CONTENTS OF LATH MACHINE

Introduction of Lath Machine

Terminology of Lath Machine

Types of Lath Machine Tools And Equipment 1. General Purpose Cutting Tools 2. Special Types of Cutting Tools

Cutting Fluids 1. Lard Oil 2. Mineral Oil 3. Mineral-lard Cutting Oil Mixture
4.

Sulfurized Fatty Mineral Oil

5. Soluble Cutting Oil 6. Soda-Water Mixture

INTRODUCTION OF LATH MACHINE

The lathe is a machine tool used principally for shaping articles of metal (and sometimes wood or other materials) by causing the work piece to be held and rotated by the lathe while a tool bit is advanced into the work causing the cutting action. The basic lathe that was designed to cut cylindrical metal stock has been developed further to produce screw threads. Tapered work. Drilled holes. knurled surfaces, and crankshafts. The typical lathe provides a variety of rotating speeds and a means to manually and automatically move the cutting tool into the work piece. Machinists and maintenance shop personnel must be thoroughly familiar with the lathe and its operations to accomplish the repair and fabrication of needed parts.

TERMINOLOGY OF LATH MACHINE

To gain a good understanding of the lathe, you will need to know the names of the various components, as illustrated below. The carriage, in the circled area, consists of the apron, the vertical casting on which the carriage handwheel is mounted, and the saddle (not shown), the Hshaped casting that rides on the ways to which the apron is attached.

TYPES OF LATH MACHINE

Lathes can be divided into three types for easy identification: Engine Lath Machine Turret Lath Machine Special Purpose Lath Machine operator can accomplish more machining jobs with the engine lathes, turret lathes, and special purpose lathes. Small engine lathe than with any other machine tool. Turret lathes lathes can be bench mounted, are lightweight, and can be and special purpose lathes are usually used in production or transported in wheeled vehicles easily. The larger lathes are job shops for mass production or specialized parts. While floor mounted and may require special transportation if they basic engine lathes are usually used for any type of lathe must be moved. Field and maintenance shops generally use a work. Further reference to lathes in this chapter will be about lathe that can be adapted to many operations and that is not too the various engine lathes. large to be moved from one work site to another. The engine lathe is ideally suited for this purpose. A trained Lathes can be divided into three types for easy identification: operator can accomplish more machining jobs with the engine lathes, turret lathes, and special purpose lathes. Small engine lathe than with any other machine tool. Turret lathes lathes can be bench mounted, are lightweight, and can be and special purpose lathes are usually used in production or transported in wheeled vehicles easily. The larger lathes are job shops for mass production or specialized parts. While floor mounted and may require special transportation if they basic engine lathes are usually used for any type of lathe must be moved. Field and maintenance shops generally use a work. Further reference to lathes in this chapter will be about lathe that can be adapted to many operations and that is not too the various engine lathes.

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

[1] GENERAL PURPOSE CUTTING TOOLS :
The lathe cutting tool or tool bit must be made of the correct material and ground to the correct angles to machine a workpiece efficiently. The most common tool bit is the general all-purpose bit made of high-speed steel. These tool bits are generally inexpensive, easy to grind on a bench or pedestal grinder, take lots of abuse and wear, and are strong enough for all-around repair and fabrication. High-speed steel tool bits can handle the high heat that is generated during cutting and are not changed after cooling. These tool bits are used for turning, facing, boring and other lathe operations. Tool bits made from special materials such as Single point tool bits can be one end of a high-speed steel tool bit or one edge of a carbide or ceramic cutting tool or insert. Basically, a single point cutter bit is a tool that has only one cutting action proceeding at a time. A machinist or machine operator should know the various terms applied to the single point tool bit to properly identify and grind different tool bits The shank is the main body of the tool bit. The nose is the part of the tool bit which is shaped to a carbides, ceramics, diamonds, cast alloys are able to machine workplaces at very high speeds but are brittle and expensive point and forms the corner between the side cutting edge for normal lathe work. High-speed steel tool bits are and the end cutting edge. The nose radius is the rounded end of the tool bit. available in many shapes and sizes to accommodate any lathe operation. Single Point Tools Bits Angle of Tools Bits Shapes of Tools Bits

[2] SPECIAL TYPES OF LATH CUTTING TOOLS :

