Code No: RR312103 Set No.

1
III B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, November 2007
AERODYNAMICS - II
(Aeronautical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. Explain the physical meaning of divergence of velocity? Also write down the rela-
tion between line integrals, surface integrals, and volume integrals? [16]

2. (a) Consider the velocity field given by u=y/(x2 +y2 ) and v = -x/(x2 +y2 ). Derive
the equation of stream line passing through the (0,6)
(b) For the velocity field given above, calculate the vorticity? [16]

3. (a) On the basis of Bernoulli?s equation, discuss the assumption that the com-
pressibility of air may be neglected for low subsonic flows?
(b) A symmetric airfoil at zero lift has a maximum velocity which is 10% greater
than the free steam velocity. This maximum increases at the rate of 7% with
the free stream velocity for each degree of incidence. What is the free stream
velocity at which compressibility effects become important on the airfoil sur-
face when the incidence is 5 degrees [16]

4. Show that for potential flow over a non-rotating circular cylinder, pressure coeffi-
cient CP = 1 − 4sinθ [16]

5. How we can synthesize the lifting flow over a circular cylinder? Explain with
the neat sketches how the stream line pattern and stagnation points changes for
different values of circulation Γ. [16]

6. It is a well known result from the thin airfoil theory that, the coefficient of lift (Cl )
for a symmetrical airfoil kept in the potential flow at angle α is Cl = 2πα. Derive
this result by transforming the lifting flow over a circular cylinder into flow over a
symmetrical airfoil using the Kutta-Joukouski transformation. [16]

7. What is effective AoA? Why AoA changes at the local airfoil sections of a wing?
Explain? What is induced drag? [16]

8. Discuss and prove the statement that minimum induced drag of wing is associated
with the elliptical loading? Plot the curve showing the induced drag coeficient
against lift coeficient for wing of aspect ratio 7.63 [16]

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Code No: RR312103 Set No. 2
III B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, November 2007
AERODYNAMICS - II
(Aeronautical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. What are the non-dimensional numbers used in Aerodynamics. Explain their im-
portance? [16]
2. Define and explain the circulation? Why the concept of circulation is very impor-
tant in theoretical aerodynamics? [16]
3. Show that the Bernoulli’s equation is a statement of Newton’s second law for a
steady, inviscid, incompressible flow with no body force? [16]
4. You are to design a Quonset hut to serve as temporary housing near the seashore.
The Quonset hut may be considered to be a closed semi cylinder( no leaks), whose
radius is 5 m, mounted on tie-down blocs as shown in figure 4below. Neglect the
viscous effects and assume that flow field over the top of the hut is identical to the
flow over the cylinder of 0 ≤ θ ≤ π. When calculating the flow over the upper
surface of the hut, neglect the presence of the air space under the hut. The air
under the hut is at rest and pressure is equal to the stagnation pressure P0 . What
is the net lift force acting o the Quonset hut? The wind speed is 50 m/s and the
static free-stream properties are those for standard sea level conditions. [16]

Figure 4
5. Consider the lifting flow over a circular cylinder of given radius R and with a given
circulation Γ. If the free stream velocity is doubled V∞ keeping the circulation
same, does the shape of the stream lines change? Explain? [16]
6. Explain the philosophy of thin airfoil theory? Derive the fundamental equation of
the thin airfoil theory? [16]
7. Describe the flow over a finite wing with neat sketches? How it is different form
the flow over a infinite wing? [16]
8. Consider the case where the span wise circulation distribution for a finite wing of
span b is parabolic,
Γ(y) = Γ0 [1 − 2y 2 /b2 ]

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Code No: RR312103 Set No. 2
If the total lift generated by the wing with the parabolic circulation is to be equal
to the total lift generated by a wing with an elliptic circulation distribution, what
is relation between the circulation values at the mid span of the wing? [16]

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Code No: RR312103 Set No. 3
III B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, November 2007
AERODYNAMICS - II
(Aeronautical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. A gas is flowing at relatively low speeds (so that its density may be assumed
constant) where
u =[−2xyz/(x2 +y2 )2 ]V∞ L
w = [y/(x2 +y2 )2 ]V∞ L
v = [(x2 −y2 )z/(x2 +y2 )2 ]V∞ L
Verify weather the above flow is physically possible or not? (HINT: satisfy the con-
tinuity equation) Here V? and L are characteristic velocity and length respectively?
[16]

2. By considering the gradient of a scalar field, show that the velocity potential lines
and stream lines are perpendicular to each other? [16]

3. Consider a venture with a throat-to-inlet area ratio of 0.8, mounted on the side of
an airplane fuselage. The airplane is in flight at standard sea level. If the static
pressure at the throat is 2000 N/m2, calculate the velocity of the airplane? [16]

4. Derive the pressure and velocity distribution for flow about a rotating cylinder?
Also calculate lift and drag forces? Draw the stream lines showing stagnation
points? [16]

5. How we can synthesize the lifting flow over a circular cylinder? Explain with
the neat sketches how the stream line pattern and stagnation points changes for
different values of circulation Γ. [16]

6. Using thin airfoil theory circulation around a symmetrical airfoil is Γ= cV∞ [πA0 +(π/2)A1 ]
[16]

7. What is downwash? How does it affect the aerodynamic characteristics of a finite

wing? Derive an expression for downwash using Prandtl?s lifting line theory? [16]

8. Discuss and prove the statement that minimum induced drag of wing is associated
with the elliptical loading? Plot the curve showing the induced drag coeficient
against lift coeficient for wing of aspect ratio 7.63 [16]

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Code No: RR312103 Set No. 4
III B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, November 2007
AERODYNAMICS - II
(Aeronautical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. What is the physical principle behind the continuity equation? Consider an un-
steady viscous 3D flow, apply the above physical principle to a fixed control volume
in space and derive the continuity equation? What is the form of this equation?
[16]

2. Consider the velocity field of a 2D flow in xy-coordinate system.

u = cy/(x2 + y 2 )and v = −cx/(x2 + y 2 ) where c is constant. Obtain the equation
of stream lines? [16]

3. For irrotational flow, show that Bernoulli?s equation holds between any points in
the flow, not just along a stream line? [16]

4. (a) Explain the uniform flow? Derive its stream function and velocity potential
function?
(b) Consider the uniform flow in xy plane flowing from 3rd to 1st quadrant. Its
making an angle of 30 degrees with x axis and has a magnitude of 50 m/s.
Calculate its velocity potential function and stream function? [16]

5. Consider potential flow over a rotating circular cylinder of radius R, and prove that
Cd = 0&Cl =Γ/RV∞ (Cd &Cl are coefficient of drag and lift respectively) [16]

6. Explain the thin airfoil theory and its application to a symmetrical airfoil? [16]

7. Consider the potential flow over a finite wing. Explain how we can calculate this
flow theoretically? [16]

8. Consider an airplane that weighs 10,700 N and cruises in level flight at 300 km/h
at an altitude of 1000 m. the wing has a surface area of 17 square meters and an
aspect ratio of 6.2. Assume that the lift coefficient is a linear function of the angle
of attack and αL=0 = -1.2. If the load distribution is elliptic, calculate the value of
the circulation at the centre of the wing, the downwash, induced drag coefficient?
Take density value at this altitude as 0.90748 [16]

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