Thermodynamics Eqn.

Sheet Chapter 1 Transfer: Open Closed Isolated

th

1 Chapter 2 Property Adiabatic Isothermal Isobaric Isochoric FORMS OF ENERGY CHANGE Q=0 T=C P=C V=C
Kinetic (EK): motion of system o Potential (EP): position of system o Internal(U): temperature, phase, chemical reaction, nuclear fission/fusion o Heat (Q) Work (W): Pv, push-pull, electric/magnetic, chemical, elastic o +Work, + Heat Into System Work, Heat Out of System

MASS X -

ENERGY X X -

O Law: If A & B are in thermal equilibrium, and if B & C are in thermal equilibrium, A & C must be in equilibrium st 1 Law: Conservation of energy nd 2 Law: Dictates what kind of changes are possible, certain events are ordered rd 3 Law: Entropy of a perfect crystal at 0 K is zero Gibbs Phase Rule: (F: deg. freedom, m=# of components, =# phases)

VOLUME v= V/n

PRESSURE Force balance on piston:

Closed Open
(Steady)

FIRST LAW
o

QUALITY (x)
o

Open ( ) (

(Unsteady)

) Mass Balance: o

Equation of State: f(P,v,T) = 0 IDEAL GAS EQN. OF STATE

Device
Nozzles Diffusers Turbines Compressors, Pumps Throttling Devices

Purpose
P, P, P P,

Assumption
( ( ( ) ) ) )

SPECIFIC HEAT
cp

Heat Exchangers Mixing Chambers

P, h , Isobaric Mixing, Isobaric

FIRST LAW FOR EQUIPMENT

Nozzles, Diffusers Turbines, Compressors, Pumps Heat Exchangers,
(Boilers, Evaporators, Condensers, Coolers)

cv

Ideal Gas Liquid/Solid

cp, cv = f(T) cp = cv + R (Mayer relationship)

Valves

Thermodynamics Eqn. Sheet

Expansion/ Compression

2
Adiabatic k= cP/cv

Isothermal

SECOND LAW:
Closed Open
(Steady)

Reversible processes in closed systems

( ) ( ) ( ) (Ideal Gas): ( )

Polytropic: for ideal gas undergoing adiabatic, reversible expansion/compression: , k=CP/CV CYCLES
Reversible and Irreversible Heat Engine Refrigerator Heat Pump
( ( ) ) ( ( ) )

( )

)+

Open
(Unsteady)

Reversible:

ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY for Turbines, Compressors, Pumps

Turbines

| |

| |

Ideal Conditions: Solve for Real Enthalpy: (Assume Adiabatic)

| | | |

Carnots Theorems: - 1st: Reversible heat engines have the highest efficiency using
the same and .

Compressors, Pumps

- 2nd: All reversible heat engines operating between the same

and must have the same efficiency. -3 : For the same , the engine that operates between reservoirs with the larger T has the higher efficiency
rd

Ideal Conditions: Solve for Real Enthalpy: (Assume Adiabatic)

P is small for liquids
( )

ENTROPY:
Isobaric Heating, Isothermal Expansion Isochoric Heating, Isothermal Compression

for an Ideal Gas

Constant Specific Heat ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Pumps Only

Varying Specific Heat

Rankine Assumptions
Turbine and Pump are Isentropic (Adiabatic and Reversible) Fluid exits Condenser as a Saturated Liquid ( ) No Pressure drop across Boiler or Condenser
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Isentropic the entropy of the system remains constant holds for a reversible, adiabatic process = 0 for a reversible process > 0 for an irreversible process < 0 for an impossible process

Refrigerator Assumptions

Compressor is Isentropic (Adiabatic and Reversible) Fluid exits Condenser as a Saturated Liquid ( ) Fluid exits Evaporator as a Saturated Vapor ( ) No Pressure drop across Evaporator or Condenser

Thermodynamics Eqn. Sheet Chapter 4 Reduced Properties

Equation

Corresponding States Lee-Kesler:

van der Waals EOS

Equation

Constants

)|

Virial EOS
Equation -Use to calculate P -Use to calculate v Constants

Constants

Redlich-Kwong EOS
Equation

( )

Constants

( ) ( )
Given Given

Soave-Redlich-Kwong EOS
Equation

Mixtures ( ) ( ) [ ]
RK, SRK, PR vdW, RK,SRK, PR Virial vdW EOS

Constants

o o

k = binary interaction parameter = 0

[ ]

Peng-Robinson EOS
Equation

( )

Constants

( ) ( ) [ ]

Kays Rules

Thermodynamics Eqn. Sheet Chapter 5

Change in Intensive Prop (z): ( ) ( ) MAXWELL RELATIONS

FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTY RELATIONS Internal E Enthalpy Hemholtz Gibbs

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

Calculation of s,u,h using EOS

h, v=f(T,P)

( )

+ ( ) + ( ) + +

FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTY GROUPINGS Internal E Enthalpy Hemholtz Gibbs

h, P=f(T,v) u, v=f(T,P) u, P=f(T,v)

* ( ) * ( ) * ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

s, v=f(T,P) s, P=f(T,v)

DEPARTURE FUNCTIONS
Enthalpy

* +

MATHEMATICAL RELATIONS
Chain Rule

( )

( ) ( )

Exactness Criterion

* [ ]

( (

) )

( ) (
( )

Entropy

* +

Inversion Cyclic Relation/Triple Product

( ) ( )

* and

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

If T and P are Ideal conditions

WETZEL Relations THERMODYNAMIC WEB

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )
Coefficent

JOULE-THOMSON EXPANSION & LIQUEFACTION