Besides the common shaped tool bits, special lathe operations and heavy production work require special types of cutting tools. Some of the more common of these tools are listed below. Tungsten carbide, tantalum carbide, titanium carbide. ceramic, oxide, and diamond-tipped tool bits. And cutting tool inserts are commonly used in high-speed production work when heavy cuts are necessary and where exceptionally hard and tough materials are encountered. Standard shapes for tipped tool bits are similar to high-speed steel-cutting tool shapes. Carbide and ceramic inserts can be square, triangular, round, or other shapes. The inserts are designed to be indexed or rotated as each cutting edge gets dull and then discarded. Cutting tool inserts are not intended for reuse after sharpening. Specially formed thread cutter mounted in a thread cutter holder .This tool is designed for production highspeed thread cutting operations. The special design of the cutter allows for sharp and strong cutting edges which need only to be resharpened occasionally by grinding the face. The cutter mounts into a special tool holder that mounts to the lathe tool post. The common knurling tool, Figure 7-10, consists of two cylindrical cutters, called knurls, which rotate in a specially designed tool holder. The knurls contain teeth which are rolled against the surface of the workpiece to form depressed patterns on the workpiece. The common knurling tool accepts different pairs of knurls, each having a different pattern or pitch. The diamond pattern is most widely used and comes in three pitches: 14, 21, or 33. These pitches produce coarse, medium, and fine knurled patterns. Boring tool bits, Figure 7-11, are ground similar to left-hand turning tool bits and thread-cutting tool bits, but with more end clearance angle to prevent the heel of the tool bit from rubbing against the surface of the bored hole. The boring tool bit is usually clamped to a boring tool holder, but it can be a one-piece unit . The boring tool bit and tool holder clamp into the lathe tool post.

CUTTING FLUIDS
[1] LARD CUTTING OIL :
Pure lard oil is one of the oldest and best cutting oils. It is especially good for thread cutting, tapping, deep hole drilling, and reaming. Lard oil has a high degree of adhesion or oiliness, a relatively high specific heat, and its fluidity changes only slightly with temperature. It is an excellent rust preventive and produces a smooth finish on the workpiece. Because lard oil is expensive, it is seldom used in a pure state but is combined with other ingredients to form good cutting oil mixtures

[2] MINERALCUTTING OIL :

Mineral oils are petroleum-base oils that range in viscosity from kerosene to light paraffin oils. Mineral oil is very stable and does not develop disagreeable odors like lard oil; however, it lacks some of the good qualities of lard oil such as adhesion, oiliness, and high specific heat. Because it is relatively inexpensive, it is commonly mixed with lard oil or other chemicals to provide cutting oils with desirable characteristics. Two mineral oils, kerosene and turpentine, are often used alone for machining aluminum and magnesium. Paraffin oil is used alone or with lard oil for machining copper and brass.

[3] MINERA-LARD CUTTING OIL MIXTURE :

Various mixtures of mineral oils and lard oil are used to make cutting oils which combine the good points of both ingredients but prove more economical and often as effective as pure lard oil.

[4] SULFURIZED FATTY-MINERAL OIL :

Most good cutting oils contain mineral oil and lard oil with various amounts of sulfur and chlorine which give the oils good antiweld properties and promote free machining. These oils play an important part in present-day machining because they provide good finishes on most materials and aid the cutting of tough material.

[5] SOLUBLE CUTTING OIL :

Water is an excellent cooling medium but has little lubricating value and hastens rust and corrosion. Therefore, mineral oils or lard oils which can be mixed with water are often used to form a cutting oil. A soluble oil and water mix has lubricating qualities dependent upon the strength of the solution. Generally, soluble oil and water is used for rough cutting where quick dissipation of heat is most important. Borax and trisodium phosphate (TSP) are sometimes added to the solution to improve its corrosion resistance

[6] SODA-WATER MIXTURE :

Salts such as soda ash and TSP are sometimes added to water to help control rust. This mixture is the cheapest of all coolants and has practically no lubricating value. Lard oil and soap in small quantities are sometimes added to the mixture to improve its lubricating qualities. Generally, soda water is used only where cooling is the prime consideration and lubrication a secondary consideration. It is especially suitable in reaming and threading operations on cast iron where a better finish is desired.

CONTENTS OF CNC LATH MACHINE

Introduction of Lath Machine Before Beginning to Step Safety Features Overview And Precautions Component connection Schematic Diagram G Codes Of CNC Lath Machine M Codes Of CNC Lath Machine

INTRODUCTION OF CNC LATH MACHINE

The is compact two axis CNC training machine. It has been designed with you in mind - making the processes involved both safe and easy to use. Main Features: Designed specifically for Education and Training. Manufactured to Industrial Standards. Capable of cutting resistant materials such as wax, plastics, acrylics, copper, aluminium and steel. Links to various CAD/CAM software packages. Totally enclosed high visibility interlocked guard. CE approved for safety. Programming via International Standards Organisation format. Optional 8 station programmable turret available. Option of including in Flexible Manufacturing Cells and Computer Integrated Manufacturing systems

