ Automatically adapts to instantaneous channel conditions by adding redundancy only when needed Advanced Technologies Group
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Enabled by Dual Channel Stop- and- Wait Hybrid ARQ
Adaptive Multi- code Allocation Code Division Multiplex packets from different users within a frame Multiple codes for a single user within a frame supports peak data rates Adaptive Cell Site Selection Fast selection replaces forward link soft handoff for 1XTREME terminals Reduced interference leads to increased capacity Adaptive Antennas Downlink Tx Diversity (Space Time Block Coding) Uplink and Downlink Rx Antenna Diversity The downlink peak information rate is 5.184 Mbps, with 64 QAM. The uplink information rates are 614.4 Kbps, 460.8 Kbps, 307.2 Kbps, 153. 6 Kbps, 76. 8 Kbps, 38.4Kbps, 19. 2 Kbps and 9. 6 Kbps.
1xtreme 's forward link shared channel is shown in Figure 57.
Figure 57: Forward Link Physical Layer Single User Block Diagram
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1xtreme 's forward dedicated control channel is shown in Figure 58.

Figure 58: Forward Dedicated Control Channel
8.2.3 Adaptive Modulat ion and Coding

Modulation Coding Scheme (MCS) Table 24 QPSK, 8- PSK, 16- QAM, or 64- QAM and R= 3/ 4 and 1/ 2 Turbo coding The MCS for each IP packet is selected based on average link quality Reduces average delay by lowering expected retries for disadvantaged channels. Very similar to the rate selection process for AMR (adaptive multirate coder) or EDGE
Table 24: Adaptive Multi-Rate Modulation and Coding Scheme
MCSs 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Advanced Technologies Group
Modulation 64 64 16 16 8 8 4 4
Code Rate 3/4 1/2 3/4 1/2 3/4 1/2 3/4 1/2
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The modulation and coding parameters of 1xtreme is presented in table 25.
Info Rate (Mbps) 5.1840 3.4560 3.4560 2.3040 2.5920 1.7280 1.7280 1.1520
Packet Size 25920 17280 17280 11520 12960 8640 8640 5760
Info Rate (Mbps) 0.3456 0.2304 0.2304 0.1536 0.1728 0.1152 0.1152 0.0768
Packet Size 1728 1152 1152 768 864 576 576 384
Code rate 3/4 1/2 3/4 1/2 3/4 1/2 3/4 1/2
Modulation 64 64 16 16 8 8 4 4
Table 25: 1xtreme: modulation and coding parameters
Adaptive Modulation and Coding with Adaptive Hybrid ARQ Adaptive Modulation and Coding Gives the flexibility to match Modulation Coding Scheme to the average channel conditions for each user Coarse data rate selection Drawbacks Sensitive to measurement error and delay Still need ARQ Adaptive Hybrid ARQ (A- HARQ) Independent of various thresholds Automatically adapts to instantaneous channel conditions Insensitive to measurement error and delay Fine data rate adjustment 1XTREME combines the best of both! Advanced Technologies Group
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Modulation, coding and effective information bit rates with adaptive hybrid ARQ are presented in Table 26.
Effective Information Bit Rate (Mbps)