BEFORE BEGINNING TO SETUP

Before beginning to setup your CNC lathe, please check your separate order documentation, making sure that all items have been delivered to your establishment. Any missing or damaged items should be reported to Denford Customer Services as soon as possible. The following equipment is supplied as standard with your CNC lathe: CNC lathe (incl. separate electrical control box). Note that the precise specification of your Novaturn will depend on any options selected at the time of ordering (see below). 1 x Guard door interlock switch - torx bit. 1 x Electrical control box key. 1 x 80mm 3 jaw chuck key. 1 x Set of internal and external jaws. 1 x Quick change (manual) toolpost, standard toolholder and toolpost hex wrench. 1 x RS 232 serial link cable (25-25 or 25-9 pin connection)*. 1 x Set of metric allen keys (1.5mm, 2mm, 2.5mm, 3mm, 4mm, 5mm, 6mm) 1 x Set of fuses (20mm 3.15A, 20mm 6.3A) 1 x Novaturn CNC machine warranty pack. 1 x Novaturn CNC machine inspection certificate. 1 x Novaturn CNC machine manual (this book). 1 x CNC Machine Control Software manual. 1 x CNC Machine Control Software CD-ROM and/or floppy disks. 1 x Mousemat. The following optional equipment may also be supplied with your Novaturn CNC lathe (please refer to your separate order documentation for confirmation): Programmable Turret (Automatic Tool Changer) in place of standard Manual Toolpost. Pneumatic Safety Guard Door. Pneumatic Chuck. Electrical Control Box with Air Connection. Various Tooling Packages. CAD/CAM Software.

Safety Features Overview

Safety Features Overview. The following safety features are standard on your Novaturn CNC lathe: Emergency stop button. Totally enclosed high visibility guard door with interlock switch. Toolpath graphics to verify program prior to machining. Isolator switch. Safety Precautions. Safety is very important when working with all forms of machinery but particularly when working with CNC equipment, due to the hazardous voltages, speeds and forces that exist in the hardware. Follow the rules below at all times, when using your Novaturn CNC lathe. General Safety Precautions : Wear clothing suitable for machine operation and follow the safe working procedures in place at your establishment. Do not place any objects so that they interfere with the guards or the operation of the machine. Never try to clean the machine if any part of it is rotating or in motion. Always secure the work in the chuck (and if necessary, tailstock). Ensure that the correct cable for the power source is used. Ensure the power is switched off before starting any maintenance work on the machine. If power fails turn off the yellow/red isolator (found on the front of the electrical control box) immediately. Hazardous voltages can still exist immediately after switching the electrical control box isolator to the OFF position. Always wait at least 5 minutes before entering the electrical control box. Lubricate the required machine areas at the intervals specified in this manual, to prevent the axes from seizing (see the Maintenance section for further details).

Component Connection Schematic Diagram

G CODES LIST OF CNC LATH MACHINE

G Code Group Function G* ....... 1 ............... Positioning (Rapid Traverse) G1 ......... 1 ............... Linear Interpolation (Feed) G2 ......... 1 ............... Circular Interpolation CW G3 ......... 1 ............... Circular Interpolation CCW G4 ......... .............. Dwell G2 ......... 6 ............... Inch Data Input G21*......... 6 ............... Metric Data Input G28 .......... .............. Reference Point Return G4* ........ 7 ...............Tool Nose Radius Compensation Cancel G41 .......... 7 ...............Tool Nose Radius Compensation Left G42 .......... 7 ...............Tool Nose Radius Compensation Right G5 ......... ..............Work Co-ordinate Change/ Max. Spindle Speed G7 ......... .............. Finishing Cycle G71 .......... .............. Stock Removal in Turning - X G72 .......... .............. Stock Removal in Facing - Z G73 .......... .............. Pattern Repeating G74 .......... .............. Peck Drilling in Z Axis G75 .......... .............. Grooving in X Axis G76 .......... .............. Multiple Thread Cutting Cycle G81 .......... 1 ............... Deep hole drilling (No FANUC) G9 ......... 1 ............... Diameter Cutting Cycle A (Outer/Inner) G92 .......... 1 ............... Thread Cutting Cycle G94 .......... 1 ............... Cutting Cycle B (End Face Cycle) G96 .......... 2 ............... Assessed Surface Speed Control G97*......... 2 ............... Assessed Surface Speed Control Cancel G98*......... 11 .............Feed Per Minute G99 .......... 11 .............Feed Per Revolution

M CODES LIST OF CNC LATH MACHINE

M code ... Function M* ..... Program stop M1*...... Optional stop M2*...... End of program M3 ....... Spindle forward (clockwise) M4 ....... Spindle reverse (counter clockwise) M5*...... Spindle stop M6 ....... Automatic tool change M8 ....... Coolant on M9*...... Coolant off M1 .......Chuck open M11 ........ Chuck close M13........ Spindle forward and coolant on M14........ Spindle reverse and coolant on M25........Tailstock quill extend M26........Tailstock quill retract M3 ....... Program stop and reset M38........ Door open M39........ Door close M4 ....... Parts catcher extend M41........ Parts catcher retract M62........ Auxiliary output 1 on M63........ Auxiliary output 2 on M64........ Auxiliary output 1 off M65........ Auxiliary output 2 off M66* ......Wait for auxiliary output 1 on M67* ......Wait for auxiliary output 2 on M76........Wait for auxiliary output 1 off M77........Wait for auxiliary output 2 off M98........ Sub program call
M99........ Sub program end and return

CNC Machine