Number of Attempts Mod= 64 Rate=3/4 Codes=15 Mod=64 Rate=1/2 Codes=15 Mod=16 Rate=3/4 Codes=15 Mod=16 Rate=1/2 Codes=15 Mod=8 Rate=3/4 Codes=15 Mod=8 Rate=1/2 Codes=15 Mod=4 Rate=3/4 Codes=15 Mod=4 Rate=1/2 Codes=15
1 2 3
5.184 3.456 3.456 2.304 2.592 1.728 1.728 2.592 1.728 1.728 1.152 1.296 0.864 0.864 1.728 1.152 1.152 0.768 0.8664 0.576 0.576 Table 26: Effective Information Bit Rate with adaptive hybrid ARQ
1.152 0.576 0.384
Transmit Diversity 1XTREME utilizes Forward Link Space Time Coded Transmit Diversity (STTD) Used for F-SHCH and its associated F-DCCH Robust to vehicle speeds Adaptive Antennas (AA) Application of Tx-AA is under investigation
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9.
References
[1] Scholtz, "The Evolution of Spread-Spectrum Multiple-Access Communications," in Code Division Multiple Access Communications (S. G. Glisic and P. A. Leppanen, Eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995. [2] "A conversation with Claude Shannon," IEEE Commun. Mag., Vol. 22, No. 5, May 1984, pp.123-126. [3] Cooper and R. W. Nettleton, "A spread-spectrum techniques for high-capacity mobile communications," IEEE Trans. Veh. Tech., Vol. 27, No. 4, Nov. 1978, pp. 264-275. [4] Verdu, "Minimum Probability of Error for Asynchronous Gaussian Multiple Access," IEEE Trans. on IT., Vol. IT-32, No. 1, Jan. 1986, pp. 85-96. [5] Ojanpera, "Overview of Research Activities for Third Generation Mobile Communication," in Wireless Communications TDMA vs. CDMA (S.G. Glisic and P.A. Leppanen, Eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997, pp. 415-446. [6] Ishida, Y., "Recent Study on Candidate Radio Transmission Technology for IMT2000," First Annual CDMA European Congress, London, UK, Oct. 1997. [7] Ojanpera, T., M. Gudmundson, P. Jung, J. Skld, R. Pirhonen, G. Kramer, and A. Toskala, "FRAMES ( Hybrid Multiple Access Technology," Proc. of ISSSTA'96, Vol. 1, Mainz, Germany, Sept. 1996, pp. 320-324. [8] Ojanpera, T., P.-O. Anderson, J. Castro, L. Girard, A. Klein, and R. Prasad, "A Comparative Study of Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes for UMTS," Proc. of ACTS Mobile Summit Conf., Vol. 1, Granada, Spain, Nov. 1996, pp. 124-130. [9] Ojanpera, T., J. Skld, J. Castro, L. Girard, and A. Klein, "Comparison of Multiple Access Schemes for UMTS," Proc. of VTC'97, Vol. 2, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, May 1997, pp. 490-494. [10] Ojanpera, T., A.Klein, and P.-O. Anderson, "FRAMES Multiple Access for UMTS," IEE Colloquium on CDMA Techniques and Applications for Third Generation Mobile Systems, London, May 1997.
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[11] Ovesj, F., E. Dahlman, T. Ojanpera, A. Toskala, and A. Klein, "FRAMES Multiple Access Mode 2 ( Wideband CDMA)," Proc. of PIMRC97, Helsinki, Finland, Sept. 1997, pp. 42-46. [12] Nikula, E., A. Toskala, E. Dahlman, L. Girard, and A. Klein, "FRAMES Multiple Access for UMTS and IMT-2000," EEE Pers. Commun., April 1998. [13] CSEM/Pro Telecom, Ericsson, France Tlcom (CNET, Nokia, Siemens, "FMA FRAMES Multiple Access A Harmonized Concept for UMTS/IMT-2000," ) ITU Workshop on Radio Transmission Technologies for IMT-2000, Toronto, Canada, Sept. 1011, 1997. [14] ARIB FPLMTS Study Committee, "Report on FPLMTS Radio Transmission Technology SPECIAL GROUP, (Round 2 Activity Report)," Draft v.E1.1, Jan. 1997. [15] Adachi, F., K. Ohno, M. Sawahashi, and A. Higashi, "Multimedia mobile radio access based on coherent DS-CDMA," Proc. of 2nd International workshop on Mobile Multimedia Commun., A2.3, Bristol University, UK Apr. 1995. [16] Ohno, K., M. Sawahashi, and F. Adachi, "Wideband coherent DS-CDMA," Proc. of VTC' 95, Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 1995, pp. 779-783. [17] Dohi, T., Y. Okumura, A. Higashi, K. Ohno, and F.Adachi, "Experiments on Coherent Multicode DS-CDMA," Proc. of VTC'96, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, April 1996, pp. 889-893. [18] Adachi, F., M. Sawahashi, and K. Ohno, "Coherent DS-CDMA: Promising Multiple Access for Wireless Multimedia Mobile Communications," Proc. of ISSSTA'96, Mainz, Germany, Sept. 1996, pp. 351-358. [19] Onoe, S., K. Ohno, K. Yamagata and T. Nakamura, "Wideband-CDMA Radio Control Techniques for Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems," Proc. of VTC97, Vol. 2, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, May 1997, pp. 835-839. [20] Ramjee Prasad (Delft University of Technology ), Tero Ojanpera (Nokia Telecommunications), An Overview of CDMA Evolution toward Wideband CDMA, IEEE Communications Surveys, 1998. [21] Vijay K. Garg (Bell Labs, Lucent Techologies Inc.), Kenneth F. Smolik (Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies Inc.), Third Generation (3G) Mobile Communications Systems, ICPWC99 Jaipur, February 1999. [22] James J Steinbugl (Ohio State University), Evolution Toward Third Generation Wireless Networks.
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[23] Roger Derrien (Managing Director, Wireless Business Development A/P, Lucent Technologies), Migration Paths to 3G, CDG Asia 3G Executive Briefing, March 29, 2000, Bangkok, Thailand. [24] What is 3G (http://www.mobile3G.com) , Mobile Lifestreams Ltd. [25] Data on 3G - An Introduction to the Third Generation ( http://www.mobile3G.com),
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Cdma2000 Wcdma Comparison

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CDMA2000 & W-CDMA

"A Comparison Study"

CDMA2000 & W-CDMA

Hedayat Azad Roger Cheung

Advanced Technologies Group

CDMA2000 & W-CDMA

Advanced Technologies Group

CDMA2000 & W-CDMA

6. Wide-band CDMA (W-CDMA)

7. Comparison of CDMA2000 with UTRA (FDD & TDD)

Advanced Technologies Group

CDMA2000 & W-CDMA

7.3 Comparison of cdma2000 and UTRA Evaluation Reports

8. Other Relevant Technologies

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CDMA2000 & W-CDMA

Advanced Technologies Group

CDMA2000 & W-CDMA

Advanced Technologies Group

CDMA2000 & W-CDMA

Evolution of Cellular Systems

Precellular Systems First Generation

Capacity, Security & Unification of Various Standards

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CDMA2000 & W-CDMA

Table-1 : 2G vs. 3G Systems

3G System Increased use of digital technologies, including software.

Commonality for Different Operating Environments

Optimized for specific environment

Maximizing commonality and optimization of radio interface.

800 MHz, 900 MHz, and 1.5 and 1.8 GHz

Data services less than or equal to 32kbps

Generally limited to specific region

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CDMA2000 & W-CDMA

Advanced Technologies Group

CDMA2000 & W-CDMA

User Bit Rate 2Mbps

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CDMA2000 & W-CDMA

3. CDMA: Past, Present, and Future

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CDMA2000 & W-CDMA

1949 1949 1950 1956 1961 1970s

1978 1980s 1986 1993

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CDMA2000 & W-CDMA

4. Standardization Process of 3G Systems

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CDMA2000 & W-CDMA

TTA (I & II)

WCDMA & TD-CDMA

TIA TR45.5 & TR45.3

Euro pe ARIB J apan

Figure 2: IMT2000 Main Participants

3GPP2 (Third Generation Partnership Project 2)

Advanced Technologies Group

CDMA2000 & W-CDMA

Figure 3: IMT-2000 Family of Systems

Cdma2000 & UWC-136

ANSI-41/ WIN TIA TR 45 UTRA

A Family of Systems for IMT2000 services, ensuring network standards interoperability.

Advanced Technologies Group

CDMA2000 & W-CDMA